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DNA-Based Tools to Certify Authenticity of Rice Varieties—An Overview. Foods 2022; 11:foods11030258. [PMID: 35159410 PMCID: PMC8834242 DOI: 10.3390/foods11030258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is one of the most cultivated and consumed crops worldwide. It is mainly produced in Asia but, due to its large genetic pool, it has expanded to several ecosystems, latitudes and climatic conditions. Europe is a rice producing region, especially in the Mediterranean countries, that grow mostly typical japonica varieties. The European consumer interest in rice has increased over the last decades towards more exotic types, often more expensive (e.g., aromatic rice) and Europe is a net importer of this commodity. This has increased food fraud opportunities in the rice supply chain, which may deliver mixtures with lower quality rice, a problem that is now global. The development of tools to clearly identify undesirable mixtures thus became urgent. Among the various tools available, DNA-based markers are considered particularly reliable and stable for discrimination of rice varieties. This review covers aspects ranging from rice diversity and fraud issues to the DNA-based methods used to distinguish varieties and detect unwanted mixtures. Although not exhaustive, the review covers the diversity of strategies and ongoing improvements already tested, highlighting important advantages and disadvantages in terms of costs, reliability, labor-effort and potential scalability for routine fraud detection.
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Adamse P, Dagand E, Bohmert-Tatarev K, Wahler D, Miranda M, Kok EJ, Bendiek J. GMO Genetic Elements Thesaurus (GMO-GET): a controlled vocabulary for the consensus designation of introduced or modified genetic elements in genetically modified organisms. BMC Bioinformatics 2021; 22:48. [PMID: 33546585 PMCID: PMC7863250 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-020-03880-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Various databases on genetically modified organisms (GMOs) exist, all with their specific focus to facilitate access to information needed for, e. g., the assistance in risk assessment, the development of detection and identification strategies or inspection and control activities. Each database has its unique approach towards the subject. Often these databases use different terminology to describe the GMOs. For adequate GMO addressing and identification and exchange of GMO-related information it is necessary to use commonly agreed upon concepts and terminology. RESULT A hierarchically structured controlled vocabulary describing the genetic elements inserted into conventional GMOs, and GMOs developed by the use of gen(om)e-editing is presented: the GMO genetic element thesaurus (GMO-GET). GMO-GET can be used for GMO-related documentation, including GMO-related databases. It has initially been developed on the basis of two GMO databases, i.e. the Biosafety Clearing-House and the EUginius database. CONCLUSION The use of GMO-GET will enable consistent and compatible information (harmonisation), also allowing an accurate exchange of information between the different data systems and thereby facilitating their interoperability. GMO-GET can also be used to describe genetic elements that are altered in organisms obtained through current targeted genome-editing techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulien Adamse
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), PO Box 230, 6700 AE, Wageningen, Netherlands.
| | - Emilie Dagand
- Federal Office of Consumer Protection and Food Safety, PO Box 11 02 60, 10832, Berlin, Germany
| | - Karen Bohmert-Tatarev
- Federal Office of Consumer Protection and Food Safety, PO Box 11 02 60, 10832, Berlin, Germany.,Yield10 Bioscience, Inc., 19 Presidential Way, Woburn, MA, 01801, USA
| | - Daniela Wahler
- Federal Office of Consumer Protection and Food Safety, PO Box 11 02 60, 10832, Berlin, Germany
| | - Manoela Miranda
- Secretariat of the Convention On Biological Diversity, 413 Saint-Jacques Street, Suite 800, Montreal, QC, H2Y 1N9, Canada.,United Nations Environment Programme, Pacific Office, Avele Road, Vailima, Samoa
| | - Esther J Kok
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), PO Box 230, 6700 AE, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Joachim Bendiek
- Federal Office of Consumer Protection and Food Safety, PO Box 11 02 60, 10832, Berlin, Germany.,Federal Ministry of Food and Agriculture, Wilhelmstr. 54, 10117, Berlin, Germany
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Kok EJ, Glandorf DC, Prins TW, Visser RG. Food and environmental safety assessment of new plant varieties after the European Court decision: Process-triggered or product-based? Trends Food Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2019.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Salisu IB, Shahid AA, Yaqoob A, Ali Q, Bajwa KS, Rao AQ, Husnain T. Molecular Approaches for High Throughput Detection and Quantification of Genetically Modified Crops: A Review. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1670. [PMID: 29085378 PMCID: PMC5650622 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
As long as the genetically modified crops are gaining attention globally, their proper approval and commercialization need accurate and reliable diagnostic methods for the transgenic content. These diagnostic techniques are mainly divided into two major groups, i.e., identification of transgenic (1) DNA and (2) proteins from GMOs and their products. Conventional methods such as PCR (polymerase chain reaction) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were routinely employed for DNA and protein based quantification respectively. Although, these Techniques (PCR and ELISA) are considered as significantly convenient and productive, but there is need for more advance technologies that allow for high throughput detection and the quantification of GM event as the production of more complex GMO is increasing day by day. Therefore, recent approaches like microarray, capillary gel electrophoresis, digital PCR and next generation sequencing are more promising due to their accuracy and precise detection of transgenic contents. The present article is a brief comparative study of all such detection techniques on the basis of their advent, feasibility, accuracy, and cost effectiveness. However, these emerging technologies have a lot to do with detection of a specific event, contamination of different events and determination of fusion as well as stacked gene protein are the critical issues to be addressed in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim B. Salisu
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Federal University Dutse, Jigawa, Nigeria
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Ahmad A. Shahid
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Amina Yaqoob
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Qurban Ali
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Kamran S. Bajwa
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Q. Rao
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Tayyab Husnain
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
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Nadal A, De Giacomo M, Einspanier R, Kleter G, Kok E, McFarland S, Onori R, Paris A, Toldrà M, van Dijk J, Wal JM, Pla M. Exposure of livestock to GM feeds: Detectability and measurement. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 117:13-35. [PMID: 28847764 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This review explores the possibilities to determine livestock consumption of genetically modified (GM) feeds/ingredients including detection of genetically modified organism (GMO)-related DNA or proteins in animal samples, and the documentary system that is in place for GM feeds under EU legislation. The presence and level of GMO-related DNA and proteins can generally be readily measured in feeds, using established analytical methods such as polymerase chain reaction and immuno-assays, respectively. Various technical challenges remain, such as the simultaneous detection of multiple GMOs and the identification of unauthorized GMOs for which incomplete data on the inserted DNA may exist. Given that transfer of specific GMO-related DNA or protein from consumed feed to the animal had seldom been observed, this cannot serve as an indicator of the individual animal's prior exposure to GM feeds. To explore whether common practices, information exchange and the specific GM feed traceability system in the EU would allow to record GM feed consumption, the dairy chain in Catalonia, where GM maize is widely grown, was taken as an example. It was thus found that this system would neither enable determination of an animal's consumption of specific GM crops, nor would it allow for quantitation of the exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Nadal
- Institute for Food and Agricultural Technology (INTEA), University of Girona, Campus Montilivi (EPS-1), 17003 Girona, Spain.
| | - Marzia De Giacomo
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, GMO and Mycotoxins Unit, Italian National Institute of Health, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Ralf Einspanier
- Institute of Veterinary Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Oertzenweg 19b, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Gijs Kleter
- RIKILT Wageningen University & Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708WB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Esther Kok
- RIKILT Wageningen University & Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708WB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sarah McFarland
- Institute of Veterinary Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Oertzenweg 19b, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Roberta Onori
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, GMO and Mycotoxins Unit, Italian National Institute of Health, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Alain Paris
- Sorbonne Universités, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, UMR7245 MCAM, Paris, France
| | - Mònica Toldrà
- Institute for Food and Agricultural Technology (INTEA), University of Girona, Campus Montilivi (EPS-1), 17003 Girona, Spain
| | - Jeroen van Dijk
- RIKILT Wageningen University & Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708WB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jean-Michel Wal
- AgroParisTech, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Paris, France
| | - Maria Pla
- Institute for Food and Agricultural Technology (INTEA), University of Girona, Campus Montilivi (EPS-1), 17003 Girona, Spain
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Çakir Ö, Meriç S, Meriç S, Ari Ş. GMO Analysis Methods for Food: From Today to Tomorrow. Food Saf (Tokyo) 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/9781119160588.ch5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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7
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Tung HY, Wang SH, Chiang YC, Tsai MS. Rapid screening of roundup ready soybean in food samples by a hand-held PCR device. Food Sci Biotechnol 2016; 25:1101-1107. [PMID: 30263381 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-016-0177-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2015] [Revised: 04/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulated isothermal PCR (iiPCR) method was recently available for rapid on-site detection of roundup ready soybean (RRS; event GTS40-3-2) in food materials and products. Performance of this method was evaluated in this study. The 100% detection endpoint for the RRS by iiPCR was found in samples containing 0.1% RRS, equivalent to the results of the reference real-time PCR (rtPCR). Analysis of nucleic acids of soybean-based processed food products indicated 95% agreement between the iiPCR and rtPCR for RRS detection. By testing soybean milk and tofu samples using simple pretreatment methods, we found that the agreements between iiPCR and rtPCR methods of the aforementioned samples were 80% and 90%, respectively. Replicated tests of all discrepant samples implied that these samples had trace amounts of RRS, suggesting that the iiPCR system is more sensitive than the rtPCR method. In conclusion, the iiPCR technology can be a useful point-of-need tool to help make a timely decision in the consumption of genetically modified organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiang-Yun Tung
- 1College of Biotechnology and Bioresources, Da-Yeh University, Changhua, Taiwan, 51591 China
| | - Sue-Hong Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, 402 China
| | - Yu-Cheng Chiang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Hung Kuang University, Taichung, Taiwan, 43302 China
| | - Ming-Shiun Tsai
- 1College of Biotechnology and Bioresources, Da-Yeh University, Changhua, Taiwan, 51591 China
- 4Department of BioIndustry Technology, Da-Yeh University, Changhua, Taiwan, 51591 China
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8
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Arulandhu AJ, van Dijk JP, Dobnik D, Holst-Jensen A, Shi J, Zel J, Kok EJ. DNA enrichment approaches to identify unauthorized genetically modified organisms (GMOs). Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 408:4575-93. [PMID: 27086015 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-9513-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Revised: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
With the increased global production of different genetically modified (GM) plant varieties, chances increase that unauthorized GM organisms (UGMOs) may enter the food chain. At the same time, the detection of UGMOs is a challenging task because of the limited sequence information that will generally be available. PCR-based methods are available to detect and quantify known UGMOs in specific cases. If this approach is not feasible, DNA enrichment of the unknown adjacent sequences of known GMO elements is one way to detect the presence of UGMOs in a food or feed product. These enrichment approaches are also known as chromosome walking or gene walking (GW). In recent years, enrichment approaches have been coupled with next generation sequencing (NGS) analysis and implemented in, amongst others, the medical and microbiological fields. The present review will provide an overview of these approaches and an evaluation of their applicability in the identification of UGMOs in complex food or feed samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfred J Arulandhu
- RIKILT Wageningen UR, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen P van Dijk
- RIKILT Wageningen UR, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - David Dobnik
- National Institute of Biology, Večna pot 111, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Arne Holst-Jensen
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Ullevaalsveien 68, P.O. Box 750 Sentrum, 0106, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jianxin Shi
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University-University of Adelaide Joint Center for Agriculture and Health, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Life Sciences Building, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Jana Zel
- National Institute of Biology, Večna pot 111, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Esther J Kok
- RIKILT Wageningen UR, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Turkec A, Lucas SJ, Karacanli B, Baykut A, Yuksel H. Assessment of a direct hybridization microarray strategy for comprehensive monitoring of genetically modified organisms (GMOs). Food Chem 2016; 194:399-409. [PMID: 26471572 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Revised: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Detection of GMO material in crop and food samples is the primary step in GMO monitoring and regulation, with the increasing number of GM events in the world market requiring detection solutions with high multiplexing capacity. In this study, we test the suitability of a high-density oligonucleotide microarray platform for direct, quantitative detection of GMOs found in the Turkish feed market. We tested 1830 different 60nt probes designed to cover the GM cassettes from 12 different GM cultivars (3 soya, 9 maize), as well as plant species-specific and contamination controls, and developed a data analysis method aiming to provide maximum throughput and sensitivity. The system was able specifically to identify each cultivar, and in 10/12 cases was sensitive enough to detect GMO DNA at concentrations of ⩽1%. These GMOs could also be quantified using the microarray, as their fluorescence signals increased linearly with GMO concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aydin Turkec
- Uludag University Plant and Animal Production Department, Mustafa Kemalpasa Vocational School, 16500 Bursa, Turkey.
| | - Stuart J Lucas
- Sabanci University Nanotechnology Research and Application Centre, Sabanci University, Orhanli, 34956 Tuzla, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Burçin Karacanli
- Elips Health Products Ltd., Ataturk mh. Namık Kemal Cd no: 17, Tan Plaza, Atasehir, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Aykut Baykut
- Elips Health Products Ltd., Ataturk mh. Namık Kemal Cd no: 17, Tan Plaza, Atasehir, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hakki Yuksel
- Elips Health Products Ltd., Ataturk mh. Namık Kemal Cd no: 17, Tan Plaza, Atasehir, Istanbul, Turkey
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Fraiture MA, Herman P, Taverniers I, De Loose M, Deforce D, Roosens NH. Current and new approaches in GMO detection: challenges and solutions. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:392872. [PMID: 26550567 PMCID: PMC4624882 DOI: 10.1155/2015/392872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In many countries, genetically modified organisms (GMO) legislations have been established in order to guarantee the traceability of food/feed products on the market and to protect the consumer freedom of choice. Therefore, several GMO detection strategies, mainly based on DNA, have been developed to implement these legislations. Due to its numerous advantages, the quantitative PCR (qPCR) is the method of choice for the enforcement laboratories in GMO routine analysis. However, given the increasing number and diversity of GMO developed and put on the market around the world, some technical hurdles could be encountered with the qPCR technology, mainly owing to its inherent properties. To address these challenges, alternative GMO detection methods have been developed, allowing faster detections of single GM target (e.g., loop-mediated isothermal amplification), simultaneous detections of multiple GM targets (e.g., PCR capillary gel electrophoresis, microarray, and Luminex), more accurate quantification of GM targets (e.g., digital PCR), or characterization of partially known (e.g., DNA walking and Next Generation Sequencing (NGS)) or unknown (e.g., NGS) GMO. The benefits and drawbacks of these methods are discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Alice Fraiture
- Platform of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology (PBB) and Biosafety and Biotechnology Unit (SBB), Scientific Institute of Public Health (WIV-ISP), J. Wytsmanstraat 14, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
- Technology and Food Sciences Unit, Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Burg. Van Gansberghelaan 115, Bus 1, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Philippe Herman
- Platform of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology (PBB) and Biosafety and Biotechnology Unit (SBB), Scientific Institute of Public Health (WIV-ISP), J. Wytsmanstraat 14, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Isabel Taverniers
- Technology and Food Sciences Unit, Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Burg. Van Gansberghelaan 115, Bus 1, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Marc De Loose
- Technology and Food Sciences Unit, Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Burg. Van Gansberghelaan 115, Bus 1, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dieter Deforce
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Nancy H. Roosens
- Platform of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology (PBB) and Biosafety and Biotechnology Unit (SBB), Scientific Institute of Public Health (WIV-ISP), J. Wytsmanstraat 14, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
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Pi L, Li X, Cao Y, Wang C, Pan L, Yang L. Development and application of a multi-targeting reference plasmid as calibrator for analysis of five genetically modified soybean events. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:2877-86. [PMID: 25673245 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-8517-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Revised: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Reference materials are important in accurate analysis of genetically modified organism (GMO) contents in food/feeds, and development of novel reference plasmid is a new trend in the research of GMO reference materials. Herein, we constructed a novel multi-targeting plasmid, pSOY, which contained seven event-specific sequences of five GM soybeans (MON89788-5', A2704-12-3', A5547-127-3', DP356043-5', DP305423-3', A2704-12-5', and A5547-127-5') and sequence of soybean endogenous reference gene Lectin. We evaluated the specificity, limit of detection and quantification, and applicability of pSOY in both qualitative and quantitative PCR analyses. The limit of detection (LOD) was as low as 20 copies in qualitative PCR, and the limit of quantification (LOQ) in quantitative PCR was 10 copies. In quantitative real-time PCR analysis, the PCR efficiencies of all event-specific and Lectin assays were higher than 90%, and the squared regression coefficients (R(2)) were more than 0.999. The quantification bias varied from 0.21% to 19.29%, and the relative standard deviations were from 1.08% to 9.84% in simulated samples analysis. All the results demonstrated that the developed multi-targeting plasmid, pSOY, was a credible substitute of matrix reference materials, and could be used as a reliable reference calibrator in the identification and quantification of multiple GM soybean events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqun Pi
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Biosafety of GMOs, National Center for the Molecular Characterization of Genetically Modified Organisms, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
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12
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Turkec A, Kazan H, Baykut A, Lucas SJ. Evalution of DNA extraction methods in order to monitor genetically modified materials in soy foodstuffs and feeds commercialised in Turkey by multiplex real-time PCR. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2015; 95:386-92. [PMID: 24816675 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.6731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Revised: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Soybean is one of the most important biotech crops, widely used as an ingredient in both foodstuffs and feed. DNA extraction methods have been evaluated to detect the presence of genetically modified (GM) materials in soya-containing food and feed products commercialised in Turkey. RESULTS All extraction methods performed well for the majority of soya foods and feed products analysed. However, the most successful method varied between different products; the Foodproof, Genespin and the cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) methods each produced the highest DNA yield and purity for different soya foodstuffs and feeds. Of the samples tested, 20% were positive for the presence of at least two GM elements (35S/NOS) while 11% contained an additional GM element (35S/NOS/FMV). Of the tested products, animal feeds showed a larger prevalence of GM material (50%) than the soya-containing foodstuffs (13%). CONCLUSION The best performing extraction methods proved to be the Foodproof, Genespin and CTAB methods for soya-containing food and feed products. The results obtained herein clearly demonstrate the presence of GM soybean in the Turkish market, and that the Foodproof GMO Screening Kit provides reliable screening of soy-containing food and feed products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aydin Turkec
- Department of Plant and Animal Production, Vocational School of Mustafakemalpasa, University of Uludag, 16500, Bursa, Turkey
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13
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Wang X, Teng D, Guan Q, Tian F, Wang J. Detection of genetically modified crops using multiplex asymmetric polymerase chain reaction and asymmetric hyperbranched rolling circle amplification coupled with reverse dot blot. Food Chem 2014; 173:1022-9. [PMID: 25466120 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.10.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Revised: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
To meet the ever-increasing demand for detection of genetically modified crops (GMCs), low-cost, high-throughput and high-accuracy detection assays are needed. The new multiplex asymmetric polymerase chain reaction and asymmetric hyper-branched rolling circle amplification coupled with reverse dot blot (RDB) systems were developed to detect GMCs. Thirteen oligonucleotide probes were designed to identify endogenous targets (Lec1, Hmg and Sad1), event-specific targets (RRS-5C, RRS-3C, Bt176-3C and MON810-3C), screening targets (35S promoter and NOS terminator), and control targets (18S and PLX). Optimised conditions were as follows: tailed hybridization probes (1-2 pmol/l) were immobilized on a membrane by baking for 2h, and a 10:1 ratio of forward to reverse primers was used. The detection limits were 0.1 μg/l of 2% RRS and 0.5 ng/l of DNA from genetically modified (GM) soybean. These results indicate that the RDB assay could be used to detect multiplex target genes of GMCs rapidly and inexpensively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiumin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100081, China; Gene Engineering Laboratory, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Da Teng
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100081, China; Gene Engineering Laboratory, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Qingfeng Guan
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100081, China; Gene Engineering Laboratory, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Fang Tian
- Baotou City Health School, Baotou Medical College of Career Technical College, Baotou 014030, China
| | - Jianhua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100081, China; Gene Engineering Laboratory, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
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14
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Brod FCA, van Dijk JP, Voorhuijzen MM, Dinon AZ, Guimarães LHS, Scholtens IMJ, Arisi ACM, Kok EJ. A high-throughput method for GMO multi-detection using a microfluidic dynamic array. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 406:1397-410. [PMID: 24357010 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-7562-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Revised: 11/29/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The ever-increasing production of genetically modified crops generates a demand for high-throughput DNA-based methods for the enforcement of genetically modified organisms (GMO) labelling requirements. The application of standard real-time PCR will become increasingly costly with the growth of the number of GMOs that is potentially present in an individual sample. The present work presents the results of an innovative approach in genetically modified crops analysis by DNA based methods, which is the use of a microfluidic dynamic array as a high throughput multi-detection system. In order to evaluate the system, six test samples with an increasing degree of complexity were prepared, preamplified and subsequently analysed in the Fluidigm system. Twenty-eight assays targeting different DNA elements, GM events and species-specific reference genes were used in the experiment. The large majority of the assays tested presented expected results. The power of low level detection was assessed and elements present at concentrations as low as 0.06 % were successfully detected. The approach proposed in this work presents the Fluidigm system as a suitable and promising platform for GMO multi-detection.
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A multiplex degenerate PCR analytical approach targeting to eight genes for screening GMOs. Food Chem 2012; 132:1566-1573. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.11.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2010] [Revised: 03/29/2011] [Accepted: 11/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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16
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Wang X, Teng D, Tian F, Guan Q, Wang J. Comparison of three DNA extraction methods for feed products and four amplification methods for the 5'-junction fragment of Roundup Ready soybean. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2012; 60:4586-95. [PMID: 22515503 DOI: 10.1021/jf300827q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Three methods of DNA extraction from feed products and four detection methods for the 5'-junction fragment of genetically modified (GM) Roundup Ready soybean (RRS) were compared and evaluated. The DNA extraction methods, including cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), and guanidine hydrochloride (Kit), were assessed for their yields and purity of DNA, extraction time, and reagent cost. The DNA yields of CTAB, SDS, and Kit were 52-694, 164-1750 and 23-105 ng/mg sample, and their extraction time was 2.5-3, 2-2.5, and 1.5-2 h with reagent cost about US dollar 0.24, 0.13, and 1.9 per extraction, respectively. The SDS method was generally well suited to all kinds of feed matrices tested. The limits of detection for the four amplification protocols, including loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP), hyperbranched rolling circle amplification (HRCA), conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and real-time PCR, were 48.5, 4.85, 485, and 9 copies of the pTLH10 plasmid, respectively. The ranked results of the four detection methods were based on multiattribute utility theory as follows (from best to worse): HRCA, LAMP, PCR, and real-time PCR. This comparative evaluation was specifically useful for selection of a highly efficient DNA extraction or amplification method for detecting different GM ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiumin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100081, PR China
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17
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Ujhelyi G, Dijk JPV, Prins TW, Voorhuijzen MM, Hoef AMAV, Beenen HG, Morisset D, Gruden K, Kok EJ. Comparison and transfer testing of multiplex ligation detection methods for GM plants. BMC Biotechnol 2012; 12:4. [PMID: 22257760 PMCID: PMC3271032 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6750-12-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2011] [Accepted: 01/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background With the increasing number of GMOs on the global market the maintenance of European GMO regulations is becoming more complex. For the analysis of a single food or feed sample it is necessary to assess the sample for the presence of many GMO-targets simultaneously at a sensitive level. Several methods have been published regarding DNA-based multidetection. Multiplex ligation detection methods have been described that use the same basic approach: i) hybridisation and ligation of specific probes, ii) amplification of the ligated probes and iii) detection and identification of the amplified products. Despite they all have this same basis, the published ligation methods differ radically. The present study investigated with real-time PCR whether these different ligation methods have any influence on the performance of the probes. Sensitivity and the specificity of the padlock probes (PLPs) with the ligation protocol with the best performance were also tested and the selected method was initially validated in a laboratory exchange study. Results Of the ligation protocols tested in this study, the best results were obtained with the PPLMD I and PPLMD II protocols and no consistent differences between these two protocols were observed. Both protocols are based on padlock probe ligation combined with microarray detection. Twenty PLPs were tested for specificity and the best probes were subjected to further evaluation. Up to 13 targets were detected specifically and simultaneously. During the interlaboratory exchange study similar results were achieved by the two participating institutes (NIB, Slovenia, and RIKILT, the Netherlands). Conclusions From the comparison of ligation protocols it can be concluded that two protocols perform equally well on the basis of the selected set of PLPs. Using the most ideal parameters the multiplicity of one of the methods was tested and 13 targets were successfully and specifically detected. In the interlaboratory exchange study it was shown that the selected method meets the 0.1% sensitivity criterion. The present study thus shows that specific and sensitive multidetection of GMO targets is now feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Ujhelyi
- RIKILT-Institute of Food Safety (WUR), Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB Wageningen, the Netherlands
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18
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Tsui CK, Woodhall J, Chen W, Lévesque CA, Lau A, Schoen CD, Baschien C, Najafzadeh MJ, de Hoog GS. Molecular techniques for pathogen identification and fungus detection in the environment. IMA Fungus 2011; 2:177-89. [PMID: 22679603 PMCID: PMC3359816 DOI: 10.5598/imafungus.2011.02.02.09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2011] [Accepted: 11/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Many species of fungi can cause disease in plants, animals and humans. Accurate and robust detection and quantification of fungi is essential for diagnosis, modeling and surveillance. Also direct detection of fungi enables a deeper understanding of natural microbial communities, particularly as a great many fungi are difficult or impossible to cultivate. In the last decade, effective amplification platforms, probe development and various quantitative PCR technologies have revolutionized research on fungal detection and identification. Examples of the latest technology in fungal detection and differentiation are discussed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clement K.M. Tsui
- Department of Forest Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - James Woodhall
- The Food and Environment Research Agency, Sand Hutton, York YO41 1LZ, UK
| | - Wen Chen
- Central Experimental Farm, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, Canada, K1A OC6
| | - C. André Lévesque
- Central Experimental Farm, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, Canada, K1A OC6
| | - Anna Lau
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology and the University of Sydney, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
- *Current mailing address: Department of Laboratory Medicine, 10 Center Drive, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Cor D. Schoen
- Plant Research International, Business Unit Bio-Interactions and Plant Health, PO Box 16, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Christiane Baschien
- Technische Universität Berlin, Environmental Microbiology, Sekr. FR1-2, Franklinstrasse 29, 10587 Berlin, Germany
- **Current mailing address: Federal Environment Agency Germany, Corrensplatz 1, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Mohammad J. Najafzadeh
- CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - G. Sybren de Hoog
- CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Voorhuijzen MM, van Dijk JP, Prins TW, Van Hoef AMA, Seyfarth R, Kok EJ. Development of a multiplex DNA-based traceability tool for crop plant materials. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 402:693-701. [PMID: 22071608 PMCID: PMC3249216 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-5534-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2011] [Revised: 09/22/2011] [Accepted: 10/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The authenticity of food is of increasing importance for producers, retailers and consumers. All groups benefit from the correct labelling of the contents of food products. Producers and retailers want to guarantee the origin of their products and check for adulteration with cheaper or inferior ingredients. Consumers are also more demanding about the origin of their food for various socioeconomic reasons. In contrast to this increasing demand, correct labelling has become much more complex because of global transportation networks of raw materials and processed food products. Within the European integrated research project ‘Tracing the origin of food’ (TRACE), a DNA-based multiplex detection tool was developed—the padlock probe ligation and microarray detection (PPLMD) tool. In this paper, this method is extended to a 15-plex traceability tool with a focus on products of commercial importance such as the emmer wheat Farro della Garfagnana (FdG) and Basmati rice. The specificity of 14 plant-related padlock probes was determined and initially validated in mixtures comprising seven or nine plant species/varieties. One nucleotide difference in target sequence was sufficient for the distinction between the presence or absence of a specific target. At least 5% FdG or Basmati rice was detected in mixtures with cheaper bread wheat or non-fragrant rice, respectively. The results suggested that even lower levels of (un-)intentional adulteration could be detected. PPLMD has been shown to be a useful tool for the detection of fraudulent/intentional admixtures in premium foods and is ready for the monitoring of correct labelling of premium foods worldwide.
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Barbau-Piednoir E, Lievens A, Vandermassen E, Mbongolo-Mbella EG, Leunda-Casi A, Roosens N, Sneyers M, Van den Bulcke M. Four new SYBR®Green qPCR screening methods for the detection of Roundup Ready®, LibertyLink®, and CryIAb traits in genetically modified products. Eur Food Res Technol 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-011-1605-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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21
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Chen L, Guo J, Wang Q, Kai G, Yang L. Development of the visual loop-mediated isothermal amplification assays for seven genetically modified maize events and their application in practical samples analysis. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:5914-5918. [PMID: 21520936 DOI: 10.1021/jf200459s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
As more and more genetically modified (GM) crops are approved for commercialization and planting, the development of quick and on-spot methods for GM crops and their derivates is required. Herein, we established the polymerase chain reaction and agarose gel electrophoresis-free system for the identification of seven GM maize events (DAS-59122-7, T25, BT176, TC1507, MON810, BT11, and MON863) employing a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) technique. The LAMP assay was performed using a set of four specific primers at 60-65 °C in less than 40 min, and the results were observed by direct visual observation. In these developed assays, the specificity targeted at each GM maize event based on the event-specific sequence was well confirmed, and the limits of detection were as low as four copies of maize haploid genomic DNA with an exception of 40 copies for MON810 assay. Furthermore, these developed assays were successfully used to test six practical samples with different GM maize events and contents (ranged from 0.0 to 2.0%). All of the results indicated that the established event-specific visual LAMP assays are more convenient, rapid, and low-cost for GM maize routine analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Chen
- Laboratory of Plant Biotechnology, College of Life and Environment Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, 100 Guilin Road, Shanghai 200234, People's Republic of China
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22
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Dinon AZ, Prins TW, van Dijk JP, Arisi ACM, Scholtens IMJ, Kok EJ. Development and validation of real-time PCR screening methods for detection of cry1A.105 and cry2Ab2 genes in genetically modified organisms. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 400:1433-42. [PMID: 21445662 PMCID: PMC3081059 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-4875-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2011] [Revised: 03/04/2011] [Accepted: 03/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Primers and probes were developed for the element-specific detection of cry1A.105 and cry2Ab2 genes, based on their DNA sequence as present in GM maize MON89034. Cry genes are present in many genetically modified (GM) plants and they are important targets for developing GMO element-specific detection methods. Element-specific methods can be of use to screen for the presence of GMOs in food and feed supply chains. Moreover, a combination of GMO elements may indicate the potential presence of unapproved GMOs (UGMs). Primer-probe combinations were evaluated in terms of specificity, efficiency and limit of detection. Except for specificity, the complete experiment was performed in 9 PCR runs, on 9 different days and by testing 8 DNA concentrations. The results showed a high specificity and efficiency for cry1A.105 and cry2Ab2 detection. The limit of detection was between 0.05 and 0.01 ng DNA per PCR reaction for both assays. These data confirm the applicability of these new primer-probe combinations for element detection that can contribute to the screening for GM and UGM crops in food and feed samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andréia Z Dinon
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Rod. Admar Gonzaga, 1346, Florianópolis, SC 880034-001, Brazil
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García-Cañas V, Mondello M, Cifuentes A. Simultaneous detection of genetically modified organisms by multiplex ligation-dependent genome amplification and capillary gel electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence. Electrophoresis 2010; 31:2249-59. [PMID: 20593401 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201000078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
In this work, an innovative method useful to simultaneously analyze multiple genetically modified organisms is described. The developed method consists in the combination of multiplex ligation-dependent genome dependent amplification (MLGA) with CGE and LIF detection using bare-fused silica capillaries. The MLGA process is based on oligonucleotide constructs, formed by a universal sequence (vector) and long specific oligonucleotides (selectors) that facilitate the circularization of specific DNA target regions. Subsequently, the circularized target sequences are simultaneously amplified with the same couple of primers and analyzed by CGE-LIF using a bare-fused silica capillary and a run electrolyte containing 2-hydroxyethyl cellulose acting as both sieving matrix and dynamic capillary coating. CGE-LIF is shown to be very useful and informative for optimizing MLGA parameters such as annealing temperature, number of ligation cycles, and selector probes concentration. We demonstrate the specificity of the method in detecting the presence of transgenic DNA in certified reference and raw commercial samples. The method developed is sensitive and allows the simultaneous detection in a single run of percentages of transgenic maize as low as 1% of GA21, 1% of MON863, and 1% of MON810 in maize samples with signal-to-noise ratios for the corresponding DNA peaks of 15, 12, and 26, respectively. These results demonstrate, to our knowledge for the first time, the great possibilities of MLGA techniques for genetically modified organisms analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia García-Cañas
- Department of Food Analysis, Institute of Industrial Fermentations (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
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24
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Holck A, Pedersen BO, Heir E. Detection of five novel GMO maize events by qualitative, multiplex PCR and fluorescence capillary gel electrophoresis. Eur Food Res Technol 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-010-1302-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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25
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Molecular toolbox for the identification of unknown genetically modified organisms. Anal Bioanal Chem 2009; 396:2073-89. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-009-3287-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2009] [Revised: 10/23/2009] [Accepted: 11/03/2009] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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26
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New approaches in GMO detection. Anal Bioanal Chem 2009; 396:1991-2002. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-009-3237-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2009] [Revised: 10/09/2009] [Accepted: 10/13/2009] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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27
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See what you eat—broad GMO screening with microarrays. Anal Bioanal Chem 2009; 396:1961-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-009-3204-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2009] [Revised: 09/22/2009] [Accepted: 09/29/2009] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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28
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Holst-Jensen A. Testing for genetically modified organisms (GMOs): Past, present and future perspectives. Biotechnol Adv 2009; 27:1071-1082. [PMID: 19477261 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2009.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents an overview of GMO testing methodologies and how these have evolved and may evolve in the next decade. Challenges and limitations for the application of the test methods as well as to the interpretation of results produced with the methods are highlighted and discussed, bearing in mind the various interests and competences of the involved stakeholders. To better understand the suitability and limitations of detection methodologies the evolution of transformation processes for creation of GMOs is briefly reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arne Holst-Jensen
- Department of Feed and Food Safety, National Veterinary Institute, Ullevaalsveien 68, P.O. Box 750 Sentrum, 0106 Oslo, Norway.
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