1
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Tian L, Zhou W, Wu X, Hu Z, Qiu L, Zhang H, Chen X, Zhang S, Lu Z. CTLs: Killers of intracellular bacteria. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:967679. [PMID: 36389159 PMCID: PMC9645434 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.967679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Many microbial pathogens have evolved a range of capabilities to evade host immune defense mechanisms and to survive and multiply in host cells. The presence of host intracellular bacteria makes it difficult for specific antibodies to function. After the intracellular bacteria escape the attack of the innate immune system, such as phagocytes, they survive in cells, and then adaptive immunity comes into play. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) play an important role in eliminating intracellular bacteria. The regulation of key transcription factors could promote CD4+/CD8+ T cells to acquire cytolytic ability. The TCR-CD3 complex transduces activation signals generated by TCR recognition of antigen and promotes CTLs to generate multiple pathways to kill intracellular bacteria. In this review, the mechanism of CD4/CD8 CTLs differentiation and how CD4/CD8 CTLs kill intracellular bacteria are introduced. In addition, their application and prospects in the treatment of bacterial infections are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Tian
- Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xianwei Wu
- Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhuannan Hu
- Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Qiu
- Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Huiyong Zhang
- Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xue Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shaoyan Zhang
- Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenhui Lu
- Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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2
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Lavergne M, Hernández-Castañeda MA, Mantel PY, Martinvalet D, Walch M. Oxidative and Non-Oxidative Antimicrobial Activities of the Granzymes. Front Immunol 2021; 12:750512. [PMID: 34707614 PMCID: PMC8542974 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.750512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell-mediated cytotoxicity is an essential immune defense mechanism to fight against viral, bacterial or parasitic infections. Upon recognition of an infected target cell, killer lymphocytes form an immunological synapse to release the content of their cytotoxic granules. Cytotoxic granules of humans contain two membrane-disrupting proteins, perforin and granulysin, as well as a homologous family of five death-inducing serine proteases, the granzymes. The granzymes, after delivery into infected host cells by the membrane disrupting proteins, may contribute to the clearance of microbial pathogens through different mechanisms. The granzymes can induce host cell apoptosis, which deprives intracellular pathogens of their protective niche, therefore limiting their replication. However, many obligate intracellular pathogens have evolved mechanisms to inhibit programed cells death. To overcome these limitations, the granzymes can exert non-cytolytic antimicrobial activities by directly degrading microbial substrates or hijacked host proteins crucial for the replication or survival of the pathogens. The granzymes may also attack factors that mediate microbial virulence, therefore directly affecting their pathogenicity. Many mechanisms applied by the granzymes to eliminate infected cells and microbial pathogens rely on the induction of reactive oxygen species. These reactive oxygen species may be directly cytotoxic or enhance death programs triggered by the granzymes. Here, in the light of the latest advances, we review the antimicrobial activities of the granzymes in regards to their cytolytic and non-cytolytic activities to inhibit pathogen replication and invasion. We also discuss how reactive oxygen species contribute to the various antimicrobial mechanisms exerted by the granzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilyne Lavergne
- Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, Anatomy Unit, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Maria Andrea Hernández-Castañeda
- Division Infectious Disease and International Medicine, Department of Medicine, Center for Immunology, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Pierre-Yves Mantel
- Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, Anatomy Unit, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Denis Martinvalet
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padova, Italy.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padova, Italy
| | - Michael Walch
- Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, Anatomy Unit, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
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3
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Krabbendam L, Heesters BA, Kradolfer CMA, Haverkate NJE, Becker MAJ, Buskens CJ, Bemelman WA, Bernink JH, Spits H. CD127+ CD94+ innate lymphoid cells expressing granulysin and perforin are expanded in patients with Crohn's disease. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5841. [PMID: 34615883 PMCID: PMC8494908 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26187-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenotypic definition of helper ILC1 and NK cells is problematic due to overlapping markers. Recently we showed the identification of cytotoxic ILC3s characterized by expression of CD94. Here we analyse CD127+ ILCs and NK cells in intestinal lamina propria from healthy donors and Crohn's disease patients and identify two populations of CD127+CD94+ ILCs, designated population A and B, that can be distinguished on the expression of CD117, CD18 and cytotoxic molecules. Population B expresses granulysin, a cytotoxic molecule linked to bacterial lysis and/or chemotaxis of monocytes. Granulysin protein is secreted by population B cells upon stimulation with IL-15. Activation of population B in the presence of TGF-β strongly reduces the expression of cytotoxic effector molecules of population B. Strikingly, samples from individuals that suffer from active Crohn's disease display enhanced frequencies of granulysin-expressing effector CD127+CD94+ ILCs in comparison to controls. Thus this study identifies group 1 ILC populations which accumulate in inflamed intestinal tissue of Crohn's disease patients and may play a role in the pathology of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Krabbendam
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute (AI&II), Cancer Center Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - B A Heesters
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute (AI&II), Cancer Center Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - C M A Kradolfer
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute (AI&II), Cancer Center Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - N J E Haverkate
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute (AI&II), Cancer Center Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M A J Becker
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research and Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - C J Buskens
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute (AI&II), Cancer Center Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Surgery, Amsterdam Gastroenterology & Metabolism (AG&M), Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - W A Bemelman
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute (AI&II), Cancer Center Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Surgery, Amsterdam Gastroenterology & Metabolism (AG&M), Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J H Bernink
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute (AI&II), Cancer Center Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW) and UMC Utrecht, 3584, CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - H Spits
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute (AI&II), Cancer Center Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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4
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Hernández-Castañeda MA, Lavergne M, Casanova P, Nydegger B, Merten C, Subramanian BY, Matthey P, Lannes N, Mantel PY, Walch M. A Profound Membrane Reorganization Defines Susceptibility of Plasmodium falciparum Infected Red Blood Cells to Lysis by Granulysin and Perforin. Front Immunol 2021; 12:643746. [PMID: 34093532 PMCID: PMC8170093 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.643746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Malaria remains one of the most serious health problems in developing countries. The causative agent of malaria, Plasmodium spp., have a complex life cycle involving multiple developmental stages as well as different morphological, biochemical and metabolic requirements. We recently found that γδ T cells control parasite growth using pore-forming proteins to deliver their cytotoxic proteases, the granzymes, into blood residing parasites. Here, we follow up on the molecular mechanisms of parasite growth inhibition by human pore-forming proteins. We confirm that Plasmodium falciparum infection efficiently depletes the red blood cells of cholesterol, which renders the parasite surrounding membranes susceptible to lysis by prokaryotic membrane disrupting proteins, such as lymphocytic granulysin or the human cathelicidin LL-37. Interestingly, not the cholesterol depletion but rather the simultaneous exposure of phosphatidylserine, a negatively charged phospholipid, triggers resistance of late stage parasitized red blood cells towards the eukaryotic pore forming protein perforin. Overall, by revealing the molecular events we establish here a pathogen-host interaction that involves host cell membrane remodeling that defines the susceptibility towards cytolytic molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Andrea Hernández-Castañeda
- Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Marilyne Lavergne
- Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Pierina Casanova
- Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Bryan Nydegger
- Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Carla Merten
- Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Bibin Yesodha Subramanian
- Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Patricia Matthey
- Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Nils Lannes
- Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Pierre-Yves Mantel
- Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Michael Walch
- Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
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5
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Wang Q, Li D, Zhu J, Zhang M, Zhang H, Cao G, Zhu L, Shi Q, Hao J, Wen Q, Liu Z, Yang H, Yin Z. Perforin Acts as an Immune Regulator to Prevent the Progression of NAFLD. Front Immunol 2020; 11:846. [PMID: 32528465 PMCID: PMC7256195 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the main causes of cirrhosis and major risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma and liver-related death. Despite substantial clinical and basic research, the pathogenesis of obesity-related NAFLD remains poorly understood. In this study, we show that perforin can act as an immune regulator to prevent the progression of NAFLD. Aged perforin-deficient (Prf−/−) mice have increased lipid accumulation in the liver compared to WT mice. With high-fat diet (HFD) challenge, Prf−/− mice have increased liver weight, more severe liver damage, and increased liver inflammation when compared with WT controls. Mechanistic studies revealed that perforin specifically regulates intrinsic IFN-γ production in CD4 T cells, not CD8 T cells. We found that CD4 T cell depletion reduces liver injury and ameliorates the inflammation and metabolic morbidities in Prf−/− mice. Furthermore, improved liver characteristics in HFD Prf−/− and IFN-γR−/− double knockout mice confirmed that IFN-γ is a key factor for mediating perforin regulation of NAFLD progression. Overall, our findings reveal the important regulatory role perforin plays in the progression of obesity-related NAFLD and highlight novel strategies for treating NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wang
- Zhuhai Precision Medical Center, Zhuhai People's Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University), Jinan University, Zhuhai, China.,The Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dehai Li
- Zhuhai Precision Medical Center, Zhuhai People's Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University), Jinan University, Zhuhai, China.,The Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing Zhu
- Zhuhai Precision Medical Center, Zhuhai People's Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University), Jinan University, Zhuhai, China.,The Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mingyue Zhang
- Zhuhai Precision Medical Center, Zhuhai People's Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University), Jinan University, Zhuhai, China.,The Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hua Zhang
- Zhuhai Precision Medical Center, Zhuhai People's Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University), Jinan University, Zhuhai, China.,The Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guangchao Cao
- Zhuhai Precision Medical Center, Zhuhai People's Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University), Jinan University, Zhuhai, China.,The Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Leqing Zhu
- Zhuhai Precision Medical Center, Zhuhai People's Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University), Jinan University, Zhuhai, China.,The Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiping Shi
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianlei Hao
- Zhuhai Precision Medical Center, Zhuhai People's Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University), Jinan University, Zhuhai, China.,The Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiong Wen
- Zhuhai Precision Medical Center, Zhuhai People's Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University), Jinan University, Zhuhai, China.,The Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zonghua Liu
- Zhuhai Precision Medical Center, Zhuhai People's Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University), Jinan University, Zhuhai, China.,The Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hengwen Yang
- Zhuhai Precision Medical Center, Zhuhai People's Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University), Jinan University, Zhuhai, China.,The Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhinan Yin
- Zhuhai Precision Medical Center, Zhuhai People's Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University), Jinan University, Zhuhai, China.,The Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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6
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León DL, Matthey P, Fellay I, Blanchard M, Martinvalet D, Mantel PY, Filgueira L, Walch M. Granzyme B Attenuates Bacterial Virulence by Targeting Secreted Factors. iScience 2020; 23:100932. [PMID: 32151975 PMCID: PMC7063247 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.100932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic bacteria secrete virulence factors that interact with the human host to establish infections. The human immune system evolved multiple mechanisms to fight bacterial invaders, including immune proteases that were demonstrated to contribute crucially to antibacterial defense. Here we show that granzyme B degrades multiple secreted virulence mediators from Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella typhimurium, and Mycobacteria tuberculosis. Pathogenic bacteria, when infected in the presence of granzyme B or granzyme-secreting killer cells, fail to grow in human macrophages and epithelial cells owing to their crippled virulence. A granzyme B-uncleavable mutant form of the major Listeria virulence factor, listeriolysin O, rescued the virulence defect in response to granzyme treatment. Hence, we link the degradation of a single factor with the observed decrease in virulent bacteria growth. Overall, we reveal here an innate immune barrier function of granzyme B by disrupting bacterial virulence to facilitate bacteria clearance by bystander immune and non-immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego López León
- Faculty of Science and Medicine, Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, Anatomy Unit, University of Fribourg, PER03.14, Route Albert Gockel 1, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Patricia Matthey
- Faculty of Science and Medicine, Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, Anatomy Unit, University of Fribourg, PER03.14, Route Albert Gockel 1, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Isabelle Fellay
- Faculty of Science and Medicine, Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, Anatomy Unit, University of Fribourg, PER03.14, Route Albert Gockel 1, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Marianne Blanchard
- Faculty of Science and Medicine, Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, Anatomy Unit, University of Fribourg, PER03.14, Route Albert Gockel 1, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Denis Martinvalet
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58/B, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Pierre-Yves Mantel
- Faculty of Science and Medicine, Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, Anatomy Unit, University of Fribourg, PER03.14, Route Albert Gockel 1, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Luis Filgueira
- Faculty of Science and Medicine, Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, Anatomy Unit, University of Fribourg, PER03.14, Route Albert Gockel 1, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Michael Walch
- Faculty of Science and Medicine, Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, Anatomy Unit, University of Fribourg, PER03.14, Route Albert Gockel 1, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland.
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7
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Hernández-Castañeda MA, Happ K, Cattalani F, Wallimann A, Blanchard M, Fellay I, Scolari B, Lannes N, Mbagwu S, Fellay B, Filgueira L, Mantel PY, Walch M. γδ T Cells Kill Plasmodium falciparum in a Granzyme- and Granulysin-Dependent Mechanism during the Late Blood Stage. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 204:1798-1809. [PMID: 32066596 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Plasmodium spp., the causative agent of malaria, have a complex life cycle. The exponential growth of the parasites during the blood stage is responsible for almost all malaria-associated morbidity and mortality. Therefore, tight immune control of the intraerythrocytic replication of the parasite is essential to prevent clinical malaria. Despite evidence that the particular lymphocyte subset of γδ T cells contributes to protective immunity during the blood stage in naive hosts, their precise inhibitory mechanisms remain unclear. Using human PBMCs, we confirmed in this study that γδ T cells specifically and massively expanded upon activation with Plasmodium falciparum culture supernatant. We also demonstrate that these activated cells gain cytolytic potential by upregulating cytotoxic effector proteins and IFN-γ. The killer cells bound to infected RBCs and killed intracellular P. falciparum via the transfer of the granzymes, which was mediated by granulysin in a stage-specific manner. Several vital plasmodial proteins were efficiently destroyed by granzyme B, suggesting proteolytic degradation of these proteins as essential in the lymphocyte-mediated death pathway. Overall, these data establish a granzyme- and granulysin-mediated innate immune mechanism exerted by γδ T cells to kill late-stage blood-residing P. falciparum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Andrea Hernández-Castañeda
- Anatomy Unit, Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland; and
| | - Katharina Happ
- Anatomy Unit, Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland; and
| | - Filippo Cattalani
- Anatomy Unit, Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland; and
| | - Alexandra Wallimann
- Anatomy Unit, Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland; and
| | - Marianne Blanchard
- Anatomy Unit, Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland; and
| | - Isabelle Fellay
- Anatomy Unit, Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland; and
| | - Brigitte Scolari
- Anatomy Unit, Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland; and
| | - Nils Lannes
- Anatomy Unit, Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland; and
| | - Smart Mbagwu
- Anatomy Unit, Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland; and
| | - Benoît Fellay
- Cantonal Hospital of Fribourg, 1752 Villars-sur-Glâne, Switzerland
| | - Luis Filgueira
- Anatomy Unit, Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland; and
| | - Pierre-Yves Mantel
- Anatomy Unit, Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland; and
| | - Michael Walch
- Anatomy Unit, Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland; and
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8
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Granulysin: killer lymphocyte safeguard against microbes. Curr Opin Immunol 2019; 60:19-29. [PMID: 31112765 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2019.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Primary T cell immunodeficiency and HIV-infected patients are plagued by non-viral infections caused by bacteria, fungi, and parasites, suggesting an important and underappreciated role for T lymphocytes in controlling microbes. Here, we review recent studies showing that killer lymphocytes use the antimicrobial cytotoxic granule pore-forming peptide granulysin, induced by microbial exposure, to permeabilize cholesterol-poor microbial membranes and deliver death-inducing granzymes into these pathogens. Granulysin and granzymes cause microptosis, programmed cell death in microbes, by inducing reactive oxygen species and destroying microbial antioxidant defenses and disrupting biosynthetic and central metabolism pathways required for their survival, including protein synthesis, glycolysis, and the Krebs cycle.
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9
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Dang AT, Teles RM, Weiss DI, Parvatiyar K, Sarno EN, Ochoa MT, Cheng G, Gilliet M, Bloom BR, Modlin RL. IL-26 contributes to host defense against intracellular bacteria. J Clin Invest 2019; 129:1926-1939. [PMID: 30939123 DOI: 10.1172/jci99550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
IL-26 is an antimicrobial protein secreted by Th17 cells that has the ability to directly kill extracellular bacteria. To ascertain whether IL-26 contributes to host defense against intracellular bacteria, we studied leprosy, caused by the obligate intracellular pathogen Mycobacterium leprae, as a model. Analysis of leprosy skin lesions by gene expression profiling and immunohistology revealed that IL-26 was more strongly expressed in lesions from the self-limited tuberculoid compared with expression in progressive lepromatous patients. IL-26 directly bound to M. leprae in axenic culture and reduced bacteria viability. Furthermore, IL-26, when added to human monocyte-derived macrophages infected with M. leprae, entered the infected cell, colocalized with the bacterium, and reduced bacteria viability. In addition, IL-26 induced autophagy via the cytoplasmic DNA receptor stimulator of IFN genes (STING), as well as fusion of phagosomes containing bacilli with lysosomal compartments. Altogether, our data suggest that the Th17 cytokine IL-26 contributes to host defense against intracellular bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angeline Tilly Dang
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | | | - David I Weiss
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Kislay Parvatiyar
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Euzenir N Sarno
- Leprosy Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Maria T Ochoa
- Department of Dermatology, University of Southern California School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Genhong Cheng
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Michel Gilliet
- Department of Medicine, Dermatology Service, Lausanne University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Barry R Bloom
- Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Robert L Modlin
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
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10
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La leptine : un modulateur de l’activité des cellules Natural Killer ? NUTR CLIN METAB 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nupar.2014.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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11
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Horváti K, Bacsa B, Szabó N, Dávid S, Mező G, Grolmusz V, Vértessy B, Hudecz F, Bősze S. Enhanced cellular uptake of a new, in silico identified antitubercular candidate by peptide conjugation. Bioconjug Chem 2012; 23:900-7. [PMID: 22515329 DOI: 10.1021/bc200221t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a successful pathogen, and it can survive in infected macrophages in dormant phase for years and decades. The therapy of tuberculosis takes at least six months, and the slow-growing bacterium is resistant to many antibiotics. The development of novel antimicrobials to counter the emergence of bacteria resistant to current therapies is urgently needed. In silico docking methods and structure-based drug design are useful bioinformatics tools for identifying new agents. A docking experiment to M. tuberculosis dUTPase enzyme, which plays a key role in the bacterial metabolism, has resulted in 10 new antitubercular drug candidates. The uptake of antituberculars by infected macrophages is limited by extracellular diffusion. The optimization of the cellular uptake by drug delivery systems can decrease the used dosages and the length of the therapy, and it can also enhance the bioavailability of the drug molecule. In this study, improved in vitro efficacy was achieved by attaching the TB5 antitubercular drug candidate to peptide carriers. As drug delivery components, (i) an antimicrobial granulysin peptide and (ii) a receptor specific tuftsin peptide were used. An efficient synthetic approach was developed to conjugate the in silico identified TB5 coumarone derivative to the carrier peptides. The compounds were effective on M. tuberculosis H37Rv culture in vitro; the chemical linkage did not affect the antimycobacterial activity. Here, we show that the OT20 tuftsin and GranF2 granulysin peptide conjugates have dramatically enhanced uptake into human MonoMac6 cells. The TB5-OT20 tuftsin conjugate exhibited significant antimycobacterial activity on M. tuberculosis H37Rv infected MonoMac6 cells and inhibited intracellular bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kata Horváti
- Research Group of Peptide Chemistry, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Eötvös L. University , Budapest, Hungary
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Control of Plasmodium falciparum erythrocytic cycle: γδ T cells target the red blood cell-invasive merozoites. Blood 2011; 118:6952-62. [PMID: 22045985 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2011-08-376111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The control of Plasmodium falciparum erythrocytic parasite density is essential for protection against malaria, because it prevents pathogenesis and progression toward severe disease. P falciparum blood-stage parasite cultures are inhibited by human Vγ9Vδ2 γδ T cells, but the underlying mechanism remains poorly understood. Here, we show that both intraerythrocytic parasites and the extracellular red blood cell-invasive merozoites specifically activate Vγ9Vδ2 T cells in a γδ T cell receptor-dependent manner and trigger their degranulation. In contrast, the γδ T cell-mediated antiparasitic activity only targets the extracellular merozoites. Using perforin-deficient and granulysin-silenced T-cell lines, we demonstrate that granulysin is essential for the in vitro antiplasmodial process, whereas perforin is dispensable. Patients infected with P falciparum exhibited elevated granulysin plasma levels associated with high levels of granulysin-expressing Vδ2(+) T cells endowed with parasite-specific degranulation capacity. This indicates in vivo activation of Vγ9Vδ2 T cells along with granulysin triggering and discharge during primary acute falciparum malaria. Altogether, this work identifies Vγ9Vδ2 T cells as unconventional immune effectors targeting the red blood cell-invasive extracellular P falciparum merozoites and opens novel perspectives for immune interventions harnessing the antiparasitic activity of Vγ9Vδ2 T cells to control parasite density in malaria patients.
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Cell death mechanisms at the maternal-fetal interface: insights into the role of granulysin. Clin Dev Immunol 2011; 2012:180272. [PMID: 21912564 PMCID: PMC3170798 DOI: 10.1155/2012/180272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2011] [Revised: 07/12/2011] [Accepted: 07/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
During mammal pregnancy, a sensitive balance between hormones, cytokines, humoral factors, and local cellular interactions must be established. Cytotoxic cells infiltrating the decidua are heavily equipped with cytolytic molecules, in particular perforin and granulysin. Granulysin is especially abundant in NK cells which are able to spontaneously secrete high quantities of granulysin. Besides being a potent bactericidal and tumoricidal molecule, granulysin is also found to be a chemoattractant and a proinflammatory molecule. The precise role(s) of granulysin at the maternal-fetal interface has not been elucidated yet. It is possible that it behaves as a double-edged sword simultaneously acting as an immunomodulatory and a host defense molecule protecting both the mother and the fetus from a wide spectrum of pathogens, and on the other hand, in case of an NK cell activation, acting as an effector molecule causing the apoptosis of semiallograft trophoblast cells and consequently leading to various pregnancy disorders or pregnancy loss.
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Massari D, Prpic-Massari L, Kehler T, Kastelan M, Curkovic B, Persic V, Ruzic A, Laskarin G. Analysis of granulysin-mediated cytotoxicity in peripheral blood of patients with psoriatic arthritis. Rheumatol Int 2011; 32:2777-84. [PMID: 21830153 DOI: 10.1007/s00296-011-2013-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2011] [Accepted: 07/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to investigate possible changes in granulysin (GNLY)-mediated cytotoxicity of peripheral blood lymphocytes in psoriatic arthritis (PsA) patients with respect to different phases of the disease. We prospectively enrolled 25 PsA patients in the active phase, 26 PsA patients in remission and 24 healthy controls. The simultaneous detection of intracellular GNLY and cell surface antigens (CD3 and CD56) was performed with flow cytometry. GNLY apoptotic protein was visualised by immunocytochemistry. Natural killer (NK) cell cytotoxicity was analysed with a cytotoxicity assay against human erythroleukaemia K-562 cells. The percentage of GNLY(+) cells did not differ significantly between PsA patients in the acute phase and those in remission; however, it was always higher than in healthy examinees due to the increased percentage of GNLY(+) cells within T cells, NKT cells, and both, and in the CD56(+dim) and CD56(+bright) NK subsets. The mean fluorescence intensity for GNLY was higher in all lymphocyte subpopulations in the acute phase than in remission and in healthy controls. Accordingly, GNLY-mediated NK cell cytotoxicity against K-562 cells of active phase PsA patients was significantly higher than that in patients in remission or in healthy controls. These findings demonstrated the involvement of GNLY in the worsening of PsA and suggested that GNLY mediated the development of joint lesions.
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MESH Headings
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/metabolism
- Antirheumatic Agents/therapeutic use
- Apoptosis/physiology
- Arthritis, Psoriatic/drug therapy
- Arthritis, Psoriatic/immunology
- Arthritis, Psoriatic/pathology
- CD3 Complex/metabolism
- CD56 Antigen/metabolism
- Case-Control Studies
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/physiology
- Female
- Humans
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/pathology
- Leukemia, Erythroblastic, Acute/immunology
- Leukemia, Erythroblastic, Acute/pathology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Prospective Studies
- Remission Induction
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Drazen Massari
- Thalassotherapia Opatija, Special Hospital for Rehabilitation of Hearth and Lung Diseases and Rheumatism, M. Tita 188, 51410 Opatija, Croatia
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15
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Leishmania-infected macrophages are targets of NK cell-derived cytokines but not of NK cell cytotoxicity. Infect Immun 2011; 79:2699-708. [PMID: 21518784 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00079-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are important components of a protective immune response against intracellular pathogens such as Leishmania parasites, which reside within myeloid cells. Previous in vivo studies in murine cutaneous or visceral leishmaniasis showed that NK cells are activated by conventional dendritic cells in a Toll-like receptor 9-, interleukin-12 (IL-12)-, and IL-18-dependent manner during the early phase of infection and help to restrict the tissue parasite burden by unknown mechanisms. Here, we tested whether NK cells contribute to the control of Leishmania infections by lysing or by activating infected host cells. Coculture experiments revealed that activated NK cells from poly(I:C)-treated mice readily killed tumor target cells, whereas Leishmania infantum- or L. major-infected macrophages or dendritic cells remained viable. Infection with Leishmania did not significantly alter the expression of NK cell-activating molecules (retinoic acid early transcript alpha [Rae-1α], mouse UL16-binding protein-like transcript 1 [MULT-1], CD48) or inhibitory molecules (major histocompatibility complex [MHC] class I, nonclassical MHC class 1b molecule Qa-1) on the surface of myeloid cells, which offers an explanation for their protection from NK cell cytotoxicity. Consistent with these in vitro data, in vivo cytotoxicity assays revealed poor cytolytic activity of NK cells against adoptively transferred infected wild-type macrophages, whereas MHC class I-deficient macrophages were efficiently eliminated. NK cells activated by IL-12 and IL-18 stimulated macrophages to kill intracellular Leishmania in a cell contact-independent but gamma interferon-, tumor necrosis factor-, and inducible nitric oxide synthase-dependent manner. We conclude that Leishmania parasites, unlike viruses, do not render infected myeloid cells susceptible to the cytotoxicity of NK cells. Instead, soluble products of NK cells trigger the leishmanicidal activity of macrophages.
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Direct microbicidal activity of cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. J Biomed Biotechnol 2010; 2010:249482. [PMID: 20617144 PMCID: PMC2896662 DOI: 10.1155/2010/249482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2010] [Accepted: 03/22/2010] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTL) are famous for their ability to kill tumor, allogeneic and virus-infected cells. However, an emerging literature has now demonstrated that CTL also possess the ability to directly recognize and kill bacteria, parasites, and fungi. Here, we review past and recent findings demonstrating the direct microbicidal activity of both CD4+ and CD8+ CTL against various microbial pathogens. Further, this review will outline what is known regarding the mechanisms of direct killing and their underlying signalling pathways.
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Endsley JJ, Torres AG, Gonzales CM, Kosykh VG, Motin VL, Peterson JW, Estes DM, Klimpel GR. Comparative antimicrobial activity of granulysin against bacterial biothreat agents. Open Microbiol J 2009; 3:92-6. [PMID: 19587798 PMCID: PMC2705080 DOI: 10.2174/1874285800903010092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2009] [Revised: 05/07/2009] [Accepted: 05/08/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Granulysin is a cationic protein produced by human T cells and natural killer cells that can kill bacterial pathogens through disruption of microbial membrane integrity. Herein we demonstrate antimicrobial activity of the granulysin peptide derived from the active site against Bacillus anthracis, Yersinia pestis, Francisella tularensis, and Burkholderia mallei, and show pathogen-specific differences in granulysin peptide effects. The susceptibility of Y. pestis to granulysin is temperature dependent, being less susceptible when grown at the flea arthropod vector temperature (26°C) than when grown at human body temperature. These studies suggest that augmentation of granulysin expression by cytotoxic lymphocytes, or therapeutic application of granulysin peptides, could constitute important strategies for protection against select agent bacterial pathogens. Investigations of the microbial surface molecules that determine susceptibility to granulysin may identify important mechanisms that contribute to pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janice J Endsley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology , University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0436, USA.
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Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes infection in mice is a highly prolific model of bacterial infection. Several in vivo imaging approaches have been used to study host cell dynamics in response to infection, including bioluminescence imaging, confocal microscopy and two-photon microscopy, The application of in vivo imaging to study transgenic mouse models is providing unprecedented opportunities to test specific molecular mechanistic theories about how the host immune response unfolds. In complementary studies, in vivo imaging can be performed using genetically engineered bacterial mutants to assess the impact of specific virulence factors in host cell invasion and pathogenesis. The purpose of this chapter is to provide a general rationale for why in vivo imaging is important, provide an overview of various techniques highlighting the strengths and weaknesses of each, and provide examples of how various imaging techniques have been used to study Listeria infection. Lastly, our goal is to make the reader aware of the tremendous potential these approaches hold for studying host-pathogen interactions.
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