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Shoaran M, Sabaie H, Mostafavi M, Rezazadeh M. A comprehensive review of the applications of RNA sequencing in celiac disease research. Gene 2024; 927:148681. [PMID: 38871036 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2024.148681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) has undergone substantial advancements in recent decades and has emerged as a vital technique for profiling the transcriptome. The transition from bulk sequencing to single-cell and spatial approaches has facilitated the achievement of higher precision at cell resolution. It provides valuable biological knowledge about individual immune cells and aids in the discovery of the molecular mechanisms that contribute to the development of autoimmune diseases. Celiac disease (CeD) is an autoimmune disorder characterized by a strong immune response to gluten consumption. RNA-seq has led to significantly advanced research in multiple fields, particularly in CeD research. It has been instrumental in studies involving comparative transcriptomics, nutritional genomics and wheat research, cancer research in the context of CeD, genetic and noncoding RNA-mediated epigenetic insights, disease monitoring and biomarker discovery, regulation of mitochondrial functions, therapeutic target identification and drug mechanism of action, dietary factors, immune cell profiling and the immune landscape. This review offers a comprehensive examination of recent RNA-seq technology research in the field of CeD, highlighting future challenges and opportunities for its application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Shoaran
- Pediatric Health Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hani Sabaie
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mehrnaz Mostafavi
- Faculty of Allied Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Rezazadeh
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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2
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Norwig MC, Geisslitz S, Scherf KA. Comparative Label-Free Proteomics Study on Celiac Disease-Active Epitopes in Common Wheat, Spelt, Durum Wheat, Emmer, and Einkorn. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:15040-15052. [PMID: 38906536 PMCID: PMC11228976 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c02657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 05/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Abstract
Wheat species with various ploidy levels may be different regarding their immunoreactive potential in celiac disease (CD), but a comprehensive comparison of peptide sequences with known epitopes is missing. Thus, we used an untargeted liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method to analyze the content of peptides with CD-active epitope in the five wheat species common wheat, spelt, durum wheat, emmer, and einkorn. In total, 494 peptides with CD-active epitope were identified. Considering the average of the eight cultivars of each species, spelt contained the highest number of different peptides with CD-active epitope (193 ± 12, mean ± SD). Einkorn showed the smallest variability of peptides (63 ± 4) but higher amounts of certain peptides compared to the other species. The wheat species differ in the presence and distribution of CD-active epitopes; hence, the entirety of peptides with CD-active epitope is crucial for the assessment of their immunoreactive potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Christin Norwig
- Technical
University of Munich, TUM School of Life
Sciences, Freising 85354, Germany
- Leibniz
Institute for Food Systems Biology at the Technical University of
Munich, Freising 85354, Germany
| | - Sabrina Geisslitz
- Department
of Bioactive and Functional Food Chemistry, Institute of Applied Biosciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology
(KIT), Karlsruhe 76131, Germany
| | - Katharina A. Scherf
- Leibniz
Institute for Food Systems Biology at the Technical University of
Munich, Freising 85354, Germany
- Department
of Bioactive and Functional Food Chemistry, Institute of Applied Biosciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology
(KIT), Karlsruhe 76131, Germany
- Technical
University of Munich, TUM School of Life
Sciences, Professorship of Food Biopolymer Systems, Freising 85354, Germany
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3
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Marín-Sanz M, Barro F, Sánchez-León S. Unraveling the celiac disease-related immunogenic complexes in a set of wheat and tritordeum genotypes: implications for low-gluten precision breeding in cereal crops. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1171882. [PMID: 37251754 PMCID: PMC10210591 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1171882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The development of low-gluten immunogenic cereal varieties is a suitable way to fight the increment of pathologies associated with the consumption of cereals. Although RNAi and CRISPR/Cas technologies were effective in providing low-gluten wheat, the regulatory framework, particularly in the European Union, is an obstacle to the short- or medium-term implementation of such lines. In the present work, we carried out a high throughput amplicon sequencing of two highly immunogenic complexes of wheat gliadins in a set of bread and durum wheat, and tritordeum genotypes. Bread wheat genotypes harboring the 1BL/1RS translocation were included in the analysis and their amplicons successfully identified. The number of CD epitopes and their abundances were determined in the alpha- and gamma-gliadin amplicons, including 40k-γ-secalin ones. Bread wheat genotypes not containing the 1BL/1RS translocation showed a higher average number of both alpha- and gamma-gliadin epitopes than those containing such translocation. Interestingly, alpha-gliadin amplicons not containing CD epitopes accounted for the highest abundance (around 53%), and the alpha- and gamma-gliadin amplicons with the highest number of epitopes were present in the D-subgenome. The durum wheat and tritordeum genotypes showed the lowest number of alpha- and gamma-gliadin CD epitopes. Our results allow progress in unraveling the immunogenic complexes of alpha- and gamma-gliadins and can contribute to the development of low-immunogenic varieties within precision breeding programs, by crossing or by CRISPR/Cas gene editing.
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4
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Zhu X, Zhao XH, Zhang Q, Zhang N, Soladoye OP, Aluko RE, Zhang Y, Fu Y. How does a celiac iceberg really float? The relationship between celiac disease and gluten. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 63:9233-9261. [PMID: 35435771 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2064811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Celiac disease (CD) is an autoimmune intestinal disease caused by intolerance of genetically susceptible individuals after intake of gluten-containing grains (including wheat, barley, etc.) and their products. Currently, CD, with "iceberg" characteristics, affects a large population and is distributed over a wide range of individuals. This present review summarizes the latest research progress on the relationship between CD and gluten. Furthermore, the structure and function of gluten peptides related to CD, gluten detection methods, the effects of processing on gluten and gluten-free diets are emphatically reviewed. In addition, the current limitations in CD research are also discussed. The present work facilitates a comprehensive understanding of CD as well as gluten, which can provide a theoretical reference for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxue Zhu
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Food Science and Technology Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xin-Huai Zhao
- School of Biological and Food Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming, P. R. China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- School of Biological and Food Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming, P. R. China
| | - Na Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Food Science and Engineering of Heilongjiang Province, College of Food Engineering, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin, China
| | - Olugbenga P Soladoye
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Government of Canada, Lacombe Research and Development Centre, Lacombe, Alberta, Canada
| | - Rotimi E Aluko
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Yuhao Zhang
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Food Science and Technology Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yu Fu
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Food Science and Technology Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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5
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Genome editing of polyploid crops: prospects, achievements and bottlenecks. Transgenic Res 2021; 30:337-351. [PMID: 33846956 PMCID: PMC8316217 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-021-00251-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Plant breeding aims to develop improved crop varieties. Many crops have a polyploid and often highly heterozygous genome, which may make breeding of polyploid crops a real challenge. The efficiency of traditional breeding based on crossing and selection has been improved by using marker-assisted selection (MAS), and MAS is also being applied in polyploid crops, which helps e.g. for introgression breeding. However, methods such as random mutation breeding are difficult to apply in polyploid crops because there are multiple homoeologous copies (alleles) of each gene. Genome editing technology has revolutionized mutagenesis as it enables precisely selecting targets. The genome editing tool CRISPR/Cas is especially valuable for targeted mutagenesis in polyploids, as all alleles and/or copies of a gene can be targeted at once. Even multiple genes, each with multiple alleles, may be targeted simultaneously. In addition to targeted mutagenesis, targeted replacement of undesirable alleles by desired ones may become a promising application of genome editing for the improvement of polyploid crops, in the near future. Several examples of the application of genome editing for targeted mutagenesis are described here for a range of polyploid crops, and achievements and bottlenecks are highlighted.
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6
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Schaart JG, Salentijn EMJ, Goryunova SV, Chidzanga C, Esselink DG, Gosman N, Bentley AR, Gilissen LJWJ, Smulders MJM. Exploring the alpha-gliadin locus: the 33-mer peptide with six overlapping coeliac disease epitopes in Triticum aestivum is derived from a subgroup of Aegilops tauschii. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 106:86-94. [PMID: 33369792 PMCID: PMC8248119 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Most alpha-gliadin genes of the Gli-D2 locus on the D genome of hexaploid bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) encode for proteins with epitopes that can trigger coeliac disease (CD), and several contain a 33-mer peptide with six partly overlapping copies of three epitopes, which is regarded as a remarkably potent T-cell stimulator. To increase genetic diversity in the D genome, synthetic hexaploid wheat lines are being made by hybridising accessions of Triticum turgidum (AB genome) and Aegilops tauschii (the progenitor of the D genome). The diversity of alpha-gliadins in A. tauschii has not been studied extensively. We analysed the alpha-gliadin transcriptome of 51 A. tauschii accessions representative of the diversity in A. tauschii. We extracted RNA from developing seeds and performed 454 amplicon sequencing of the first part of the alpha-gliadin genes. The expression profile of allelic variants of the alpha-gliadins was different between accessions, and also between accessions of the Western and Eastern clades of A. tauschii. Generally, both clades expressed many allelic variants not found in bread wheat. In contrast to earlier studies, we detected the 33-mer peptide in some A. tauschii accessions, indicating that it was introduced along with the D genome into bread wheat. In these accessions, transcripts with the 33-mer peptide were present at lower frequencies than in bread wheat varieties. In most A. tauschii accessions, however, the alpha-gliadins do not contain the epitope, and this may be exploited, through synthetic hexaploid wheats, to breed bread wheat varieties with fewer or no coeliac disease epitopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan G. Schaart
- Plant BreedingWageningen University and ResearchDroevendaalsesteeg 1NL‐6708 PB Wageningenthe Netherlands
| | - Elma M. J. Salentijn
- Plant BreedingWageningen University and ResearchDroevendaalsesteeg 1NL‐6708 PB Wageningenthe Netherlands
| | - Svetlana V. Goryunova
- Plant BreedingWageningen University and ResearchDroevendaalsesteeg 1NL‐6708 PB Wageningenthe Netherlands
- Present address:
FSBSI Lorch Potato Research InstituteKraskovo140051Russia
- Present address:
Institute of General GeneticsRussian Academy of ScienceMoscow119333Russia
| | - Charity Chidzanga
- Plant BreedingWageningen University and ResearchDroevendaalsesteeg 1NL‐6708 PB Wageningenthe Netherlands
- Present address:
University of AdelaideSchool of Agriculture, Food and WineWaite CampusUrrbraeSouth Australia5064Australia
| | - Danny G. Esselink
- Plant BreedingWageningen University and ResearchDroevendaalsesteeg 1NL‐6708 PB Wageningenthe Netherlands
| | - Nick Gosman
- The John Bingham LaboratoryNIAB93 Lawrence Weaver RoadCambridgeCB3 0LEUK
- Present address:
Gosman AssociatesAg‐Biotech Consultingthe StreetBressingham, DissIP22 2BLUK
| | - Alison R. Bentley
- The John Bingham LaboratoryNIAB93 Lawrence Weaver RoadCambridgeCB3 0LEUK
- Present address:
International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT)TexcocoMexico
| | - Luud J. W. J. Gilissen
- Plant BreedingWageningen University and ResearchDroevendaalsesteeg 1NL‐6708 PB Wageningenthe Netherlands
- BioscienceWageningen University and ResearchDroevendaalsesteeg 1NL‐6708 PB Wageningenthe Netherlands
- Allergy Consortium WageningenDroevendaalsesteeg 1NL‐6708 PB Wageningenthe Netherlands
| | - Marinus J. M. Smulders
- Plant BreedingWageningen University and ResearchDroevendaalsesteeg 1NL‐6708 PB Wageningenthe Netherlands
- Allergy Consortium WageningenDroevendaalsesteeg 1NL‐6708 PB Wageningenthe Netherlands
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Kaushik M, Rai S, Venkadesan S, Sinha SK, Mohan S, Mandal PK. Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Important Candidate Genes Related to Nutrient Reservoir, Carbohydrate Metabolism, and Defence Proteins during Grain Development of Hexaploid Bread Wheat and Its Diploid Progenitors. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:E509. [PMID: 32380773 PMCID: PMC7290843 DOI: 10.3390/genes11050509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Wheat grain development after anthesis is an important biological process, in which major components of seeds are synthesised, and these components are further required for germination and seed vigour. We have made a comparative RNA-Seq analysis between hexaploid wheat and its individual diploid progenitors to know the major differentially expressed genes (DEGs) involved during grain development. Two libraries from each species were generated with an average of 55.63, 55.23, 68.13, and 103.81 million reads, resulting in 79.3K, 113.7K, 90.6K, and 121.3K numbers of transcripts in AA, BB, DD, and AABBDD genome species respectively. Number of expressed genes in hexaploid wheat was not proportional to its genome size, but marginally higher than that of its diploid progenitors. However, to capture all the transcripts in hexaploid wheat, sufficiently higher number of reads was required. Functional analysis of DEGs, in all the three comparisons, showed their predominance in three major classes of genes during grain development, i.e., nutrient reservoirs, carbohydrate metabolism, and defence proteins; some of them were subsequently validated through real time quantitative Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (qRT-PCR). Further, developmental stage-specific gene expression showed most of the defence protein genes expressed during initial developmental stages in hexaploid contrary to the diploids at later stages. Genes related to carbohydrates anabolism expressed during early stages, whereas catabolism genes expressed at later stages in all the species. However, no trend was observed in case of different nutrient reservoirs gene expression. This data could be used to study the comparative gene expression among the three diploid species and homeologue-specific expression in hexaploid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megha Kaushik
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research -National Institute on Plant Biotechnology (ICAR-NIPB), LBS Building, Pusa Campus, New Delhi-110012, India; (M.K.); (S.R.); (S.V.); (S.K.S.)
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology (AIB), Amity University, Sector 125, Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201313, India;
| | - Shubham Rai
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research -National Institute on Plant Biotechnology (ICAR-NIPB), LBS Building, Pusa Campus, New Delhi-110012, India; (M.K.); (S.R.); (S.V.); (S.K.S.)
| | - Sureshkumar Venkadesan
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research -National Institute on Plant Biotechnology (ICAR-NIPB), LBS Building, Pusa Campus, New Delhi-110012, India; (M.K.); (S.R.); (S.V.); (S.K.S.)
| | - Subodh Kumar Sinha
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research -National Institute on Plant Biotechnology (ICAR-NIPB), LBS Building, Pusa Campus, New Delhi-110012, India; (M.K.); (S.R.); (S.V.); (S.K.S.)
| | - Sumedha Mohan
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology (AIB), Amity University, Sector 125, Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201313, India;
| | - Pranab Kumar Mandal
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research -National Institute on Plant Biotechnology (ICAR-NIPB), LBS Building, Pusa Campus, New Delhi-110012, India; (M.K.); (S.R.); (S.V.); (S.K.S.)
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8
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Jouanin A, Tenorio-Berrio R, Schaart JG, Leigh F, Visser RG, Smulders MJ. Optimisation of droplet digital PCR for determining copy number variation of α-gliadin genes in mutant and gene-edited polyploid bread wheat. J Cereal Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2019.102903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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9
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Altenbach SB, Chang HC, Rowe MH, Yu XB, Simon-Buss A, Seabourn BW, Green PH, Alaedini A. Reducing the Immunogenic Potential of Wheat Flour: Silencing of Alpha Gliadin Genes in a U.S. Wheat Cultivar. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:20. [PMID: 32161604 PMCID: PMC7052357 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The alpha gliadins are a group of more than 20 proteins with very similar sequences that comprise about 15%-20% of the total flour protein and contribute to the functional properties of wheat flour dough. Some alpha gliadins also contain immunodominant epitopes that trigger celiac disease, a chronic autoimmune disease that affects approximately 1% of the worldwide population. In an attempt to reduce the immunogenic potential of wheat flour from the U.S. spring wheat cultivar Butte 86, RNA interference was used to silence a subset of alpha gliadin genes encoding proteins containing celiac disease epitopes. Two of the resulting transgenic lines were analyzed in detail by quantitative two-dimensional gel electrophoresis combined with tandem mass spectrometry. Although the RNA interference construct was designed to target only some alpha gliadin genes, all alpha gliadins were effectively silenced in the transgenic plants. In addition, some off-target silencing of high molecular weight glutenin subunits was detected in both transgenic lines. Compensatory effects were not observed within other gluten protein classes. Reactivities of IgG and IgA antibodies from a cohort of patients with celiac disease toward proteins from the transgenic lines were reduced significantly relative to the nontransgenic line. Both mixing properties and SDS sedimentation volumes suggested a decrease in dough strength in the transgenic lines when compared to the control. The data suggest that it will be difficult to selectively silence specific genes within families as complex as the wheat alpha gliadins. Nonetheless, it may be possible to reduce the immunogenic potential of the flour and still retain many of the functional properties essential for the utilization of wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan B. Altenbach
- Western Regional Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Albany, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Susan B. Altenbach, ; Armin Alaedini,
| | - Han-Chang Chang
- Western Regional Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Albany, CA, United States
| | - Matthew H. Rowe
- Western Regional Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Albany, CA, United States
- Takara Bio USA, Inc., Mountain View, CA, United States
| | - Xuechen B. Yu
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
- Institute of Human Nutrition, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Annamaria Simon-Buss
- Western Regional Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Albany, CA, United States
- Hamburg School of Food Science, Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Bradford W. Seabourn
- Hard Winter Wheat Quality Laboratory, Center for Grain and Animal Health Research, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Peter H. Green
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
- Celiac Disease Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Armin Alaedini
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
- Institute of Human Nutrition, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
- Celiac Disease Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States
- *Correspondence: Susan B. Altenbach, ; Armin Alaedini,
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10
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Rustgi S, Shewry P, Brouns F, Deleu LJ, Delcour JA. Wheat Seed Proteins: Factors Influencing Their Content, Composition, and Technological Properties, and Strategies to Reduce Adverse Reactions. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2019; 18:1751-1769. [PMID: 33336954 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 06/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Wheat is the primary source of nutrition for many, especially those living in developing countries, and wheat proteins are among the most widely consumed dietary proteins in the world. However, concerns about disorders related to the consumption of wheat and/or wheat gluten proteins have increased sharply in the last 20 years. This review focuses on wheat gluten proteins and amylase trypsin inhibitors, which are considered to be responsible for eliciting most of the intestinal and extraintestinal symptoms experienced by susceptible individuals. Although several approaches have been proposed to reduce the exposure to gluten or immunogenic peptides resulting from its digestion, none have proven sufficiently effective for general use in coeliac-safe diets. Potential approaches to manipulate the content, composition, and technological properties of wheat proteins are therefore discussed, as well as the effects of using gluten isolates in various food systems. Finally, some aspects of the use of gluten-free commodities are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin Rustgi
- Dept. of Plant and Environmental Sciences, School of Health Research, Clemson Univ. Pee Dee Research and Education Centre, Florence, SC, U.S.A.,Dept. of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State Univ., Pullman, WA, U.S.A
| | - Peter Shewry
- Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, U.K
| | - Fred Brouns
- Dept. of Human Biology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht Univ., Universiteitssingel 50, 6200, MD, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Lomme J Deleu
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Biochemistry, Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan A Delcour
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Biochemistry, Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium
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11
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Min F, You Y, Yu F, Yuan J, Mu P, Sang W, Han X, Wu Y, Gao J, Chen H. Assessment of the gluten toxicity of wheat and naan in Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, China. Int J Food Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.14175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Min
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology Nanchang University Nanchang 330047 China
- Sino‐German Joint Research Institute Nanchang University Nanchang 330047 China
- School of Food Science and Technology Nanchang University Nanchang 330031 China
| | - Yijiao You
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology Nanchang University Nanchang 330047 China
- Sino‐German Joint Research Institute Nanchang University Nanchang 330047 China
- School of Food Science and Technology Nanchang University Nanchang 330031 China
| | - Fenglian Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology Nanchang University Nanchang 330047 China
- Sino‐German Joint Research Institute Nanchang University Nanchang 330047 China
- School of Food Science and Technology Nanchang University Nanchang 330031 China
| | - Juanli Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology Nanchang University Nanchang 330047 China
- School of Pharmacy Nanchang University Nanchang 330031 China
| | - Peiyuan Mu
- Institute of Crop Research Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural and Reclamation Sciences Shihezi 832000 China
| | - Wei Sang
- Institute of Crop Research Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural and Reclamation Sciences Shihezi 832000 China
| | - Xinnian Han
- Institute of Crop Research Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural and Reclamation Sciences Shihezi 832000 China
| | - Yong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology Nanchang University Nanchang 330047 China
- Sino‐German Joint Research Institute Nanchang University Nanchang 330047 China
| | - Jinyan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology Nanchang University Nanchang 330047 China
- School of Food Science and Technology Nanchang University Nanchang 330031 China
| | - Hongbing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology Nanchang University Nanchang 330047 China
- Sino‐German Joint Research Institute Nanchang University Nanchang 330047 China
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12
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Jouanin A, Schaart JG, Boyd LA, Cockram J, Leigh FJ, Bates R, Wallington EJ, Visser RGF, Smulders MJM. Outlook for coeliac disease patients: towards bread wheat with hypoimmunogenic gluten by gene editing of α- and γ-gliadin gene families. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 19:333. [PMID: 31370789 PMCID: PMC6670228 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-019-1889-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Wheat grains contain gluten proteins, which harbour immunogenic epitopes that trigger Coeliac disease in 1-2% of the human population. Wheat varieties or accessions containing only safe gluten have not been identified and conventional breeding alone struggles to achieve such a goal, as the epitopes occur in gluten proteins encoded by five multigene families, these genes are partly located in tandem arrays, and bread wheat is allohexaploid. Gluten immunogenicity can be reduced by modification or deletion of epitopes. Mutagenesis technologies, including CRISPR/Cas9, provide a route to obtain bread wheat containing gluten proteins with fewer immunogenic epitopes. RESULTS In this study, we analysed the genetic diversity of over 600 α- and γ-gliadin gene sequences to design six sgRNA sequences on relatively conserved domains that we identified near coeliac disease epitopes. They were combined in four CRISPR/Cas9 constructs to target the α- or γ-gliadins, or both simultaneously, in the hexaploid bread wheat cultivar Fielder. We compared the results with those obtained with random mutagenesis in cultivar Paragon by γ-irradiation. For this, Acid-PAGE was used to identify T1 grains with altered gliadin protein profiles compared to the wild-type endosperm. We first optimised the interpretation of Acid-PAGE gels using Chinese Spring deletion lines. We then analysed the changes generated in 360 Paragon γ-irradiated lines and in 117 Fielder CRISPR/Cas9 lines. Similar gliadin profile alterations, with missing protein bands, could be observed in grains produced by both methods. CONCLUSIONS The results demonstrate the feasibility and efficacy of using CRISPR/Cas9 to simultaneously edit multiple genes in the large α- and γ-gliadin gene families in polyploid bread wheat. Additional methods, generating genomics and proteomics data, will be necessary to determine the exact nature of the mutations generated with both methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Jouanin
- Wageningen University and Research, Plant Breeding, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- The John Bingham Laboratory, NIAB, Huntingdon Road, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jan G. Schaart
- Wageningen University and Research, Plant Breeding, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lesley A. Boyd
- The John Bingham Laboratory, NIAB, Huntingdon Road, Cambridge, UK
| | - James Cockram
- The John Bingham Laboratory, NIAB, Huntingdon Road, Cambridge, UK
| | - Fiona J. Leigh
- The John Bingham Laboratory, NIAB, Huntingdon Road, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ruth Bates
- The John Bingham Laboratory, NIAB, Huntingdon Road, Cambridge, UK
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Brouns F, van Rooy G, Shewry P, Rustgi S, Jonkers D. Adverse Reactions to Wheat or Wheat Components. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2019; 18:1437-1452. [PMID: 33336916 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Wheat is an important staple food globally, providing a significant contribution to daily energy, fiber, and micronutrient intake. Observational evidence for health impacts of consuming more whole grains, among which wheat is a major contributor, points to significant risk reduction for diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and colon cancer. However, specific wheat components may also elicit adverse physical reactions in susceptible individuals such as celiac disease (CD) and wheat allergy (WA). Recently, broad coverage in the popular and social media has suggested that wheat consumption leads to a wide range of adverse health effects. This has motivated many consumers to avoid or reduce their consumption of foods that contain wheat/gluten, despite the absence of diagnosed CD or WA, raising questions about underlying mechanisms and possible nocebo effects. However, recent studies did show that some individuals may suffer from adverse reactions in absence of CD and WA. This condition is called non-celiac gluten sensitivity (NCGS) or non-celiac wheat sensitivity (NCWS). In addition to gluten, wheat and derived products contain many other components which may trigger symptoms, including inhibitors of α-amylase and trypsin (ATIs), lectins, and rapidly fermentable carbohydrates (FODMAPs). Furthermore, the way in which foods are being processed, such as the use of yeast or sourdough fermentation, fermentation time and baking conditions, may also affect the presence and bioactivity of these components. The present review systematically describes the characteristics of wheat-related intolerances, including their etiology, prevalence, the components responsible, diagnosis, and strategies to reduce adverse reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fred Brouns
- Dept. of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht Univ., Universiteitssingel 40, 6229 ER, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Gonny van Rooy
- Div. of Gastroenterology-Hepatology, Dept. of Internal Medicine, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht Univ. Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Shewry
- Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, U.K
| | - Sachin Rustgi
- Dept. of Plant and Environmental Sciences, School of Health Research, Clemson Univ., Florence, SC, 29505, U.S.A.,Dept. of Crop & Soil Sciences, Washington State Univ., Pullman, WA, U.S.A
| | - Daisy Jonkers
- Div. of Gastroenterology-Hepatology, Dept. of Internal Medicine, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht Univ. Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Huo N, Zhu T, Zhang S, Mohr T, Luo MC, Lee JY, Distelfeld A, Altenbach S, Gu YQ. Rapid evolution of α-gliadin gene family revealed by analyzing Gli-2 locus regions of wild emmer wheat. Funct Integr Genomics 2019; 19:993-1005. [PMID: 31197605 PMCID: PMC6797660 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-019-00686-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
α-Gliadins are a major group of gluten proteins in wheat flour that contribute to the end-use properties for food processing and contain major immunogenic epitopes that can cause serious health-related issues including celiac disease (CD). α-Gliadins are also the youngest group of gluten proteins and are encoded by a large gene family. The majority of the gene family members evolved independently in the A, B, and D genomes of different wheat species after their separation from a common ancestral species. To gain insights into the origin and evolution of these complex genes, the genomic regions of the Gli-2 loci encoding α-gliadins were characterized from the tetraploid wild emmer, a progenitor of hexaploid bread wheat that contributed the AABB genomes. Genomic sequences of Gli-2 locus regions for the wild emmer A and B genomes were first reconstructed using the genome sequence scaffolds along with optical genome maps. A total of 24 and 16 α-gliadin genes were identified for the A and B genome regions, respectively. α-Gliadin pseudogene frequencies of 86% for the A genome and 69% for the B genome were primarily caused by C to T substitutions in the highly abundant glutamine codons, resulting in the generation of premature stop codons. Comparison with the homologous regions from the hexaploid wheat cv. Chinese Spring indicated considerable sequence divergence of the two A genomes at the genomic level. In comparison, conserved regions between the two B genomes were identified that included α-gliadin pseudogenes containing shared nested TE insertions. Analyses of the genomic organization and phylogenetic tree reconstruction indicate that although orthologous gene pairs derived from speciation were present, large portions of α-gliadin genes were likely derived from differential gene duplications or deletions after the separation of the homologous wheat genomes ~ 0.5 MYA. The higher number of full-length intact α-gliadin genes in hexaploid wheat than that in wild emmer suggests that human selection through domestication might have an impact on α-gliadin evolution. Our study provides insights into the rapid and dynamic evolution of genomic regions harboring the α-gliadin genes in wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naxin Huo
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service USDA-ARS, Western Regional Research Center, 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, CA, 94710, USA.,Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Tingting Zhu
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Shengli Zhang
- Hena Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Hena Province, 453003, China
| | - Toni Mohr
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service USDA-ARS, Western Regional Research Center, 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, CA, 94710, USA
| | - Ming-Cheng Luo
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Jong-Yeol Lee
- National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, RDA, Jeonju, 54874, South Korea
| | - Assaf Distelfeld
- Institute for Crop Improvement, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel
| | - Susan Altenbach
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service USDA-ARS, Western Regional Research Center, 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, CA, 94710, USA
| | - Yong Q Gu
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service USDA-ARS, Western Regional Research Center, 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, CA, 94710, USA.
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Alves TO, D’Almeida CTS, Scherf KA, Ferreira MSL. Modern Approaches in the Identification and Quantification of Immunogenic Peptides in Cereals by LC-MS/MS. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1470. [PMID: 31798614 PMCID: PMC6868032 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Celiac disease (CD) is an immunogenic disorder that affects the small intestine. It is caused by the ingestion of gluten, a protein network formed by prolamins and glutelins from cereals such as wheat, barley, rye and, possibly, oats. For predisposed people, gluten presents epitopes able to stimulate T-cells causing symptoms like nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, among others unrelated to the gastrointestinal system. The only treatment for CD is to maintain a gluten-free diet, not exceeding 20 mg/kg of gluten, what is generally considered the safe amount for celiacs. Due to this context, it is very important to identify and quantify the gluten content of food products. ELISA is the most commonly used method to detect gluten traces in food. However, by detecting only prolamins, the results of ELISA tests may be underestimated. For this reason, more reliable and sensitive assays are needed to improve gluten quantification. Because of high sensitivity and the ability to detect even trace amounts of peptides in complex matrices, the most promising approaches to verify the presence of gluten peptides in food are non-immunological techniques, like liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Different methodologies using this approach have been developed and described in the last years, ranging from non-targeted and exploratory analysis to targeted and specific methods depending on the purpose of interest. Non-targeted analyses aim to define the proteomic profile of the sample, while targeted analyses allow the search for specific peptides, making it possible to quantify them. This review aims to gather and summarize the main proteomic techniques used in the identification and quantitation of gluten peptides related to CD-activity and gluten-related allergies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thais O. Alves
- Food and Nutrition Graduate Program (PPGAN), Laboratory of Bioactives, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratory of Protein Biochemistry—Center of Innovation in Mass Spectrometry (LBP-IMasS), UNIRIO, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Carolina T. S. D’Almeida
- Food and Nutrition Graduate Program (PPGAN), Laboratory of Bioactives, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratory of Protein Biochemistry—Center of Innovation in Mass Spectrometry (LBP-IMasS), UNIRIO, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Katharina A. Scherf
- Department of Bioactive and Functional Food Chemistry, Institute of Applied Biosciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Mariana S. L. Ferreira
- Food and Nutrition Graduate Program (PPGAN), Laboratory of Bioactives, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratory of Protein Biochemistry—Center of Innovation in Mass Spectrometry (LBP-IMasS), UNIRIO, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Mariana S. L. Ferreira,
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Dubois B, Bertin P, Hautier L, Muhovski Y, Escarnot E, Mingeot D. Genetic and environmental factors affecting the expression of α-gliadin canonical epitopes involved in celiac disease in a wide collection of spelt (Triticum aestivum ssp. spelta) cultivars and landraces. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 18:262. [PMID: 30382818 PMCID: PMC6211434 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-018-1487-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Celiac disease (CD) is an autoimmune disorder affecting genetically predisposed individuals whose dietary gluten proteins trigger an inflammatory reaction in the small intestine. Gluten is found in the seeds of cereals like bread wheat (Triticum aestivum ssp. aestivum) and spelt (Triticum aestivum ssp. spelta). The development of new varieties lacking immunogenic peptides is one of the strategies currently investigated to address the CD problem. Among gluten proteins, α-gliadins display the strongest immunogenicity with four main T-cell stimulatory epitopes. The objective of this work was to study the expression of α-gliadin epitopes related to CD in a wide collection of 121 spelt accessions (landraces and varieties, spring and winter accessions) from different provenances, and to analyze the correlation between the presence of epitope sequences in gDNA and their expression (cDNA). The effect of environmental factors (harvest year and N fertilization) on the epitope expression was also investigated. RESULTS TaqMan probes targeting the canonical form of the epitopes were used to evaluate the epitope expression levels. Significant variations in the amount of epitope transcripts were identified between accessions and according to the provenances. Spring accessions showed a significantly higher immunogenicity than winter ones and no influence of spelt breeding on the epitope expression levels could be assessed when comparing landraces and varieties from Northwestern Europe. No correlation was observed between quantitative PCR results obtained from cDNA and gDNA for 45 accessions tested, stressing the need to use markers focusing on epitope transcripts rather than on genomic sequences. A relative stability of the amount of epitopes expressed by a same accession across four harvest years was detected. The fertilization strategy, evaluated through seven N fertilization modalities applied to two commercial spelt varieties, did not influence the epitope expression of the first variety, whereas it had a slight effect for the second one. CONCLUSIONS The results obtained in this work showed that the CD-related epitope expression greatly fluctuated among the spelt accessions studied. This expression was not correlated to the epitope genomic occurrence and environmental factors had almost no influence on the amount of epitope transcripts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Dubois
- Unit of Bioengineering, Department of Life Sciences, Walloon Agricultural Research Center, Gembloux, Belgium
- Earth and Life Institute-Agronomy, Catholic University of Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Pierre Bertin
- Earth and Life Institute-Agronomy, Catholic University of Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Louis Hautier
- Unit of Plant protection and ecotoxicology, Department of Life Sciences, Walloon Agricultural Research Center, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Yordan Muhovski
- Unit of Bioengineering, Department of Life Sciences, Walloon Agricultural Research Center, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Emmanuelle Escarnot
- Unit of Breeding and biodiversity, Department of Life Sciences, Walloon Agricultural Research Center, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Dominique Mingeot
- Unit of Bioengineering, Department of Life Sciences, Walloon Agricultural Research Center, Gembloux, Belgium
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Jouanin A, Boyd L, Visser RGF, Smulders MJM. Development of Wheat With Hypoimmunogenic Gluten Obstructed by the Gene Editing Policy in Europe. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1523. [PMID: 30405661 PMCID: PMC6200864 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Coeliac Disease (CD) is an auto-immune reaction to gluten in 1-2% of the human population. A gluten-free (GF) diet, excluding wheat, barley, and rye, is the only remedy. This diet is difficult to adhere to, partly because wheat gluten is added to many processed products for their viscoelastic properties. In addition, GF products are less healthy and expensive. Wheat products containing only hypoimmunogenic gluten proteins would be a desirable option. Various gluten peptides that trigger CD have been characterized. A single wheat variety contains around hundred gluten genes, producing proteins with varying numbers of epitopes. Gene editing using CRISPR/Cas9 can precisely remove or modify the DNA sequences coding for immunogenic peptides. Wheat with hypoimmunogenic gluten thus exemplifies the potential of gene editing for improving crops for human consumption where conventional breeding cannot succeed. We describe here, in relation to breeding hypoimmunogenic wheat varieties, the inconsistencies of applying GM regulation in Europe for gene-edited plants while mutation breeding-derived plants are exempted. We explain that healthy products derived from this new technology may become available in the United States, Canada, Argentina and other countries but not in Europe, because of strict regulation of unintended GM risk at the expense of reduction the existing immunogenicity risks of patients. We argue that regulation of gene-edited plants should be based on scientific evidence. Therefore, we strongly recommend implementing the innovation principle. Responsible Research and Innovation, involving stakeholders including CD patient societies in the development of gene-editing products, will enable progress toward healthy products and encourage public acceptance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Jouanin
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
- Genetics & Breeding Research, National Institute of Agricultural Botany, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Aurélie Jouanin, Marinus J. M. Smulders,
| | - Lesley Boyd
- Genetics & Breeding Research, National Institute of Agricultural Botany, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Marinus J. M. Smulders
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Aurélie Jouanin, Marinus J. M. Smulders,
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18
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Dubois B, Bertin P, Muhovski Y, Escarnot E, Mingeot D. Development of TaqMan probes targeting the four major celiac disease epitopes found in α-gliadin sequences of spelt ( Triticum aestivum ssp. spelta) and bread wheat ( Triticum aestivum ssp. aestivum). PLANT METHODS 2017; 13:72. [PMID: 28912827 PMCID: PMC5588674 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-017-0222-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Celiac disease (CD) is caused by specific sequences of gluten proteins found in cereals such as bread wheat (Triticum aestivum ssp. aestivum) and spelt (T. aestivum ssp. spelta). Among them, the α-gliadins display the highest immunogenicity, with four T-cell stimulatory epitopes. The toxicity of each epitope sequence can be reduced or even suppressed according to the allelic form of each sequence. One way to address the CD problem would be to make use of this allelic variability in breeding programs to develop safe varieties, but tools to track the presence of toxic epitopes are required. The objective of this study was to develop a tool to accurately detect and quantify the immunogenic content of expressed α-gliadins of spelt and bread wheat. RESULTS Four TaqMan probes that only hybridize to the canonical-i.e. toxic-form of each of the four epitopes were developed and their specificity was demonstrated. Six TaqMan probes targeting stable reference genes were also developed and constitute a tool to normalize qPCR data. The probes were used to measure the epitope expression levels of 11 contrasted spelt accessions and three ancestral diploid accessions of bread wheat and spelt. A high expression variability was highlighted among epitopes and among accessions, especially in Asian spelts, which showed lower epitope expression levels than the other spelts. Some discrepancies were identified between the canonical epitope expression level and the global amount of expressed α-gliadins, which makes the designed TaqMan probes a useful tool to quantify the immunogenic potential independently of the global amount of expressed α-gliadins. CONCLUSIONS The results obtained in this study provide useful tools to study the immunogenic potential of expressed α-gliadin sequences from Triticeae accessions such as spelt and bread wheat. The application of the designed probes to contrasted spelt accessions revealed a high variability and interesting low canonical epitope expression levels in the Asian spelt accessions studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Dubois
- Département Sciences du vivant, Centre wallon de Recherches agronomiques (CRA-W), Chaussée de Charleroi, 234, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
- Earth and Life Institute – Agronomy, Université catholique de Louvain (UCL), Croix du Sud, 2 bte L7.05.11, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Pierre Bertin
- Earth and Life Institute – Agronomy, Université catholique de Louvain (UCL), Croix du Sud, 2 bte L7.05.11, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Yordan Muhovski
- Département Sciences du vivant, Centre wallon de Recherches agronomiques (CRA-W), Chaussée de Charleroi, 234, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Emmanuelle Escarnot
- Département Sciences du vivant, Centre wallon de Recherches agronomiques (CRA-W), Rue de Liroux, 4, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Dominique Mingeot
- Département Sciences du vivant, Centre wallon de Recherches agronomiques (CRA-W), Chaussée de Charleroi, 234, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
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De Re V, Magris R, Cannizzaro R. New Insights into the Pathogenesis of Celiac Disease. Front Med (Lausanne) 2017; 4:137. [PMID: 28913337 PMCID: PMC5583152 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2017.00137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Celiac disease (CD) is an autoimmune and multisystem gluten-related disorder that causes symptoms involving the gastrointestinal tract and other organs. Pathogenesis of CD is only partially known. It had been established that ingestion of gluten proteins present in wheat and other cereals are necessary for the disease and develops in individuals genetically predisposed carrying the DQ2 or DQ8 human leukocyte antigen haplotypes. In this review, we had pay specific attention on the last discoveries regarding the three cellular components mainly involved in the development and maintenance of CD: T-cells, B-cells, and microbioma. All of them had been showed critical for the interaction between inflammatory immune response and gluten peptides. Although the mechanisms of interaction among overall these components are not yet fully understood, recent proteomics and molecular studies had shed some lights in the pathogenic role of tissue transglutaminase 2 in CD and in the alteration of the intestinal barrier function induced by host microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valli De Re
- Immunopatologia e Biomarcatori Oncologici/Bio-Proteomics Facility, CRO Aviano National Cancer Institute, Aviano, Italy
| | - Raffaella Magris
- Oncological Gastroenterology, CRO Aviano National Cancer Institute, Aviano, Italy
| | - Renato Cannizzaro
- Oncological Gastroenterology, CRO Aviano National Cancer Institute, Aviano, Italy
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Boukid F, Mejri M, Pellegrini N, Sforza S, Prandi B. How Looking for Celiac-Safe Wheat Can Influence Its Technological Properties. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2017; 16:797-807. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Revised: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Boukid
- Plant Protection and Improvement Laboratory, Center of Biotechnology of Sfax; Univ. of Sfax; Tunisia
- Food and Drug Dept.; Univ. di Parma; Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A 43124 Parma Italy
| | - Mondher Mejri
- Plant Protection and Improvement Laboratory, Center of Biotechnology of Sfax; Univ. of Sfax; Tunisia
| | - Nicoletta Pellegrini
- Food and Drug Dept.; Univ. di Parma; Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A 43124 Parma Italy
- Food Quality Design Group; Wageningen Univ.; PO Box 8129 Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Stefano Sforza
- Food and Drug Dept.; Univ. di Parma; Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A 43124 Parma Italy
| | - Barbara Prandi
- Food and Drug Dept.; Univ. di Parma; Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A 43124 Parma Italy
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21
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De Santis MA, Giuliani MM, Giuzio L, De Vita P, Lovegrove A, Shewry PR, Flagella Z. Differences in gluten protein composition between old and modern durum wheat genotypes in relation to 20th century breeding in Italy. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF AGRONOMY : THE JOURNAL OF THE EUROPEAN SOCIETY FOR AGRONOMY 2017; 87:19-29. [PMID: 28769550 PMCID: PMC5521873 DOI: 10.1016/j.eja.2017.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Revised: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The impact of breeding on grain yields of wheat varieties released during the 20th century has been extensively studied, whereas less information is available on the changes in gluten quality associated with effects on the amount and composition of glutenins and gliadins. In order to explore the effects of breeding during the 20th century on gluten quality of durum wheat for processing and health we have compared a set of old and modern Italian genotypes grown under Mediterranean conditions. The better technological performance observed for the modern varieties was found to be due not only to the introgression of superior alleles of high (HMW-GS) and low molecular weight (LMW-GS) glutenin subunits encoded at Glu-B1 and Glu-B3 loci, but also to differential expression of specific storage proteins. In particular, the higher gluten index observed in modern genotypes was correlated with an increased glutenin/gliadin ratio and the expression of B-type LMW-GS which was, on average, two times higher in the modern than in the old group of durum wheat genotypes. By contrast, no significant differences were found between old and modern durum wheat genotypes in relation to the expression of α-type and γ-type gliadins which are major fractions that trigger coeliac disease (CD) in susceptible individuals. Furthermore, a drastic decrease was observed in the expression of ω-type gliadins in the modern genotypes, mainly ω-5 gliadin (also known as Tri a 19) which is a major allergen in wheat dependent exercise induced anaphylaxis (WDEIA). Immunological and 2DE SDS-PAGE analyses indicated that these differences could be related either to a general down-regulation or to differences in numbers of isoforms. Lower rainfall during grain filling period was related to overall higher expression of HMW-GS and ω-gliadins. In conclusion, breeding activity carried out in Italy during the 20th century appears to have improved durum wheat gluten quality, both in relation to technological performance and allergenic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele A. De Santis
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, degli Alimenti e dell’Ambiente, Università degli Studi di Foggia, Via Napoli 25 - 71122, Foggia, Italy
| | - Marcella M. Giuliani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, degli Alimenti e dell’Ambiente, Università degli Studi di Foggia, Via Napoli 25 - 71122, Foggia, Italy
| | - Luigia Giuzio
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, degli Alimenti e dell’Ambiente, Università degli Studi di Foggia, Via Napoli 25 - 71122, Foggia, Italy
| | - Pasquale De Vita
- Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l’Analisi dell’Economia Agraria – Centro di Ricerca per la Cerealicoltura (CREA-CER), S.S. 673 km 25.200, 71122 Foggia, Italy
| | - Alison Lovegrove
- Department of Plant Biology and Crop Science, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Peter R. Shewry
- Department of Plant Biology and Crop Science, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Zina Flagella
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, degli Alimenti e dell’Ambiente, Università degli Studi di Foggia, Via Napoli 25 - 71122, Foggia, Italy
- Corresponding author.
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Mohan Kumar BV, Prasada Rao UJS, Prabhasankar P. Immunogenicity characterization of hexaploid and tetraploid wheat varieties related to celiac disease and wheat allergy. FOOD AGR IMMUNOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/09540105.2017.1319342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- B. V. Mohan Kumar
- Flour Milling Baking and Confectionery Technology Department, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore, India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore, India
| | - U. J. S. Prasada Rao
- Department Biochemistry, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore, India
| | - P. Prabhasankar
- Flour Milling Baking and Confectionery Technology Department, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore, India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore, India
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Jouanin A, Gilissen LJWJ, Boyd LA, Cockram J, Leigh FJ, Wallington EJ, van den Broeck HC, van der Meer IM, Schaart JG, Visser RGF, Smulders MJM. Food processing and breeding strategies for coeliac-safe and healthy wheat products. Food Res Int 2017; 110:11-21. [PMID: 30029701 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2017.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A strict gluten-free diet is currently the only treatment for the 1-2% of the world population who suffer from coeliac disease (CD). However, due to the presence of wheat and wheat derivatives in many food products, avoiding gluten consumption is difficult. Gluten-free products, made without wheat, barley or rye, typically require the inclusion of numerous additives, resulting in products that are often less healthy than gluten-based equivalents. Here, we present and discuss two broad approaches to decrease wheat gluten immunogenicity for CD patients. The first approach is based on food processing strategies, which aim to remove gliadins or all gluten from edible products. We find that several of the candidate food processing techniques to produce low gluten-immunogenic products from wheat already exist. The second approach focuses on wheat breeding strategies to remove immunogenic epitopes from the gluten proteins, while maintaining their food-processing properties. A combination of breeding strategies, including mutation breeding and possibly genome editing, will be necessary to produce coeliac-safe wheat. Individuals suffering from CD and people genetically susceptible who may develop CD after prolonged gluten consumption would benefit from reduced CD-immunogenic wheat. Although the production of healthy and less CD-toxic wheat varieties and food products will be challenging, increasing global demand may require these issues to be addressed in the near future by food processing and cereal breeding companies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Jouanin
- Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands; NIAB, Cambridge CB3 0LE, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jan G Schaart
- Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Ribeiro M, Rodriguez-Quijano M, Nunes FM, Carrillo JM, Branlard G, Igrejas G. New insights into wheat toxicity: Breeding did not seem to contribute to a prevalence of potential celiac disease’s immunostimulatory epitopes. Food Chem 2016; 213:8-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.06.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Revised: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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25
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Gilissen LJWJ, van der Meer IM, Smulders MJM. Why Oats Are Safe and Healthy for Celiac Disease Patients. Med Sci (Basel) 2016; 4:medsci4040021. [PMID: 29083384 PMCID: PMC5635790 DOI: 10.3390/medsci4040021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2016] [Revised: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The water-insoluble storage proteins of cereals (prolamins) are called “gluten” in wheat, barley, and rye, and “avenins” in oat. Gluten can provoke celiac disease (CD) in genetically susceptible individuals (those with human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DQ2 or HLA-DQ8 serotypes). Avenins are present at a lower concentration (10%–15% of total protein content) in oat as compared to gluten in wheat (80%–85%). The avenins in the genus Avena (cultivated oat as well as various wild species of which gene bank accessions were analyzed) are free of the known CD immunogenic epitopes from wheat, barley, and rye. T cells that recognize avenin-specific epitopes have been found very rarely in CD patients. CD patients that consume oats daily do not show significantly increased levels of intraepithelial lymphocyte (EIL) cells. The safety and the positive health effects of the long-term inclusion of oats in the gluten-free diet have been confirmed in long-term studies. Since 2009 (EC 41/2009) and 2013 (FDA) oat products may be sold as gluten-free in several countries provided a gluten contamination level below 20 ppm. Introduction of oats in the gluten-free diet of celiac patients is advised after the recovery of the intestine. Health effects of oat consumption are reflected in European Food Safety Authority (EFSA)- and Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved health claims. Oats can form a healthy, nutritious, fiber-rich, and safe complement to the gluten-free diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luud J W J Gilissen
- Wageningen University & Research, Bioscience, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | | | - Marinus J M Smulders
- Wageningen University & Research, Plant Breeding, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Abstract
Coeliac disease is an intolerance triggered by the ingestion of wheat gluten proteins. It is of increasing concern to consumers and health professionals as its incidence appears to be increasing. The amino acid sequences in gluten proteins that are responsible for triggering responses in sensitive individuals have been identified showing that they vary in distribution among and between different groups of gluten proteins. Conventional breeding may therefore be used to select for gluten protein fractions with lower contents of coeliac epitopes. Molecular breeding approaches can also be used to specifically down-regulate coeliac-toxic proteins or mutate coeliac epitopes within individual proteins. A combination of these approaches may therefore be used to develop a “coeliac-safe” wheat. However, this remains a formidable challenge due to the complex multigenic control of gluten protein composition. Furthermore, any modified wheats must retain acceptable properties for making bread and other processed foods. Not surprisingly, such coeliac-safe wheats have not yet been developed despite over a decade of research. Coeliac disease is of increasing concern as its incidence appears to be increasing. Over 30 amino acid sequences (coeliac epitopes) have been defined. Coeliac epitopes differ in their distribution between wheat gluten proteins. Transgenesis can be used to reduce coeliac-toxic proteins and coeliac epitopes. This can be exploited to develop “coeliac-safe” wheats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter R Shewry
- Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, UK; University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, Berkshire RG6 6AH, UK
| | - Arthur S Tatham
- Cardiff School of Heath Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Llandaff Campus, Western Avenue, Cardiff CF5 2YB, UK
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Ozuna CV, Iehisa JCM, Giménez MJ, Alvarez JB, Sousa C, Barro F. Diversification of the celiac disease α-gliadin complex in wheat: a 33-mer peptide with six overlapping epitopes, evolved following polyploidization. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 82:794-805. [PMID: 25864460 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2015] [Revised: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The gluten proteins from wheat, barley and rye are responsible both for celiac disease (CD) and for non-celiac gluten sensitivity, two pathologies affecting up to 6-8% of the human population worldwide. The wheat α-gliadin proteins contain three major CD immunogenic peptides: p31-43, which induces the innate immune response; the 33-mer, formed by six overlapping copies of three highly stimulatory epitopes; and an additional DQ2.5-glia-α3 epitope which partially overlaps with the 33-mer. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) and Sanger sequencing of α-gliadin genes from diploid and polyploid wheat provided six types of α-gliadins (named 1-6) with strong differences in their frequencies in diploid and polyploid wheat, and in the presence and abundance of these CD immunogenic peptides. Immunogenic variants of the p31-43 peptide were found in most of the α-gliadins. Variants of the DQ2.5-glia-α3 epitope were associated with specific types of α-gliadins. Remarkably, only type 1 α-gliadins contained 33-mer epitopes. Moreover, the full immunodominant 33-mer fragment was only present in hexaploid wheat at low abundance, probably as the result of allohexaploidization events from subtype 1.2 α-gliadins found only in Aegilops tauschii, the D-genome donor of hexaploid wheat. Type 3 α-gliadins seem to be the ancestral type as they are found in most of the α-gliadin-expressing Triticeae species. These findings are important for reducing the incidence of CD by the breeding/selection of wheat varieties with low stimulatory capacity of T cells. Moreover, advanced genome-editing techniques (TALENs, CRISPR) will be easier to implement on the small group of α-gliadins containing only immunogenic peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen V Ozuna
- Departamento de Mejora Genética, Instituto de Agricultura Sostenible (IAS), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Córdoba, E-14080, Spain
| | - Julio C M Iehisa
- Departamento de Mejora Genética, Instituto de Agricultura Sostenible (IAS), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Córdoba, E-14080, Spain
| | - María J Giménez
- Departamento de Mejora Genética, Instituto de Agricultura Sostenible (IAS), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Córdoba, E-14080, Spain
| | - Juan B Alvarez
- Departamento de Genética, Escuela Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos y Montes, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, E-14071, Spain
| | - Carolina Sousa
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, 41012, Spain
| | - Francisco Barro
- Departamento de Mejora Genética, Instituto de Agricultura Sostenible (IAS), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Córdoba, E-14080, Spain
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van den Broeck HC, Cordewener JH, Nessen MA, America AH, van der Meer IM. Label free targeted detection and quantification of celiac disease immunogenic epitopes by mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1391:60-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.02.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Revised: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Kucek LK, Veenstra LD, Amnuaycheewa P, Sorrells ME. A Grounded Guide to Gluten: How Modern Genotypes and Processing Impact Wheat Sensitivity. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2015; 14:285-302. [PMID: 33401796 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The role of wheat, and particularly of gluten protein, in our diet has recently been scrutinized. This article provides a summary of the main pathologies related to wheat in the human body, including celiac disease, wheat allergy, nonceliac wheat sensitivity, fructose malabsorption, and irritable bowel syndrome. Differences in reactivity are discussed for ancient, heritage, and modern wheats. Due to large variability among species and genotypes, it might be feasible to select wheat varieties with lower amounts and fewer types of reactive prolamins and fructans. Einkorn is promising for producing fewer immunotoxic effects in a number of celiac research studies. Additionally, the impact of wheat processing methods on wheat sensitivity is reviewed. Research indicates that germination and fermentation technologies can effectively alter certain immunoreactive components. For individuals with wheat sensitivity, less-reactive wheat products can slow down disease development and improve quality of life. While research has not proven causation in the increase in wheat sensitivity over the last decades, modern wheat processing may have increased exposure to immunoreactive compounds. More research is necessary to understand the influence of modern wheat cultivars on epidemiological change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Kissing Kucek
- School of Integrated Plant Science, Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, 240 Emerson Hall, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY, 14853, U.S.A
| | - Lynn D Veenstra
- School of Integrated Plant Science, Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, 240 Emerson Hall, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY, 14853, U.S.A
| | - Plaimein Amnuaycheewa
- Dept. of Agro-Industrial, Food, and Environmental Technology, Faculty of Applied Science, King Mongkut's Univ. of Technology North Bangkok, Bangkok, 10800, Thailand
| | - Mark E Sorrells
- School of Integrated Plant Science, Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, 240 Emerson Hall, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY, 14853, U.S.A
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31
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Gilissen LJ, van der Meer IM, Smulders MJ. Reducing the incidence of allergy and intolerance to cereals. J Cereal Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2014.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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