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Li T, Zheng Q, Zhang R, Liu S, Lin Y, Zhan J. A novel model based on immune-related genes for differentiating biliary atresia from other cholestatic diseases. Pediatr Surg Int 2022; 39:45. [PMID: 36502440 DOI: 10.1007/s00383-022-05322-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Based on a public gene expression database, this study established the immune-related genetic model that distinguished BA from other cholestasis diseases (DC) for the first time. We explored the molecular mechanism of BA based on the gene model. METHODS The BA microarray dataset GSE46960, containing BA, other cause of intrahepatic cholestasis than biliary atresia and normal liver gene expression data, was downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. We performed a comprehensive bioinformatics analysis to establish and validate an immune-related gene model and subsequently identified hub genes as biomarkers associated with the molecular mechanisms of BA. To assess the model's performance for separating BA from other cholestasis diseases, we used receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and the area under the curve (AUC) of the ROC. Independent datasets GSE69948 and GSE122340 were used for the validation process. RESULTS The model was built using eight immune-related genes, including EDN1, HAMP, SAA1, SPP1, ANKRD1, MMP7, TACSTD2, and UCA1. In the GSE46960 and validation group, it presented excellent results, and the prediction accuracy of BA in comparison to other cholestasis diseases was good. Functional enrichment analysis revealed significant immunological differences between BA and other cholestatic diseases. Finally, we found that the TNFα-NF-κB pathway is associated with EDN1 gene expression and may explain fibrosis progression, which may become a new therapeutic target. CONCLUSION In summary, we have successfully constructed an immune-related gene model that can distinguish BA from other cholestatic diseases, while identifying the hub gene. Our exploration of immune genes provides new clues for the early diagnosis, molecular mechanism, and clinical treatment of biliary atresia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tengfei Li
- Tianjin Children's Hospital, 238 Longyan Road, Beichen District, Tianjin, Tianjin, 300400, China
| | - Qipeng Zheng
- Tianjin Children's Hospital, 238 Longyan Road, Beichen District, Tianjin, Tianjin, 300400, China
| | - Ruifeng Zhang
- Tianjin Children's Hospital, 238 Longyan Road, Beichen District, Tianjin, Tianjin, 300400, China
| | - Shaowen Liu
- Tianjin Children's Hospital, 238 Longyan Road, Beichen District, Tianjin, Tianjin, 300400, China
| | - Yuda Lin
- Tianjin Children's Hospital, 238 Longyan Road, Beichen District, Tianjin, Tianjin, 300400, China
| | - Jianghua Zhan
- Tianjin Children's Hospital, 238 Longyan Road, Beichen District, Tianjin, Tianjin, 300400, China.
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Portelinha J, Duay SS, Yu SI, Heilemann K, Libardo MDJ, Juliano SA, Klassen JL, Angeles-Boza AM. Antimicrobial Peptides and Copper(II) Ions: Novel Therapeutic Opportunities. Chem Rev 2021; 121:2648-2712. [PMID: 33524257 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of new pathogens and multidrug resistant bacteria is an important public health issue that requires the development of novel classes of antibiotics. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are a promising platform with great potential for the identification of new lead compounds that can combat the aforementioned pathogens due to their broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity and relatively low rate of resistance emergence. AMPs of multicellular organisms made their debut four decades ago thanks to ingenious researchers who asked simple questions about the resistance to bacterial infections of insects. Questions such as "Do fruit flies ever get sick?", combined with pioneering studies, have led to an understanding of AMPs as universal weapons of the immune system. This review focuses on a subclass of AMPs that feature a metal binding motif known as the amino terminal copper and nickel (ATCUN) motif. One of the metal-based strategies of hosts facing a pathogen, it includes wielding the inherent toxicity of copper and deliberately trafficking this metal ion into sites of infection. The sudden increase in the concentration of copper ions in the presence of ATCUN-containing AMPs (ATCUN-AMPs) likely results in a synergistic interaction. Herein, we examine common structural features in ATCUN-AMPs that exist across species, and we highlight unique features that deserve additional attention. We also present the current state of knowledge about the molecular mechanisms behind their antimicrobial activity and the methods available to study this promising class of AMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin Portelinha
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, 55 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Searle S Duay
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, 55 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States.,Chemistry Department, Adamson University, 900 San Marcelino Street, Ermita, Manila 1000, Philippines
| | - Seung I Yu
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, 91 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Kara Heilemann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, 55 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - M Daben J Libardo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, 55 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Samuel A Juliano
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, 55 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Jonathan L Klassen
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, 91 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Alfredo M Angeles-Boza
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, 55 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States.,Institute of Material Science, University of Connecticut, 55 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
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3
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Abstract
Hepcidin, belonging to the β-defensin family, was isolated for the first time from plasma and human urine. It is a cationic peptide, rich in cysteine bound with four disulfide bridges, which plays a major role in innate immunity and iron homeostasis. Some vertebrate species have multiple hepcidin homolog genes and each contains only one copy that functions as an iron regulator except hepcidin sequences in the pigeon (Columba livia). The aim of this chapter is to investigate the molecular evolution of several hepcidin gene from searches of the literature and public genomic databases from 17 different species, all among the vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Boumaiza
- Laboratoire d'ingénierie des protéines et des molécules bioactives, Institut Nationale des Sciences Appliquées et de Technologie (I.N.S.A.T.), Tunis, Tunisie.
| | - Sondes Abidi
- Laboratoire de Biosurveillance de l'Environnement, Faculté des Sciences de Bizerte, Université Carthage, Zarzouna, Tunisie
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4
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Vela D. Low hepcidin in liver fibrosis and cirrhosis; a tale of progressive disorder and a case for a new biochemical marker. Mol Med 2018; 24:5. [PMID: 30134796 PMCID: PMC6016890 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-018-0008-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is a precursor of liver cirrhosis, which is associated with increased mortality. Though liver biopsy remains the gold standard for the diagnosis of fibrosis, noninvasive biochemical methods are cost-effective, practical and are not linked with major risks of complications. In this respect, serum hepcidin, has emerged as a new marker of fibrosis and cirrhosis. In this review the discussion uncovers molecular links between hepcidin disturbance and liver fibrosis/cirrhosis. The discussion also expands on clinical studies that suggest that hepcidin can potentially be used as a biochemical parameter of fibrosis/cirrhosis and target of therapeutic strategies to treat liver diseases. The debatable issues such as the complicated nature of hepcidin disturbance in non-alcoholic liver disease, serum levels of hepcidin in acute hepatitis C virus infection, cause of hepcidin disturbance in autoimmune hepatitis and hepatic insulin resistance are discussed, with potential solutions unveiled in order to be studied by future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Driton Vela
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Prishtina, Martyr's Boulevard n.n, Prishtina, 10000, Kosovo.
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5
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Boumaiza M, Jaouen M, Deschemin JC, Ezzine A, Khalaf NB, Vaulont S, Marzouki MN, Sari MA. Expression and purification of a new recombinant camel hepcidin able to promote the degradation of the iron exporter ferroportin1. Protein Expr Purif 2015; 115:11-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2015.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Revised: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Liu T, Gao Y, Wang R, Xu T. Characterization, evolution and functional analysis of the liver-expressed antimicrobial peptide 2 (LEAP-2) gene in miiuy croaker. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 41:191-199. [PMID: 25180825 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2014.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2014] [Revised: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
As an evolutionarily older defense strategy, the innate immune is the dominant immune system and provides a first line of antimicrobial host defense in teleost. Liver-expressed antimicrobial peptide-2 (LEAP-2) is a critical molecule of the innate immune system and plays a very important role in resistance against bacterial infections. We reported comprehensive analysis and characterization of LEAP-2 gene from miiuy croaker (Miichthys miiuy) in here. The complete cDNA of miiuy croaker LEAP-2 consists 2360 bp, including a 5' terminal untranslated region (UTR) of 170 bp, an open reading frame (ORF) of 312 bp, and a 3'-UTR of 1878 bp. Interestingly, two polyadenylation signals (AATTAAA) which may involve the stability, translation efficiency, or localization of an mRNA in a tissue were found in 3'-UTR. Genomic DNA of miiuy croaker LEAP-2 includes three exons and two introns, which is similar to LEAP-2 genes in other mammals and fish. The deduced 103 amino acids consist of signal peptide, prodomain and mature peptide. Four highly conserved cysteine residues involved two disulfide bridges in mature peptide. Real-time PCR results showed that LEAP-2 was ubiquitously expressed in all tissues and the expression level was highest in liver. Significantly, the expression levels were increased after infection with Vibrio anguillarum in liver and spleen. The antimicrobial activity analysis result of LEAP-2 in vitro indicated that LEAP-2 of miiuy croaker was effective in controlling Aeromonas hydrophila. In addition, we performed evolutionary analysis in order to estimate the selective constraints on the LEAP-2 gene. The result indicated that no positive selection exists in LEAP-2 gene sequences, which may be on account of irreplaceable function constrains. Meanwhile, we compared the structure of LEAP-2 with that of another Liver-expressed antimicrobial peptide (LEAP-1, also named HAMP), and found the LEAP-2 from miiuy croaker comprises of α-helix, β-sheet, and β-turn while the LEAP-1 of miiuy croaker only contains β-sheet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianxing Liu
- Laboratory of Fish Biogenetics & Immune Evolution, College of Marine Science, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China
| | - Yunhang Gao
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agriculture University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Rixin Wang
- Laboratory of Fish Biogenetics & Immune Evolution, College of Marine Science, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China
| | - Tianjun Xu
- Laboratory of Fish Biogenetics & Immune Evolution, College of Marine Science, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China.
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Li H, Zhang F, Guo H, Zhu Y, Yuan J, Yang G, An L. Molecular characterization of hepcidin gene in common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) and its expression pattern responding to bacterial challenge. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 35:1030-8. [PMID: 23851290 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2013.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Revised: 06/30/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Hepcidin is a cysteine-rich cationic antimicrobial peptide (AMP), which plays an important role in host innate immune system and iron regulation. A great many of hepcidin genes have been identified from vertebrates, including various fish species. Here we report the cloning and identification of a hepcidin cDNA from the liver of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). The full-length cDNA of the common carp hepcidin was 647 bp, which contained an ORF of 276 bp encoding a prepropeptide of 91 amino acid residues. The predicted preprohepcidin consisted of three domains: a signal peptide of 24 amino acids, a prodomain of 42 amino acids and a mature peptide of 25 amino acids, which containd eight cysteine residues at the identical conserved position. The genomic organization of common carp hepcidin was identified, which contained three exons and two introns, similarly to corresponding genes in mammals and other fish species. Sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis showed that hepcidins were conserved in different species, and common carp hepcidin was type 1 hepcidin according to the phylogenetic tree, which had the highest identity with mud loach and zebrafish. Real-time PCR assay showed that the hepcidin gene was mostly expressed in liver, and expressed in all the other tested tissues of common carp in different levels. When challenged with pathogenic bacterium, Vibrio anguillarum, the expression level of common carp hepcidin was quickly up-regulated in liver, spleen, head kidney and hindgut, implying that hepcidin may be an important component of the innate immune system of common carp and involved in mucosal immune response against invading pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Research, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, No. 88 East Wenhua Road, Jinan 250014, PR China
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8
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Xu T, Sun Y, Shi G, Wang R. Miiuy croaker hepcidin gene and comparative analyses reveal evidence for positive selection. PLoS One 2012; 7:e35449. [PMID: 22511989 PMCID: PMC3325200 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0035449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2011] [Accepted: 03/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepcidin antimicrobial peptide (HAMP) is a small cysteine-rich peptide and a key molecule of the innate immune system against bacterial infections. Molecular cloning and genomic characterization of HAMP gene in the miiuy croaker (Miichthys miiuy) were reported in this study. The miiuy croaker HAMP was predicted to encode a prepropeptide of 99 amino acids, a tentative RX(K/R)R cleavage motif and eight characteristic cysteine residues were also identified. The gene organization is also similar to corresponding genes in mammals and fish consisting of three exons and two introns. Sequence polymorphism analysis showed that only two different sequences were identified and encoded two proteins in six individuals. As reported for most other species, the expression level was highest in liver and an up-regulation of transcription was seen in spleen, intestine and kidney examined at 24 h after injection of pathogenic bacteria, Vibrio anguillarum, the expression pattern implied that miiuy croaker HAMP is an important component of the first line defense against invading pathogens. In addition, we report on the underlying mechanism that maintains sequences diversity among fish and mammalian species, respectively. A series of site-model tests implemented in the CODEML program revealed that moderate positive Darwinian selection is likely to cause the molecular evolution in the fish HAMP2 genes and it also showed that the fish HAMP1 genes and HAMP2 genes under different selection pressures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianjun Xu
- Laboratory for Marine Living Resources and Molecular Engineering, College of Marine Science, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuena Sun
- Laboratory for Marine Living Resources and Molecular Engineering, College of Marine Science, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, People's Republic of China
| | - Ge Shi
- Laboratory for Marine Living Resources and Molecular Engineering, College of Marine Science, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, People's Republic of China
| | - Rixin Wang
- Laboratory for Marine Living Resources and Molecular Engineering, College of Marine Science, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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9
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Grimes CN, Giori L, Fry MM. Role of hepcidin in iron metabolism and potential clinical applications. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2012; 42:85-96. [PMID: 22285159 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2011.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The relatively recent discovery of hepcidin has stimulated renewed research interest in iron metabolism and iron-related disorders, emphasizing the importance of this hormone in many normal and pathologic processes. Important questions still remain to be answered; however, research to date offers promising diagnostic and therapeutic implications for both humans and veterinary species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn N Grimes
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, 2407 River Drive, Knoxville, TN 37996-4542, USA
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10
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Recombinant medaka (Oryzias melastigmus) pro-hepcidin: Multifunctional characterization. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2012; 161:140-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2011.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2011] [Revised: 10/15/2011] [Accepted: 10/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Peters A, Raidal SR, Blake AH, Atkinson MM, Atkinson PR, Eggins GP. Haemochromatosis in a Brazilian tapir (Tapirus terrestris) in an Australian zoo. Aust Vet J 2012; 90:29-33. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.2011.00867.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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12
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Badial PR, Oliveira Filho JP, Cunha PHJ, Cagnini DQ, Araújo JP, Winand NJ, Borges AS. Identification, characterization and expression analysis of hepcidin gene in sheep. Res Vet Sci 2011; 90:443-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2010.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2010] [Revised: 07/14/2010] [Accepted: 07/20/2010] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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13
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Yang M, Chen B, Cai JJ, Peng H, Ling-Cai, Yuan JJ, Wang KJ. Molecular characterization of hepcidin AS-hepc2 and AS-hepc6 in black porgy (Acanthopagrus schlegelii): expression pattern responded to bacterial challenge and in vitro antimicrobial activity. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2010; 158:155-63. [PMID: 21073978 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2010.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2010] [Revised: 11/03/2010] [Accepted: 11/04/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
There are more diversified isoforms of the hepcidin gene that exist in fishes than in mammals, and elucidating the differences between these isoforms should provide insight into the functioning of hepcidin in fishes. In our study, AS-hepc2 and AS-hepc6 hepcidin isoforms from black porgy were characterized for their in vivo expression patterns following bacterial challenge, and their in vitro antimicrobial activities against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria as well as fungi. As a result, two isoforms were observed to be widely distributed in all the tissues tested. AS-hepc2 was a liver-expressed hepcidin peptide which was always highly more expressed in the liver than in the other tissues tested no matter whether this was before or after bacterial challenge. AS-hepc6 was detected mainly in the head kidney and trunk kidney of normal fish, but, in the challenged fish, its expression involved more tissues than just the kidneys. The mature peptides of AS-hepc2 and AS-hepc6 were modeled for 3D structure and then synthesized for antimicrobial assay. AS-hepc6 had a wider antimicrobial spectrum than AS-hepc2 and, in particular, had more potent antifungal activity. Our study indicated that the two hepcidin isoforms had different characteristics in terms of their expression patterns and antimicrobial activity, and they were assumed to play an overlapping role in the innate immune system of black porgy against invading pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Oceanography and Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
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Maisetta G, Petruzzelli R, Brancatisano FL, Esin S, Vitali A, Campa M, Batoni G. Antimicrobial activity of human hepcidin 20 and 25 against clinically relevant bacterial strains: effect of copper and acidic pH. Peptides 2010; 31:1995-2002. [PMID: 20713108 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2010.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2010] [Revised: 08/03/2010] [Accepted: 08/03/2010] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Hepcidin 25 (hep-25) is a peptide primarily produced by human liver with a central role in iron homeostasis. Its isoform, hepcidin 20 (hep-20), has an unknown function and lacks the first five aminoacids of the amino-terminal portion. This sequence is crucial for iron regulation by hep-25 and contains a molecular motif able to bind metals. Aim of this study, was to evaluate the antibacterial properties of both peptides in vitro, against a wide range of bacterial clinical isolates and in different experimental conditions. Although both peptides were found to be bactericidal against a variety of clinical isolates with different antibiotic resistance profiles, hep-20 was active at lower concentrations than hep-25, in most of the cases. Killing kinetics, carried on in sodium-phosphate buffer at pH 7.4, demonstrated that bactericidal activity occurred not earlier than 30-90 min of incubation. Bactericidal activity of hep-25 was slightly enhanced in the presence of copper, while the same metal did not affect the activity of hep-20. Interestingly, bactericidal activity of both hepcidins was highly enhanced at acidic pH. Acidic pH (pH 5.0 and 6.6) not only reduced the microbicidal concentrations of hepcidins, but also shortened the killing times of both peptides, as compared to pH 7.4. Combining hep-20 and hep-25 at pH 5.0 a bactericidal effect could be obtained at very low concentrations of both peptides. These results render hepcidins interesting for the design of new drugs for the treatment of infections occurring in body districts with physiologic acidic pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppantonio Maisetta
- Dipartimento di Patologia Sperimentale, Biotecnologie Mediche, Infettivologia ed Epidemiologia, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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Cloning, sequencing and expression analysis of the equine hepcidin gene by real-time PCR. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2010; 135:34-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2009.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2009] [Revised: 10/04/2009] [Accepted: 10/22/2009] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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