1
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Peters KJ, Gerber L, Scheu L, Cicciarella R, Zoller JA, Fei Z, Horvath S, Allen SJ, King SL, Connor RC, Rollins LA, Krützen M. An epigenetic DNA methylation clock for age estimates in Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins ( Tursiops aduncus). Evol Appl 2023; 16:126-133. [PMID: 36699128 PMCID: PMC9850008 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Knowledge of an animal's chronological age is crucial for understanding and predicting population demographics, survival and reproduction, but accurate age determination for many wild animals remains challenging. Previous methods to estimate age require invasive procedures, such as tooth extraction to analyse growth layers, which are difficult to carry out with large, mobile animals such as cetaceans. However, recent advances in epigenetic methods have opened new avenues for precise age determination. These 'epigenetic clocks' present a less invasive alternative and can provide age estimates with unprecedented accuracy. Here, we present a species-specific epigenetic clock based on skin tissue samples for a population of Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops aduncus) in Shark Bay, Western Australia. We measured methylation levels at 37,492 cytosine-guanine sites (CpG sites) in 165 samples using the mammalian methylation array. Chronological age estimates with an accuracy of ±1 year were available for 68 animals as part of a long-term behavioral study of this population. Using these samples with known age, we built an elastic net model with Leave-One-Out-Cross-Validation, which retained 43 CpG sites, providing an r = 0.86 and median absolute age error (MAE) = 2.1 years (5% of maximum age). This model was more accurate for our data than the previously published methylation clock based on skin samples of common bottlenose dolphins (T. truncatus: r = 0.83, MAE = 2.2) and the multi-species odontocete methylation clock (r = 0.68, MAE = 6.8), highlighting that species-specific clocks can have superior performance over those of multi-species assemblages. We further developed an epigenetic sex estimator, predicting sex with 100% accuracy. As age and sex are critical parameters for the study of animal populations, this clock and sex estimator will provide a useful tool for extracting life history information from skin samples rather than long-term observational data for free-ranging Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina J. Peters
- Evolutionary Genetics Group, Department of AnthropologyUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
- School of Earth and EnvironmentUniversity of CanterburyChristchurchNew Zealand
- Cetacean Ecology Research Group, School of Natural SciencesMassey UniversityAucklandNew Zealand
- Global Ecology, College of Science and EngineeringFlinders UniversityAdelaide, South AustraliaAustralia
| | - Livia Gerber
- Evolutionary Genetics Group, Department of AnthropologyUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
- Evolution & Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental SciencesUniversity of New South WalesSydney, New South WalesAustralia
| | - Luca Scheu
- Evolutionary Genetics Group, Department of AnthropologyUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Riccardo Cicciarella
- Evolutionary Genetics Group, Department of AnthropologyUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Joseph A. Zoller
- Department of Biostatistics, Fielding School of Public HealthUniversity of California Los AngelesLos Angeles, CaliforniaUSA
| | - Zhe Fei
- Department of Biostatistics, Fielding School of Public HealthUniversity of California Los AngelesLos Angeles, CaliforniaUSA
- Department of StatisticsUniversity of CaliforniaRiverside, CaliforniaUSA
| | - Steve Horvath
- Department of Biostatistics, Fielding School of Public HealthUniversity of California Los AngelesLos Angeles, CaliforniaUSA
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of MedicineUniversity of California Los AngelesLos Angeles, CaliforniaUSA
- Altos Labs, San Diego Institute of ScienceSan Diego, CaliforniaUSA
| | - Simon J. Allen
- Evolutionary Genetics Group, Department of AnthropologyUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of BristolBristolUK
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of Western AustraliaCrawley, Western AustraliaAustralia
| | - Stephanie L. King
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of BristolBristolUK
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of Western AustraliaCrawley, Western AustraliaAustralia
| | | | - Lee Ann Rollins
- Evolution & Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental SciencesUniversity of New South WalesSydney, New South WalesAustralia
| | - Michael Krützen
- Evolutionary Genetics Group, Department of AnthropologyUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
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2
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Buddhachat K, Brown JL, Kaewkool M, Poommouang A, Kaewmong P, Kittiwattanawong K, Nganvongpanit K. Life Expectancy in Marine Mammals Is Unrelated to Telomere Length but Is Associated With Body Size. Front Genet 2021; 12:737860. [PMID: 34630527 PMCID: PMC8498114 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.737860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine mammals vary greatly in size and lifespan across species. This study determined whether measures of adult body weight, length and relative telomere length were related to lifespan. Skin tissue samples (n = 338) were obtained from 23 marine mammal species, including four Mysticeti, 19 Odontoceti and one dugong species, and the DNA extracted to measure relative telomere length using real-time PCR. Life span, adult body weight, and adult body length of each species were retrieved from existing databases. The phylogenetic signal analysis revealed that body length might be a significant factor for shaping evolutionary processes of cetacean species through time, especially for genus Balaenoptera that have an enormous size. Further, our study found correlations between lifespan and adult body weight (R2 = 0.6465, p < 0.001) and adult body length (R2 = 0.6142, p ≤0.001), but no correlations with relative telomere length (R2 = −0.0476, p = 0.9826). While data support our hypothesis that larger marine mammals live longer, relative telomere length is not a good predictor of species longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kittisak Buddhachat
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand.,Excellence Center in Veterinary Bioscience, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Janine L Brown
- Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Center for Species Survival, Front Royal, VA, United States
| | - Manthanee Kaewkool
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Anocha Poommouang
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | | | | | - Korakot Nganvongpanit
- Excellence Center in Veterinary Bioscience, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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3
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Subclinical atherosclerosis and immune activation in young HIV-infected patients with telomere shortening. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:18094-18105. [PMID: 34310343 PMCID: PMC8351718 DOI: 10.18632/aging.203350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Background: To date, available data on premature aging in young HIV-infected adults are scarce and no reports offer comprehensive assessment of telomere shortening (TS) in relation to subclinical atherosclerosis (SCA). In this study, we investigate if telomere shortening and immune activation markers are associated with SCA, which is one of the main degenerative diseases in young HIV-infected adults. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out in 149 HIV-infected patients on stable antiretroviral regimen (ART). Carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT) was estimated by carotid ultrasound. Quantitative singleplex PCR was performed to evaluate TS. The expression of activation/senescence markers was evaluated by multiparametric flow cytometry. Results: TS was observed in 73 patients (49%). Higher cIMT was observed in patients with TS than those without it (0.86 vs. 0.80 mm; p=0.041). Patients under the age of 50 (defined as young adults) with TS showed higher absolute numbers of activated lymphocyte T cells CD8+CD38+ (3.94 vs. 2.34 cell/μl; p=0.07) and lymphocyte B cells CD19+CD38+ (3.07 vs. 2.10 cell/μl; p=0.004) compared to those without TS. In the multivariate analysis, the only factor independently associated with TS was the absolute number of lymphocyte T cells CD8+CD38+ T cells (OR = 1.18; 95%-CI = 1.00-1.39; p = 0.05). Conclusion: Young HIV-infected adults show premature biological aging with accentuated immune activation. Chronic inflammation with excessive T-cells activation could be associated to TS, premature aging, and SCA in young HIV-infected adults.
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4
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Robeck TR, Fei Z, Lu AT, Haghani A, Jourdain E, Zoller JA, Li CZ, Steinman KJ, DiRocco S, Schmitt T, Osborn S, Van Bonn B, Katsumata E, Mergl J, Almunia J, Rodriguez M, Haulena M, Dold C, Horvath S. Multi-species and multi-tissue methylation clocks for age estimation in toothed whales and dolphins. Commun Biol 2021; 4:642. [PMID: 34059764 PMCID: PMC8167141 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02179-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of a precise blood or skin tissue DNA Epigenetic Aging Clock for Odontocete (OEAC) would solve current age estimation inaccuracies for wild odontocetes. Therefore, we determined genome-wide DNA methylation profiles using a custom array (HorvathMammalMethyl40) across skin and blood samples (n = 446) from known age animals representing nine odontocete species within 4 phylogenetic families to identify age associated CG dinucleotides (CpGs). The top CpGs were used to create a cross-validated OEAC clock which was highly correlated for individuals (r = 0.94) and for unique species (median r = 0.93). Finally, we applied the OEAC for estimating the age and sex of 22 wild Norwegian killer whales. DNA methylation patterns of age associated CpGs are highly conserved across odontocetes. These similarities allowed us to develop an odontocete epigenetic aging clock (OEAC) which can be used for species conservation efforts by provide a mechanism for estimating the age of free ranging odontocetes from either blood or skin samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd R Robeck
- Zoological Operations, SeaWorld Parks and Entertainment, Orlando, FL, USA.
| | - Zhe Fei
- Department of Biostatistics, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ake T Lu
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Amin Haghani
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Joseph A Zoller
- Department of Biostatistics, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Caesar Z Li
- Department of Biostatistics, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Karen J Steinman
- Species Preservation Laboratory, SeaWorld San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - June Mergl
- Marineland of Canada, Niagara Falls, ON, Canada
| | - Javier Almunia
- Loro Parque Fundación, SA, Avenida Loro Parque, Puerto de la Cruz, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | | | | | - Christopher Dold
- Zoological Operations, SeaWorld Parks and Entertainment, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Steve Horvath
- Department of Biostatistics, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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5
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Bors EK, Baker CS, Wade PR, O'Neill KB, Shelden KEW, Thompson MJ, Fei Z, Jarman S, Horvath S. An epigenetic clock to estimate the age of living beluga whales. Evol Appl 2021; 14:1263-1273. [PMID: 34025766 PMCID: PMC8127720 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA methylation data facilitate the development of accurate molecular estimators of chronological age or "epigenetic clocks." We present a robust epigenetic clock for the beluga whale, Delphinapterus leucas, developed for an endangered population in Cook Inlet, Alaska, USA. We used a custom methylation array to measure methylation levels at 37,491 cytosine-guanine sites (CpGs) from skin samples of dead whales (n = 67) whose chronological ages were estimated based on tooth growth layer groups. Using these calibration data, a penalized regression model selected 23 CpGs, providing an R 2 = 0.92 for the training data; and an R 2 = 0.74 and median absolute age error = 2.9 years for the leave one out cross-validation. We applied the epigenetic clock to an independent dataset of 38 skin samples collected with a biopsy dart from living whales between 2016 and 2018. Age estimates ranged from 11 to 27 years. We also report sex correlations in CpG data and describe an approach of identifying the sex of an animal using DNA methylation. The epigenetic estimators of age and sex presented here have broad applications for conservation and management of Cook Inlet beluga whales and potentially other cetaceans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - C. Scott Baker
- Marine Mammal InstituteOregon State UniversityNewportORUSA
| | - Paul R. Wade
- Marine Mammal LaboratoryAlaska Fisheries Science CenterNational Marine Fisheries ServiceNational Oceanographic and Atmospheric AdministrationSeattleWAUSA
| | | | - Kim E. W. Shelden
- Marine Mammal LaboratoryAlaska Fisheries Science CenterNational Marine Fisheries ServiceNational Oceanographic and Atmospheric AdministrationSeattleWAUSA
| | - Michael J. Thompson
- Molecular, Cell and Developmental BiologyUniversity of California Los AngelesLos AngelesCAUSA
| | - Zhe Fei
- Department of BiostatisticsSchool of Public HealthUniversity of California‐Los AngelesLos AngelesCAUSA
| | - Simon Jarman
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of Western AustraliaPerthWAAustralia
| | - Steve Horvath
- Department of BiostatisticsSchool of Public HealthUniversity of California‐Los AngelesLos AngelesCAUSA
- Department of Human GeneticsGonda Research CenterDavid Geffen School of MedicineLos AngelesCAUSA
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6
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Dutra L, Souza F, Friberg I, Araújo M, Vasconcellos A, Young R. Validating the use of oral swabs for telomere length assessment in dogs. J Vet Behav 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jveb.2020.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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7
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Morinha F, Magalhães P, Blanco G. Standard guidelines for the publication of telomere qPCR results in evolutionary ecology. Mol Ecol Resour 2020; 20. [PMID: 32133733 DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.13152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Telomere length has been used as a proxy of fitness, aging and lifespan in vertebrates. In the last decade, dozens of articles reporting on telomere dynamics in the fields of ecology and evolution have been published for a wide range of taxa. With this growing interest, it is necessary to ensure the accuracy and reproducibility of telomere length measurement techniques. Real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) is routinely applied to measure relative telomere length. However, this technique is highly sensitive to several methodological variables and the optimization of qPCR telomere assays remains highly variable between studies. Therefore, standardized guidelines are required to enable the optimization of robust protocols, and to help in judging the validity of the presented results. This review provides an overview of preanalytical and analytical factors that can lead to qPCR inconsistencies and biases, including: (a) sample type, collection and storage; (b) DNA extraction, storage and quality; (c) qPCR primers, laboratory reagents, and assay conditions; and (d) data analysis. We propose a minimum level of information for publication of qPCR telomere assays in evolutionary ecology considering the methodological pitfalls and sources of error. This review highlights the complexity of the optimization and validation of qPCR for telomere measurement per se, demonstrating the importance of transparency and clarity of reporting methodological details required for reliable, reproducible and comparable qPCR telomere assays. We encourage efforts to implement standardized protocols that ensure the rigour and quality of telomere dynamics studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Morinha
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology, National Museum of Natural Sciences (MNCN), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Paula Magalhães
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,IBMC-Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Guillermo Blanco
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology, National Museum of Natural Sciences (MNCN), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
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8
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Gil D, Alfonso-Iñiguez S, Pérez-Rodríguez L, Muriel J, Monclús R. Harsh conditions during early development influence telomere length in an altricial passerine: Links with oxidative stress and corticosteroids. J Evol Biol 2018; 32:111-125. [PMID: 30387533 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Stress during early development can induce substantial long-term effects in organisms. In the case of birds, despite growth compensations, nestlings reared under harsh conditions typically show reduced survival chances in adulthood. It has been proposed that environmental early-life stressors could affect longevity via effects on telomere length, possibly mediated through oxidative stress. However, the link between these processes is not clear. In this study, we experimentally manipulated brood size in spotless starlings (Sturnus unicolor) to test the causal relationship between early stress, oxidative and corticosterone-mediated stress and telomere shortening. Our results show that experimentally enlarged brood sizes led to a reduction in morphometric development on nestlings, the effect being stronger for females than males. Additionally, basal corticosterone levels increased with increasing brood size in female nestlings. Neither plasma antioxidant status nor malondialdehyde levels (a marker of lipid peroxidation) were affected by experimental brood size, although the levels of a key intracellular antioxidant (glutathione) decreased with increasing brood size. We found that the treatment showed a quadratic effect on nestling telomere lengths: these were shortened either by increases or by decreases in the original brood size. Our study provides experimental evidence for a link between developmental stress and telomere length, but does not support a direct causal link of this reduction with corticosterone or oxidative stress. We suggest that future studies should focus on how telomere length responds to additional markers of allostatic load.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Gil
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (MNCN-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Sergio Alfonso-Iñiguez
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (MNCN-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Lorenzo Pérez-Rodríguez
- Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos, IREC (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Jaime Muriel
- Departamento de Anatomía, Biología Celular y Zoología, Universidad de Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Raquel Monclús
- Ecologie Systématique Evolution, University of Paris-Sud, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
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9
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Wright PGR, Mathews F, Schofield H, Morris C, Burrage J, Smith A, Dempster EL, Hamilton PB. Application of a novel molecular method to age free-living wild Bechstein's bats. Mol Ecol Resour 2018; 18:1374-1380. [PMID: 29981199 DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.12925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 04/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The age profile of populations fundamentally affects their conservation status. Yet, age is frequently difficult to assess in wild animals. Here, we assessed the use of DNA methylation of homologous genes to establish the age structure of a rare and elusive wild mammal: the Bechstein's bat (Myotis bechsteinii). We collected 62 wing punches from individuals whose ages were known as a result of a long-term banding study. DNA methylation was measured at seven CpG sites from three genes, which have previously shown age-associated changes in humans and laboratory mice. All CpG sites from the tested genes showed a significant relationship between DNA methylation and age, both individually and in combination (multiple linear regression R2 = 0.58, p < 0.001). Despite slight approximation around estimates, the approach is sufficiently precise to place animals into practically useful age cohorts. This method is of considerable practical benefit as it can reliably age individual bats. It is also much faster than traditional capture-mark-recapture techniques, with the potential to collect information on the age structure of an entire colony from a single sampling session to better inform conservation actions for Bechstein's bats. By identifying three genes where DNA methylation correlates with age across distantly related species, this study also suggests that the technique can potentially be applied across a wide range of mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick G R Wright
- Bioscience, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Fiona Mathews
- College of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, UK
| | | | - Colin Morris
- The Vincent Wildlife Trust, Ledbury, Herefordshire, UK
| | - Joe Burrage
- Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Adam Smith
- Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | | | - Patrick B Hamilton
- Bioscience, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
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10
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Beal A, Rodriguez-Casariego J, Rivera-Casas C, Suarez-Ulloa V, Eirin-Lopez JM. Environmental Epigenomics and Its Applications in Marine Organisms. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/13836_2018_28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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11
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Goldman EA, Eick GN, Compton D, Kowal P, Snodgrass JJ, Eisenberg DTA, Sterner KN. Evaluating minimally invasive sample collection methods for telomere length measurement. Am J Hum Biol 2017; 30. [PMID: 28949426 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Telomere length (TL) is a biomarker of aging and age-related decline. Although venous blood is considered the "gold standard" for TL measurement, its collection is often not feasible or desired in nonclinical settings. Saliva and dried blood spots (DBS) have been used as alternatives when venipuncture cannot be performed. However, it is not known whether these sample types yield TL measurements comparable to those obtained from venous blood. We sought to determine whether different samples from the same individual yield comparable TL measurements. METHODS We extracted DNA from matched buffy coat, saliva (Oragene and Oasis), and DBS (venous and capillary) samples from 40 women aged 18-77 years. We used the monochrome multiplex qPCR (MMQPCR) assay to measure TL in all sample types for each participant and applied quality control measures to retain only high-quality samples for analysis. We then compared TL from buffy coat and saliva to examine how these measurements differ and to test if TL is correlated across sample types. RESULTS TL differed significantly across buffy coat, Oragene saliva, and Oasis saliva samples. TL from buffy coat and Oragene saliva was moderately correlated (ρ = 0.48, P = .002) and the most similar in size. Oasis saliva TL was not correlated with buffy coat or Oragene saliva TL, and was the shortest. DBS DNA yields were inadequate for TL measurement using the MMQPCR assay. CONCLUSIONS Using a matched dataset we demonstrate that sample type significantly influences the TL measurement obtained using the MMQPCR assay.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Geeta N Eick
- Department of Anthropology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403
| | - Devan Compton
- Department of Anthropology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403
| | - Paul Kowal
- Department of Anthropology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403.,World Health Organization, Seattle, Washington 98105
| | - J Josh Snodgrass
- Department of Anthropology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403
| | - Dan T A Eisenberg
- Department of Anthropology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98105.,The Center for Studies in Demography, and Ecology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98105
| | - Kirstin N Sterner
- Department of Anthropology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403
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12
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Eastwood JR, Mulder E, Verhulst S, Peters A. Increasing the accuracy and precision of relative telomere length estimates by RT qPCR. Mol Ecol Resour 2017; 18:68-78. [DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.12711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Revised: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ellis Mulder
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences University of Groningen Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Simon Verhulst
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences University of Groningen Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Anne Peters
- School of Biological Sciences Monash University Clayton Vic Australia
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13
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Walker MJ, Farrae DJ, Denson MR, Darden TL. Repeatability of a terminal restriction fragment telomere length assay on red drum fin tissue. CONSERV GENET RESOUR 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s12686-017-0698-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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14
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Reichert S, Froy H, Boner W, Burg TM, Daunt F, Gillespie R, Griffiths K, Lewis S, Phillips RA, Nussey DH, Monaghan P. Telomere length measurement by qPCR in birds is affected by storage method of blood samples. Oecologia 2017; 184:341-350. [PMID: 28547179 PMCID: PMC5487852 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-017-3887-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Given the potential role of telomeres as biomarkers of individual health and ageing, there is an increasing interest in studying telomere dynamics in a wider range of taxa in the fields of ecology and evolutionary biology. Measuring telomere length across the lifespan in wild animal systems is essential for testing these hypotheses, and may be aided by archived blood samples collected as part of longitudinal field studies. However, sample collection, storage, and DNA extraction methods may influence telomere length measurement, and it may, therefore, be difficult to balance consistency in sampling protocol with making the most of available samples. We used two complementary approaches to examine the impacts of sample storage method on measurements of relative telomere length (RTL) by qPCR, particularly focusing on FTA (Flinders Technology Associates) cards as a long-term storage solution. We used blood samples from wandering albatrosses collected over 14 years and stored in three different ways (n = 179), and also blood samples from captive zebra finches (n = 30) that were each stored using three different methods. Sample storage method influenced RTL in both studies, and samples on FTA cards had significantly shorter RTL measurements. There was no significant correlation between RTL measured in zebra finch blood on FTA cards and the same samples stored either as frozen whole blood or as extracted DNA. These results highlight the importance of consistency of sampling protocol, particularly in the context of long-term field studies, and suggest that FTA cards should not be used as a long-term storage solution to measure RTL without validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Reichert
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK. .,Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
| | - Hannah Froy
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK. .,British Antarctic Survey, High Cross, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Winnie Boner
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Theresa M Burg
- Department of Biology, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Canada
| | | | - Robert Gillespie
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Kate Griffiths
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Sue Lewis
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Dan H Nussey
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Pat Monaghan
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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15
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16
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Jarman SN, Polanowski AM, Faux CE, Robbins J, De Paoli-Iseppi R, Bravington M, Deagle BE. Molecular biomarkers for chronological age in animal ecology. Mol Ecol 2016; 24:4826-47. [PMID: 26308242 DOI: 10.1111/mec.13357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Revised: 08/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The chronological age of an individual animal predicts many of its biological characteristics, and these in turn influence population-level ecological processes. Animal age information can therefore be valuable in ecological research, but many species have no external features that allow age to be reliably determined. Molecular age biomarkers provide a potential solution to this problem. Research in this area of molecular ecology has so far focused on a limited range of age biomarkers. The most commonly tested molecular age biomarker is change in average telomere length, which predicts age well in a small number of species and tissues, but performs poorly in many other situations. Epigenetic regulation of gene expression has recently been shown to cause age-related modifications to DNA and to cause changes in abundance of several RNA types throughout animal lifespans. Age biomarkers based on these epigenetic changes, and other new DNA-based assays, have already been applied to model organisms, humans and a limited number of wild animals. There is clear potential to apply these marker types more widely in ecological studies. For many species, these new approaches will produce age estimates where this was previously impractical. They will also enable age information to be gathered in cross-sectional studies and expand the range of demographic characteristics that can be quantified with molecular methods. We describe the range of molecular age biomarkers that have been investigated to date and suggest approaches for developing the newer marker types as age assays in nonmodel animal species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon N Jarman
- Australian Antarctic Division, 203 Channel Highway, Kingston, Tas., 7050, Australia
| | - Andrea M Polanowski
- Australian Antarctic Division, 203 Channel Highway, Kingston, Tas., 7050, Australia
| | - Cassandra E Faux
- Australian Antarctic Division, 203 Channel Highway, Kingston, Tas., 7050, Australia
| | - Jooke Robbins
- Center for Coastal Studies, 5 Holway Avenue, Provincetown, MA, 02657, USA
| | - Ricardo De Paoli-Iseppi
- Australian Antarctic Division, 203 Channel Highway, Kingston, Tas., 7050, Australia.,Institute of Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Castray Esplanade, Hobart, Tas., 7000, Australia
| | - Mark Bravington
- Marine Laboratory, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Castray Esplanade, Hobart, Tas., 7000, Australia
| | - Bruce E Deagle
- Australian Antarctic Division, 203 Channel Highway, Kingston, Tas., 7050, Australia
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17
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Voropaeva EN, Maksimov VN, Malyutina SK, Bobak M, Voevoda MI. Effects of DNA quality on the measurement of telomere length. Mol Biol 2015. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026893315040196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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18
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Zheng J, Yang Z, Madgwick PJ, Carmo-Silva E, Parry MAJ, Hu YG. TaER Expression Is Associated with Transpiration Efficiency Traits and Yield in Bread Wheat. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0128415. [PMID: 26047019 PMCID: PMC4457575 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
ERECTA encodes a receptor-like kinase and is proposed as a candidate for determining transpiration efficiency of plants. Two genes homologous to ERECTA in Arabidopsis were identified on chromosomes 6 (TaER2) and 7 (TaER1) of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), with copies of each gene on the A, B and D genomes of wheat. Similar expression patterns were observed for TaER1 and TaER2 with relatively higher expression of TaER1 in flag leaves of wheat at heading (Z55) and grain-filling (Z73) stages. Significant variations were found in the expression levels of both TaER1 and TaER2 in the flag leaves at both growth stages among 48 diverse bread wheat varieties. Based on the expression of TaER1 and TaER2, the 48 wheat varieties could be classified into three groups having high (5 varieties), medium (27 varieties) and low (16 varieties) levels of TaER expression. Significant differences were also observed between the three groups varying for TaER expression for several transpiration efficiency (TE)- related traits, including stomatal density (SD), transpiration rate, photosynthetic rate (A), instant water use efficiency (WUEi) and carbon isotope discrimination (CID), and yield traits of biomass production plant-1 (BYPP) and grain yield plant-1 (GYPP). Correlation analysis revealed that the expression of TaER1 and TaER2 at the two growth stages was significantly and negatively associated with SD (P<0.01), transpiration rate (P<0.05) and CID (P<0.01), while significantly and positively correlated with flag leaf area (FLA, P<0.01), A (P<0.05), WUEi (P<0.05), BYPP (P<0.01) and GYPP (P<0.01), with stronger correlations for TaER1 than TaER2 and at grain-filling stage than at heading stage. These combined results suggested that TaER involved in development of transpiration efficiency -related traits and yield in bread wheat, implying a function for TaER in regulating leaf development of bread wheat and contributing to expression of these traits. Moreover, the results indicate that TaER could be exploitable for manipulating important agronomical traits in wheat improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiacheng Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhiyuan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Pippa J. Madgwick
- Department of Plant Biology and Crop Science, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabete Carmo-Silva
- Department of Plant Biology and Crop Science, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Martin A. J. Parry
- Department of Plant Biology and Crop Science, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (MP); (YGH)
| | - Yin-Gang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- Institute of Water Saving Agriculture in Arid Regions of China, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- * E-mail: (MP); (YGH)
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Polanowski AM, Robbins J, Chandler D, Jarman SN. Epigenetic estimation of age in humpback whales. Mol Ecol Resour 2014; 14:976-87. [PMID: 24606053 PMCID: PMC4314680 DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.12247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Revised: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Age is a fundamental aspect of animal ecology, but is difficult to determine in many species. Humpback whales exemplify this as they have a lifespan comparable to humans, mature sexually as early as 4 years and have no reliable visual age indicators after their first year. Current methods for estimating humpback age cannot be applied to all individuals and populations. Assays for human age have recently been developed based on age-induced changes in DNA methylation of specific genes. We used information on age-associated DNA methylation in human and mouse genes to identify homologous gene regions in humpbacks. Humpback skin samples were obtained from individuals with a known year of birth and employed to calibrate relationships between cytosine methylation and age. Seven of 37 cytosines assayed for methylation level in humpback skin had significant age-related profiles. The three most age-informative cytosine markers were selected for a humpback epigenetic age assay. The assay has an R(2) of 0.787 (P = 3.04e-16) and predicts age from skin samples with a standard deviation of 2.991 years. The epigenetic method correctly determined which of parent-offspring pairs is the parent in more than 93% of cases. To demonstrate the potential of this technique, we constructed the first modern age profile of humpback whales off eastern Australia and compared the results to population structure 5 decades earlier. This is the first epigenetic age estimation method for a wild animal species and the approach we took for developing it can be applied to many other nonmodel organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea M Polanowski
- Australian Antarctic Division, 203 Channel Highway, Kingston, TAS, 7050, Australia
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20
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Nussey DH, Baird D, Barrett E, Boner W, Fairlie J, Gemmell N, Hartmann N, Horn T, Haussmann M, Olsson M, Turbill C, Verhulst S, Zahn S, Monaghan P. Measuring telomere length and telomere dynamics in evolutionary biology and ecology. Methods Ecol Evol 2014; 5:299-310. [PMID: 25834722 PMCID: PMC4375921 DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.12161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Telomeres play a fundamental role in the protection of chromosomal DNA and in the regulation of cellular senescence. Recent work in human epidemiology and evolutionary ecology suggests adult telomere length (TL) may reflect past physiological stress and predict subsequent morbidity and mortality, independent of chronological age. Several different methods have been developed to measure TL, each offering its own technical challenges. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the advantages and drawbacks of each method for researchers, with a particular focus on issues that are likely to face ecologists and evolutionary biologists collecting samples in the field or in organisms that may never have been studied in this context before. We discuss the key issues to consider and wherever possible try to provide current consensus view regarding best practice with regard to sample collection and storage, DNA extraction and storage, and the five main methods currently available to measure TL. Decisions regarding which tissues to sample, how to store them, how to extract DNA, and which TL measurement method to use cannot be prescribed, and are dependent on the biological question addressed and the constraints imposed by the study system. What is essential for future studies of telomere dynamics in evolution and ecology is that researchers publish full details of their methods and the quality control thresholds they employ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel H Nussey
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Centre for Immunity, Infection & Evolution, University of Edinburgh Edinburgh, EH9 3JT, UK
| | - Duncan Baird
- Institute of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Emma Barrett
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Winnie Boner
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Jennifer Fairlie
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Centre for Immunity, Infection & Evolution, University of Edinburgh Edinburgh, EH9 3JT, UK
| | - Neil Gemmell
- Department of Anatomy, Allan Wilson Centre for Molecular Ecology and Evolution, University of Otago Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand
| | - Nils Hartmann
- Leibniz Institute for Age Research - Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Molecular Genetics Group Jena, 07745, Germany
| | - Thorsten Horn
- Institute for Developmental Biology, Cologne Biocenter, University of Cologne Cologne, 50674, Germany
| | - Mark Haussmann
- Department of Biology, Bucknell University Lewisburg, PA, 17837, USA
| | - Mats Olsson
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Sydney Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Chris Turbill
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, University of Western Sydney Richmond, NSW, 2753, Australia
| | | | - Sandrine Zahn
- Département d'Ecologie, Physiologie et Ethologie (DEPE), Institut Pluridisciplinaire Huber Curien, CNRS UMR7178 Strasbourg Cedex 2, 67087, France ; University of Strasbourg Strasbourg Cedex, F-67081, France
| | - Pat Monaghan
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
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Basu N, Skinner HG, Litzelman K, Vanderboom R, Baichoo E, Boardman LA. Telomeres and telomere dynamics: relevance to cancers of the GI tract. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2013; 7:733-48. [PMID: 24161135 PMCID: PMC3892561 DOI: 10.1586/17474124.2013.848790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Aberrations in telomere length and telomere maintenance contribute to cancer development. In this article, we review the basic principles of telomere length in normal and tumor tissue and the presence of the two main telomere maintenance pathways as they pertain to gastrointestinal tract cancer. Peripheral blood telomeres are shorter in patients with many types of gastrointestinal tract cancers. Telomere length in tumor DNA also appears to shorten early in cancer development. Tumor telomere shortening is often accompanied by telomerase activation to protect genetically damaged DNA from normal cell senescence or apoptosis, allowing immortalized but damaged DNA to persist. Alternative lengthening of telomeres is another mechanism used by cancer to maintain telomere length in cancer cells. Telomerase and alternative lengthening of telomeres activators and inhibitors may become important chemopreventive or chemotherapeutic agents as our understanding of telomere biology, specific telomere-related phenotypes and its relationship to carcinogenesis increases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nivedita Basu
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Department of Medicine Mayo Clinic 200 First Street SW Rochester, MN 55905 Tel: 507-266-4338; Fax: 507-266-0350
| | - Halcyon G. Skinner
- Department of Population Health Sciences School of Medicine and Public Health University of Wisconsin Madison, WI 53726 Tel: 608-265-4654
| | - Kristin Litzelman
- Department of Population Health Sciences School of Medicine and Public Health University of Wisconsin Madison, WI 53726 Tel: 608-265-4654
| | - Russell Vanderboom
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Department of Medicine Mayo Clinic 200 First Street SW Rochester, MN 55905 Tel: 507-266-4338; Fax: 507-266-0350
| | - Esha Baichoo
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Department of Medicine Mayo Clinic 200 First Street SW Rochester, MN 55905 Tel: 507-266-4338; Fax: 507-266-0350
| | - Lisa A. Boardman
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Department of Medicine Mayo Clinic 200 First Street SW Rochester, MN 55905 Tel: 507-266-4338; Fax: 507-266-0350
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22
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Cunningham JM, Johnson RA, Litzelman K, Skinner HG, Seo S, Engelman CD, Vanderboom RJ, Kimmel GW, Gangnon RE, Riegert-Johnson DL, Baron JA, Potter JD, Haile R, Buchanan DD, Jenkins MA, Rider DN, Thibodeau SN, Petersen GM, Boardman LA. Telomere length varies by DNA extraction method: implications for epidemiologic research. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2013; 22:2047-54. [PMID: 24019396 PMCID: PMC3827976 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-13-0409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Both shorter and longer telomeres in peripheral blood leukocyte (PBL) DNA have been associated with cancer risk. However, associations remain inconsistent across studies of the same cancer type. This study compares DNA preparation methods to determine telomere length from patients with colorectal cancer. METHODS We examined PBL relative telomere length (RTL) measured by quantitative PCR (qPCR) in 1,033 patients with colorectal cancer and 2,952 healthy controls. DNA was extracted with phenol/chloroform, PureGene, or QIAamp. RESULTS We observed differences in RTL depending on DNA extraction method (P < 0.001). Phenol/chloroform-extracted DNA had a mean RTL (T/S ratio) of 0.78 (range 0.01-6.54) compared with PureGene-extracted DNA (mean RTL of 0.75; range 0.00-12.33). DNA extracted by QIAamp yielded a mean RTL of 0.38 (range 0.02-3.69). We subsequently compared RTL measured by qPCR from an independent set of 20 colorectal cancer cases and 24 normal controls in PBL DNA extracted by each of the three extraction methods. The range of RTL measured by qPCR from QIAamp-extracted DNA (0.17-0.58) was less than from either PureGene or phenol/chloroform (ranges, 0.04-2.67 and 0.32-2.81, respectively). CONCLUSIONS RTL measured by qPCR from QIAamp-extracted DNA was less than from either PureGene or phenol/chloroform (P < 0.001). IMPACT Differences in DNA extraction method may contribute to the discrepancies between studies seeking to find an association between the risk of cancer or other diseases and RTL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie M. Cunningham
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic College
of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Ruth A. Johnson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic College
of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Kristin Litzelman
- Department of Population Health Sciences, School of Medicine and
Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Halcyon G. Skinner
- Department of Population Health Sciences, School of Medicine and
Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Songwon Seo
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, School of
Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Corinne D. Engelman
- Department of Population Health Sciences, School of Medicine and
Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | | | | | - Ronald E. Gangnon
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, School of
Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | | | - John A. Baron
- Biostatistics & Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine,
Dartmouth University, Hanover, NH
| | - John D. Potter
- Public Health Sciences Division, Cancer Prevention Program, Fred
Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Robert Haile
- The Stanford Cancer Institute and Stanford School of Medicine,
Department of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Daniel D. Buchanan
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Clive Berghofer Cancer
Research Centre, Queensland 4006 Australia
| | - Mark A. Jenkins
- Melbourne School of Population Health, The University of Melbourne,
Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - David N. Rider
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, School of
Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Stephen N. Thibodeau
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic College
of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Gloria M. Petersen
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic College of
Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Lisa A. Boardman
- Department of Gastroenterology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine,
Rochester, Minnesota
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