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Ropero-Pérez C, Moreno-Giménez E, Marcos JF, Manzanares P, Gandía M. Studies on the biological role of the antifungal protein PeAfpA from Penicillium expansum by functional gene characterization and transcriptomic profiling. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 266:131236. [PMID: 38554901 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Antifungal proteins (AFPs) from filamentous fungi have enormous potential as novel biomolecules for the control of fungal diseases. However, little is known about the biological roles of AFPs beyond their antifungal action. Penicillium expansum encodes three phylogenetically different AFPs (PeAfpA, PeAfpB and PeAfpC) with diverse profiles of antifungal activity. PeAfpA stands out as a highly active AFP that is naturally produced at high yields. Here, we provide new data about the function of PeAfpA in P. expansum through phenotypical characterization and transcriptomic studies of null mutants of the corresponding afpA gene. Mutation of afpA did not affect axenic growth, conidiation, virulence, stress responses or sensitivity towards P. expansum AFPs. However, RNA sequencing evidenced a massive transcriptomic change linked to the onset of PeAfpA production. We identified two large gene expression clusters putatively involved in PeAfpA function, which correspond to genes induced or repressed with the production of PeAfpA. Functional enrichment analysis unveiled significant changes in genes related to fungal cell wall remodeling, mobilization of carbohydrates and plasma membrane transporters. This study also shows a putative co-regulation between the three afp genes. Overall, our transcriptomic analyses provide valuable insights for further understanding the biological functions of AFPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Ropero-Pérez
- Food Biotechnology Department, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Catedrático Agustín Escardino Benlloch 7, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Elena Moreno-Giménez
- Food Biotechnology Department, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Catedrático Agustín Escardino Benlloch 7, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain; Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia 46022, Spain
| | - Jose F Marcos
- Food Biotechnology Department, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Catedrático Agustín Escardino Benlloch 7, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Paloma Manzanares
- Food Biotechnology Department, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Catedrático Agustín Escardino Benlloch 7, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Mónica Gandía
- Food Biotechnology Department, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Catedrático Agustín Escardino Benlloch 7, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain.
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2
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Rohrbach S, Gkoutselis G, Mauel A, Telli N, Senker J, Ho A, Rambold G, Horn MA. Setting new standards: Multiphasic analysis of microplastic mineralization by fungi. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 349:141025. [PMID: 38142885 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.141025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
Plastic materials provide numerous benefits. However, properties such as durability and resistance to degradation that make plastic attractive for variable applications likewise foster accumulation in the environment. Fragmentation of plastics leads to the formation of potentially hazardous microplastic, of which a considerable amount derives from polystyrene. Here, we investigated the biodegradation of polystyrene by the tropical sooty mold fungus Capnodium coffeae in different experimental setups. Growth of C. coffeae was stimulated significantly when cultured in presence of plastic polymers rather than in its absence. Stable isotope tracing using 13C-enriched polystyrene particles combined with cavity ring-down spectroscopy showed that the fungus mineralized polystyrene traces. However, phospholipid fatty acid stable isotope probing indicated only marginal assimilation of polystyrene-13C by C. coffeae in liquid cultures. NMR spectroscopic analysis of residual styrene contents prior to and after incubation revealed negligible changes in concentration. Thus, this study suggests a plastiphilic life style of C. coffeae despite minor usage of plastic as a carbon source and the general capability of sooty mold fungi to stimulate polystyrene mineralization, and proposes new standards to identify and unambiguously demonstrate plastic degrading capabilities of microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Rohrbach
- Institute of Microbiology, Leibniz University Hannover, 30419 Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Anika Mauel
- Inorganic Chemistry III and Northern Bavarian NMR Centre University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Nihal Telli
- Department of Mycology, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Jürgen Senker
- Inorganic Chemistry III and Northern Bavarian NMR Centre University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Adrian Ho
- Institute of Microbiology, Leibniz University Hannover, 30419 Hannover, Germany
| | - Gerhard Rambold
- Department of Mycology, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Marcus A Horn
- Institute of Microbiology, Leibniz University Hannover, 30419 Hannover, Germany.
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3
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Arentshorst M, Kooloth Valappil P, Mózsik L, Regensburg-Tuïnk TJG, Seekles SJ, Tjallinks G, Fraaije MW, Visser J, Ram AFJ. A CRISPR/Cas9-based multicopy integration system for protein production in Aspergillus niger. FEBS J 2023; 290:5127-5140. [PMID: 37335926 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
The filamentous fungus Aspergillus niger is well known for its high protein secretion capacity and a preferred host for homologous and heterologous protein production. To improve the protein production capacity of A. niger even further, a set of dedicated protein production strains was made containing up to 10 glucoamylase landing sites (GLSs) at predetermined sites in the genome. These GLSs replace genes encoding enzymes abundantly present or encoding unwanted functions. Each GLS contains the promotor and terminator region of the glucoamylase gene (glaA), one of the highest expressed genes in A. niger. Integrating multiple gene copies, often realized by random integration, is known to boost protein production yields. In our approach the GLSs allow for rapid targeted gene replacement using CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing. By introducing the same or different unique DNA sequences (dubbed KORE sequences) in each GLS and designing Cas9-compatible single guide RNAs, one is able to select at which GLS integration of a target gene occurs. In this way a set of identical strains with different copy numbers of the gene of interest can be easily and rapidly made to compare protein production levels. As an illustration of its potential, we successfully used the expression platform to generate multicopy A. niger strains producing the Penicillium expansum PatE::6xHis protein catalysing the final step in patulin biosynthesis. The A. niger strain expressing 10 copies of the patE::6xHis expression cassette produced about 70 μg·mL-1 PatE protein in the culture medium with a purity just under 90%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Arentshorst
- Microbial Sciences, Fungal Genetics and Biotechnology, Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, The Netherlands
| | - Prajeesh Kooloth Valappil
- Microbial Sciences, Fungal Genetics and Biotechnology, Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, The Netherlands
| | - László Mózsik
- Microbial Sciences, Fungal Genetics and Biotechnology, Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, The Netherlands
| | - Tonny J G Regensburg-Tuïnk
- Microbial Sciences, Fungal Genetics and Biotechnology, Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, The Netherlands
| | - Sjoerd J Seekles
- Microbial Sciences, Fungal Genetics and Biotechnology, Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, The Netherlands
| | - Gwen Tjallinks
- Molecular Enzymology, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marco W Fraaije
- Molecular Enzymology, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jaap Visser
- Microbial Sciences, Fungal Genetics and Biotechnology, Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, The Netherlands
| | - Arthur F J Ram
- Microbial Sciences, Fungal Genetics and Biotechnology, Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, The Netherlands
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4
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Lin H, Li P, Ma L, Lai S, Sun S, Hu K, Zhang L. Analysis and modification of central carbon metabolism in Hypsizygus marmoreus for improving mycelial growth performance and fruiting body yield. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1233512. [PMID: 37560516 PMCID: PMC10407233 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1233512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypsizygus marmoreus is one of the main industrially cultivated varieties of edible fungi, with a delicious taste and high nutritional value. However, the long harvest period of 130-150 days greatly limits its large-scale expansion. This study aimed to investigate the effects of central carbon metabolism (CCM) on the mycelial growth performance and fruiting body formation of H. marmoreus. Nine edible fungi with different harvest periods were collected and used to evaluate their intracellular carbon metabolic differences in the CCM, which revealed that the imbalanced distribution of intracellular carbon metabolic levels in the CCM of H. marmoreus might be one of the key factors resulting in a slow mycelial growth rate and a long harvest period. Further analysis by three strategies, including metabolomics, adaptation of different carbon sources, and chemical interference, confirmed that low carbon flux into the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) limited the supply of raw materials, reduced power, and thus influenced the mycelial growth of H. marmoreus. Furthermore, four transformants with increased expression levels of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH), a key rate-limiting enzyme in the PPP of H. marmoreus, were developed and showed more extracellular soluble protein secretion and higher sugar assimilation rates, as well as improved mycelial growth rates in bottle substrate mixtures. Finally, cultivation experiments indicated that the maturation periods of the fruiting body with ~4-5 days in advance and the maximum fruiting body yield of 574.8 g per bag with an increase of 7.4% were achieved by improving the G6PDH expression level of the PPP in H. marmoreus. This study showed that CCM played an important role in the mycelial growth and development of H. marmoreus, which provided new insights for future advancements in cultivating and breeding edible fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Lin
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Institute of Edible Fungi, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Pengfei Li
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Lu Ma
- Institute of Edible Fungi, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Shufang Lai
- Fujian Edible Fungus Technology Promotion General Station, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Shujing Sun
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Kaihui Hu
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Liaoyuan Zhang
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
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5
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Szőke A, Sárkány O, Schermann G, Kapuy O, Diernfellner ACR, Brunner M, Gyöngyösi N, Káldi K. Adaptation to glucose starvation is associated with molecular reorganization of the circadian clock in Neurospora crassa. eLife 2023; 12:79765. [PMID: 36625037 PMCID: PMC9831608 DOI: 10.7554/elife.79765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The circadian clock governs rhythmic cellular functions by driving the expression of a substantial fraction of the genome and thereby significantly contributes to the adaptation to changing environmental conditions. Using the circadian model organism Neurospora crassa, we show that molecular timekeeping is robust even under severe limitation of carbon sources, however, stoichiometry, phosphorylation and subcellular distribution of the key clock components display drastic alterations. Protein kinase A, protein phosphatase 2 A and glycogen synthase kinase are involved in the molecular reorganization of the clock. RNA-seq analysis reveals that the transcriptomic response of metabolism to starvation is highly dependent on the positive clock component WC-1. Moreover, our molecular and phenotypic data indicate that a functional clock facilitates recovery from starvation. We suggest that the molecular clock is a flexible network that allows the organism to maintain rhythmic physiology and preserve fitness even under long-term nutritional stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Szőke
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis UniversityBudapestHungary
| | - Orsolya Sárkány
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis UniversityBudapestHungary
| | - Géza Schermann
- Department of Neurovascular Cellbiology, University Hospital BonnBonnGermany
| | - Orsolya Kapuy
- Department of Molecular Biology, Semmelweis UniversityBudapestHungary
| | | | | | - Norbert Gyöngyösi
- Department of Molecular Biology, Semmelweis UniversityBudapestHungary
| | - Krisztina Káldi
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis UniversityBudapestHungary
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6
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Emir M, Ozketen AC, Andac Ozketen A, Çelik Oğuz A, Huang M, Karakaya A, Rampitsch C, Gunel A. Increased levels of cell wall degrading enzymes and peptidases are associated with aggressiveness in a virulent isolate of Pyrenophora teres f. maculata. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 279:153839. [PMID: 36370615 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2022.153839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Pyrenophora teres f. maculata (Ptm) is a fungal pathogen that causes the spot form of net blotch on barley and leads to economic losses in many of the world's barley-growing regions. Isolates of Ptm exhibit varying levels of aggressiveness that result in quantifiable changes in the severity of the disease. Previous research on plant-pathogen interactions has shown that such divergence is reflected in the proteome and secretome of the pathogen, with certain classes of proteins more prominent in aggressive isolates. Here we have made a detailed comparative analysis of the secretomes of two Ptm isolates, GPS79 and E35 (highly and mildly aggressive, respectively) using a proteomics-based approach. The secretomes were obtained in vitro using media amended with barley leaf sections. Secreted proteins therein were harvested, digested with trypsin, and fractionated offline by HPLC prior to LC-MS in a high-resolution instrument to obtain deep coverage of the proteome. The subsequent analysis used a label-free quantitative proteomics approach with relative quantification of proteins based on precursor ion intensities. A total of 1175 proteins were identified, 931 from Ptm and 244 from barley. Further analysis revealed 160 differentially abundant proteins with at least a two-fold abundance difference between the isolates, with the most enriched in the aggressive GPS79 secretome. These proteins were mainly cell-wall (carbohydrate) degrading enzymes and peptidases, with some oxidoreductases and other pathogenesis-related proteins also identified, suggesting that aggressiveness is associated with an improved ability of GPS79 to overcome cell wall barriers and neutralize host defense responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmut Emir
- Kirsehir-Ahi Evran University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Kirsehir, Turkey
| | | | | | - Arzu Çelik Oğuz
- Ankara University Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Plant Protection, Dışkapı, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mei Huang
- Agriculture and Agrifood Canada, Morden Research and Development Centre, Morden MB, Canada
| | - Aziz Karakaya
- Ankara University Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Plant Protection, Dışkapı, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Christof Rampitsch
- Agriculture and Agrifood Canada, Morden Research and Development Centre, Morden MB, Canada.
| | - Aslihan Gunel
- Kirsehir-Ahi Evran University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Kirsehir, Turkey.
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7
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Blachowicz A, Romsdahl J, Chiang AJ, Masonjones S, Kalkum M, Stajich JE, Torok T, Wang CCC, Venkateswaran K. The International Space Station Environment Triggers Molecular Responses in Aspergillus niger. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:893071. [PMID: 35847112 PMCID: PMC9280654 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.893071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to immense phenotypic plasticity and adaptability, Aspergillus niger is a cosmopolitan fungus that thrives in versatile environments, including the International Space Station (ISS). This is the first report of genomic, proteomic, and metabolomic alterations observed in A. niger strain JSC-093350089 grown in a controlled experiment aboard the ISS. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) revealed that ISS conditions, including microgravity and enhanced irradiation, triggered non-synonymous point mutations in specific regions, chromosomes VIII and XII of the JSC-093350089 genome when compared to the ground-grown control. Proteome analysis showed altered abundance of proteins involved in carbohydrate metabolism, stress response, and cellular amino acid and protein catabolic processes following growth aboard the ISS. Metabolome analysis further confirmed that space conditions altered molecular suite of ISS-grown A. niger JSC-093350089. After regrowing both strains on Earth, production of antioxidant—Pyranonigrin A was significantly induced in the ISS-flown, but not the ground control strain. In summary, the microgravity and enhanced irradiation triggered unique molecular responses in the A. niger JSC-093350089 suggesting adaptive responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Blachowicz
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Biotechnology and Planetary Protection Group, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, United States
| | - Jillian Romsdahl
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Abby J. Chiang
- Department of Immunology and Theranostics, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, United States
| | - Sawyer Masonjones
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Markus Kalkum
- Department of Immunology and Theranostics, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, United States
| | - Jason E. Stajich
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Tamas Torok
- Ecology Department, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Clay C. C. Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts, and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Kasthuri Venkateswaran
- Biotechnology and Planetary Protection Group, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Kasthuri Venkateswaran,
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Transcription Factor Mavib-1 Negatively Regulates Conidiation by Affecting Utilization of Carbon and Nitrogen Source in Metarhizium acridum. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8060594. [PMID: 35736077 PMCID: PMC9224900 DOI: 10.3390/jof8060594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Conidium is the main infection unit and reproductive unit of pathogenic fungi. Exploring the mechanism of conidiation and its regulation contributes to understanding the pathogenicity of pathogenic fungi. Vib-1, a transcription factor, was reported to participate in the conidiation process. However, the regulation mechanism of Vib-1 in conidiation is still unclear. In this study, we analyzed the function of Vib-1 and its regulation mechanism in conidiation through knocking out and overexpression of Vib-1 in entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium acridum. Results showed that the colonial growth of Mavib-1 disruption mutant (ΔMavib-1) was significantly decreased, and conidiation was earlier compared to wild type (WT), while overexpression of Mavib-1 led to a delayed conidiation especially when carbon or nitrogen sources were insufficient. Overexpression of Mavib-1 resulted in a conidiation pattern shift from microcycle conidiation to normal conidiation on nutrient-limited medium. These results indicated that Mavib-1 acted as a positive regulator in vegetative growth and a negative regulator in conidiation by affecting utilization of carbon and nitrogen sources in M. acridum. Transcription profile analysis demonstrated that many genes related to carbon and nitrogen source metabolisms were differentially expressed in ΔMavib-1 and OE strains compared to WT. Moreover, Mavib-1 affects the conidial germination, tolerance to UV-B and heat stresses, cell wall integrity, conidial surface morphology and conidial hydrophobicity in M. acridum. These findings unravel the regulatory mechanism of Mavib-1 in fungal growth and conidiation, and enrich the knowledge to conidiation pattern shift of filamentous fungi.
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Müller H, Barthel L, Schmideder S, Schütze T, Meyer V, Briesen H. From spores to fungal pellets: a new high throughput image analysis highlights the structural development of Aspergillus niger. Biotechnol Bioeng 2022; 119:2182-2195. [PMID: 35477834 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Many filamentous fungi are exploited as cell factories in biotechnology. Cultivated under industrially relevant submerged conditions, filamentous fungi can adopt different macromorphologies ranging from dispersed mycelia over loose clumps to pellets. Central to the development of a pellet morphology is the agglomeration of spores after inoculation followed by spore germination and outgrowth into a pellet population which is usually very heterogeneous. As the dynamics underlying population heterogeneity are not yet fully understood, we present here a new high-throughput image analysis pipeline based on stereomicroscopy to comprehensively assess the developmental program starting from germination up to pellet formation. To demonstrate the potential of this pipeline, we used data from 44 sampling times harvested during a 48 h submerged batch cultivation of the fungal cell factory Aspergillus niger. The analysis of up to 1700 spore agglomerates and 1500 pellets per sampling time allowed the precise tracking of the morphological development of the overall culture. The data gained were used to calculate size distributions and area fractions of spores, spore agglomerates, spore agglomerates within pellets, pellets, and dispersed mycelia. This approach eventually enables the quantification of culture heterogeneities and pellet breakage. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henri Müller
- Technical University of Munich, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Chair of Process Systems Engineering, Freising, Germany
| | - Lars Barthel
- Chair of Applied and Molecular Microbiology, Institute of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Schmideder
- Technical University of Munich, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Chair of Process Systems Engineering, Freising, Germany
| | - Tabea Schütze
- Chair of Applied and Molecular Microbiology, Institute of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Vera Meyer
- Chair of Applied and Molecular Microbiology, Institute of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Heiko Briesen
- Technical University of Munich, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Chair of Process Systems Engineering, Freising, Germany
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10
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Roy A, Kalita B, Jayaprakash A, Kumar A, Lakshmi PTV. Computational identification and characterization of vascular wilt pathogen ( Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici) CAZymes in tomato xylem sap. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2022:1-17. [PMID: 35470778 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2022.2067236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici is a devastating plant pathogenic fungi known for wilt disease in the tomato plant and secrete cell wall degrading enzymes. These enzymes are collectively known as carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes), crucial for growth, colonization and pathogenesis. Therefore, the present study was aimed to identify and annotate pathogen CAZymes in the xylem sap of a susceptible tomato variety using downstream proteomics and meta servers. Further, structural elucidation and conformational stability analysis of the selected CAZyme families were done through homology modeling and molecular dynamics simulation. Among all the fungal proteins identified, the carbohydrate metabolic process was found to be enriched. Most of the annotated CAZymes belonged to the hydrolase and oxidoreductase families, and 90% were soluble and extracellular. Moreover, using a publically available interactome database, interactions were observed between the families acting on chitin, hemicellulose and pectin. Subsequently, important catalytic residues were identified in the candidate CAZymes belonging to carbohydrate esterase (CE8) and glycosyl hydrolase (GH18 and GH28). Further, essential dynamics after molecular simulation of 100 ns revealed the overall behavior of these CAZymes with distinct global minima and transition states in CE8. Thus, our study identified some of the CAZyme families that assist in pathogenesis and growth through host cell wall deconstruction with further structural insight into the selected CAZyme families.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhijeet Roy
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Pondicherry, India
| | - Barsha Kalita
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Pondicherry, India
| | - Aiswarya Jayaprakash
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Pondicherry, India
| | - Amrendra Kumar
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Pondicherry, India
| | - P T V Lakshmi
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Pondicherry, India
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11
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Evolutionary Morphogenesis of Sexual Fruiting Bodies in Basidiomycota: Toward a New Evo-Devo Synthesis. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2021; 86:e0001921. [PMID: 34817241 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00019-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of sexual fruiting bodies is one of the most complex morphogenetic processes in fungi. Mycologists have long been fascinated by the morphological and developmental diversity of fruiting bodies; however, evolutionary developmental biology of fungi still lags significantly behind that of animals or plants. Here, we summarize the current state of knowledge on fruiting bodies of mushroom-forming Basidiomycota, focusing on phylogenetic and developmental biology. Phylogenetic approaches have revealed a complex history of morphological transformations and convergence in fruiting body morphologies. Frequent transformations and convergence is characteristic of fruiting bodies in contrast to animals or plants, where main body plans are highly conserved. At the same time, insights into the genetic bases of fruiting body development have been achieved using forward and reverse genetic approaches in selected model systems. Phylogenetic and developmental studies of fruiting bodies have each yielded major advances, but they have produced largely disjunct bodies of knowledge. An integrative approach, combining phylogenetic, developmental, and functional biology, is needed to achieve a true fungal evolutionary developmental biology (evo-devo) synthesis for fungal fruiting bodies.
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12
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Fischer MS, Stark FG, Berry TD, Zeba N, Whitman T, Traxler MF. Pyrolyzed Substrates Induce Aromatic Compound Metabolism in the Post-fire Fungus, Pyronema domesticum. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:729289. [PMID: 34777277 PMCID: PMC8579045 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.729289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Wildfires represent a fundamental and profound disturbance in many ecosystems, and their frequency and severity are increasing in many regions of the world. Fire affects soil by removing carbon in the form of CO2 and transforming remaining surface carbon into pyrolyzed organic matter (PyOM). Fires also generate substantial necromass at depths where the heat kills soil organisms but does not catalyze the formation of PyOM. Pyronema species strongly dominate soil fungal communities within weeks to months after fire. However, the carbon pool (i.e., necromass or PyOM) that fuels their rise in abundance is unknown. We used a Pyronema domesticum isolate from the catastrophic 2013 Rim Fire (CA, United States) to ask whether P. domesticum is capable of metabolizing PyOM. Pyronema domesticum grew readily on agar media where the sole carbon source was PyOM (specifically, pine wood PyOM produced at 750°C). Using RNAseq, we investigated the response of P. domesticum to PyOM and observed a comprehensive induction of genes involved in the metabolism and mineralization of aromatic compounds, typical of those found in PyOM. Lastly, we used 13C-labeled 750°C PyOM to demonstrate that P. domesticum is capable of mineralizing PyOM to CO2. Collectively, our results indicate a robust potential for P. domesticum to liberate carbon from PyOM in post-fire ecosystems and return it to the bioavailable carbon pool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika S. Fischer
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Frances Grace Stark
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Timothy D. Berry
- Department of Soil Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Nayela Zeba
- Department of Soil Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Thea Whitman
- Department of Soil Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Matthew F. Traxler
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
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Garrigues S, Kun RS, Peng M, Gruben BS, Benoit Gelber I, Mäkelä M, de Vries RP. The Cultivation Method Affects the Transcriptomic Response of Aspergillus niger to Growth on Sugar Beet Pulp. Microbiol Spectr 2021; 9:e0106421. [PMID: 34431718 PMCID: PMC8552599 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01064-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In nature, filamentous fungi are exposed to diverse nutritional sources and changes in substrate availability. Conversely, in submerged cultures, mycelia are continuously exposed to the existing substrates, which are depleted over time. Submerged cultures are the preferred choice for experimental setups in laboratory and industry and are often used for understanding the physiology of fungi. However, to what extent the cultivation method affects fungal physiology, with respect to utilization of natural substrates, has not been addressed in detail. Here, we compared the transcriptomic responses of Aspergillus niger grown in submerged culture and solid culture, both containing sugar beet pulp (SBP) as a carbon source. The results showed that expression of CAZy (Carbohydrate Active enZyme)-encoding and sugar catabolic genes in liquid SBP was time dependent. Moreover, additional components of SBP delayed the A. niger response to the degradation of pectin present in SBP. In addition, we demonstrated that liquid cultures induced wider transcriptome variability than solid cultures. Although there was a correlation regarding sugar metabolic gene expression patterns between liquid and solid cultures, it decreased in the case of CAZyme-encoding genes. In conclusion, the transcriptomic response of A. niger to SBP is influenced by the culturing method, limiting the value of liquid cultures for understanding the behavior of fungi in natural habitats. IMPORTANCE Understanding the interaction between filamentous fungi and their natural and biotechnological environments has been of great interest for the scientific community. Submerged cultures are preferred over solid cultures at a laboratory scale to study the natural response of fungi to different stimuli found in nature (e.g., carbon/nitrogen sources, pH). However, whether and to what extent submerged cultures introduce variation in the physiology of fungi during growth on plant biomass have not been studied in detail. In this study, we compared the transcriptomic responses of Aspergillus niger to growth on liquid and solid cultures containing sugar beet pulp (a by-product of the sugar industry) as a carbon source. We demonstrate that the transcriptomic response of A. niger was highly affected by the culture condition, since the transcriptomic response obtained in a liquid environment could not fully explain the behavior of the fungus in a solid environment. This could partially explain the differences often observed between the phenotypes on plates compared to liquid cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Garrigues
- Fungal Physiology, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute & Fungal Molecular Physiology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Roland S. Kun
- Fungal Physiology, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute & Fungal Molecular Physiology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mao Peng
- Fungal Physiology, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute & Fungal Molecular Physiology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Birgit S. Gruben
- Fungal Physiology, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute & Fungal Molecular Physiology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Microbiology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Isabelle Benoit Gelber
- Fungal Physiology, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute & Fungal Molecular Physiology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Microbiology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Miia Mäkelä
- Department of Microbiology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ronald P. de Vries
- Fungal Physiology, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute & Fungal Molecular Physiology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Microbiology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Kun RS, Garrigues S, Di Falco M, Tsang A, de Vries RP. Blocking utilization of major plant biomass polysaccharides leads Aspergillus niger towards utilization of minor components. Microb Biotechnol 2021; 14:1683-1698. [PMID: 34114741 PMCID: PMC8313289 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.13835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungi produce a wide range of enzymes that allow them to grow on diverse plant biomass. Wheat bran is a low-cost substrate with high potential for biotechnological applications. It mainly contains cellulose and (arabino)xylan, as well as starch, proteins, lipids and lignin to a lesser extent. In this study, we dissected the regulatory network governing wheat bran degradation in Aspergillus niger to assess the relative contribution of the regulators to the utilization of this plant biomass substrate. Deletion of genes encoding transcription factors involved in (hemi-)cellulose utilization (XlnR, AraR, ClrA and ClrB) individually and in combination significantly reduced production of polysaccharide-degrading enzymes, but retained substantial growth on wheat bran. Proteomic analysis suggested the ability of A. niger to grow on other carbon components, such as starch, which was confirmed by the additional deletion of the amylolytic regulator AmyR. Growth was further reduced but not impaired, indicating that other minor components provide sufficient energy for residual growth, displaying the flexibility of A. niger, and likely other fungi, in carbon utilization. Better understanding of the complexity and flexibility of fungal regulatory networks will facilitate the generation of more efficient fungal cell factories that use plant biomass as a substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland S. Kun
- Fungal PhysiologyWesterdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute & Fungal Molecular PhysiologyUtrecht UniversityUppsalalaan 8Utrecht3584 CTThe Netherlands
| | - Sandra Garrigues
- Fungal PhysiologyWesterdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute & Fungal Molecular PhysiologyUtrecht UniversityUppsalalaan 8Utrecht3584 CTThe Netherlands
| | - Marcos Di Falco
- Centre for Structural and Functional GenomicsConcordia University7141 Sherbrooke Street WestMontrealQCH4B 1R6Canada
| | - Adrian Tsang
- Centre for Structural and Functional GenomicsConcordia University7141 Sherbrooke Street WestMontrealQCH4B 1R6Canada
| | - Ronald P. de Vries
- Fungal PhysiologyWesterdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute & Fungal Molecular PhysiologyUtrecht UniversityUppsalalaan 8Utrecht3584 CTThe Netherlands
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15
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Méndez-Líter JA, de Eugenio LI, Hakalin NLS, Prieto A, Martínez MJ. Production of a β-Glucosidase-Rich Cocktail from Talaromyces amestolkiae Using Raw Glycerol: Its Role for Lignocellulose Waste Valorization. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7050363. [PMID: 34066619 PMCID: PMC8148544 DOI: 10.3390/jof7050363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
As β-glucosidases represent the major bottleneck for the industrial degradation of plant biomass, great efforts are being devoted to discover both novel and robust versions of these enzymes, as well as to develop efficient and inexpensive ways to produce them. In this work, raw glycerol from chemical production of biodiesel was tested as carbon source for the fungus Talaromyces amestolkiae with the aim of producing enzyme β-glucosidase-enriched cocktails. Approximately 11 U/mL β-glucosidase was detected in these cultures, constituting the major cellulolytic activity. Proteomic analysis showed BGL-3 as the most abundant protein and the main β-glucosidase. This crude enzyme was successfully used to supplement a basal commercial cellulolytic cocktail (Celluclast 1.5 L) for saccharification of pretreated wheat straw, corroborating that even hardly exploitable industrial wastes, such as glycerol, can be used as secondary raw materials to produce valuable enzymatic preparations in a framework of the circular economy.
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The DUG Pathway Governs Degradation of Intracellular Glutathione in Aspergillus nidulans. Appl Environ Microbiol 2021; 87:AEM.01321-20. [PMID: 33637571 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01321-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutathione (GSH) is an abundant tripeptide that plays a crucial role in shielding cellular macromolecules from various reactive oxygen and nitrogen species in fungi. Understanding GSH metabolism is of vital importance for deciphering redox regulation in these microorganisms. In the present study, to better understand the GSH metabolism in filamentous fungi, we investigated functions of the dugB and dugC genes in the model fungus Aspergillus nidulans These genes are orthologues of dug2 and dug3, which are involved in cytosolic GSH degradation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae The deletion of dugB, dugC, or both resulted in a moderate increase in the GSH content in mycelia grown on glucose, reduced conidium production, and disturbed sexual development. In agreement with these observations, transcriptome data showed that genes encoding mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase pathway elements (e.g., steC, sskB, hogA, and mkkA) or regulatory proteins of conidiogenesis and sexual differentiation (e.g., flbA, flbC, flbE, nosA, rosA, nsdC, and nsdD) were downregulated in the ΔdugB ΔdugC mutant. Deletion of dugB and/or dugC slowed the depletion of GSH pools during carbon starvation. It also reduced accumulation of reactive oxygen species and decreased autolytic cell wall degradation and enzyme secretion but increased sterigmatocystin formation. Transcriptome data demonstrated that enzyme secretions-in contrast to mycotoxin production-were controlled at the posttranscriptional level. We suggest that GSH connects starvation and redox regulation to each other: cells utilize GSH as a stored carbon source during starvation. The reduction of GSH content alters the redox state, activating regulatory pathways responsible for carbon starvation stress responses.IMPORTANCE Glutathione (GSH) is a widely distributed tripeptide in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes. Owing to its very low redox potential, antioxidative character, and high intracellular concentration, GSH profoundly shapes the redox status of cells. Our observations suggest that GSH metabolism and/or the redox status of cells plays a determinative role in several important aspects of fungal life, including oxidative stress defense, protein secretion, and secondary metabolite production (including mycotoxin formation), as well as sexual and asexual differentiations. We demonstrated that even a slightly elevated GSH level can substantially disturb the homeostasis of fungi. This information could be important for development of new GSH-producing strains or for any biotechnologically relevant processes where the GSH content, antioxidant capacity, or oxidative stress tolerance of a fungal strain is manipulated.
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Kraševec N, Novak M, Barat S, Skočaj M, Sepčić K, Anderluh G. Unconventional Secretion of Nigerolysins A from Aspergillus Species. Microorganisms 2020; 8:E1973. [PMID: 33322461 PMCID: PMC7763983 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8121973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Aegerolysins are small lipid-binding proteins particularly abundant in fungi. Aegerolysins from oyster mushrooms interact with an insect-specific membrane lipid and, together with MACPF proteins produced by the same organism, form pesticidal pore-forming complexes. The specific interaction with the same membrane lipid was recently demonstrated for nigerolysin A2 (NigA2), an aegerolysin from Aspergillus niger. In Aspergillus species, the aegerolysins were frequently found as secreted proteins, indicating their function in fungal defense. Using immunocytochemistry and live-cell imaging we investigated the subcellular localization of the nigerolysins A in A. niger, while their secretion was addressed by secretion prediction and Western blotting. We show that both nigerolysins A are leaderless proteins that reach the cell exterior by an unconventional protein secretion. NigA proteins are evenly distributed in the cytoplasm of fungal hyphae. A detailed bioinformatics analysis of Aspergillus aegerolysins suggests that the same function occurs only in a limited number of aegerolysins. From alignment, analysis of chromosomal loci, orthology, synteny, and phylogeny it follows that the same or a similar function described for pairs of pesticidal proteins of Pleurotus sp. can be expected in species of the subgenus Circumdati, section Nigri, series Nigri, and some other species with adjacent pairs of putative pesticidal proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nada Kraševec
- National Institute of Chemistry, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (S.B.); (G.A.)
| | - Maruša Novak
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.N.); (M.S.); (K.S.)
| | - Simona Barat
- National Institute of Chemistry, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (S.B.); (G.A.)
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.N.); (M.S.); (K.S.)
| | - Matej Skočaj
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.N.); (M.S.); (K.S.)
| | - Kristina Sepčić
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.N.); (M.S.); (K.S.)
| | - Gregor Anderluh
- National Institute of Chemistry, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (S.B.); (G.A.)
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18
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Haarith D, Kim DG, Strom NB, Chen S, Bushley KE. In Vitro Screening of a Culturable Soybean Cyst Nematode Cyst Mycobiome for Potential Biological Control Agents and Biopesticides. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2020; 110:1388-1397. [PMID: 32286919 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-01-20-0015-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Fungal biological control of soybean cyst nematodes (SCN) is an important component of integrated pest management for soybean. However, very few fungal biological control agents are available in the market. In this study, we have screened fungi previously isolated from SCN cysts over 3 years from a long-term crop rotation field experiment for their ability to antagonize SCN using (i) parasitism, (ii) egg hatch inhibition, and (iii) J2 mortality. We evaluated egg parasitism using an in-vitro egg parasitism bioassays and scored parasitism using the egg parasitic index (EPI) and fluorescent microscopy. The ability of these fungi to produce metabolites causing egg hatch inhibition and J2 mortality was assessed in bioassays using filter-sterilized culture filtrates. We identified 10 high-performing isolates each for egg parasitism and toxicity toward SCN eggs and J2s and repeated the tests after storage for 1 year of cryopreservation at -80°C to validate the durability of biocontrol potential of the chosen 20 isolates. Although the parasitic ability changed slightly for the majority of strains after cryopreservation, they still scored 5/10 on EPI scales. There were no differences in the ability of fungi to produce antinemic metabolites after cryopreservation.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2020 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Haarith
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108
| | - Dong-Gyu Kim
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108
| | - Noah B Strom
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108
| | - Senyu Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108
| | - Kathryn E Bushley
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108
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El-Maraghy SS, Tohamy TA, Hussein KA. Expression of SidD gene and physiological characterization of the rhizosphere plant growth-promoting yeasts. Heliyon 2020; 6:e04384. [PMID: 32671269 PMCID: PMC7339048 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that rhizosphere microbes contribute to the stress mitigation process, but the mechanisms of this plant-microbe interaction are not yet understood. Siderophores-producing microorganisms have been considered important for enhancing metal tolerance in plants. In this study, rhizosphere yeasts were isolated from wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and examined for siderophores production and heavy metal resistance. Out of thirty-five isolates, only eight yeast strains showed heavy metal-resistance and plant-growth promotion properties. The highest inorganic phosphate-solubilization was shown by Trichosporon ovoides IFM 63839 (2.98 mg ml−1) and Saccharomyces cerevisiae FI25-1F (2.54 mg ml−1). Two strains, namely YEAST-6 and YEAST-16 showed high siderophore production and heavy metal-resistance, were investigated for sidD gene expression under different levels of Cd2+ and Pb2+ toxicity stress. The heavy metal-resistant yeast strains were characterized and identified based on the phenotypic characteristics and their 18S rRNA genes sequence. SidD gene expression was induced by yeasts growing under iron-limiting conditions and excess of other heavy metal, suggesting that expression of sidD gene increases in the presence of 600–800 μM heavy metal but under iron limitation. Extensive studies of the microbe-plant micronutrient interactions will enrich our understanding of the rhizosphere role in the terms of plant growth promotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saad S El-Maraghy
- Botany & Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, 71516, Assiut, Egypt
| | | | - Khalid Abdallah Hussein
- Botany & Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, 71516, Assiut, Egypt
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20
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Liu T, Han H, Wang D, Guo X, Zhou Y, Fukamizo T, Yang Q. Potent Fungal Chitinase for the Bioconversion of Mycelial Waste. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:5384-5390. [PMID: 32275147 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c01342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Aspergillus niger mycelial waste is a good raw material for production of N-acetyl-d-glucosamine (GlcNAc). In this study, AnChiB, an A. niger chitinase which is upregulated during autolysis, was found to degrade A. niger mycelial waste with high efficiency. It could produce 1.45 mM (GlcNAc)2 in 8 h from raw mycelial waste, outperforming other chitinases, including bacterial SmChiA, human HsCht, and insect OfChtI and OfChi-h. The crystal structure of AnChiB was determined, and residues Trp106 and Trp118 were found to be important for the activity of AnChiB toward mycelial waste; mutation of either Trp106 or Trp118 into phenylalanine or alanine resulted in dramatically decreased activity. A recombinant strain of Bacillus subtilis was constructed to extracellularly produce AnChiB, and the culture supernatant was used to treat mycelial waste. This eco-friendly strategy could produce 3.7 mM of GlcNAc from 10 g of mycelial waste in 94 h with a yield of 71.3%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Liu
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Hongyu Han
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
- Shandong Food Ferment Industry Research & Design Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250013, China
| | - Di Wang
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Xiaoguang Guo
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Yong Zhou
- School of Software, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Tamo Fukamizo
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Qing Yang
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection and Shenzhen Agricultural Genome Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
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21
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Comparative evaluation of Aspergillus niger strains for endogenous pectin-depolymerization capacity and suitability for D-galacturonic acid production. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2020; 43:1549-1560. [PMID: 32328731 PMCID: PMC7378126 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-020-02347-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Pectinaceous agricultural residues rich in D-galacturonic acid (D-GalA), such as sugar beet pulp, are considered as promising feedstocks for waste-to-value conversions. Aspergillus niger is known for its strong pectinolytic activity. However, while specialized strains for production of citric acid or proteins are well characterized, this is not the case for the production of pectinases. We, therefore, systematically compared the pectinolytic capabilities of six A. niger strains (ATCC 1015, ATCC 11414, NRRL 3122, CBS 513.88, NRRL 3, and N402) using controlled batch cultivations in stirred-tank bioreactors. A. niger ATCC 11414 showed the highest polygalacturonase activity, specific protein secretion, and a suitable morphology. Furthermore, D-GalA release from sugar beet pulp was 75% higher compared to the standard lab strain A. niger N402. Our study, therefore, presents a robust initial strain selection to guide future process improvement of D-GalA production from agricultural residues and identifies a high-performance base strain for further genetic optimizations.
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22
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van Munster JM, Daly P, Blythe MJ, Ibbett R, Kokolski M, Gaddipati S, Lindquist E, Singan VR, Barry KW, Lipzen A, Ngan CY, Petzold CJ, Chan LJG, Arvas M, Raulo R, Pullan ST, Delmas S, Grigoriev IV, Tucker GA, Simmons BA, Archer DB. Succession of physiological stages hallmarks the transcriptomic response of the fungus Aspergillus niger to lignocellulose. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2020; 13:69. [PMID: 32313551 PMCID: PMC7155255 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-020-01702-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding how fungi degrade lignocellulose is a cornerstone of improving renewables-based biotechnology, in particular for the production of hydrolytic enzymes. Considerable progress has been made in investigating fungal degradation during time-points where CAZyme expression peaks. However, a robust understanding of the fungal survival strategies over its life time on lignocellulose is thereby missed. Here we aimed to uncover the physiological responses of the biotechnological workhorse and enzyme producer Aspergillus niger over its life time to six substrates important for biofuel production. RESULTS We analysed the response of A. niger to the feedstock Miscanthus and compared it with our previous study on wheat straw, alone or in combination with hydrothermal or ionic liquid feedstock pretreatments. Conserved (substrate-independent) metabolic responses as well as those affected by pretreatment and feedstock were identified via multivariate analysis of genome-wide transcriptomics combined with targeted transcript and protein analyses and mapping to a metabolic model. Initial exposure to all substrates increased fatty acid beta-oxidation and lipid metabolism transcripts. In a strain carrying a deletion of the ortholog of the Aspergillus nidulans fatty acid beta-oxidation transcriptional regulator farA, there was a reduction in expression of selected lignocellulose degradative CAZyme-encoding genes suggesting that beta-oxidation contributes to adaptation to lignocellulose. Mannan degradation expression was wheat straw feedstock-dependent and pectin degradation was higher on the untreated substrates. In the later life stages, known and novel secondary metabolite gene clusters were activated, which are of high interest due to their potential to synthesize bioactive compounds. CONCLUSION In this study, which includes the first transcriptional response of Aspergilli to Miscanthus, we highlighted that life time as well as substrate composition and structure (via variations in pretreatment and feedstock) influence the fungal responses to lignocellulose. We also demonstrated that the fungal response contains physiological stages that are conserved across substrates and are typically found outside of the conditions with high CAZyme expression, as exemplified by the stages that are dominated by lipid and secondary metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolanda M. van Munster
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD UK
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology (MIB) & School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M1 7DN UK
| | - Paul Daly
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD UK
- Fungal Physiology, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute & Fungal Molecular Physiology, Utrecht University, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Present Address: Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Martin J. Blythe
- Deep Seq, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Queen’s Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH UK
| | - Roger Ibbett
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD UK
| | - Matt Kokolski
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD UK
| | - Sanyasi Gaddipati
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD UK
| | - Erika Lindquist
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94598 USA
| | - Vasanth R. Singan
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94598 USA
| | - Kerrie W. Barry
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94598 USA
| | - Anna Lipzen
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94598 USA
| | - Chew Yee Ngan
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94598 USA
| | | | | | - Mikko Arvas
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Tietotie 2, P.O. Box FI-1000, 02044 VTT Espoo, Finland
| | - Roxane Raulo
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD UK
| | - Steven T. Pullan
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD UK
- Present Address: Public Health England, National Infection Service, Salisbury, UK
| | - Stéphane Delmas
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD UK
- Present Address: Laboratory of Computational and Quantitative Biology, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Igor V. Grigoriev
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94598 USA
| | - Gregory A. Tucker
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD UK
| | | | - David B. Archer
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD UK
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Torres-Barajas LR, Alvarez-Zúñiga MT, Mendoza-Hernández G, Aguilar-Osorio G. Analysis of polysaccharide hydrolases secreted by Aspergillus flavipes FP-500 on corn cobs and wheat bran as complex carbon sources. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2019; 50:390-400. [DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2019.1700518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lizzete Ruth Torres-Barajas
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Coyoacan, Mexico
| | - María Teresa Alvarez-Zúñiga
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Coyoacan, Mexico
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Kaur B, Punekar NS. Autophagy is important to the acidogenic metabolism of Aspergillus niger. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0223895. [PMID: 31603923 PMCID: PMC6788731 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0223895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Significant phenotypic overlaps exist between autophagy and acidogenesis in Aspergillus niger. The possible role of autophagy in the acidogenic growth and metabolism of this fungus was therefore examined and the movement of cytosolic EGFP to vacuoles served to monitor this phenomenon. An autophagy response to typical as well as a metabolic inhibitor-induced nitrogen starvation was observed in A. niger mycelia. The vacuolar re-localization of cytosolic EGFP was not observed upon nitrogen starvation in the A. niger Δatg1 strain. The acidogenic growth of the fungus consisted of a brief log phase followed by an extended autophagy-like state throughout the idiophase of fermentation. Mycelia in the idiophase were highly vacuolated and EGFP was localized to the vacuoles but no autolysis was observed. Both autophagy and acidogenesis are compromised in Δatg1 and Δatg8 strains of A. niger. The acidogenic growth of the fungus thus appears to mimic a condition of nutrient limitation and is associated with an extended autophagy-like state. This crucial role of autophagy in acidogenic A. niger physiology could be of value in improving citric acid fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baljinder Kaur
- Metabolism and Enzymology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | - Narayan S. Punekar
- Metabolism and Enzymology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
- * E-mail:
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Sietiö OM, Santalahti M, Putkinen A, Adamczyk S, Sun H, Heinonsalo J. Restriction of plant roots in boreal forest organic soils affects the microbial community but does not change the dominance from ectomycorrhizal to saprotrophic fungi. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2019; 95:5554003. [DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiz133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Boreal forest soils store significant amounts of carbon and are cohabited by saprotrophic and ectomycorrhizal fungi (ECM). The ‘Gadgil effect’ implies antagonistic interactions between saprotrophic fungi and ECM. Plant photosynthates support the competitive fitness of the ECM, and may also shape the soil bacterial communities. Many ‘Gadgil effect’ experiments have focused on litter layer (OL) or have litter and root-fragments present, and thus possibly favor the saprotrophs. We compared how the restriction of plant roots and exudates affect soil microbial community structures in organic soil (mixed OF and OH). For this, we established a 3-yr field experiment with 3 different mesh treatments affecting the penetration of plant roots and external fungal hyphae. Exclusion of plant photosynthates induced modest changes in both fungal and bacterial community structures, but not to potential functionality of the microbial community. The microbial community was resilient towards rather short-term disturbances. Contrary to the ‘Gadgil effect’, mesh treatments restricting the entrance of plant roots and external fungal hyphae did not favor saprotrophs that originally inhabited the soil. Thus, we propose that different substrate preferences (fresh litter vs. fermented or humified soil), rather than antagonism, maintain the spatial separation of saprotrophs and mycorrhizal fungi in boreal forest soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Outi-Maaria Sietiö
- Department of Microbiology, University of Helsinki, P.O.Box 56, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Forest Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, P.O.Box 27, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Minna Santalahti
- Department of Microbiology, University of Helsinki, P.O.Box 56, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Forest Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, P.O.Box 27, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, P.O.Box 56, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anuliina Putkinen
- Department of Microbiology, University of Helsinki, P.O.Box 56, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Forest Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, P.O.Box 27, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, P.O.Box 56, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sylwia Adamczyk
- Natural Resources Institute Finland, P.O.Box 2, 00791 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hui Sun
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, NO.159, Longpan Road, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Jussi Heinonsalo
- Department of Microbiology, University of Helsinki, P.O.Box 56, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Forest Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, P.O.Box 27, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Finnish Meteorological Institute FMI, Climate System Research, P.O.Box 503, FIN-00101 Helsinki, Finland
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Novak M, Čepin U, Hodnik V, Narat M, Jamnik M, Kraševec N, Sepčić K, Anderluh G. Functional studies of aegerolysin and MACPF-like proteins in Aspergillus niger. Mol Microbiol 2019; 112:1253-1269. [PMID: 31376198 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Proteins of the aegerolysin family have a high abundance in Fungi. Due to their specific binding to membrane lipids, and their membrane-permeabilization potential in concert with protein partner(s) belonging to a membrane-attack-complex/perforin (MACPF) superfamily, they were proposed as useful tools in different biotechnological and biomedical applications. In this work, we performed functional studies on expression of the genes encoding aegerolysin and MACPF-like proteins in Aspergillus niger. Our results suggest the sporulation process being crucial for strong induction of the expression of all these genes. However, deletion of either of the aegerolysin genes did not influence the growth, development, sporulation efficiency and phenotype of the mutants, indicating that aegerolysins are not key factors in the sporulation process. In all our expression studies we noticed a strong correlation in the expression of one aegerolysin and MACPF-like gene. Aegerolysins were confirmed to be secreted from the fungus. We also showed the specific interaction of a recombinant A. niger aegerolysin with an invertebrate-specific membrane sphingolipid. Moreover, using this protein labelled with mCherry we successfully stained insect cells membranes containing this particular sphingolipid. Our combined results suggest, that aegerolysins in this species, and probably also in other aspergilli, could be involved in defence against predators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maruša Novak
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Urška Čepin
- BioSistemika Ltd and National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Vesna Hodnik
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Mojca Narat
- Department of Animal Science, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Maja Jamnik
- Department of Molecular Biology and Nanobiotechnology, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Nada Kraševec
- Department of Molecular Biology and Nanobiotechnology, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Kristina Sepčić
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Gregor Anderluh
- Department of Molecular Biology and Nanobiotechnology, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Wood Modification by Furfuryl Alcohol Resulted in a Delayed Decomposition Response in Rhodonia ( Postia) placenta. Appl Environ Microbiol 2019; 85:AEM.00338-19. [PMID: 31076422 PMCID: PMC6606883 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00338-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungi are important decomposers of woody biomass in natural habitats. Investigation of the mechanisms employed by decay fungi in their attempt to degrade wood is important for both the basic scientific understanding of ecology and carbon cycling in nature and for applied uses of woody materials. For wooden building materials, long service life and carbon storage are essential, but decay fungi are responsible for massive losses of wood in service. Thus, the optimization of durable wood products for the future is of major importance. In this study, we have investigated the fungal genetic response to furfurylated wood, a commercial environmentally benign wood modification approach that improves the service life of wood in outdoor applications. Our results show that there is a delayed wood decay by the fungus as a response to furfurylated wood, and new knowledge about the mechanisms behind the delay is provided. The aim of this study was to investigate differential expression profiles of the brown rot fungus Rhodonia placenta (previously Postia placenta) harvested at several time points when grown on radiata pine (Pinus radiata) and radiata pine with three different levels of modification by furfuryl alcohol, an environmentally benign commercial wood protection system. The entire gene expression pattern of a decay fungus was followed in untreated and modified wood from initial to advanced stages of decay. The results support the current model of a two-step decay mechanism, with the expression of genes related to initial oxidative depolymerization, followed by an accumulation of transcripts of genes related to the hydrolysis of cell wall polysaccharides. When the wood decay process is finished, the fungus goes into starvation mode after five weeks when grown on unmodified radiata pine wood. The pattern of repression of oxidative processes and oxalic acid synthesis found in radiata pine at later stages of decay is not mirrored for the high-furfurylation treatment. The high treatment level provided a more unpredictable expression pattern throughout the incubation period. Furfurylation does not seem to directly influence the expression of core plant cell wall-hydrolyzing enzymes, as a delayed and prolonged, but similar, pattern was observed in the radiata pine and the modified experiments. This indicates that the fungus starts a common decay process in the modified wood but proceeds at a slower pace as access to the plant cell wall polysaccharides is restricted. This is further supported by the downregulation of hydrolytic enzymes for the high treatment level at the last harvest point (mass loss, 14%). Moreover, the mass loss does not increase during the last weeks. Collectively, this indicates a potential threshold for lower mass loss for the high-furfurylation treatment. IMPORTANCE Fungi are important decomposers of woody biomass in natural habitats. Investigation of the mechanisms employed by decay fungi in their attempt to degrade wood is important for both the basic scientific understanding of ecology and carbon cycling in nature and for applied uses of woody materials. For wooden building materials, long service life and carbon storage are essential, but decay fungi are responsible for massive losses of wood in service. Thus, the optimization of durable wood products for the future is of major importance. In this study, we have investigated the fungal genetic response to furfurylated wood, a commercial environmentally benign wood modification approach that improves the service life of wood in outdoor applications. Our results show that there is a delayed wood decay by the fungus as a response to furfurylated wood, and new knowledge about the mechanisms behind the delay is provided.
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28
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Lopez-Moya F, Suarez-Fernandez M, Lopez-Llorca LV. Molecular Mechanisms of Chitosan Interactions with Fungi and Plants. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E332. [PMID: 30650540 PMCID: PMC6359256 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20020332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitosan is a versatile compound with multiple biotechnological applications. This polymer inhibits clinically important human fungal pathogens under the same carbon and nitrogen status as in blood. Chitosan permeabilises their high-fluidity plasma membrane and increases production of intracellular oxygen species (ROS). Conversely, chitosan is compatible with mammalian cell lines as well as with biocontrol fungi (BCF). BCF resistant to chitosan have low-fluidity membranes and high glucan/chitin ratios in their cell walls. Recent studies illustrate molecular and physiological basis of chitosan-root interactions. Chitosan induces auxin accumulation in Arabidopsis roots. This polymer causes overexpression of tryptophan-dependent auxin biosynthesis pathway. It also blocks auxin translocation in roots. Chitosan is a plant defense modulator. Endophytes and fungal pathogens evade plant immunity converting chitin into chitosan. LysM effectors shield chitin and protect fungal cell walls from plant chitinases. These enzymes together with fungal chitin deacetylases, chitosanases and effectors play determinant roles during fungal colonization of plants. This review describes chitosan mode of action (cell and gene targets) in fungi and plants. This knowledge will help to develop chitosan for agrobiotechnological and medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Lopez-Moya
- Department of Marine Sciences and Applied Biology, Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Multidisciplinary Institute for Environmental Studies (MIES) Ramon Margalef, University of Alicante, 03080 Alicante, Spain.
| | - Marta Suarez-Fernandez
- Department of Marine Sciences and Applied Biology, Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Multidisciplinary Institute for Environmental Studies (MIES) Ramon Margalef, University of Alicante, 03080 Alicante, Spain.
| | - Luis Vicente Lopez-Llorca
- Department of Marine Sciences and Applied Biology, Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Multidisciplinary Institute for Environmental Studies (MIES) Ramon Margalef, University of Alicante, 03080 Alicante, Spain.
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Qin X, Luo H, Zhang X, Yao B, Ma F, Su X. Dye-decolorizing peroxidases in Irpex lacteus combining the catalytic properties of heme peroxidases and laccase play important roles in ligninolytic system. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2018; 11:302. [PMID: 30455731 PMCID: PMC6223037 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-018-1303-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The white rot fungus Irpex lacteus exhibits a great potential in biopretreatment of lignocellulose as well as in biodegradation of xenobiotic compounds by extracellular ligninolytic enzymes. Among these enzymes, the possible involvement of dye-decolorizing peroxidase (DyP) in lignin degradation is not clear yet. RESULTS Based on the extracellular enzyme activities and secretome analysis, I. lacteus CD2 produced DyPs as the main ligninolytic enzymes when grown in Kirk's medium supplemented with lignin. Further transcriptome analysis revealed that induced transcription of genes encoding DyPs was accompanied by the increased expression of transcripts for H2O2-generating enzymes such as alcohol oxidase, pyranose 2-oxidase, and glyoxal oxidases. Meanwhile, accumulation of transcripts for glycoside hydrolase and protease was observed, in agreement with abundant proteins. Moreover, the biochemical analysis of IlDyP2 and IlDyP1 confirmed that DyPs were able to catalyze the oxidation of typical peroxidases substrates ABTS, phenolic lignin compounds DMP, and guaiacol as well as non-phenolic lignin compound, veratryl alcohol. More importantly, IlDyP1 enhanced catalytic activity for veratryl alcohol oxidation in the presence of mediator 1-hydroxybenzotriazole, which was similar to the laccase/1-hydroxybenzotriazole system. CONCLUSIONS The results proved for the first time that DyPs depolymerized lignin individually, combining catalytic features of different peroxidases on the functional level. Therefore, DyPs may be considered an important part of ligninolytic system in wood-decaying fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Qin
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074 China
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 South Zhongguancun Street, Beijing, 100081 China
| | - Huiying Luo
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 South Zhongguancun Street, Beijing, 100081 China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhang
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074 China
| | - Bin Yao
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 South Zhongguancun Street, Beijing, 100081 China
| | - Fuying Ma
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074 China
| | - Xiaoyun Su
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 South Zhongguancun Street, Beijing, 100081 China
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30
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Ejmal MA, Holland DJ, MacDiarmid RM, Pearson MN. The Effect of Aspergillus Thermomutatus Chrysovirus 1 on the Biology of Three Aspergillus Species. Viruses 2018; 10:E539. [PMID: 30279352 PMCID: PMC6213286 DOI: 10.3390/v10100539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study determined the effects of Aspergillus thermomutatus chrysovirus 1 (AthCV1), isolated from Aspergillus thermomutatus, on A. fumigatus, A. nidulans and A. niger. Protoplasts of virus-free isolates of A. fumigatus, A. nidulans and A. niger were transfected with purified AthCV1 particles and the phenotype, growth and sporulation of the isogenic AthCV1-free and AthCV1-infected lines assessed at 20 °C and 37 °C and gene expression data collected at 37 °C. AthCV1-free and AthCV1-infected A. fumigatus produced only conidia at both temperatures but more than ten-fold reduced compared to the AthCV1-infected line. Conidiation was also significantly reduced in infected lines of A. nidulans and A. niger at 37 °C. AthCV1-infected lines of A. thermomutatus and A. nidulans produced large numbers of ascospores at both temperatures, whereas the AthCV1-free line of the former did not produce ascospores. AthCV1-infected lines of all species developed sectoring phenotypes with sclerotia produced in aconidial sectors of A. niger at 37 °C. AthCV1 was detected in 18% of sclerotia produced by AthCV1-infected A. niger and 31% of ascospores from AthCV1-infected A. nidulans. Transcriptome analysis of the naturally AthCV1-infected A. thermomutatus and the three AthCV1-transfected Aspergillus species showed altered gene expression as a result of AthCV1-infection. The results demonstrate that AthCV1 can infect a range of Aspergillus species resulting in reduced sporulation, a potentially useful attribute for a biological control agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahjoub A Ejmal
- School of Biological Sciences, the University of Auckland, Auckland 1142 New Zealand.
| | - David J Holland
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Division of Medicine, Middlemore Hospital, Auckland 1640, New Zealand.
| | - Robin M MacDiarmid
- School of Biological Sciences, the University of Auckland, Auckland 1142 New Zealand.
- Plant and Food Research, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
| | - Michael N Pearson
- School of Biological Sciences, the University of Auckland, Auckland 1142 New Zealand.
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Sephton-Clark PCS, Muñoz JF, Ballou ER, Cuomo CA, Voelz K. Pathways of Pathogenicity: Transcriptional Stages of Germination in the Fatal Fungal Pathogen Rhizopus delemar. mSphere 2018; 3:e00403-18. [PMID: 30258038 PMCID: PMC6158513 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00403-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhizopus delemar is an invasive fungal pathogen responsible for the frequently fatal disease mucormycosis. Germination, a crucial mechanism by which infectious spores of Rhizopus delemar cause disease, is a key developmental process that transforms the dormant spore state into a vegetative one. The molecular mechanisms that underpin this transformation may be key to controlling mucormycosis; however, the regulation of germination remains poorly understood. This study describes the phenotypic and transcriptional changes that take place over the course of germination. This process is characterized by four distinct stages: dormancy, isotropic swelling, germ tube emergence, and hyphal growth. Dormant spores are shown to be transcriptionally unique, expressing a subset of transcripts absent in later developmental stages. A large shift in the expression profile is prompted by the initiation of germination, with genes involved in respiration, chitin, cytoskeleton, and actin regulation appearing to be important for this transition. A period of transcriptional consistency can be seen throughout isotropic swelling, before the transcriptional landscape shifts again at the onset of hyphal growth. This study provides a greater understanding of the regulation of germination and highlights processes involved in transforming Rhizopus delemar from a single-cellular to multicellular organism.IMPORTANCE Germination is key to the growth of many organisms, including fungal spores. Mucormycete spores exist abundantly within the environment and germinate to form hyphae. These spores are capable of infecting immunocompromised individuals, causing the disease mucormycosis. Germination from spore to hyphae within patients leads to angioinvasion, tissue necrosis, and often fatal infections. This study advances our understanding of how spore germination occurs in the mucormycetes, identifying processes we may be able to inhibit to help prevent or treat mucormycosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poppy C S Sephton-Clark
- Institute for Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Jose F Muñoz
- Infectious Disease and Microbiome Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Elizabeth R Ballou
- Institute for Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Christina A Cuomo
- Infectious Disease and Microbiome Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kerstin Voelz
- Institute for Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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Brandl J, Aguilar-Pontes MV, Schäpe P, Noerregaard A, Arvas M, Ram AFJ, Meyer V, Tsang A, de Vries RP, Andersen MR. A community-driven reconstruction of the Aspergillus niger metabolic network. Fungal Biol Biotechnol 2018; 5:16. [PMID: 30275963 PMCID: PMC6158834 DOI: 10.1186/s40694-018-0060-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Aspergillus niger is an important fungus used in industrial applications for enzyme and acid production. To enable rational metabolic engineering of the species, available information can be collected and integrated in a genome-scale model to devise strategies for improving its performance as a host organism. Results In this paper, we update an existing model of A. niger metabolism to include the information collected from 876 publications, thereby expanding the coverage of the model by 940 reactions, 777 metabolites and 454 genes. In the presented consensus genome-scale model of A. niger iJB1325 , we integrated experimental data from publications and patents, as well as our own experiments, into a consistent network. This information has been included in a standardized way, allowing for automated testing and continuous improvements in the future. This repository of experimental data allowed the definition of 471 individual test cases, of which the model complies with 373 of them. We further re-analyzed existing transcriptomics and quantitative physiology data to gain new insights on metabolism. Additionally, the model contains 3482 checks on the model structure, thereby representing the best validated genome-scale model on A. niger developed until now. Strain-specific model versions for strains ATCC 1015 and CBS 513.88 have been created containing all data used for model building, thereby allowing users to adopt the models and check the updated version against the experimental data. The resulting model is compliant with the SBML standard and therefore enables users to easily simulate it using their preferred software solution. Conclusion Experimental data on most organisms are scattered across hundreds of publications and several repositories.To allow for a systems level understanding of metabolism, the data must be integrated in a consistent knowledge network. The A. niger iJB1325 model presented here integrates the available data into a highly curated genome-scale model to facilitate the simulation of flux distributions, as well as the interpretation of other genome-scale data by providing the metabolic context. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s40694-018-0060-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Brandl
- 1Technical University of Denmark, Soeltofts Plads, Building 223, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Maria Victoria Aguilar-Pontes
- 2Fungal Physiology, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute and Fungal Molecular Physiology, Utrecht University, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Paul Schäpe
- 6Berlin University of Technology, Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, 13355 Berlin, Germany
| | - Anders Noerregaard
- 1Technical University of Denmark, Soeltofts Plads, Building 223, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Mikko Arvas
- 3VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Tietotie 2, 02044 Espoo, Finland.,7Present Address: Finnish Red Cross Blood Service, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Arthur F J Ram
- 5Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Vera Meyer
- 6Berlin University of Technology, Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, 13355 Berlin, Germany
| | - Adrian Tsang
- 4Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke Street West, H4B1R6 Montreal, Québec Canada
| | - Ronald P de Vries
- 2Fungal Physiology, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute and Fungal Molecular Physiology, Utrecht University, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mikael R Andersen
- 1Technical University of Denmark, Soeltofts Plads, Building 223, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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Characterization of Aspergillus niger Isolated from the International Space Station. mSystems 2018; 3:mSystems00112-18. [PMID: 30246146 PMCID: PMC6143729 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00112-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The initial characterization of the Aspergillus niger isolate JSC-093350089, collected from U.S. segment surfaces of the International Space Station (ISS), is reported, along with a comparison to the extensively studied strain ATCC 1015. Whole-genome sequencing of the ISS isolate enabled its phylogenetic placement within the A. niger/welwitschiae/lacticoffeatus clade and revealed that the genome of JSC-093350089 is within the observed genetic variance of other sequenced A. niger strains. The ISS isolate exhibited an increased rate of growth and pigment distribution compared to a terrestrial strain. Analysis of the isolate's proteome revealed significant differences in the molecular phenotype of JSC-093350089, including increased abundance of proteins involved in the A. niger starvation response, oxidative stress resistance, cell wall modulation, and nutrient acquisition. Together, these data reveal the existence of a distinct strain of A. niger on board the ISS and provide insight into the characteristics of melanized fungal species inhabiting spacecraft environments. IMPORTANCE A thorough understanding of how fungi respond and adapt to the various stimuli encountered during spaceflight presents many economic benefits and is imperative for the health of crew. As A. niger is a predominant ISS isolate frequently detected in built environments, studies of A. niger strains inhabiting closed systems may reveal information fundamental to the success of long-duration space missions. This investigation provides valuable insights into the adaptive mechanisms of fungi in extreme environments as well as countermeasures to eradicate unfavorable microbes. Further, it enhances understanding of host-microbe interactions in closed systems, which can help NASA's Human Research Program maintain a habitat healthy for crew during long-term manned space missions.
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Rocking Aspergillus: morphology-controlled cultivation of Aspergillus niger in a wave-mixed bioreactor for the production of secondary metabolites. Microb Cell Fact 2018; 17:128. [PMID: 30129427 PMCID: PMC6102829 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-018-0975-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Filamentous fungi including Aspergillus niger are cell factories for the production of organic acids, proteins and bioactive compounds. Traditionally, stirred-tank reactors (STRs) are used to cultivate them under highly reproducible conditions ensuring optimum oxygen uptake and high growth rates. However, agitation via mechanical stirring causes high shear forces, thus affecting fungal physiology and macromorphologies. Two-dimensional rocking-motion wave-mixed bioreactor cultivations could offer a viable alternative to fungal cultivations in STRs, as comparable gas mass transfer is generally achievable while deploying lower friction and shear forces. The aim of this study was thus to investigate for the first time the consequences of wave-mixed cultivations on the growth, macromorphology and product formation of A. niger. Results We investigated the impact of hydrodynamic conditions on A. niger cultivated at a 5 L scale in a disposable two-dimensional rocking motion bioreactor (CELL-tainer®) and a BioFlo STR (New Brunswick®), respectively. Two different A. niger strains were analysed, which produce heterologously the commercial drug enniatin B. Both strains expressed the esyn1 gene that encodes a non-ribosomal peptide synthetase ESYN under control of the inducible Tet-on system, but differed in their dependence on feeding with the precursors d-2-hydroxyvaleric acid and l-valine. Cultivations of A. niger in the CELL-tainer resulted in the formation of large pellets, which were heterogeneous in size (diameter 300–800 μm) and not observed during STR cultivations. When talcum microparticles were added, it was possible to obtain a reduced pellet size and to control pellet heterogeneity (diameter 50–150 μm). No foam formation was observed under wave-mixed cultivation conditions, which made the addition of antifoam agents needless. Overall, enniatin B titres of about 1.5–2.3 g L−1 were achieved in the CELL-tainer® system, which is about 30–50% of the titres achieved under STR conditions. Conclusions This is the first report studying the potential use of single-use wave-mixed reactor systems for the cultivation of A. niger. Although final enniatin yields are not competitive yet with titres achieved under STR conditions, wave-mixed cultivations open up new avenues for the cultivation of shear-sensitive mutant strains as well as high cell-density cultivations.
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The role of laboratory-scale bioreactors at the semi-continuous and continuous microbiological and biotechnological processes. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:7293-7308. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9194-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Meyer V, Jung S. Antifungal Peptides of the AFP Family Revisited: Are These Cannibal Toxins? Microorganisms 2018; 6:microorganisms6020050. [PMID: 29865265 PMCID: PMC6027536 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms6020050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence and spread of pathogenic fungi resistant to currently used antifungal drugs represents a serious challenge for medicine and agriculture. The use of smart antimicrobials, so-called “dirty drugs” which affect multiple cellular targets, is one strategy to prevent resistance. Of special interest is the exploitation of the AFP family of antimicrobial peptides, which include its founding member AFP from Aspergillus giganteus. This latter is a highly potent inhibitor of chitin synthesis and affects plasma membrane integrity in many human and plant pathogenic fungi. A transcriptomic meta-analysis of the afp-encoding genes in A. giganteus and A. niger predicts a role for these proteins during asexual sporulation, autophagy, and nutrient recycling, suggesting that AFPs are molecules important for the survival of A. niger and A. giganteus under nutrient limitation. In this review, we discuss parallels which exist between AFPs and bacterial cannibal toxins and provide arguments that the primary function of AFPs could be to kill genetically identical siblings. We hope that this review inspires computational and experimental biologists studying alternative explanations for the nature and function of antimicrobial peptides beyond the general assumption that they are mere defense molecules to fight competitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Meyer
- Department Applied and Molecular Microbiology, Technische Universität Berlin, Institute of Biotechnology, Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, D-13355 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Sascha Jung
- Department Applied and Molecular Microbiology, Technische Universität Berlin, Institute of Biotechnology, Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, D-13355 Berlin, Germany.
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Xie H, Ma Q, Wei DZ, Wang FQ. Transcriptomic analysis of Aspergillus niger strains reveals the mechanism underlying high citric acid productivity. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2018. [DOI: 10.1186/s40643-018-0208-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Comparative systems analysis of the secretome of the opportunistic pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus and other Aspergillus species. Sci Rep 2018; 8:6617. [PMID: 29700415 PMCID: PMC5919931 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-25016-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus fumigatus and multiple other Aspergillus species cause a wide range of lung infections, collectively termed aspergillosis. Aspergilli are ubiquitous in environment with healthy immune systems routinely eliminating inhaled conidia, however, Aspergilli can become an opportunistic pathogen in immune-compromised patients. The aspergillosis mortality rate and emergence of drug-resistance reveals an urgent need to identify novel targets. Secreted and cell membrane proteins play a critical role in fungal-host interactions and pathogenesis. Using a computational pipeline integrating data from high-throughput experiments and bioinformatic predictions, we have identified secreted and cell membrane proteins in ten Aspergillus species known to cause aspergillosis. Small secreted and effector-like proteins similar to agents of fungal-plant pathogenesis were also identified within each secretome. A comparison with humans revealed that at least 70% of Aspergillus secretomes have no sequence similarity with the human proteome. An analysis of antigenic qualities of Aspergillus proteins revealed that the secretome is significantly more antigenic than cell membrane proteins or the complete proteome. Finally, overlaying an expression dataset, four A. fumigatus proteins upregulated during infection and with available structures, were found to be structurally similar to known drug target proteins in other organisms, and were able to dock in silico with the respective drug.
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Brown Rot-Type Fungal Decomposition of Sorghum Bagasse: Variable Success and Mechanistic Implications. Int J Microbiol 2018; 2018:4961726. [PMID: 29849648 PMCID: PMC5903193 DOI: 10.1155/2018/4961726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Sweet sorghum is a promising crop for a warming, drying African climate, and basic information is lacking on conversion pathways for its lignocellulosic residues (bagasse). Brown rot wood-decomposer fungi use carbohydrate-selective pathways that, when assessed on sorghum, a grass substrate, can yield information relevant to both plant biomass conversion and fungal biology. In testing sorghum decomposition by brown rot fungi (Gloeophyllum trabeum, Serpula lacrymans), we found that G. trabeum readily degraded sorghum, removing xylan prior to removing glucan. Serpula lacrymans, conversely, caused little decomposition. Ergosterol (fungal biomarker) and protein levels were similar for both fungi, but S. lacrymans produced nearly 4x lower polysaccharide-degrading enzyme specific activity on sorghum than G. trabeum, perhaps a symptom of starvation. Linking this information to genome comparisons including other brown rot fungi known to have a similar issue regarding decomposing grasses (Postia placenta, Fomitopsis pinicola) suggested that a lack of CE 1 feruloyl esterases as well as low xylanase activity in S. lacrymans (3x lower than in G. trabeum) may hinder S. lacrymans, P. placenta, and F. pinicola when degrading grass substrates. These results indicate variability in brown rot mechanisms, which may stem from a differing ability to degrade certain lignin-carbohydrate complexes.
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Fountain JC, Koh J, Yang L, Pandey MK, Nayak SN, Bajaj P, Zhuang WJ, Chen ZY, Kemerait RC, Lee RD, Chen S, Varshney RK, Guo B. Proteome analysis of Aspergillus flavus isolate-specific responses to oxidative stress in relationship to aflatoxin production capability. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3430. [PMID: 29467403 PMCID: PMC5821837 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-21653-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus flavus is an opportunistic pathogen of plants such as maize and peanut under conducive conditions such as drought stress resulting in significant aflatoxin production. Drought-associated oxidative stress also exacerbates aflatoxin production by A. flavus. The objectives of this study were to use proteomics to provide insights into the pathogen responses to H2O2-derived oxidative stress, and to identify potential biomarkers and targets for host resistance breeding. Three isolates, AF13, NRRL3357, and K54A with high, moderate, and no aflatoxin production, were cultured in medium supplemented with varying levels of H2O2, and examined using an iTRAQ (Isobaric Tags for Relative and Absolute Quantification) approach. Overall, 1,173 proteins were identified and 220 were differentially expressed (DEPs). Observed DEPs encompassed metabolic pathways including antioxidants, carbohydrates, pathogenicity, and secondary metabolism. Increased lytic enzyme, secondary metabolite, and developmental pathway expression in AF13 was correlated with oxidative stress tolerance, likely assisting in plant infection and microbial competition. Elevated expression of energy and cellular component production in NRRL3357 and K54A implies a focus on oxidative damage remediation. These trends explain isolate-to-isolate variation in oxidative stress tolerance and provide insights into mechanisms relevant to host plant interactions under drought stress allowing for more targeted efforts in host resistance research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake C Fountain
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA, USA.,USDA-ARS Crop Protection and Management Research Unit, Tifton, GA, USA.,Center of Excellence in Genomics & Systems Biology, International Crop Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru, Telangana, India
| | - Jin Koh
- Department of Biology, Genetics Institute, Interdisciplinary Center for Biotechnology Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Liming Yang
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA, USA.,USDA-ARS Crop Protection and Management Research Unit, Tifton, GA, USA.,College of Biology and Environmental Science, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Manish K Pandey
- Center of Excellence in Genomics & Systems Biology, International Crop Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru, Telangana, India
| | - Spurthi N Nayak
- Center of Excellence in Genomics & Systems Biology, International Crop Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru, Telangana, India
| | - Prasad Bajaj
- Center of Excellence in Genomics & Systems Biology, International Crop Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru, Telangana, India
| | - Wei-Jian Zhuang
- College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Zhi-Yuan Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology and Crop Physiology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Robert C Kemerait
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA, USA
| | - R Dewey Lee
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA, USA
| | - Sixue Chen
- Department of Biology, Genetics Institute, Interdisciplinary Center for Biotechnology Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Rajeev K Varshney
- Center of Excellence in Genomics & Systems Biology, International Crop Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru, Telangana, India
| | - Baozhu Guo
- USDA-ARS Crop Protection and Management Research Unit, Tifton, GA, USA.
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Méndez-Líter JA, de Eugenio LI, Prieto A, Martínez MJ. The β-glucosidase secreted by Talaromyces amestolkiae under carbon starvation: a versatile catalyst for biofuel production from plant and algal biomass. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2018; 11:123. [PMID: 29719566 PMCID: PMC5921417 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-018-1125-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the last years, the most outstanding trend for obtaining high added-value components and second-generation (2G) biofuels consisted on exploitation of plant biomass. But recently, 3G biofuels, based in algae biomass, have emerged as a great alternative for production of energy. RESULTS In this work, a versatile β-glucosidase from the ascomycete fungus Talaromyces amestolkiae has been purified, characterized, and heterologously expressed. The synthesis of this β-glucosidase (BGL-3) was not induced by cellulose, and the presence of a specific carbon source is not required for its production, which is uncommon for β-glucosidases. BGL-3, which was obtained from a basal medium with glucose as carbon source, was profusely secreted under carbon starvation conditions, which was corroborated by qRT-PCR assays. BGL-3 was purified from T. amestolkiae cultures in one step, and biochemically characterized. The enzyme showed high thermal stability, and very high efficiency on pNPG (Km of 0.14 mM and Vmax of 381.1 U/mg), cellobiose (Km of 0.48 mM and Vmax of 447.1 U/mg), and other cello-oligosaccharides. Surprisingly, it also showed remarkable ability to hydrolyze laminarin, a β-1,3-glucan present in algae. The recombinant enzyme, obtained in the yeast Pichia pastoris, exhibited kinetic and physicochemical properties similar to those found for the native protein. Enzyme efficiency was examined in wheat straw saccharification processes, in which BGL-3 worked better supplementing Celluclast 1.5L than the commercial cellulase cocktail N-50010. Besides, BGL-3 hydrolyzed laminarin more efficiently than a commercial laminarinase. CONCLUSIONS A very efficient 1,4-β-glucosidase, which also showed activity over 1,3-β-glucose bonds, has been produced, purified, and characterized. This is the first report of such versatility in a 1,4-β-glucosidase. The application of this enzyme for saccharification of wheat straw and laminarin and its comparison with commercial enzymes suggest that it could be an interesting tool for the production of 2G and 3G biofuels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Antonio Méndez-Líter
- Department of Microbial and Plant Biotechnology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Isabel de Eugenio
- Department of Microbial and Plant Biotechnology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alicia Prieto
- Department of Microbial and Plant Biotechnology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Jesús Martínez
- Department of Microbial and Plant Biotechnology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Yoshimi A, Miyazawa K, Abe K. Function and Biosynthesis of Cell Wall α-1,3-Glucan in Fungi. J Fungi (Basel) 2017; 3:E63. [PMID: 29371579 PMCID: PMC5753165 DOI: 10.3390/jof3040063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Although α-1,3-glucan is a major cell wall polysaccharide in filamentous fungi, its biological functions remain unclear, except that it acts as a virulence factor in animal and plant pathogenic fungi: it conceals cell wall β-glucan on the fungal cell surface to circumvent recognition by hosts. However, cell wall α-1,3-glucan is also present in many of non-pathogenic fungi. Recently, the universal function of α-1,3-glucan as an aggregation factor has been demonstrated. Applications of fungi with modified cell wall α-1,3-glucan in the fermentation industry and of in vitro enzymatically-synthesized α-1,3-glucan in bio-plastics have been developed. This review focuses on the recent progress in our understanding of the biological functions and biosynthetic mechanism of cell wall α-1,3-glucan in fungi. We briefly consider the history of studies on α-1,3-glucan, overview its biological functions and biosynthesis, and finally consider the industrial applications of fungi deficient in α-1,3-glucan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Yoshimi
- ABE-Project, New Industry Creation Hatchery Center, Tohoku University, 6-6-10 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan.
| | - Ken Miyazawa
- Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-0845, Japan.
| | - Keietsu Abe
- ABE-Project, New Industry Creation Hatchery Center, Tohoku University, 6-6-10 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan.
- Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-0845, Japan.
- Department of Microbial Resources, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-0845, Japan.
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Sui YF, Ouyang LM, Chu J, Cao WQ, liang LF, Zhuang YP, Cheng S, Norrman H, Zhang SL, zhang GY. Global transcriptional response of Aspergillus niger in the process of glucoamylase fermentation. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2017. [DOI: 10.1186/s40643-017-0160-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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Gonçalves AP, Heller J, Daskalov A, Videira A, Glass NL. Regulated Forms of Cell Death in Fungi. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1837. [PMID: 28983298 PMCID: PMC5613156 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell death occurs in all domains of life. While some cells die in an uncontrolled way due to exposure to external cues, other cells die in a regulated manner as part of a genetically encoded developmental program. Like other eukaryotic species, fungi undergo programmed cell death (PCD) in response to various triggers. For example, exposure to external stress conditions can activate PCD pathways in fungi. Calcium redistribution between the extracellular space, the cytoplasm and intracellular storage organelles appears to be pivotal for this kind of cell death. PCD is also part of the fungal life cycle, in which it occurs during sexual and asexual reproduction, aging, and as part of development associated with infection in phytopathogenic fungi. Additionally, a fungal non-self-recognition mechanism termed heterokaryon incompatibility (HI) also involves PCD. Some of the molecular players mediating PCD during HI show remarkable similarities to major constituents involved in innate immunity in metazoans and plants. In this review we discuss recent research on fungal PCD mechanisms in comparison to more characterized mechanisms in metazoans. We highlight the role of PCD in fungi in response to exogenic compounds, fungal development and non-self-recognition processes and discuss identified intracellular signaling pathways and molecules that regulate fungal PCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Pedro Gonçalves
- Plant and Microbial Biology Department, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeley, CA, United States
| | - Jens Heller
- Plant and Microbial Biology Department, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeley, CA, United States
| | - Asen Daskalov
- Plant and Microbial Biology Department, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeley, CA, United States
| | - Arnaldo Videira
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade do PortoPorto, Portugal.,I3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em SaúdePorto, Portugal
| | - N Louise Glass
- Plant and Microbial Biology Department, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeley, CA, United States
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Zeiner CA, Purvine SO, Zink EM, Paša-Tolić L, Chaput DL, Wu S, Santelli CM, Hansel CM. Quantitative iTRAQ-based secretome analysis reveals species-specific and temporal shifts in carbon utilization strategies among manganese(II)-oxidizing Ascomycete fungi. Fungal Genet Biol 2017; 106:61-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2017.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Borin GP, Sanchez CC, de Santana ES, Zanini GK, Dos Santos RAC, de Oliveira Pontes A, de Souza AT, Dal'Mas RMMTS, Riaño-Pachón DM, Goldman GH, Oliveira JVDC. Comparative transcriptome analysis reveals different strategies for degradation of steam-exploded sugarcane bagasse by Aspergillus niger and Trichoderma reesei. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:501. [PMID: 28666414 PMCID: PMC5493111 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-3857-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Second generation (2G) ethanol is produced by breaking down lignocellulosic biomass into fermentable sugars. In Brazil, sugarcane bagasse has been proposed as the lignocellulosic residue for this biofuel production. The enzymatic cocktails for the degradation of biomass-derived polysaccharides are mostly produced by fungi, such as Aspergillus niger and Trichoderma reesei. However, it is not yet fully understood how these microorganisms degrade plant biomass. In order to identify transcriptomic changes during steam-exploded bagasse (SEB) breakdown, we conducted a RNA-seq comparative transcriptome profiling of both fungi growing on SEB as carbon source. Results Particular attention was focused on CAZymes, sugar transporters, transcription factors (TFs) and other proteins related to lignocellulose degradation. Although genes coding for the main enzymes involved in biomass deconstruction were expressed by both fungal strains since the beginning of the growth in SEB, significant differences were found in their expression profiles. The expression of these enzymes is mainly regulated at the transcription level, and A. niger and T. reesei also showed differences in TFs content and in their expression. Several sugar transporters that were induced in both fungal strains could be new players on biomass degradation besides their role in sugar uptake. Interestingly, our findings revealed that in both strains several genes that code for proteins of unknown function and pro-oxidant, antioxidant, and detoxification enzymes were induced during growth in SEB as carbon source, but their specific roles on lignocellulose degradation remain to be elucidated. Conclusions This is the first report of a time-course experiment monitoring the degradation of pretreated bagasse by two important fungi using the RNA-seq technology. It was possible to identify a set of genes that might be applied in several biotechnology fields. The data suggest that these two microorganisms employ different strategies for biomass breakdown. This knowledge can be exploited for the rational design of enzymatic cocktails and 2G ethanol production improvement. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-017-3857-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Pagotto Borin
- Laboratório Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do Bioetanol (CTBE), Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais (CNPEM), Av Giuseppe Maximo Scolfaro 10000, Campinas, São Paulo, Caixa Postal 6170, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Camila Cristina Sanchez
- Laboratório Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do Bioetanol (CTBE), Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais (CNPEM), Av Giuseppe Maximo Scolfaro 10000, Campinas, São Paulo, Caixa Postal 6170, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Eliane Silva de Santana
- Laboratório Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do Bioetanol (CTBE), Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais (CNPEM), Av Giuseppe Maximo Scolfaro 10000, Campinas, São Paulo, Caixa Postal 6170, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Keppe Zanini
- Laboratório Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do Bioetanol (CTBE), Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais (CNPEM), Av Giuseppe Maximo Scolfaro 10000, Campinas, São Paulo, Caixa Postal 6170, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Renato Augusto Corrêa Dos Santos
- Laboratório Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do Bioetanol (CTBE), Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais (CNPEM), Av Giuseppe Maximo Scolfaro 10000, Campinas, São Paulo, Caixa Postal 6170, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Angélica de Oliveira Pontes
- Laboratório Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do Bioetanol (CTBE), Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais (CNPEM), Av Giuseppe Maximo Scolfaro 10000, Campinas, São Paulo, Caixa Postal 6170, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Aline Tieppo de Souza
- Laboratório Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do Bioetanol (CTBE), Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais (CNPEM), Av Giuseppe Maximo Scolfaro 10000, Campinas, São Paulo, Caixa Postal 6170, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Roberta Maria Menegaldo Tavares Soares Dal'Mas
- Laboratório Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do Bioetanol (CTBE), Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais (CNPEM), Av Giuseppe Maximo Scolfaro 10000, Campinas, São Paulo, Caixa Postal 6170, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Diego Mauricio Riaño-Pachón
- Laboratório Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do Bioetanol (CTBE), Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais (CNPEM), Av Giuseppe Maximo Scolfaro 10000, Campinas, São Paulo, Caixa Postal 6170, 13083-970, Brazil.,Current address: Laboratório de Biologia de Sistemas Regulatórios, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 748 - Butantã - São Paulo - SP, São Paulo, CEP 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Henrique Goldman
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av do Café S/N, Ribeirão Preto, CEP, São Paulo, 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Juliana Velasco de Castro Oliveira
- Laboratório Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do Bioetanol (CTBE), Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais (CNPEM), Av Giuseppe Maximo Scolfaro 10000, Campinas, São Paulo, Caixa Postal 6170, 13083-970, Brazil.
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de Eugenio LI, Méndez-Líter JA, Nieto-Domínguez M, Alonso L, Gil-Muñoz J, Barriuso J, Prieto A, Martínez MJ. Differential β-glucosidase expression as a function of carbon source availability in Talaromyces amestolkiae: a genomic and proteomic approach. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2017; 10:161. [PMID: 28649280 PMCID: PMC5481877 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-017-0844-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genomic and proteomic analysis are potent tools for metabolic characterization of microorganisms. Although cellulose usually triggers cellulase production in cellulolytic fungi, the secretion of the different enzymes involved in polymer conversion is subjected to different factors, depending on growth conditions. These enzymes are key factors in biomass exploitation for second generation bioethanol production. Although highly effective commercial cocktails are available, they are usually deficient for β-glucosidase activity, and genera like Penicillium and Talaromyces are being explored for its production. RESULTS This article presents the description of Talaromyces amestolkiae as a cellulase-producer fungus that secretes high levels of β-glucosidase. β-1,4-endoglucanase, exoglucanase, and β-glucosidase activities were quantified in the presence of different carbon sources. Although the two first activities were only induced with cellulosic substrates, β-glucosidase levels were similar in all carbon sources tested. Sequencing and analysis of the genome of this fungus revealed multiple genes encoding β-glucosidases. Extracellular proteome analysis showed different induction patterns. In all conditions assayed, glycosyl hydrolases were the most abundant proteins in the supernatants, albeit the ratio of the diverse enzymes from this family depended on the carbon source. At least two different β-glucosidases have been identified in this work: one is induced by cellulose and the other one is carbon source-independent. The crudes induced by Avicel and glucose were independently used as supplements for saccharification of slurry from acid-catalyzed steam-exploded wheat straw, obtaining the highest yields of fermentable glucose using crudes induced by cellulose. CONCLUSIONS The genome of T. amestolkiae contains several genes encoding β-glucosidases and the fungus secretes high levels of this activity, regardless of the carbon source availability, although its production is repressed by glucose. Two main different β-glucosidases have been identified from proteomic shotgun analysis. One of them is produced under different carbon sources, while the other is induced in cellulosic substrates and is a good supplement to Celluclast in saccharification of pretreated wheat straw.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura I. de Eugenio
- Department of Environmental Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan A. Méndez-Líter
- Department of Environmental Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Nieto-Domínguez
- Department of Environmental Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Lola Alonso
- Department of Environmental Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Group, Human Cancer Genetics Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre, CNIO, Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Gil-Muñoz
- Department of Environmental Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jorge Barriuso
- Department of Environmental Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alicia Prieto
- Department of Environmental Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Jesús Martínez
- Department of Environmental Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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48
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Butala M, Novak M, Kraševec N, Skočaj M, Veranič P, Maček P, Sepčić K. Aegerolysins: Lipid-binding proteins with versatile functions. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 72:142-151. [PMID: 28506897 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Revised: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Proteins of the aegerolysin family span many kingdoms of life. They are relatively widely distributed in bacteria and fungi, but also appear in plants, protozoa and insects. Despite being produced in abundance in cells at specific developmental stages and present in secretomes, only a few aegerolysins have been studied in detail. In particular, their organism-specific physiological roles are intriguing. Here, we review published findings to date on the distribution, molecular interactions and biological activities of this family of structurally and functionally versatile proteins, the aegerolysins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matej Butala
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Maruša Novak
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Nada Kraševec
- National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Matej Skočaj
- Institute of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov trg 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Peter Veranič
- Institute of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov trg 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Peter Maček
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Kristina Sepčić
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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49
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P gas, a Low-pH-Induced Promoter, as a Tool for Dynamic Control of Gene Expression for Metabolic Engineering of Aspergillus niger. Appl Environ Microbiol 2017; 83:AEM.03222-16. [PMID: 28087530 DOI: 10.1128/aem.03222-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 12/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The dynamic control of gene expression is important for adjusting fluxes in order to obtain desired products and achieve appropriate cell growth, particularly when the synthesis of a desired product drains metabolites required for cell growth. For dynamic gene expression, a promoter responsive to a particular environmental stressor is vital. Here, we report a low-pH-inducible promoter, Pgas, which promotes minimal gene expression at pH values above 5.0 but functions efficiently at low pHs, such as pH 2.0. First, we performed a transcriptional analysis of Aspergillus niger, an excellent platform for the production of organic acids, and we found that the promoter Pgas may act efficiently at low pH. Then, a gene for synthetic green fluorescent protein (sGFP) was successfully expressed by Pgas at pH 2.0, verifying the results of the transcriptional analysis. Next, Pgas was used to express the cis-aconitate decarboxylase (cad) gene of Aspergillus terreus in A. niger, allowing the production of itaconic acid at a titer of 4.92 g/liter. Finally, we found that Pgas strength was independent of acid type and acid ion concentration, showing dependence on pH only.IMPORTANCE The promoter Pgas can be used for the dynamic control of gene expression in A. niger for metabolic engineering to produce organic acids. This promoter may also be a candidate tool for genetic engineering.
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50
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Fountain JC, Bajaj P, Pandey M, Nayak SN, Yang L, Kumar V, Jayale AS, Chitikineni A, Zhuang W, Scully BT, Lee RD, Kemerait RC, Varshney RK, Guo B. Oxidative stress and carbon metabolism influence Aspergillus flavus transcriptome composition and secondary metabolite production. Sci Rep 2016; 6:38747. [PMID: 27941917 PMCID: PMC5150527 DOI: 10.1038/srep38747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Contamination of crops with aflatoxin is a serious global threat to food safety. Aflatoxin production by Aspergillus flavus is exacerbated by drought stress in the field and by oxidative stress in vitro. We examined transcriptomes of three toxigenic and three atoxigenic isolates of A. flavus in aflatoxin conducive and non-conducive media with varying levels of H2O2 to investigate the relationship of secondary metabolite production, carbon source, and oxidative stress. We found that toxigenic and atoxigenic isolates employ distinct mechanisms to remediate oxidative damage, and that carbon source affected the isolates’ expression profiles. Iron metabolism, monooxygenases, and secondary metabolism appeared to participate in isolate oxidative responses. The results suggest that aflatoxin and aflatrem biosynthesis may remediate oxidative stress by consuming excess oxygen and that kojic acid production may limit iron-mediated, non-enzymatic generation of reactive oxygen species. Together, secondary metabolite production may enhance A. flavus stress tolerance, and may be reduced by enhancing host plant tissue antioxidant capacity though genetic improvement by breeding selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake C Fountain
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA, USA.,USDA-ARS Crop Protection and Management Research Unit, Tifton, GA, USA
| | - Prasad Bajaj
- International Crop Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Manish Pandey
- International Crop Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Spurthi N Nayak
- International Crop Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Liming Yang
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA, USA.,USDA-ARS Crop Protection and Management Research Unit, Tifton, GA, USA
| | - Vinay Kumar
- International Crop Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Ashwin S Jayale
- International Crop Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Anu Chitikineni
- International Crop Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Weijian Zhuang
- Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Brian T Scully
- USDA-ARS US Horticultural Research Laboratory, Fort Pierce, FL, USA
| | - R Dewey Lee
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA, USA
| | - Robert C Kemerait
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA, USA
| | - Rajeev K Varshney
- International Crop Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Baozhu Guo
- USDA-ARS Crop Protection and Management Research Unit, Tifton, GA, USA
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