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Li L, Hossain SM, Eccles MR. The Role of the PAX Genes in Renal Cell Carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6730. [PMID: 38928435 PMCID: PMC11203709 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25126730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is a significant oncological challenge due to its heterogeneous nature and limited treatment options. The PAX developmental gene family encodes nine highly conserved transcription factors that play crucial roles in embryonic development and organogenesis, which have been implicated in the occurrence and development of RCC. This review explores the molecular landscape of RCC, with a specific focus on the role of the PAX gene family in RCC tumorigenesis and disease progression. Of the various RCC subtypes, clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is the most prevalent, characterized by the loss of the von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) tumor suppressor gene. Here, we review the published literature on the expression patterns and functional implications of PAX genes, particularly PAX2 and PAX8, in the three most common RCC subtypes, including ccRCC, papillary RCC (PRCC), and chromophobe RCC (ChRCC). Further, we review the interactions and potential biological mechanisms involving PAX genes and VHL loss in driving the pathogenesis of RCC, including the key signaling pathways mediated by VHL in ccRCC and associated mechanisms implicating PAX. Lastly, concurrent with our update regarding PAX gene research in RCC, we review and comment on the targeting of PAX towards the development of novel RCC therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Li
- Department of Pathology, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand; (L.L.); (S.M.H.)
| | - Sultana Mehbuba Hossain
- Department of Pathology, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand; (L.L.); (S.M.H.)
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Level 2, 3A Symonds Street, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Michael R. Eccles
- Department of Pathology, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand; (L.L.); (S.M.H.)
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Level 2, 3A Symonds Street, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
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Shang C, Lai J, Haque M, Chen W, Wang P, Lai R. Nuclear NPM-ALK Protects Myc from Proteasomal Degradation and Contributes to Its High Expression in Cancer Stem-Like Cells in ALK-Positive Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14337. [PMID: 37762644 PMCID: PMC10531997 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241814337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In ALK-positive anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALK+ALCL), a small subset of cancer stem-like (or RR) cells characterized by high Myc expression have been identified. We hypothesize that NPM-ALK contributes to their high Myc expression. While transfection of NPM-ALK into HEK293 cells effectively increased Myc by inhibiting its proteosomal degradation (PD-Myc), this effect was dramatically attenuated when the full-length NPM1 (FL-NPM1) was downregulated using shRNA, highlighting the importance of the NPM-ALK:FL-ALK heterodimers in this context. Consistent with this concept, immunoprecipitation experiments showed that the heterodimers are abundant only in RR cells, in which the half-life of Myc is substantially longer than the bulk cells. Fbw7γ, a key player in PD-Myc, is sequestered by the heterodimers in RR cells, and this finding correlates with a Myc phosphorylation pattern indicative of ineffective PD-Myc. Using confocal microscopy and immunofluorescence staining, we found that the fusion signal between ALK and FL-NPM1, characteristic of the heterodimers, correlates with the Myc level in ALK+ALCL cells from cell lines and patient samples. To conclude, our findings have revealed a novel oncogenic function of NPM-ALK in the nucleus. Specifically, the NPM-ALK:FL-NPM1 heterodimers increase cancer stemness by blocking PD-Myc and promoting Myc accumulation in the cancer stem-like cell subset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuquan Shang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada; (C.S.); (M.H.); (W.C.)
| | - Justine Lai
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada; (J.L.); (P.W.)
| | - Moinul Haque
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada; (C.S.); (M.H.); (W.C.)
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Will Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada; (C.S.); (M.H.); (W.C.)
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada; (J.L.); (P.W.)
- Department of Oncology, Cross Cancer Institute, Edmonton, AB T6G 1Z2, Canada
| | - Raymond Lai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada; (C.S.); (M.H.); (W.C.)
- Department of Oncology, Cross Cancer Institute, Edmonton, AB T6G 1Z2, Canada
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Hu K, Ma C, Ma R, Zheng Q, Wang Y, Zhang N, Sun Z. Roles of Krüppel-like factor 6 splice variant 1 in the development, diagnosis, and possible treatment strategies for non-small cell lung cancer. Am J Cancer Res 2022; 12:4468-4482. [PMID: 36381325 PMCID: PMC9641401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Krüppel-like factor 6 (KLF6) is a nuclear transcriptional regulator found in mammalian tissue that has been identified as a tumor suppressor gene in several malignancies. As a result of loss of heterozygosity, DNA methylation, and alternative splicing, it is frequently inactivated in various malignancies. Krüppel-like factor 6 splice variant 1 (KLF6-SV1), Krüppel-like factor 6 splice variant 2, and Krüppel-like factor 6 splice variant 3 alternatively spliced isoforms that emerge from a single nucleotide polymorphism in the KLF6 gene. KLF6-SV1 is generally upregulated in multiple cancers, and its biological function is well understood. Overexpression of KLF6-SV1 inhibits the KLF6 gene function while promoting tumor progression, which is associated with a poor prognosis in patients with various malignancies. We reviewed the progress of KLF6-SV1 research in NSCLC over the last several years to understand the molecular mechanisms of tumorigenesis, tumor development, and therapy resistance. Finally, this review emphasizes the therapeutic potential of small interfering RNA targeted silencing of KLF6-SV1 as a novel strategy for managing chemotherapy resistance in NSCLC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Hu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical UniversityJinan 250013, Shandong, China
- School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical UniversityWeifang 261053, Shandong, China
| | - Chao Ma
- School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical UniversityWeifang 261053, Shandong, China
| | - Ruijie Ma
- Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong UniversityJinan 250013, Shandong, China
| | - Qiming Zheng
- Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong UniversityJinan 250013, Shandong, China
| | - Yepeng Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical UniversityJinan 250013, Shandong, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Department of Breast Disease Center, Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical UniversityJinan 250013, Shandong, China
| | - Zhigang Sun
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical UniversityJinan 250013, Shandong, China
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Wang Y, Zhang C, Wang Y, Liu X, Zhang Z. Enhancer RNA (eRNA) in Human Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:11582. [PMID: 36232885 PMCID: PMC9569849 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Enhancer RNAs (eRNAs), a class of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) transcribed from enhancer regions, serve as a type of critical regulatory element in gene expression. There is increasing evidence demonstrating that the aberrant expression of eRNAs can be broadly detected in various human diseases. Some studies also revealed the potential clinical utility of eRNAs in these diseases. In this review, we summarized the recent studies regarding the pathological mechanisms of eRNAs as well as their potential utility across human diseases, including cancers, neurodegenerative disorders, cardiovascular diseases and metabolic diseases. It could help us to understand how eRNAs are engaged in the processes of diseases and to obtain better insight of eRNAs in diagnosis, prognosis or therapy. The studies we reviewed here indicate the enormous therapeutic potency of eRNAs across human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunzhe Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Chenyang Zhang
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yuxiang Wang
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xiuping Liu
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zhao Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
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Yang T, Wen Y, Li J, Tan T, Yang J, Pan J, Hu C, Yao Y, Zhang J, Li S, Xia H, He J, Zou Y. Association of CMYC polymorphisms with hepatoblastoma risk. Transl Cancer Res 2020; 9:849-855. [PMID: 35117430 PMCID: PMC8798278 DOI: 10.21037/tcr.2019.12.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in genes may affect gene expression and contribute to cancer susceptibility. This study aimed to explore the association between CMYC gene polymorphisms and hepatoblastoma risk. METHODS Hepatoblastoma patients and cancer-free controls were recruited and matched by age and sex. Genotypes were determined by TaqMan, and the strength of the association of interest was determined by calculating odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). The distributions of various CMYC genotypes among subjects were recorded, followed by analyses of associations between CMYC polymorphisms and hepatoblastoma risk. RESULTS A total of 213 hepatoblastoma patients and 958 cancer-free controls were enrolled. No significant associations between the CMYC rs4645943 and rs2070583 polymorphisms and hepatoblastoma risk were found (all P>0.05). In stratification analysis based on age, sex, and clinical stage, the CMYC rs4645943 and rs2070583 polymorphisms were not associated with hepatoblastoma susceptibility (all P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS Thus, the CMYC rs4645943 and rs2070583 polymorphisms were not associated with hepatoblastoma risk in the study cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyou Yang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, China
| | - Yang Wen
- First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Jiahao Li
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, China
| | - Tianbao Tan
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, China
| | - Jiliang Yang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, China
| | - Jing Pan
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, China
| | - Chao Hu
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, China
| | - Yuxiao Yao
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, China
| | - Jiao Zhang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Suhong Li
- Department of Pathology, Children Hospital and Women Health Center of Shanxi, Taiyuan 030002, China
| | - Huimin Xia
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, China
| | - Jing He
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, China
| | - Yan Zou
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, China
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Li L, Guturi KKN, Gautreau B, Patel PS, Saad A, Morii M, Mateo F, Palomero L, Barbour H, Gomez A, Ng D, Kotlyar M, Pastrello C, Jackson HW, Khokha R, Jurisica I, Affar EB, Raught B, Sanchez O, Alaoui-Jamali M, Pujana MA, Hakem A, Hakem R. Ubiquitin ligase RNF8 suppresses Notch signaling to regulate mammary development and tumorigenesis. J Clin Invest 2018; 128:4525-4542. [PMID: 30222135 DOI: 10.1172/jci120401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The E3 ubiquitin ligase RNF8 plays critical roles in maintaining genomic stability by promoting the repair of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) through ubiquitin signaling. Abnormal activation of Notch signaling and defective repair of DSBs promote breast cancer risk. Here, we found that low expression of the full-length RNF8 correlated with poor prognosis for breast cancer patients. Our data revealed that in addition to its role in the repair of DSBs, RNF8 regulated Notch1 signaling and cell-fate determination of mammary luminal progenitors. Mechanistically, RNF8 acted as a negative regulator of Notch signaling by ubiquitylating the active NOTCH1 protein (N1ICD), leading to its degradation. Consistent with abnormal activation of Notch signaling and impaired repair of DSBs in Rnf8-mutant mammary epithelial cells, we observed increased risk of mammary tumorigenesis in mouse models for RNF8 deficiency. Notably, deficiency of RNF8 sensitized breast cancer cells to combination of pharmacological inhibitors of Notch signaling and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), suggesting implications for treatment of breast cancer associated with impaired RNF8 expression or function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network and Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kiran Kumar Naidu Guturi
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network and Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brandon Gautreau
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network and Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Parasvi S Patel
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network and Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Amine Saad
- Segal Cancer Centre and Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Departments of Medicine and Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mayako Morii
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network and Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Francesca Mateo
- Program Against Cancer Therapeutic Resistance (ProCURE), Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), Bellvitge Institute for Biomedical Research (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet del Llobregat, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Luis Palomero
- Program Against Cancer Therapeutic Resistance (ProCURE), Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), Bellvitge Institute for Biomedical Research (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet del Llobregat, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Haithem Barbour
- Centre de Recherche, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Antonio Gomez
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Deborah Ng
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network and Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Max Kotlyar
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Chiara Pastrello
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hartland W Jackson
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network and Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rama Khokha
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network and Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Igor Jurisica
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Departments of Medical Biophysics and Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - El Bachir Affar
- Centre de Recherche, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Brian Raught
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network and Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Otto Sanchez
- University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Oshawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Moulay Alaoui-Jamali
- Segal Cancer Centre and Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Departments of Medicine and Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Miguel A Pujana
- Program Against Cancer Therapeutic Resistance (ProCURE), Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), Bellvitge Institute for Biomedical Research (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet del Llobregat, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Anne Hakem
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network and Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Razq Hakem
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network and Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Haider SA, Faisal M. Human aging in the post-GWAS era: further insights reveal potential regulatory variants. Biogerontology 2015; 16:529-41. [PMID: 25895066 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-015-9575-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Human aging involves a gradual decrease in cellular integrity that contributes to multiple complex disorders such as neurodegenerative disorders, cancer, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) play a key role in discovering genetic variations that may contribute towards disease vulnerability. However, mostly disease-associated SNPs lie within non-coding part of the genome; majority of the variants are also present in linkage disequilibrium (LD) with the genome-wide significant SNPs (GWAS lead SNPs). Overall 600 SNPs were analyzed, out of which 291 returned RegulomeDB scores of 1-6. It was observed that just 4 out of those 291 SNPs show strong evidence of regulatory effects (RegulomeDB score <3), while none of them includes any GWAS lead SNP. Nevertheless, this study demonstrates that by combining ENCODE project data along with GWAS reported information will provide important insights on the impact of a genetic variant-moving from GWAS towards understanding disease pathways. It is noteworthy that both genome-wide significant SNPs as well as the SNPs in LD must be considered for future studies; this may prove to be crucial in deciphering the potential regulatory elements involved in complex disorders and aging in particular.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Aleem Haider
- National Center for Bioinformatics, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
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Genome-wide association studies of cancer predisposition. Mol Oncol 2013. [DOI: 10.1017/cbo9781139046947.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Single nucleotide polymorphism 8q24 rs13281615 and risk of breast cancer: meta-analysis of more than 100,000 cases. PLoS One 2013; 8:e60108. [PMID: 23565189 PMCID: PMC3614948 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The onset and progression of breast cancer (BC) is influenced by many factors, including the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs13281615 at 8q24. However, studies of the potential association between rs13281615 at 8q24 and risk of BC have given inconsistent results. We performed a meta-analysis to address this controversy. Methods PubMed, EMBASE and the Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure databases were systematically searched to identify relevant studies. Two curators independently extracted data, and odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were calculated to assess the strength of the association between rs13281615 at 8q24 and risk of BC. Results Fourteen studies are included in the meta-analysis, involving 44,283 cases (5,170 Chinese and 39,113 mixed) and 55,756 controls (5,589 Chinese and 50,167 mixed). The GG and G-allele genotypes of rs13281615 at 8q24 are significantly associated with increased risk of BC (GG vs. AG+AA, OR 1.13, 95% CI 1.08–1.19, P<0.001; G-allele vs. A-allele, OR 1.10, 95% CI 1.06–1.14, P<0.001; GG vs. AA, OR 1.20, 95% CI 1.12–1.29, P<0.001). Conversely, the AA genotype is significantly associated with decreased risk of BC (AA vs. AG+GG, OR 0.89, 95% CI 0.84–0.93, P<0.001). Conclusion G-allele genotypes of rs13281615 at 8q24 polymorphism are a risk factor for developing BC, while the AA genotype is a protective factor. Further large and well-designed studies are required to confirm this conclusion.
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Liu M, Zhu H, Yang S, Wang Z, Bai J, Xu N. c-Myc suppressed E-cadherin through miR-9 at the post-transcriptional level. Cell Biol Int 2013; 37:197-202. [PMID: 23364919 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
c-Myc oncoprotein is overexpressed in most human cancers and regulates different genes and pathways in different cell types. E-cadherin expression is repressed by MYC through a post-transcriptional mechanism, but the exact mechanism remains elusive. Since E-cadherin is a direct target of miR-9 and miR-9 can be activated by MYC and MYCN, this suggests that c-Myc negatively modulates E-cadherin through a microRNA pathway. We have established a c-Myc-inducible expression system in which the protein level and transcriptional activity of c-Myc is significantly upregulated upon doxycycline induction. Overexpressed c-Myc led to an EMT-like conversion in the T-REx-293 cells and resulted in a significant decrease in E-cadherin and an increase in Vimentin. Stem-loop RT-PCR showed elevated expression of miR-9 when c-Myc was induced to be overexpressed. Regarding the relationship of c-Myc, miR-9 and E-cadherin, the expression of miR-9 was curtailed by using antagomir-9 in induced overexpressing c-Myc. Restoration of E-cadherin expression became much stronger in the presence of c-Myc. Thus c-Myc represses E-cadherin at the post-transcriptional level through miR-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Liu
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology & State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Institute & Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China
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Willard SS, Koochekpour S. Regulators of gene expression as biomarkers for prostate cancer. Am J Cancer Res 2012; 2:620-657. [PMID: 23226612 PMCID: PMC3512182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2012] [Accepted: 10/09/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent technological advancements in gene expression analysis have led to the discovery of a promising new group of prostate cancer (PCa) biomarkers that have the potential to influence diagnosis and the prediction of disease severity. The accumulation of deleterious changes in gene expression is a fundamental mechanism of prostate carcinogenesis. Aberrant gene expression can arise from changes in epigenetic regulation or mutation in the genome affecting either key regulatory elements or gene sequences themselves. At the epigenetic level, a myriad of abnormal histone modifications and changes in DNA methylation are found in PCa patients. In addition, many mutations in the genome have been associated with higher PCa risk. Finally, over- or underexpression of key genes involved in cell cycle regulation, apoptosis, cell adhesion and regulation of transcription has been observed. An interesting group of biomarkers are emerging from these studies which may prove more predictive than the standard prostate specific antigen (PSA) serum test. In this review, we discuss recent results in the field of gene expression analysis in PCa including the most promising biomarkers in the areas of epigenetics, genomics and the transcriptome, some of which are currently under investigation as clinical tests for early detection and better prognostic prediction of PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacey S Willard
- Departments of Cancer Genetics and Urology, Center for Genetics and Pharmacology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY, USA
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12
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Chan JY, Li H, Singh O, Mahajan A, Ramasamy S, Subramaniyan K, Kanesvaran R, Sim HG, Chong TW, Teo YY, Chia SE, Tan MH, Chowbay B. 8q24 and 17q prostate cancer susceptibility loci in a multiethnic Asian cohort. Urol Oncol 2012; 31:1553-60. [PMID: 22561070 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2012.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2011] [Revised: 01/18/2012] [Accepted: 02/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Recently, several genome-wide association studies have demonstrated a cumulative association of 5 polymorphic variants in chromosomes 8q24 and 17q with prostate cancer (CaP) risk in Caucasians, particularly those harboring aggressive clinicopathologic characteristics. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of these variants on CaP susceptibility in Singaporean Asian men. MATERIALS AND METHODS We performed a case-control study in 289 Chinese CaP patients and 412 healthy subjects (144 Chinese, 134 Malays, and 134 Indians), and examined the association of the 5 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with CaP. RESULTS In the healthy subjects, rs16901979 A-allele frequency was highest amongst Chinese (0.32) compared with Malays (0.13; P < 0.0001) or Indians (0.09; P < 0.0001); rs6983267 G-allele was highest in Indians (0.51) compared with Chinese (0.42; P = 0.041) or Malays (0.43; P = 0.077); whereas rs1859962 G-allele frequency was highest amongst Indians (0.56) compared with Chinese (0.40; P = 0.0002) or Malays (0.38; P < 0.0001). Individuals with the rs4430796 TT genotype were at increased CaP risk in the Chinese via a recessive model (odds ratios (OR) = 1.56, 95% CI = 1.04-2.33). Significant associations were observed for rs4430796 TT with Gleason scores of ≥ 7 (OR = 1.76, 95% CI = 1.14-2.73) and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels of ≥ 10 ng/ml at diagnosis (OR = 1.63, 95% CI = 1.01-2.63), as well as for rs6983267 GG with stage 3-4 CaPs (OR = 1.91, 95% CI = 1.01-3.61). A cumulative gene interaction influence on disease risk, which approximately doubled for individuals with at least 2 susceptibility genotypes, was also identified (OR = 2.18, 95% CI = 1.10-4.32). CONCLUSIONS This exploratory analysis suggests that the 5 genetic variants previously described may contribute to prostate cancer risk in Singaporean men.
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Huppi K, Pitt JJ, Wahlberg BM, Caplen NJ. The 8q24 gene desert: an oasis of non-coding transcriptional activity. Front Genet 2012; 3:69. [PMID: 22558003 PMCID: PMC3339310 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2012.00069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2012] [Accepted: 04/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the functional effects of the wide-range of aberrant genetic characteristics associated with the human chromosome 8q24 region in cancer remains daunting due to the complexity of the locus. The most logical target for study remains the MYC proto-oncogene, a prominent resident of 8q24 that was first identified more than a quarter of a century ago. However, many of the amplifications, translocation breakpoints, and viral integration sites associated with 8q24 are often found throughout regions surrounding large expanses of the MYC locus that include other transcripts. In addition, chr.8q24 is host to a number of single nucleotide polymorphisms associated with cancer risk. Yet, the lack of a direct correlation between cancer risk alleles and MYC expression has also raised the possibility that MYC is not always the target of these genetic associations. The 8q24 region has been described as a "gene desert" because of the paucity of functionally annotated genes located within this region. Here we review the evidence for the role of other loci within the 8q24 region, most of which are non-coding transcripts, either in concert with MYC or independent of MYC, as possible candidate gene targets in malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konrad Huppi
- Gene Silencing Section, Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health Bethesda, MD, USA
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14
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Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have successfully identified common polymorphisms that are strongly associated with many traits, including cancer. A gene desert located on chromosome 8q24 is associated with multiple cancer types. One of the closest genes is the MYC proto-oncogene. Investigations are now turning toward a mechanistic understanding of these (and other) risk loci. Recent studies demonstrate that the 8q24 loci are enhancers and that they physically interact with MYC. A still unresolved issue is the absence of a consistent association between genotype status at the risk loci and steady-state MYC expression levels in adult human tissues. Clarifying the function of the 8q24 variants and their link to MYC regulation by further in vivo and in vitro functional studies will allow a deeper understanding of the mechanisms underlying human cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Grisanzio
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
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15
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Tarocchi M, Hannivoort R, Hoshida Y, Lee UE, Vetter D, Narla G, Villanueva A, Oren M, Llovet JM, Friedman SL. Carcinogen-induced hepatic tumors in KLF6+/- mice recapitulate aggressive human hepatocellular carcinoma associated with p53 pathway deregulation. Hepatology 2011; 54:522-31. [PMID: 21563203 PMCID: PMC3144998 DOI: 10.1002/hep.24413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2010] [Accepted: 04/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Inactivation of KLF6 is common in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) associated with hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, thereby abrogating its normal antiproliferative activity in liver cells. The aim of the study was to evaluate the impact of KLF6 depletion on human HCC and experimental hepatocarcinogenesis in vivo. In patients with surgically resected HCC, reduced tumor expression of KLF6 was associated with decreased survival. Consistent with its role as a tumor suppressor, KLF6+/- mice developed significantly more tumors in response to the chemical carcinogen diethyl nitrosamine (DEN) than wild-type animals. Gene expression signatures in both surrounding tissue and tumors of KLF6+/- mice closely recapitulated those associated with aggressive human HCCs. Expression microarray profiling also revealed an increase in Mdm2 mRNA in tumors from KLF6+/- compared with KLF6+/+ mice, which was validated by way of quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis in both human HCC and DEN-induced murine tumors. Moreover, chromatin immunoprecipitation and cotransfection assays established the P2 intronic promoter of Mdm2 as a bona fide transcriptional target repressed by KLF6. Whereas KLF6 overexpression in HCC cell lines and primary hepatocytes led to reduced MDM2 levels and increased p53 protein and transcriptional activity, reduction in KLF6 by small interfering RNA led to increased MDM2 and reduced p53. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that KLF6 deficiency contributes significantly to the carcinogenic milieu in human and murine HCC and uncover a novel tumor suppressor activity of KLF6 in HCC by linking its transcriptional repression of Mdm2 to stabilizing p53.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirko Tarocchi
- Department of Medicine/Division of Liver Diseases, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY,Department of Clinical Pathophysiology/Gastroenterology Unit, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Rebekka Hannivoort
- Department of Medicine/Division of Liver Diseases, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Yujin Hoshida
- Cancer Program, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge MA
| | - Ursula E. Lee
- Department of Medicine/Division of Liver Diseases, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Diana Vetter
- Department of Medicine/Division of Liver Diseases, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Goutham Narla
- Department of Medicine/Division of Hematology/Oncology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY,Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Augusto Villanueva
- HCC Translational Research Laboratory, Barcelona-Clinic Liver Cancer Group, Liver Unit. Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS); Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain; Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats
| | - Moshe Oren
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, The Weizmann Institute, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Josep M. Llovet
- Department of Medicine/Division of Liver Diseases, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY,HCC Translational Research Laboratory, Barcelona-Clinic Liver Cancer Group, Liver Unit. Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS); Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain; Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats
| | - Scott L. Friedman
- Department of Medicine/Division of Liver Diseases, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY
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16
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Gallagher DJ, Smith JD, Offit K, Stadler ZK. Diagnosing hereditary colorectal cancer. Clin Colorectal Cancer 2011; 9:205-11. [PMID: 20920991 DOI: 10.3816/ccc.2010.n.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Although progress in the treatment of patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) has resulted in improved median survival, most patients with metastatic CRC still die of their disease, and essentially all patients with early-stage disease must undergo surgical resection and subsequently face the possibility of adjuvant chemotherapy. As effective screening and prevention strategies for CRC have been developed, identification of individuals with a hereditary predisposition to developing CRC is especially important and provides the opportunity to reduce disease burden in this high-risk population. Increased awareness and improved diagnostic techniques for hereditary CRC syndromes have facilitated more frequent diagnosis and management of a small number of highly penetrant syndromes within families. However, known high-penetrance genetic predisposition syndromes account for a minority of all familial CRC, leaving much of the genetic basis of CRC unexplained. Recent advances in high-throughput genotyping have made possible genome-wide association studies, which have identified novel genetic variants associated with modest increases in CRC risk. While these associations have helped to identify potentially important pathways in CRC carcinogenesis, at the current time, the clinical use of such genetic risk variants in colon cancer risk stratification remains limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Gallagher
- Department of Medicine, Clinical Genetics Service, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA.
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17
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Bonifaci N, Górski B, Masojć B, Wokołorczyk D, Jakubowska A, Dębniak T, Berenguer A, Serra Musach J, Brunet J, Dopazo J, Narod SA, Lubiński J, Lázaro C, Cybulski C, Pujana MA. Exploring the link between germline and somatic genetic alterations in breast carcinogenesis. PLoS One 2010; 5:e14078. [PMID: 21124932 PMCID: PMC2989917 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0014078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2010] [Accepted: 11/02/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have identified candidate genes contributing to cancer risk through low-penetrance mutations. Many of these genes were unexpected and, intriguingly, included well-known players in carcinogenesis at the somatic level. To assess the hypothesis of a germline-somatic link in carcinogenesis, we evaluated the distribution of somatic gene labels within the ordered results of a breast cancer risk GWAS. This analysis suggested frequent influence on risk of genetic variation in loci encoding for "driver kinases" (i.e., kinases encoded by genes that showed higher somatic mutation rates than expected by chance and, therefore, whose deregulation may contribute to cancer development and/or progression). Assessment of these predictions using a population-based case-control study in Poland replicated the association for rs3732568 in EPHB1 (odds ratio (OR) = 0.79; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.63-0.98; P(trend) = 0.031). Analyses by early age at diagnosis and by estrogen receptor α (ERα) tumor status indicated potential associations for rs6852678 in CDKL2 (OR = 0.32, 95% CI: 0.10-1.00; P(recessive) = 0.044) and rs10878640 in DYRK2 (OR = 2.39, 95% CI: 1.32-4.30; P(dominant) = 0.003), and for rs12765929, rs9836340, rs4707795 in BMPR1A, EPHA3 and EPHA7, respectively (ERα tumor status P(interaction)<0.05). The identification of three novel candidates as EPH receptor genes might indicate a link between perturbed compartmentalization of early neoplastic lesions and breast cancer risk and progression. Together, these data may lay the foundations for replication in additional populations and could potentially increase our knowledge of the underlying molecular mechanisms of breast carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Núria Bonifaci
- Biomarkers and Susceptibility Unit, Spanish Biomedical Research Centre Network for Epidemiology and Public Health, Catalan Institute of Oncology, L'Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Bohdan Górski
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, International Hereditary Cancer Center, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Bartlomiej Masojć
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, International Hereditary Cancer Center, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Dominika Wokołorczyk
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, International Hereditary Cancer Center, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Anna Jakubowska
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, International Hereditary Cancer Center, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Tadeusz Dębniak
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, International Hereditary Cancer Center, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Antoni Berenguer
- Biomarkers and Susceptibility Unit, Spanish Biomedical Research Centre Network for Epidemiology and Public Health, Catalan Institute of Oncology, L'Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Serra Musach
- Biomarkers and Susceptibility Unit, Spanish Biomedical Research Centre Network for Epidemiology and Public Health, Catalan Institute of Oncology, L'Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Brunet
- Hereditary Cancer Programme, Catalan Institute of Oncology, IdIBGi, Girona, Spain
| | - Joaquín Dopazo
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Functional Genomics Node and Spanish Biomedical Research Centre Network for Rare Diseases, Valencia, Spain
| | - Steven A. Narod
- Womens College Research Institute, University of Toronto and Women's College Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jan Lubiński
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, International Hereditary Cancer Center, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Conxi Lázaro
- Hereditary Cancer Programme, Catalan Institute of Oncology, IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cezary Cybulski
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, International Hereditary Cancer Center, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Miguel Angel Pujana
- Biomarkers and Susceptibility Unit, Spanish Biomedical Research Centre Network for Epidemiology and Public Health, Catalan Institute of Oncology, L'Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet, Barcelona, Spain
- Translational Research Laboratory, Catalan Institute of Oncology, IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet, Barcelona, Spain
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18
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Castro-Melchor M, Charaniya S, Karypis G, Takano E, Hu WS. Genome-wide inference of regulatory networks in Streptomyces coelicolor. BMC Genomics 2010; 11:578. [PMID: 20955611 PMCID: PMC3224704 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-11-578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2010] [Accepted: 10/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The onset of antibiotics production in Streptomyces species is co-ordinated with differentiation events. An understanding of the genetic circuits that regulate these coupled biological phenomena is essential to discover and engineer the pharmacologically important natural products made by these species. The availability of genomic tools and access to a large warehouse of transcriptome data for the model organism, Streptomyces coelicolor, provides incentive to decipher the intricacies of the regulatory cascades and develop biologically meaningful hypotheses. RESULTS In this study, more than 500 samples of genome-wide temporal transcriptome data, comprising wild-type and more than 25 regulatory gene mutants of Streptomyces coelicolor probed across multiple stress and medium conditions, were investigated. Information based on transcript and functional similarity was used to update a previously-predicted whole-genome operon map and further applied to predict transcriptional networks constituting modules enriched in diverse functions such as secondary metabolism, and sigma factor. The predicted network displays a scale-free architecture with a small-world property observed in many biological networks. The networks were further investigated to identify functionally-relevant modules that exhibit functional coherence and a consensus motif in the promoter elements indicative of DNA-binding elements. CONCLUSIONS Despite the enormous experimental as well as computational challenges, a systems approach for integrating diverse genome-scale datasets to elucidate complex regulatory networks is beginning to emerge. We present an integrated analysis of transcriptome data and genomic features to refine a whole-genome operon map and to construct regulatory networks at the cistron level in Streptomyces coelicolor. The functionally-relevant modules identified in this study pose as potential targets for further studies and verification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlene Castro-Melchor
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, 421 Washington Avenue SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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19
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20
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Stadler ZK, Vijai J, Thom P, Kirchhoff T, Hansen NA, Kauff ND, Robson M, Offit K. Genome-wide Association Studies of Cancer Predisposition. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 2010; 24:973-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hoc.2010.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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21
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Chu LW, Meyer TE, Li Q, Menashe I, Yu K, Rosenberg PS, Huang WY, Quraishi SM, Kaaks R, Weiss JM, Hayes RB, Chanock SJ, Hsing AW. Association between genetic variants in the 8q24 cancer risk regions and circulating levels of androgens and sex hormone-binding globulin. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2010; 19:1848-54. [PMID: 20551303 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-10-0101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genome-wide association studies have identified multiple independent regions on chromosome 8q24 that are associated with cancers of the prostate, breast, colon, and bladder. METHODS To investigate their biological basis, we examined the possible association between 164 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the 8q24 risk regions spanning 128,101,433-128,828,043 bp, and serum androgen (testosterone, androstenedione, 3alphadiol G, and bioavailable testosterone), and sex hormone-binding globulin levels in 563 healthy, non-Hispanic, Caucasian men (55-74 years old) from a prospective cohort study (the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial). Age-adjusted linear regression models were used to determine the association between the SNPs in an additive genetic model and log-transformed biomarker levels. RESULTS Three adjacent SNPs centromeric to prostate cancer risk-region 2 (rs12334903, rs1456310, and rs980171) were associated with testosterone (P < 1.1 x 10(-3)) and bioavailable testosterone (P < 6.3 x 10(-4)). Suggestive associations were seen for a cluster of nine SNPs in prostate cancer risk region 1 and androstenedione (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS These preliminary findings require confirmation in larger studies but raise the intriguing hypothesis that genetic variations in the 8q24 cancer risk regions might correlate with androgen levels. IMPACT These results might provide some clues for the strong link between 8q24 and prostate cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa W Chu
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
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22
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White KL, Sellers TA, Fridley BL, Vierkant RA, Phelan CM, Tsai YY, Kalli KR, Berchuck A, Iversen ES, Hartmann LC, Liebow M, Armasu S, Fredericksen Z, Larson MC, Duggan D, Couch FJ, Schildkraut JM, Cunningham JM, Goode EL. Variation at 8q24 and 9p24 and risk of epithelial ovarian cancer. Twin Res Hum Genet 2010; 13:43-56. [PMID: 20158306 DOI: 10.1375/twin.13.1.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The chromosome 8q24 region (specifically, 8q24.21.a) is known to harbor variants associated with risk of breast, colorectal, prostate, and bladder cancers. In 2008, variants rs10505477 and rs6983267 in this region were associated with increased risk of invasive ovarian cancer (p < 0.01); however, three subsequent ovarian cancer reports of 8q24 variants were null. Here, we used a multi-site case-control study of 940 ovarian cancer cases and 1,041 controls to evaluate associations between these and other single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in this 8q24 region, as well as in the 9p24 colorectal cancer associated-region (specifically, 9p24.1.b). A total of 35 SNPs from previous reports and additional tagging SNPs were assessed using an Illumina GoldenGate array and analyzed using logistic regression models, adjusting for population structure and other potential confounders. We observed no association between genotypes and risk of ovarian cancer considering all cases, invasive cases, or invasive serous cases. For example, at 8q24 SNPs rs10505477 and rs6983267, analyses yielded per-allele invasive cancer odds ratios of 0.95 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.82-1.09, p trend 0.46) and 0.97 (95% CI 0.84-1.12, p trend 0.69), respectively. Analyses using an approach identical to that of the first positive 8q24 report also yielded no association with risk of ovarian cancer. In the 9p24 region, no SNPs were associated with risk of ovarian cancer overall or with invasive or invasive serous disease (all p values > 0.10). These results indicate that the SNPs studied here are not related to risk of this gynecologic malignancy and that the site-specific nature of 8q24.21.a associations may not include ovarian cancer.
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Pomerantz MM, Beckwith CA, Regan MM, Wyman SK, Petrovics G, Chen Y, Hawksworth DJ, Schumacher FR, Mucci L, Penney KL, Stampfer MJ, Chan JA, Ardlie KG, Fritz BR, Parkin RK, Lin DW, Dyke M, Herman P, Lee S, Oh WK, Kantoff PW, Tewari M, McLeod DG, Srivastava S, Freedman ML. Evaluation of the 8q24 prostate cancer risk locus and MYC expression. Cancer Res 2009; 69:5568-74. [PMID: 19549893 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-09-0387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Polymorphisms at 8q24 are robustly associated with prostate cancer risk. The risk variants are located in nonprotein coding regions and their mechanism has not been fully elucidated. To further dissect the function of this locus, we tested two hypotheses: (a) unannotated microRNAs (miRNA) are transcribed in the region, and (b) this region is a cis-acting enhancer. Using next generation sequencing, 8q24 risk regions were interrogated for known and novel miRNAs in histologically normal radical prostatectomy tissue. We also evaluated the association between the risk variants and transcript levels of multiple genes, focusing on the proto-oncogene, MYC. RNA expression was measured in histologically normal and tumor tissue from 280 prostatectomy specimens (from 234 European American and 46 African American patients), and paired germline DNA from each individual was genotyped for six 8q24 risk single nucleotide polymorphisms. No evidence was found for significant miRNA transcription within 8q24 prostate cancer risk loci. Likewise, no convincing association between RNA expression and risk allele status was detected in either histologically normal or tumor tissue. To our knowledge, this is one of the first and largest studies to directly assess miRNA in this region and to systematically measure MYC expression levels in prostate tissue in relation to inherited risk variants. These data will help to direct the future study of this risk locus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark M Pomerantz
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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24
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Garcia-Closas M, Chanock S. Genetic susceptibility loci for breast cancer by estrogen receptor status. Clin Cancer Res 2009; 14:8000-9. [PMID: 19088016 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-08-0975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease, and risk factors could be differentially associated with the development of distinct tumor subtypes that manifest different biological behavior and progression. In support of this view, there is growing evidence that known breast cancer risk factors vary by hormone receptor status and perhaps other pathologic characteristics of disease. Recent work from large consortial studies has led to the discovery of novel breast cancer susceptibility loci in genic (CASP8, FGFR2, TNRC9, MAP3K1, LSP1) and nongenic regions (8q24, 2q35, 5p12) of the genome, and to the finding of substantial heterogeneity by tumor characteristics. In particular, susceptibility loci in FGFR2, TNRC9, 8q24, 2q35, and 5p12 have stronger associations for estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) disease than estrogen receptor-negative (ER -) disease. These findings suggest that common genetic variants can influence the pathologic subtype of breast cancer, and provide further support for the hypothesis that ER+ and ER(-) disease result from different etiologic pathways. Current studies had limited power to detect susceptibility loci for less common tumor subtypes, such as ER(-) disease including triple-negative and basal-like tumors. Ongoing work targeting uncommon subtypes is likely to identify additional tumor-specific susceptibility loci in the near future. Characterization of etiologic heterogeneity of breast cancer may lead to improvements in the understanding of the biological mechanisms for breast cancer, and ultimately result in improvements in prevention, early detection, and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Montserrat Garcia-Closas
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland 20852, USA.
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25
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Low penetrance breast cancer predisposition SNPs are site specific. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2008; 117:151-9. [PMID: 19005751 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-008-0235-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2008] [Accepted: 10/20/2008] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Large scale association studies have identified low penetrance susceptibility alleles that predispose to breast cancer. A locus on chromosome 8q24.21 has been shown to harbour variants that predispose to breast, ovarian, colorectal and prostate cancer. The finding of risk variants clustering at 8q24 suggests that there may be common susceptibility alleles that predispose to more than one epithelial cancer. The aim of this study was firstly to determine whether previously identified breast cancer susceptibility alleles are associated with sporadic breast cancer in the West of Ireland and secondly to ascertain whether there are susceptibility alleles that predispose to all three common epithelial cancers (breast, prostate, colon). We genotyped a panel of 24 SNPs that have recently been shown to predispose to prostate, colorectal or breast cancer in 988 sporadic breast cancer cases and 1,016 controls from the West of Ireland. We then combined our data with publicly available datasets using standard techniques of meta-analysis. The known breast cancer SNPs rs13281615, rs2981582 and rs3803662 were confirmed as associated with breast cancer risk (P (allelic test) = 1.8 x 10(-2), OR = 1.17; P (allelic test) = 2.2 x 10(-3), OR = 1.22; P (allelic test) = 5.1 x 10(-2), OR = 1.15, respectively) in the West of Ireland cohort. For the remaining five breast cancer SNPs that were studied there was no evidence of an association with breast cancer in the West Ireland population (P (allelic test) > 6.5 x 10(-2)). There was also no association between any of the prostate or colorectal susceptibility SNPs, whether at 8q24 or elsewhere, with breast cancer risk. Meta-analysis confirmed that all susceptibility SNPs were site specific, with the exception of rs6983269 which is known to predispose to both colorectal and prostate cancer. This study confirms that susceptibility loci at FGFR2, 8q24 and TNCR9 predispose to sporadic breast cancer in the West of Ireland. It also suggests that low penetrance susceptibility SNPs for breast, prostate and colorectal cancer are distinct. Although 8q24 harbours variants that predispose to all three cancers, the susceptibility loci within the region appear to be specific for the different cancer types with the exception of rs6983269 in colon and prostate cancer.
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