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Drago L, Fidanza A, Giannetti A, Ciuffoletti A, Logroscino G, Romanò CL. Bacteria Living in Biofilms in Fluids: Could Chemical Antibiofilm Pretreatment of Culture Represent a Paradigm Shift in Diagnostics? Microorganisms 2024; 12:259. [PMID: 38399663 PMCID: PMC10892178 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12020259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Biofilms are multicellular aggregates of bacteria immersed in an extracellular matrix that forms on various surfaces, including biological tissues and artificial surfaces. However, more and more reports point out the fact that even biological fluids and semifluid, such as synovial liquid, blood, urine, or mucus and feces, harbor "non-attached" biofilm aggregates of bacteria, which represent a significant phenomenon with critical clinical implications that remain to be fully investigated. In particular, biofilm aggregates in biological fluid samples have been shown to play a relevant role in bacterial count and in the overall accuracy of microbiological diagnosis. In line with these observations, the introduction in the clinical setting of fluid sample pretreatment with an antibiofilm chemical compound called dithiothreitol (DTT), which is able to dislodge microorganisms from their intercellular matrix without killing them, would effectively improve the microbiological yield and increase the sensitivity of cultural examination, compared to the current microbiological techniques. While other ongoing research continues to unveil the complexity of biofilm formation in biological fluids and its impact on infection pathogenesis and diagnosis, we here hypothesize that the routine use of a chemical antibiofilm pretreatment of fluid and semi-solid samples may lead to a paradigm shift in the microbiological approach to the diagnosis of biofilm-related infections and should be further investigated and eventually implemented in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Drago
- Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
- UOC Laboratory of Clinical Medicine, MultiLab Department, IRCCS Multimedica, 20138 Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Fidanza
- Mininvasive Orthopaedic Surgery—Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (A.F.); (G.L.)
- Unit of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, “SS Filippo e Nicola” Hospital, 67051 Avezzano, Italy
| | - Alessio Giannetti
- Unit of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, “G. Mazzini” Hospital, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (A.G.); (A.C.)
| | - Alessio Ciuffoletti
- Unit of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, “G. Mazzini” Hospital, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (A.G.); (A.C.)
| | - Giandomenico Logroscino
- Mininvasive Orthopaedic Surgery—Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (A.F.); (G.L.)
| | - Carlo Luca Romanò
- Romano Institute, Rruga Deshmoret e 4 Shkurtit, 1001 Tirana, Albania;
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Izquierdo-Vega JA, Castillo-Juarez RJ, Sánchez-Gutiérrez M, Ares MA, De La Cruz MA. A Mini-Review of Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli with a Specific Target on the Virulence Factors Controlled by the AggR Master Regulator. Pol J Microbiol 2023; 72:347-354. [PMID: 37875068 PMCID: PMC10725161 DOI: 10.33073/pjm-2023-037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC) strains have been linked to several outbreaks of severe diarrhea around the world, and this bacterium is now commonly resistant to antibiotics. As part of the pathophysiology of EAEC, the characteristic pattern of adherence looks like stacked bricks on the intestinal epithelium. This phenotype depends on an aggregative adhesion plasmid (pAA), which codes for a regulatory protein named AggR. The AggR protein is a master regulator that transcriptionally actives the main virulence genes in this E. coli pathotype, such as those that encode the aggregative adhesion fimbriae, dispersin and its secretion apparatus, Aar regulatory protein, and type VI secretion system. Several reports have shown that AggR positively affects most EAEC virulence genes, functioning as a classic transcriptional activator in the promoter region of these genes, interacting with the RNA polymerase. This minireview article integrates the information about virulence determinants of EAEC controlled by the AggR regulator.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Miguel A. Ares
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Infecciosas y Parasitarias, Hospital de Pediatría, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, México City, México
- Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México City, México
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Buchmann D, Schwabe M, Weiss R, Kuss AW, Schaufler K, Schlüter R, Rödiger S, Guenther S, Schultze N. Natural phenolic compounds as biofilm inhibitors of multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli - the role of similar biological processes despite structural diversity. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1232039. [PMID: 37731930 PMCID: PMC10507321 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1232039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Multidrug-resistant gram-negative pathogens such as Escherichia coli have become increasingly difficult to treat and therefore alternative treatment options are needed. Targeting virulence factors like biofilm formation could be one such option. Inhibition of biofilm-related structures like curli and cellulose formation in E. coli has been shown for different phenolic natural compounds like epigallocatechin gallate. This study demonstrates this effect for other structurally unrelated phenolics, namely octyl gallate, scutellarein and wedelolactone. To verify whether these structurally different compounds influence identical pathways of biofilm formation in E. coli a broad comparative RNA-sequencing approach was chosen with additional RT-qPCR to gain initial insights into the pathways affected at the transcriptomic level. Bioinformatical analysis of the RNA-Seq data was performed using DESeq2, BioCyc and KEGG Mapper. The comparative bioinformatics analysis on the pathways revealed that, irrespective of their structure, all compounds mainly influenced similar biological processes. These pathways included bacterial motility, chemotaxis, biofilm formation as well as metabolic processes like arginine biosynthesis and tricarboxylic acid cycle. Overall, this work provides the first insights into the potential mechanisms of action of novel phenolic biofilm inhibitors and highlights the complex regulatory processes of biofilm formation in E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Buchmann
- Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Michael Schwabe
- Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Romano Weiss
- Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty Environment and Natural Sciences, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, Cottbus, Germany
| | - Andreas W. Kuss
- Department of Functional Genomics, Interfaculty Institute of Genetics and Functional Genomics, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Katharina Schaufler
- Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- Institute of Infection Medicine, Christian-Albrecht University Kiel and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Rabea Schlüter
- Imaging Center of the Department of Biology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Stefan Rödiger
- Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty Environment and Natural Sciences, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, Cottbus, Germany
| | - Sebastian Guenther
- Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Nadin Schultze
- Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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Carter H, Clark J, Carlin LG, Vaughan E, Rajan A, Olvera A, Yu X, Zeng XL, Kambal A, Holder M, Qin X, Gibbs RA, Petrosino JF, Muzny DM, Doddapaneni H, Menon VK, Hoffman KL, Meng Q, Ross MC, Javornik Cregeen SJ, Metcalf G, Jenq R, Blutt S, Estes MK, Maresso A, Okhuysen PC. Functional Genomics of Gastrointestinal Escherichia coli Isolated from Patients with Cancer and Diarrhea. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.31.543115. [PMID: 37398483 PMCID: PMC10312547 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.31.543115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
We describe the epidemiology and clinical characteristics of 29 patients with cancer and diarrhea in whom Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC) was initially identified by GI BioFire panel multiplex. E. coli strains were successfully isolated from fecal cultures in 14 of 29 patients. Six of the 14 strains were identified as EAEC and 8 belonged to other diverse E. coli groups of unknown pathogenesis. We investigated these strains by their adherence to human intestinal organoids, cytotoxic responses, antibiotic resistance profile, full sequencing of their genomes, and annotation of their functional virulome. Interestingly, we discovered novel and enhanced adherence and aggregative patterns for several diarrheagenic pathotypes that were not previously seen when co-cultured with immortalized cell lines. EAEC isolates displayed exceptional adherence and aggregation to human colonoids compared not only to diverse GI E. coli , but also compared to prototype strains of other diarrheagenic E. coli . Some of the diverse E. coli strains that could not be classified as a conventional pathotype also showed an enhanced aggregative and cytotoxic response. Notably, we found a high carriage rate of antibiotic resistance genes in both EAEC strains and diverse GI E. coli isolates and observed a positive correlation between adherence to colonoids and the number of metal acquisition genes carried in both EAEC and the diverse E. coli strains. This work indicates that E. coli from cancer patients constitute strains of remarkable pathotypic and genomic divergence, including strains of unknown disease etiology with unique virulomes. Future studies will allow for the opportunity to re-define E. coli pathotypes with greater diagnostic accuracy and into more clinically relevant groupings.
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Kwasi DA, Babalola CP, Olubiyi OO, Hoffmann J, Uzochukwu IC, Okeke IN. Antibiofilm agents with therapeutic potential against enteroaggregative Escherichia coli. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010809. [PMID: 36201560 PMCID: PMC9578610 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC) is a predominant but neglected enteric pathogen implicated in infantile diarrhoea and nutrient malabsorption. There are no non-antibiotic approaches to dealing with persistent infection by these exceptional colonizers, which form copious biofilms. We screened the Medicines for Malaria Venture Pathogen Box for chemical entities that inhibit EAEC biofilm formation. METHODOLOGY We used EAEC strains, 042 and MND005E in a medium-throughput crystal violet-based antibiofilm screen. Hits were confirmed in concentration-dependence, growth kinetic and time course assays and activity spectra were determined against a panel of 25 other EAEC strains. Antibiofilm activity against isogenic EAEC mutants, molecular docking simulations and comparative genomic analysis were used to identify the mechanism of action of one hit. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS In all, five compounds (1.25%) reproducibly inhibited biofilm accumulation by at least one strain by 30-85% while inhibiting growth by under 10%. Hits exhibited potent antibiofilm activity at concentrations at least 10-fold lower than those reported for nitazoxanide, the only known EAEC biofilm inhibitor. Reflective of known EAEC heterogeneity, only one hit was active against both screen isolates, but three hits showed broad antibiofilm activity against a larger panel of strains. Mechanism of action studies point to the EAEC anti-aggregation protein (Aap), dispersin, as the target of compound MMV687800. CONCLUSIONS This study identified five compounds, not previously described as anti-adhesins or Gram-negative antibacterials, with significant EAEC antibiofilm activity. Molecule, MMV687800 targets the EAEC Aap. In vitro small-molecule inhibition of EAEC colonization opens a way to new therapeutic approaches against EAEC infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A. Kwasi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Chinedum P. Babalola
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
- Center for Drug Discovery, Development and Production, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Olujide O. Olubiyi
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria
| | - Jennifer Hoffmann
- Department of Biology, Haverford College, Haverford, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Ikemefuna C. Uzochukwu
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria
| | - Iruka N. Okeke
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
- Department of Biology, Haverford College, Haverford, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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Polenogova OV, Noskov YA, Artemchenko AS, Zhangissina S, Klementeva TN, Yaroslavtseva ON, Khodyrev VP, Kruykova NA, Glupov VV. Citrobacter freundii, a natural associate of the Colorado potato beetle, increases larval susceptibility to Bacillus thuringiensis. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2022; 78:3823-3835. [PMID: 35238478 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We assume that certain representatives of gut microflora mediate immune changes during dysbiosis, accelerating septicemia caused by Bacillus thuringiensis. RESULTS Co-introduction of Citrobacter freundii with Bacillus thuringiensis var. tenebrionis (morrisoni) (Bt) led to an increase in Colorado potato beetle (CPB) larval mortality to 69.0% (1.3-5×) and a synergistic effect was observed from day 1 to day 6. Ultrathin sections of the CPB midgut showed autophagosome formation and partial destruction of gut microvilli under the influence of Bt, which was accompanied by pronounced hypersecretion of the endoplasmic reticulum with apocrine vesicle formation and oncotic changes in cells under the action of C. freundii. The destruction of gut tissues was accompanied by suppression of detoxification processes under the action of the bacteria and a decrease (2.8-3.5×) in the concentration of lipid oxidation products during Bt infection. In the first hours post combined treatment, we registered a slight increase in the total hemocyte count (THC) especially a predomination (1.4×) of immune-competent plasmatocytes. Oral administration of symbiotic and entomopathogenic bacteria to the CPB larvae significantly decreased the THC (1.4×) after 24 h and increased (1.1-1.5×) the detoxifying enzymes level in the lymph. These changes are likely to be associated with the destruction of hemocytes and the need to remove the toxic products of reactive oxygen species. CONCLUSION The obtained results indicate that feeding of C. freundii and B. thuringiensis to the CPB larvae is accompanied by tissue changes that significantly affect the cellular and humoral immunity of the insect, increasing its susceptibility to Bt. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga V Polenogova
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Yury A Noskov
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
- National Research Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Anna S Artemchenko
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Saule Zhangissina
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Tatyana N Klementeva
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Olga N Yaroslavtseva
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Viktor P Khodyrev
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Natalya A Kruykova
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Viktor V Glupov
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
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Loera-Muro A, Ramírez-Castillo FY, Moreno-Flores AC, Martin EM, Avelar-González FJ, Guerrero-Barrera AL. Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae Surviving on Environmental Multi-Species Biofilms in Swine Farms. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:722683. [PMID: 34660763 PMCID: PMC8515031 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.722683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae is the etiologic agent of porcine contagious pleuropneumonia, an important respiratory disease for the pig industry. A. pleuropneumoniae has traditionally been considered an obligate pig pathogen. However, its presence in the environment is starting to be known. Here, we report the A. pleuropneumoniae surviving in biofilms in samples of drinking water of swine farms from Mexico. Fourteen farms were studied. Twenty drinking water samples were positive to A. pleuropneumoniae distributed on three different farms. The bacteria in the drinking water samples showed the ability to form biofilms in vitro. Likewise, A. pleuropneumoniae biofilm formation in situ was observed on farm drinkers, where the biofilm formation was in the presence of other bacteria such as Escherichia coli, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, and Acinetobacter schindleri. Our data suggest that A. pleuropneumoniae can inhabit aquatic environments using multi-species biofilms as a strategy to survive outside of their host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham Loera-Muro
- CONACYT-Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noreste, La Paz, Mexico
| | - Flor Y Ramírez-Castillo
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Tisular, Departamento de Morfología, Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, Mexico
| | - Adriana C Moreno-Flores
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Tisular, Departamento de Morfología, Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, Mexico
| | - Eduardo M Martin
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Tisular, Departamento de Morfología, Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, Mexico
| | - Francisco J Avelar-González
- Laboratorio de Estudios Ambientales, Departamento Fisiología y Farmacología, Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, Mexico
| | - Alma L Guerrero-Barrera
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Tisular, Departamento de Morfología, Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, Mexico
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Nascimento JAS, Santos FF, Valiatti TB, Santos-Neto JF, M. Santos AC, Cayô R, Gales AC, A. T. Gomes T. Frequency and Diversity of Hybrid Escherichia coli Strains Isolated from Urinary Tract Infections. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9040693. [PMID: 33801702 PMCID: PMC8065829 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9040693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Hybrid uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) strains carry virulence markers of the diarrheagenic E. coli (DEC) pathotypes, which may increase their virulence potential. This study analyzed the frequency and virulence potential of hybrid strains among 452 UPEC strains. (2) Methods: Strains were tested for the DEC virulence diagnostic genes’ presence by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Those carrying at least one gene were classified as hybrid and further tested for 10 UPEC and extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC) virulence genes and phylogenetic classification. Also, their ability to produce hemolysis, adhere to HeLa and renal HEK 293T cells, form a biofilm, and antimicrobial susceptibility were evaluated. (3) Results: Nine (2%) hybrid strains were detected; seven of them carried aggR and two, eae, and were classified as UPEC/EAEC (enteroaggregative E. coli) and UPEC/aEPEC (atypical enteropathogenic E. coli), respectively. They belonged to phylogroups A (five strains), B1 (three), and D (one), and adhered to both cell lineages tested. Only the UPEC/EAEC strains were hemolytic (five strains) and produced biofilm. One UPEC/aEPEC strain was resistant to third-generation cephalosporins and carried blaCTX-M-15. (4) Conclusions: Our findings contribute to understanding the occurrence and pathogenicity of hybrid UPEC strains, which may cause more severe infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Júllia A. S. Nascimento
- Laboratório Experimental de Patogenicidade de Enterobactérias (LEPE), Disciplina de Microbiologia, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia (DMIP), Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM), Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo 04023-062, Brazil; (J.A.S.N.); (F.F.S.); (T.B.V.); (J.F.S.-N.); (A.C.M.S.)
| | - Fernanda F. Santos
- Laboratório Experimental de Patogenicidade de Enterobactérias (LEPE), Disciplina de Microbiologia, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia (DMIP), Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM), Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo 04023-062, Brazil; (J.A.S.N.); (F.F.S.); (T.B.V.); (J.F.S.-N.); (A.C.M.S.)
- Laboratório Alerta, Disciplina de Infectologia, Departamento de Medicina, Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM), Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo 04039-032, Brazil; (R.C.); (A.C.G.)
| | - Tiago B. Valiatti
- Laboratório Experimental de Patogenicidade de Enterobactérias (LEPE), Disciplina de Microbiologia, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia (DMIP), Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM), Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo 04023-062, Brazil; (J.A.S.N.); (F.F.S.); (T.B.V.); (J.F.S.-N.); (A.C.M.S.)
- Laboratório Alerta, Disciplina de Infectologia, Departamento de Medicina, Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM), Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo 04039-032, Brazil; (R.C.); (A.C.G.)
| | - José F. Santos-Neto
- Laboratório Experimental de Patogenicidade de Enterobactérias (LEPE), Disciplina de Microbiologia, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia (DMIP), Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM), Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo 04023-062, Brazil; (J.A.S.N.); (F.F.S.); (T.B.V.); (J.F.S.-N.); (A.C.M.S.)
| | - Ana Carolina M. Santos
- Laboratório Experimental de Patogenicidade de Enterobactérias (LEPE), Disciplina de Microbiologia, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia (DMIP), Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM), Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo 04023-062, Brazil; (J.A.S.N.); (F.F.S.); (T.B.V.); (J.F.S.-N.); (A.C.M.S.)
| | - Rodrigo Cayô
- Laboratório Alerta, Disciplina de Infectologia, Departamento de Medicina, Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM), Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo 04039-032, Brazil; (R.C.); (A.C.G.)
- Laboratório de Imunologia e Microbiologia (LIB), Setor de Biologia Molecular, Microbiologia e Imunologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas (DCB), Instituto de Ciências Ambientais, Químicas e Farmacêuticas (ICAQF), Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Diadema 09972-270, Brazil
| | - Ana C. Gales
- Laboratório Alerta, Disciplina de Infectologia, Departamento de Medicina, Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM), Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo 04039-032, Brazil; (R.C.); (A.C.G.)
| | - Tânia A. T. Gomes
- Laboratório Experimental de Patogenicidade de Enterobactérias (LEPE), Disciplina de Microbiologia, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia (DMIP), Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM), Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo 04023-062, Brazil; (J.A.S.N.); (F.F.S.); (T.B.V.); (J.F.S.-N.); (A.C.M.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-11-5576-4848
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9
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Ageorges V, Monteiro R, Leroy S, Burgess CM, Pizza M, Chaucheyras-Durand F, Desvaux M. Molecular determinants of surface colonisation in diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli (DEC): from bacterial adhesion to biofilm formation. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2021; 44:314-350. [PMID: 32239203 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuaa008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli is primarily known as a commensal colonising the gastrointestinal tract of infants very early in life but some strains being responsible for diarrhoea, which can be especially severe in young children. Intestinal pathogenic E. coli include six pathotypes of diarrhoeagenic E. coli (DEC), namely, the (i) enterotoxigenic E. coli, (ii) enteroaggregative E. coli, (iii) enteropathogenic E. coli, (iv) enterohemorragic E. coli, (v) enteroinvasive E. coli and (vi) diffusely adherent E. coli. Prior to human infection, DEC can be found in natural environments, animal reservoirs, food processing environments and contaminated food matrices. From an ecophysiological point of view, DEC thus deal with very different biotopes and biocoenoses all along the food chain. In this context, this review focuses on the wide range of surface molecular determinants acting as surface colonisation factors (SCFs) in DEC. In the first instance, SCFs can be broadly discriminated into (i) extracellular polysaccharides, (ii) extracellular DNA and (iii) surface proteins. Surface proteins constitute the most diverse group of SCFs broadly discriminated into (i) monomeric SCFs, such as autotransporter (AT) adhesins, inverted ATs, heat-resistant agglutinins or some moonlighting proteins, (ii) oligomeric SCFs, namely, the trimeric ATs and (iii) supramolecular SCFs, including flagella and numerous pili, e.g. the injectisome, type 4 pili, curli chaperone-usher pili or conjugative pili. This review also details the gene regulatory network of these numerous SCFs at the various stages as it occurs from pre-transcriptional to post-translocational levels, which remains to be fully elucidated in many cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Ageorges
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, MEDiS, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Ricardo Monteiro
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, MEDiS, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.,GSK, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Sabine Leroy
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, MEDiS, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Catherine M Burgess
- Food Safety Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin 15, Ireland
| | | | - Frédérique Chaucheyras-Durand
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, MEDiS, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.,Lallemand Animal Nutrition SAS, F-31702 Blagnac Cedex, France
| | - Mickaël Desvaux
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, MEDiS, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
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10
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The Changing Face of the Family Enterobacteriaceae (Order: " Enterobacterales"): New Members, Taxonomic Issues, Geographic Expansion, and New Diseases and Disease Syndromes. Clin Microbiol Rev 2021; 34:34/2/e00174-20. [PMID: 33627443 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00174-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The family Enterobacteriaceae has undergone significant morphogenetic changes in its more than 85-year history, particularly during the past 2 decades (2000 to 2020). The development and introduction of new and novel molecular methods coupled with innovative laboratory techniques have led to many advances. We now know that the global range of enterobacteria is much more expansive than previously recognized, as they play important roles in the environment in vegetative processes and through widespread environmental distribution through insect vectors. In humans, many new species have been described, some associated with specific disease processes. Some established species are now observed in new infectious disease settings and syndromes. The results of molecular taxonomic and phylogenetics studies suggest that the current family Enterobacteriaceae should possibly be divided into seven or more separate families. The logarithmic explosion in the number of enterobacterial species described brings into question the relevancy, need, and mechanisms to potentially identify these taxa. This review covers the progression, transformation, and morphogenesis of the family from the seminal Centers for Disease Control and Prevention publication (J. J. Farmer III, B. R. Davis, F. W. Hickman-Brenner, A. McWhorter, et al., J Clin Microbiol 21:46-76, 1985, https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.21.1.46-76.1985) to the present.
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11
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Wang L, Wu Y, Cai P, Huang Q. The attachment process and physiological properties of Escherichia coli O157:H7 on quartz. BMC Microbiol 2020; 20:355. [PMID: 33213384 PMCID: PMC7677791 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-020-02043-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Manure application and sewage irrigation release many intestinal pathogens into the soil. After being introduced into the soil matrix, pathogens are commonly found to attach to soil minerals. Although the survival of mineral-associated Escherichia coli O157:H7 has been studied, a comprehensive understanding of the attachment process and physiological properties after attachment is still lacking. Results In this study, planktonic and attached Escherichia coli O157:H7 cells on quartz were investigated using RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and the isobaric tagging for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) proteomic method. Based on the transcriptomic and proteomic analyses and gene knockouts, functional two-component system pathways were required for efficient attachment; chemotaxis and the Rcs system were identified to play determinant roles in E. coli O157:H7 attachment on quartz. After attachment, the pyruvate catabolic pathway shifted from the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle toward the fermentative route. The survival rate of attached E. coli O157:H7 increased more than 10-fold under penicillin and vancomycin stress and doubled under alkaline pH and ferric iron stress. Conclusions These results contribute to the understanding of the roles of chemotaxis and the Rcs system in the attachment process of pathogens and indicate that the attachment of pathogens to minerals significantly elevates their resistance to antibiotics and environmental stress, which may pose a potential threat to public health. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12866-020-02043-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yichao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Peng Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
| | - Qiaoyun Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
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12
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Thomas SG, Abajorga M, Glover MA, Wengert PC, Parthasarathy A, Savka MA, Wadsworth CB, Shipman PA, Hudson AO. Aeromonas hydrophila RIT668 and Citrobacter portucalensis RIT669-Potential Zoonotic Pathogens Isolated from Spotted Turtles. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8111805. [PMID: 33212916 PMCID: PMC7698337 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8111805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is one of the biggest challenges of the 21st century, and biofilm formation enables bacteria to resist antibiotic at much higher concentrations than planktonic cells. Earlier, we showed that the Gram-negative Aeromonas hydrophila RIT668 and Citrobacter portucalensis RIT669 (closely related to C. freundii NBRC 12681) from infected spotted turtles (Clemmys guttata), formed biofilms and upregulated toxin expression on plastic surfaces, and were predicted to possess multiple antibiotic resistance genes. Here, we show that they each resist several antibiotics in the planktonic phase, but were susceptible to neomycin, and high concentrations of tetracycline and cotrimoxazole. The susceptibility of their biofilms to neomycin and cotrimoxazole was tested using the Calgary device. For A. hydrophila, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) = 500-1000, and the minimum biofilm eradication concentration (MBEC) > 1000 μg/mL, using cotrimoxazole, and MIC = 32.3-62.5, and MBEC > 1000 μg/mL, using neomycin. For C. freundii MIC = 7.8-15.6, and, MBEC > 1000 μg/mL, using cotrimoxazole, and MIC = 7.8, and MBEC > 1000 μg/mL, using neomycin. Both A. hydrophila and C. portucalensis activated an acyl homoserine lactone (AHL) dependent biosensor, suggesting that quorum sensing could mediate biofilm formation. Their multidrug resistance in the planktonic form, and weak biofilm eradication even with neomycin and cotrimoxazole, indicate that A. hydrophila and C. portucalensis are potential zoonotic pathogens, with risks for patients living with implants.
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Expression of a Shiga-Like Toxin during Plastic Colonization by Two Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria, Aeromonas hydrophila RIT668 and Citrobacter freundii RIT669, Isolated from Endangered Turtles ( Clemmys guttata). Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8081172. [PMID: 32752245 PMCID: PMC7465454 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8081172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aeromonas hydrophila RIT668 and Citrobacter freundii RIT669 were isolated from endangered spotted turtles (Clemmys guttata). Whole-genome sequencing, annotation and phylogenetic analyses of the genomes revealed that the closest relative of RIT668 is A. hydrophila ATCC 7966 and Citrobacter portucalensis A60 for RIT669. Resistome analysis showed that A. hydrophila and C. freundii harbor six and 19 different antibiotic resistance genes, respectively. Both bacteria colonize polyethylene and polypropylene, which are common plastics, found in the environment and are used to fabricate medical devices. The expression of six biofilm-related genes—biofilm peroxide resistance protein (bsmA), biofilm formation regulatory protein subunit R (bssR), biofilm formation regulatory protein subunit S (bssS), biofilm formation regulator (hmsP), toxin-antitoxin biofilm protein (tabA) and transcriptional activator of curli operon (csgD)—and two virulence factors—Vi antigen-related gene (viaB) and Shiga-like toxin (slt-II)—was investigated by RT-PCR. A. hydrophila displayed a > 2-fold increase in slt-II expression in cells adhering to both polymers, C. freundii adhering on polyethylene displayed a > 2-fold, and on polypropylene a > 6-fold upregulation of slt-II. Thus, the two new isolates are potential pathogens owing to their drug resistance, surface colonization and upregulation of a slt-II-type diarrheal toxin on polymer surfaces.
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14
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Cao Z, Chen J, Tran J, Chen X, Bacacao B, Bekale LA, Santa Maria PL. Antimicrobial Gold Nanoclusters Eradicate Escherichia coli Biofilms and Are Nontoxic by Oral Administration. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2020; 3:5275-5286. [PMID: 35021702 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c00641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhixin Cao
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University, 801 Welch Road, Stanford, California 94305-5739, United States
- Department of Pathology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University, 801 Welch Road, Stanford, California 94305-5739, United States
| | - Jessica Tran
- The Protein and Nucleic Acid Biotechnology Facility, Beckman Center Stanford University, 279 Campus Drive West, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Xiaohua Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University, 801 Welch Road, Stanford, California 94305-5739, United States
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Brian Bacacao
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University, 801 Welch Road, Stanford, California 94305-5739, United States
| | - Laurent A. Bekale
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University, 801 Welch Road, Stanford, California 94305-5739, United States
| | - Peter L. Santa Maria
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University, 801 Welch Road, Stanford, California 94305-5739, United States
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Silva SS, Monfardini MV, Scaletsky ICA. Large plasmids encoding antibiotic resistance and localized-like adherence in atypical enteropathogenic Escherichia coli strains. BMC Microbiol 2020; 20:138. [PMID: 32471348 PMCID: PMC7257209 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-020-01809-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In previous studies, we have shown that atypical enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (aEPEC) strains are important diarrheal pathogens among Brazilian children. In the characterization of a collection of 126 aEPEC strains, we identified 29 strains expressing the localized-like adherence (LAL) pattern on HEp-2 cells and harboring large plasmids in the range of 60 to 98 MDa. In this study, we examined 18 of these strains for their ability to transfer the LAL phenotype to a E. coli K-12 C600 strain. Results In conjugation experiments, using eight strains which were resistant to one or more antimicrobials and positive for F-pili genes (traA), we were able to cotransfer antimicrobial resistance markers along with adhesion genes. By transforming E. coli DH5α with plasmid DNA from strains A46 (pIS46), A66 (pIS66) and A102 (pIS102), we were able to demonstrate that genes encoding ampicillin, tetracycline and LAL were encoded on a 98-MDa conjugative plasmid. To identify a gene responsible for LAL, we constructed a transposon mutant library of A102 strain. Among 18 mutants that did not adhere to HeLa cells, four carried insertions within fimbrial genes (fimA and traJ) and agglutinin genes (tia and hek). Using these Tn5 mutants as donors, we were able to obtain kanamycin-resistant E. coli MA3456 transconjugants. Sequence analysis of the plasmid genes revealed a region exhibit to 80 and 73% amino acid similarities to the agglutinins Tia and Hek, respectively. Conclusion In this study, we have identified three large conjugative plasmids, pIS46, pIS66 and pIS102, coding for antimicrobial resistance and localized-like adherence (LAL) to HeLa cells. In addition, we identified a tia/hek homolog encoded on the pIS102 plasmid, which seems to be involved in adhesion of A102 strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scarlat S Silva
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Rua Botucatu, 862, 3 andar, São Paulo, 04023-062, Brazil
| | - Mariane V Monfardini
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Rua Botucatu, 862, 3 andar, São Paulo, 04023-062, Brazil
| | - Isabel C A Scaletsky
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Rua Botucatu, 862, 3 andar, São Paulo, 04023-062, Brazil.
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Xie BL, Guo RS, Yang XW, Wan L, Yao WY, Lai Q, Hu N, Dai M, Zhang B. Epidemiology and Drug Resistance Analysis of Mixed Infection in Orthopedic Surgical Sites. Surg Infect (Larchmt) 2020; 21:465-471. [PMID: 31895669 PMCID: PMC7247030 DOI: 10.1089/sur.2019.276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Infection, including mixed infection, is not uncommon in orthopedic surgical incision. This study aimed to investigate the epidemiology and drug resistance of mixed infections after orthopedic surgical procedures. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 533 orthopedic surgical site infections (SSIs) in a university hospital from 2012 to 2017. Eighty-six patients (218 strains) with bacterial culture results showing more than one strain were screened to explore their epidemiology and drug resistance. Results: Of 218 bacterial strains, 2-7 bacterial infections were noted in each wound. Most infections were caused by two kinds of bacteria (65.1%). The number of infections decreased with increased number of strains. The combinations of pathogenic micro-organisms were all gram-negative, 55.81%; gram-positive and gram-negative, 30.23%; all gram-positive, 12.79%; and gram-positive and fungi, 1.16%. Their resistance is consistent with the bacterial resistance of 447 cases of single bacterial SSI during the same period. Hospitalization duration was longer (9.8-20.6 d). Conclusion: Our study shows no significant changes in epidemiology and drug resistance caused by mixed infections in the orthopedic surgical site because of coordination and competition among micro-organisms. These bacteria are difficult to control, leading to extended hospitalization. Antibiotic agents should be chosen strictly according to drug sensitivity, and ineffective antibiotic agents must be avoided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bang-Lin Xie
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, NanChang, China
| | - Run-Sheng Guo
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, NanChang, China
| | - Xiao-Wei Yang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, NanChang, China
| | - Lijun Wan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, NanChang, China
| | - Wen-Ye Yao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, NanChang, China
| | - Qi Lai
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, NanChang, China
| | - Niya Hu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, NanChang, China
| | - Min Dai
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, NanChang, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, NanChang, China
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Karampoula F, Doulgeraki AI, Fotiadis C, Tampakaki A, Nychas GJE. Monitoring Biofilm Formation and Microbial Interactions that May Occur During a Salmonella Contamination Incident across the Network of a Water Bottling Plant. Microorganisms 2019; 7:E236. [PMID: 31382523 PMCID: PMC6723698 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7080236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aims to monitor the ability of Salmonella to colonize and compete as a member of the mixed species biofilm within key points at a water bottling plant, in case of a contamination incident with this major foodborne pathogen. To achieve this goal, bacterial communities throughout the production line were collected and their identities were investigated by microbial counts and polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE). These bacterial communities alone or along with constructed Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (ST) fluorescence-based bioreporters were left to form a biofilm on stainless steel for 6 days at 20 °C. ST bioreporters were constructed by introducing plasmids expressing EYFP (enhanced yellow fluorescent protein) fusions of the genes csgB, csrA, sspH2, and fliD into ST 14028S. The bead vortexing-plate counting method was applied for the enumeration of the biofilm population, while the behavior of the bioreporters was evaluated by fluorescence microscopy. From a set of 16 samples that were collected from the plant, species of Citrobacter, Staphylococcus, Pseudomonas, Bacillus, and Exiguobacterium were identified. The presence of these indigenous bacteria neither inhibited nor enhanced the biofilm formation of ST in mixed bacterial communities (p > 0.05). Furthermore, the csrA-based bioreporter was shown to be induced in multispecies biofilms with Citrobacter. In conclusion, this study enhanced our knowledge of bacterial interactions occurring within a biofilm in a water bottling plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Foteini Karampoula
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Laboratory of Microbiology and Biotechnology of Foods, Agricultural University of Athens (AUA), Iera Odos 75, 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - Agapi I Doulgeraki
- Institute of Technology of Agricultural Products, Hellenic Agricultural Organization - DEMETER, Sof. Venizelou 1, Lycovrissi, 14123 Attica, Greece.
| | - Christos Fotiadis
- Department of Crop Science, Laboratory of General and Agricultural Microbiology, Agricultural University of Athens (AUA), Iera Odos 75, 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - Anastasia Tampakaki
- Department of Crop Science, Laboratory of General and Agricultural Microbiology, Agricultural University of Athens (AUA), Iera Odos 75, 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - George-John E Nychas
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Laboratory of Microbiology and Biotechnology of Foods, Agricultural University of Athens (AUA), Iera Odos 75, 11855 Athens, Greece
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Iribarnegaray V, Navarro N, Robino L, Zunino P, Morales J, Scavone P. Magnesium-doped zinc oxide nanoparticles alter biofilm formation of Proteus mirabilis. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2019; 14:1551-1564. [PMID: 31166149 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2018-0420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: Proteus mirabilis biofilms colonize medical devices, and their role in microbial pathogenesis is well established. Magnesium-doped zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO:MgO NPs) have potential antimicrobial properties; thus, we aimed at evaluating the antibiofilm activity of ZnO:MgO NPs against P. mirabilis biofilm. Materials & methods: After synthesis and characterization of ZnO:MgO NPs and their addition to a polymer film, we evaluated the stages of P. mirabilis biofilm development over glass coverslip covered by different concentrations of ZnO:MgO NPs. Results: Low concentrations of ZnO:MgO NPs affect the development of P. mirabilis biofilm. Descriptors showed reduced values in bacterial number, bacterial volume and extracellular material. Conclusion: Our results highlight this new application of ZnO:MgO NPs as a potential antibiofilm strategy in medical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Iribarnegaray
- Departamento de Microbiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Av. Italia 3318, PC 11600, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Nicolas Navarro
- Departamento de Ciencias y Tecnologías Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santos Dumont 964, Independencia, Santiago, Chile.,Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases, Santiago, Chile
| | - Luciana Robino
- Departamento de Bacteriología y Virología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Alfredo Navarro 3051, PC 11600, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Pablo Zunino
- Departamento de Microbiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Av. Italia 3318, PC 11600, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Javier Morales
- Departamento de Ciencias y Tecnologías Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santos Dumont 964, Independencia, Santiago, Chile.,Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases, Santiago, Chile
| | - Paola Scavone
- Departamento de Microbiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Av. Italia 3318, PC 11600, Montevideo, Uruguay
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Kregiel D, Rygala A, Kolesinska B, Nowacka M, Herc AS, Kowalewska A. Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm N-acetyl-L-cysteine Grafted Siloxane Polymers with Potential for Use in Water Systems. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E2011. [PMID: 31022884 PMCID: PMC6515369 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20082011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibiofilm strategies may be based on the prevention of initial bacterial adhesion, the inhibition of biofilm maturation or biofilm eradication. N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC), widely used in medical treatments, offers an interesting approach to biofilm destruction. However, many Eubacteria strains are able to enzymatically decompose the NAC molecule. This is the first report on the action of two hybrid materials, NAC-Si-1 and NAC-Si-2, against bacteria isolated from a water environment: Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Aeromonas hydrophila, Citrobacter freundii, Enterobacter soli, Janthinobacterium lividum and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. The NAC was grafted onto functional siloxane polymers to reduce its availability to bacterial enzymes. The results confirm the bioactivity of NAC. However, the final effect of its action was environment- and strain-dependent. Moreover, all the tested bacterial strains showed the ability to degrade NAC by various metabolic routes. The NAC polymers were less effective bacterial inhibitors than NAC, but more effective at eradicating mature bacterial biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Kregiel
- Institute of Fermentation Technology and Microbiology, Lodz University of Technology, Wolczanska 171/173, 90-924 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Anna Rygala
- Institute of Fermentation Technology and Microbiology, Lodz University of Technology, Wolczanska 171/173, 90-924 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Beata Kolesinska
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Zeromskiego 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Maria Nowacka
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Agata S Herc
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Anna Kowalewska
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Lodz, Poland.
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Carrascosa C, Sanjuán E, Millán R, Martín S, Saavedra P, Raposo A, del Rosario-Quintana C, Jaber JR. Is the use of supermarket trolleys microbiologically safe? Study of microbiological contamination. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2018.1555091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Conrado Carrascosa
- Department of Animal Pathology and Production, Bromatology and Food Technology, Faculty of Veterinary, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Arucas, Spain
| | - Esther Sanjuán
- Department of Animal Pathology and Production, Bromatology and Food Technology, Faculty of Veterinary, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Arucas, Spain
| | - Rafael Millán
- Department of Animal Pathology and Production, Bromatology and Food Technology, Faculty of Veterinary, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Arucas, Spain
| | - Sara Martín
- Department of Animal Pathology and Production, Bromatology and Food Technology, Faculty of Veterinary, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Arucas, Spain
| | - Pedro Saavedra
- Department of Mathematics, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - António Raposo
- Department for Management of Science and Technology Development, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Faculty of Environment and Labour Safety, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Cristóbal del Rosario-Quintana
- Microbiology Service, Complejo Hospitalario Materno-Insular de Gran Canaria, Canary Health Service, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - José Raduán Jaber
- Department of Morphology, Faculty of Veterinary, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Arucas, Las Palmas, Spain
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Braga RLL, Pereira ACM, Santos PAD, Freitas-Almeida AC, Rosa ACDP. EX VIVO MODEL OF RABBIT INTESTINAL EPITHELIUM APPLIED TO THE STUDY OF COLONIZATION BY ENTEROAGGREGATIVE ESCHERICHIA COLI. ARQUIVOS DE GASTROENTEROLOGIA 2017; 54:130-134. [PMID: 28327823 DOI: 10.1590/s0004-2803.201700000-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The diarrheal syndrome is considered a serious public health problem all over the world and is considered a major cause of morbidity and mortality in developing countries. The high incidence of enteroaggregative Escherichia coli in diarrheal syndromes classified as an emerging pathogen of gastrointestinal infections. After decades of study, your pathogenesis remains uncertain and has been investigated mainly using in vitro models of adhesion in cellular lines. OBJECTIVE The present study investigated the interaction of enteroaggregative Escherichia coli strains isolated from childhood diarrhea with rabbit ileal and colonic mucosa ex vivo, using the in vitro organ culture model. METHODS The in vitro adhesion assays using cultured tissue were performed with the strains co-incubated with intestinal fragments of ileum and colon over a period of 6 hours. Each strain was tested with three intestinal fragments for each region. The fragments were analysed by scanning electron microscopy. RESULTS Through scanning electron microscopy we observed that all strains adhered to rabbit ileal and colonic mucosa, with the typical aggregative adherence pattern of "stacked bricks" on the epithelium. However, the highest degree of adherence was observed on colonic mucosa. Threadlike structures were found in greater numbers in the ileum compared to the colon. CONCLUSION These data showed that enteroaggregative Escherichia coli may have a high tropism for the human colon, which was ratified by the higher degree of adherence on the rabbit colonic mucosa. Finally, data indicated that in vitro organ culture of intestinal mucosa from rabbit may be used to elucidate the enteroaggregative Escherichia coli pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Luís Lopes Braga
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro
| | - Ana Claudia Machado Pereira
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro
| | - Paula Azevedo Dos Santos
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro
| | - Angela Corrêa Freitas-Almeida
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro
| | - Ana Cláudia de Paula Rosa
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro
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Lara FBM, Nery DR, de Oliveira PM, Araujo ML, Carvalho FRQ, Messias-Silva LCF, Ferreira LB, Faria-Junior C, Pereira AL. Virulence Markers and Phylogenetic Analysis of Escherichia coli Strains with Hybrid EAEC/UPEC Genotypes Recovered from Sporadic Cases of Extraintestinal Infections. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:146. [PMID: 28217123 PMCID: PMC5290387 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Virulence genes from different E. coli pathotypes are blended in hybrid strains. E. coli strains with hybrid enteroaggregative/uropathogenic (EAEC/UPEC) genotypes have sporadically emerged causing outbreaks of extraintestinal infections, however their association with routine infections is yet underappreciated. We assessed 258 isolates of E. coli recovered from 86 consecutive cases of extraintestinal infections seeking EAEC and hybrid genotype (EAEC/UPEC) strains. Extensive virulence genotyping was carried out to detect 21 virulence genes, including molecular predictors of EAEC and UPEC strains. Phylogenetic groups and sequence types (STs) were identified, as well as it was performed phylogenetic analyses in order to evaluate whether hybrid EAEC/UPEC strains belonged to intestinal or extraintestinal lineages of E. coli. Adhesion assays were performed to evaluate the biofilm formation by hybrid strains in human urine and cell culture medium (DMEM). Molecular predictors of UPEC were detected in more than 70% of the strains (chuA in 85% and fyuA in 78%). Otherwise, molecular predictors of EAEC (aatA and aggR) were detected in only 3.4% (9/258) of the strains and always along with the UPEC predictor fyuA. Additionally, the pyelonephritis-associated pilus (pap) gene was also detected in all of the hybrid EAEC/UPEC strains. EAEC/UPEC strains were recovered from two cases of community-onset urinary tract infections (UTI) and from a case of bacteremia. Analyses revealed that hybrid EAEC/UPEC strains were phylogenetically positioned in two different clades. Two representative strains, each recovered from UTI and bacteremia, were positioned into a characteristic UPEC clade marked by strains belonging to phylogenetic group D and ST3 (Warwick ST 69). Another hybrid EAEC/UPEC strain was classified as phylogroup A-ST478 and positioned in a commensal clade. Hybrid EAEC/UPEC strains formed biofilms at modest, but perceptible levels either in DMEM or in urine samples. We showed that different lineages of E. coli, at least phylogenetic group A and D, can acquire and gather EAEC and UPEC virulence genes promoting the emergence of hybrid EAEC/UPEC strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flaviane B M Lara
- Graduate Program in Microbial Biology, Biology Institute, University of Brasília Brasília, Brazil
| | - Danielly R Nery
- Campus of Ceilândia, University of Brasília Brasília, Brazil
| | | | - Mayana L Araujo
- Campus of Ceilândia, University of Brasília Brasília, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Celio Faria-Junior
- Central Laboratory for Public Health, Secretary of State for Health Brasília, Brazil
| | - Alex L Pereira
- Graduate Program in Microbial Biology, Biology Institute, University of BrasíliaBrasília, Brazil; Campus of Ceilândia, University of BrasíliaBrasília, Brazil
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Aggregative adherence fimbriae I (AAF/I) mediate colonization of fresh produce and abiotic surface by Shiga toxigenic enteroaggregative Escherichia coli O104:H4. Int J Food Microbiol 2016; 229:44-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2016.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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24
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Trypanosoma cruzi Differentiates and Multiplies within Chimeric Parasitophorous Vacuoles in Macrophages Coinfected with Leishmania amazonensis. Infect Immun 2016; 84:1603-1614. [PMID: 26975994 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01470-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The trypanosomatids Leishmania amazonensis and Trypanosoma cruzi are excellent models for the study of the cell biology of intracellular protozoan infections. After their uptake by mammalian cells, the parasitic protozoan flagellates L. amazonensis and T. cruzi lodge within acidified parasitophorous vacuoles (PVs). However, whereas L. amazonensis develops in spacious, phagolysosome-like PVs that may enclose numerous parasites, T. cruzi is transiently hosted within smaller vacuoles from which it soon escapes to the host cell cytosol. To investigate if parasite-specific vacuoles are required for the survival and differentiation of T. cruzi, we constructed chimeric vacuoles by infection of L. amazonensis amastigote-infected macrophages with T. cruzi epimastigotes (EPIs) or metacyclic trypomastigotes (MTs). These chimeric vacuoles, easily observed by microscopy, allowed the entry and fate of T. cruzi in L. amazonensis PVs to be dynamically recorded by multidimensional imaging of coinfected cells. We found that although T. cruzi EPIs remained motile and conserved their morphology in chimeric vacuoles, T. cruzi MTs differentiated into amastigote-like forms capable of multiplying. These results demonstrate that the large adaptive vacuoles of L. amazonensis are permissive to T. cruzi survival and differentiation and that noninfective EPIs are spared from destruction within the chimeric PVs. We conclude that T. cruzi differentiation can take place in Leishmania-containing vacuoles, suggesting this occurs prior to their escape into the host cell cytosol.
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Giaouris E, Heir E, Desvaux M, Hébraud M, Møretrø T, Langsrud S, Doulgeraki A, Nychas GJ, Kačániová M, Czaczyk K, Ölmez H, Simões M. Intra- and inter-species interactions within biofilms of important foodborne bacterial pathogens. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:841. [PMID: 26347727 PMCID: PMC4542319 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A community-based sessile life style is the normal mode of growth and survival for many bacterial species. Under such conditions, cell-to-cell interactions are inevitable and ultimately lead to the establishment of dense, complex and highly structured biofilm populations encapsulated in a self-produced extracellular matrix and capable of coordinated and collective behavior. Remarkably, in food processing environments, a variety of different bacteria may attach to surfaces, survive, grow, and form biofilms. Salmonella enterica, Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus are important bacterial pathogens commonly implicated in outbreaks of foodborne diseases, while all are known to be able to create biofilms on both abiotic and biotic surfaces. Particularly challenging is the attempt to understand the complexity of inter-bacterial interactions that can be encountered in such unwanted consortia, such as competitive and cooperative ones, together with their impact on the final outcome of these communities (e.g., maturation, physiology, antimicrobial resistance, virulence, dispersal). In this review, up-to-date data on both the intra- and inter-species interactions encountered in biofilms of these pathogens are presented. A better understanding of these interactions, both at molecular and biophysical levels, could lead to novel intervention strategies for controlling pathogenic biofilm formation in food processing environments and thus improve food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efstathios Giaouris
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of the Environment, University of the Aegean, Myrina, Lemnos Island, Greece
| | - Even Heir
- Nofima, Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, Ås, Norway
| | - Mickaël Desvaux
- INRA, UR454 Microbiologie, Centre Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
| | - Michel Hébraud
- INRA, UR454 Microbiologie, Centre Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
| | - Trond Møretrø
- Nofima, Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, Ås, Norway
| | - Solveig Langsrud
- Nofima, Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, Ås, Norway
| | - Agapi Doulgeraki
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Biotechnology of Foods, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Faculty of Foods, Biotechnology and Development, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - George-John Nychas
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Biotechnology of Foods, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Faculty of Foods, Biotechnology and Development, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Miroslava Kačániová
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Nitra, Slovakia
| | - Katarzyna Czaczyk
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Hülya Ölmez
- TÜBİTAK Marmara Research Center, Food Institute, Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Manuel Simões
- Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Effect of Temperature on Fimbrial Gene Expression and Adherence of Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2015. [PMID: 26213951 PMCID: PMC4555238 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph120808631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The influence of temperature on bacterial virulence has been studied worldwide from the viewpoint of climate change and global warming. The bacterium enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC) is the causative agent of watery diarrhea and shows an increasing incidence worldwide. Its pathogenicity is associated with the virulence factors aggregative adherence fimbria type I and II (AAFI and AAFII), encoded by aggA and aafA in EAEC strains 17-2 and 042, respectively. This study focused on the effect of temperature increases from 29 °C to 40 °C on fimbrial gene expression using real-time PCR, and on its virulence using an aggregative adherence assay and biofilm formation assay. Incubation at 32 °C caused an up-regulation in both EAEC strains 17-2 and strain 042 virulence gene expression. EAEC strain 042 cultured at temperature above 32 °C showed down-regulation of aafA expression except at 38 °C. Interestingly, EAEC cultured at a high temperature showed a reduced adherence to cells and an uneven biofilm formation. These results provide evidence that increases in temperature potentially affect the virulence of pathogenic EAEC, although the response varies in each strain.
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Gómez-Duarte OG. [Acute diarrheal disease caused by enteropathogenic Escherichia coli in Colombia]. Rev Chilena Infectol 2015; 31:577-86. [PMID: 25491457 DOI: 10.4067/s0716-10182014000500010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Intestinal Escherichia coli pathogens are leading causes of acute diarrheal disease in children less than 5 years in Latin America, Africa and Asia and a leading cause of death in children living in poorest communities in Africa and South East Asia. Studies on the role of E. coli pathogens in childhood diarrhea in Colombia and other countries in Latin America are limited due to the lack of detection assays in clinical laboratories at the main urban medical centers. Recent studies report that enterotoxigenic E. coli is the most common E. coli pathogens associated with diarrhea in children less than 5 years of age. Other E. coli pathotypes have been detected in children with diarrhea including enteropathogenic, enteroaggregative, shiga-toxin producing and diffusely adherent E. coli. It was also found that meat and vegetables at retail stores are contaminated with Shiga-toxin producing E. coli and enteroaggregative E. coli, suggesting that food products are involved in transmission and infection of the susceptible host. More studies are necessary to evaluate the mechanisms of transmission, the impact on the epidemiology of diarrheal disease, and management strategies and prevention of these pathogens affecting the pediatric population in Colombia.
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28
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Short FL, Murdoch SL, Ryan RP. Polybacterial human disease: the ills of social networking. Trends Microbiol 2014; 22:508-16. [PMID: 24938173 PMCID: PMC4158425 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2014.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Revised: 05/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Bacteria are typically found within complex microbial communities in nature. Molecular interactions between co-infecting bacteria can profoundly affect disease prognosis and treatment. In vivo models and genomic tools are providing new insights into interbacterial behavior during infection. There is potential to target interbacterial interactions as part of a therapeutic strategy.
Polybacterial diseases involve multiple organisms that act collectively to facilitate disease progression. Although this phenomenon was highlighted early in the 20th century, recent technological advances in diagnostics have led to the appreciation that many infections are far more complex than originally believed. Furthermore, it is apparent that although most treatments focus on the dominant bacterial species in an infection, other microbes, including commensals, can have a profound impact on both the response to therapy and virulence. Very little is known about the molecular mechanisms that underpin interactions between bacteria during such infections. Here, we discuss recent studies identifying and characterizing mechanisms of bacterial interaction and the biological processes they govern during certain diseases. We also highlight how possible strategies for targeting these interbacterial interactions may afford a route towards development of new therapies, with consequences for disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca L Short
- Division of Molecular Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Sarah L Murdoch
- Division of Molecular Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Robert P Ryan
- Division of Molecular Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK.
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29
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Escherichia coli Capsular Polysaccharide Synthesis, Antibiotic Susceptibility, and Red Blood Cell Agglutination. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jecm.2014.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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30
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Delgado G, Souza V, Morales R, Cerritos R, González-González A, Méndez JL, Vázquez V, Cravioto A. Genetic characterization of atypical Citrobacter freundii. PLoS One 2013; 8:e74120. [PMID: 24069274 PMCID: PMC3771896 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of a bacterial population to survive in different niches, as well as in stressful and rapidly changing environmental conditions, depends greatly on its genetic content. To survive such fluctuating conditions, bacteria have evolved different mechanisms to modulate phenotypic variations and related strategies to produce high levels of genetic diversity. Laboratories working in microbiological diagnosis have shown that Citrobacter freundii is very versatile in its colony morphology, as well as in its biochemical, antigenic and pathogenic behaviours. This phenotypic versatility has made C. freundii difficult to identify and it is frequently confused with both Salmonella enterica and Escherichia coli. In order to determine the genomic events and to explain the mechanisms involved in this plasticity, six C. freundii isolates were selected from a phenotypic variation study. An I-CeuI genomic cleavage map was created and eight housekeeping genes, including 16S rRNA, were sequenced. In general, the results showed a range of both phenotypes and genotypes among the isolates with some revealing a greater similarity to C. freundii and some to S. enterica, while others were identified as phenotypic and genotypic intermediary states between the two species. The occurrence of these events in natural populations may have important implications for genomic diversification in bacterial evolution, especially when considering bacterial species boundaries. In addition, such events may have a profound impact on medical science in terms of treatment, course and outcomes of infectious diseases, evading the immune response, and understanding host-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Delgado
- Departmento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), México City, México
| | - Valeria Souza
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), México City, México
| | - Rosario Morales
- Departmento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), México City, México
| | - René Cerritos
- Departamento de Cirugía Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), México City, México
| | - Andrea González-González
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), México City, México
| | - José Luis Méndez
- Departmento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), México City, México
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Donatin E, Buffet S, Leroy Q, Raoult D, Drancourt M. A DNA microarray for the versatile diagnosis of infectious diarrhea. APMIS 2013; 121:634-42. [PMID: 23758523 PMCID: PMC7159548 DOI: 10.1111/apm.12081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2012] [Accepted: 10/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Several bacteria, viruses, and parasites cause diarrhea as coinfecting pathogens. We designed a DNA microarray comprising 60‐bp probes spotted 194 times for the multiplex detection of 33 enteropathogenic bacteria and seven enteropathogenic viruses, and the archaeon Methanobrevibacter smithii was used as an internal positive control. Nine pathogen‐free stool specimens were used as negative controls. One of these control specimens was further spiked with Salmonella enterica as a positive control. The microarray was then tested with 40 pathological stool specimens, comprising S. enterica (n = 30), Campylobacter jejuni (n = 4), pathogenic Escherichia coli (n = 2), and adenovirus (n = 4). M. smithii was detected in 47/49 (95.9%) specimens, no pathogen was detected in negative controls and S. enterica was identified in the S. enterica‐spiked positive control. The overall specificity was 100% and the overall sensitivity was 97.5% because one S. enterica sample was missed by the microarray. The multiplexed detection of C. jejuni spiked into an adenovirus‐positive stool sample gave positive results, with fluorescence values of 14.3 and 9.1, respectively. These data indicate that using the protocol developed in this article, the DNA array allows for the multiplexed detection of some enteropathogens in stool samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Donatin
- Aix Marseille Université, URMITE, UMR63 CNRS 7278, IRD 198, Inserm 1095, Marseille, France
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Adhesion of Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli and Inhibition by Glycocompounds Engaged in the Mucosal Innate Immunity. BIOLOGY 2013; 2:810-31. [PMID: 24832810 PMCID: PMC3960885 DOI: 10.3390/biology2020810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Revised: 05/18/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Escherichia coli colonizes the human intestine shortly after birth, with most strains engaging in a commensal relationship. However, some E. coli strains have evolved toward acquiring genetic traits associated with virulence. Currently, five categories of enteroadherent E. coli strains are well-recognized, and are classified in regard to expressed adhesins and the strategy used during the colonization. The high morbidity associated with diarrhea has motivated investigations focusing on E. coli adhesins, as well on factors that inhibit bacterial adherence. Breastfeeding has proved to be the most effective strategy for preventing diarrhea in children. Aside from the immunoglobulin content, glycocompounds and oligosaccharides in breast milk play a critical role in the innate immunity against diarrheagenic E. coli strains. This review summarizes the colonization factors and virulence strategies exploited by diarrheagenic E. coli strains, addressing the inhibitory effects that oligosaccharides and glycocompounds, such as lactoferrin and free secretory components, exert on the adherence and virulence of these strains. This review thus provides an overview of experimental data indicating that human milk glycocompounds are responsible for the universal protective effect of breastfeeding against diarrheagenic E. coli pathotypes.
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Wu C, Labrie J, Tremblay YDN, Haine D, Mourez M, Jacques M. Zinc as an agent for the prevention of biofilm formation by pathogenic bacteria. J Appl Microbiol 2013; 115:30-40. [PMID: 23509865 DOI: 10.1111/jam.12197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Revised: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 03/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Biofilm formation is important for the persistence of bacteria in hostile environments. Bacteria in a biofilm are usually more resistant to antibiotics and disinfectants than planktonic bacteria. Our laboratory previously reported that low concentrations of zinc inhibit biofilm formation of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of zinc on growth and biofilm formation of other bacterial swine pathogens. METHODS AND RESULTS To determine the effect of zinc on biofilm formation, biofilms were grown with or without zinc in 96-well plates and stained with crystal violet. At micromolar concentrations (0-250 μ mol l(-1)), zinc weakly inhibited bacterial growth and it effectively blocked biofilm formation by A. pleuropneumoniae, Salmonella Typhymurium and Haemophilus parasuis in a dose-dependent manner. Additionally, biofilm formation of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus suis was slightly inhibited by zinc. However, zinc did not disperse preformed biofilms. To determine whether zinc inhibits biofilm formation when poly-N-acetylglucosamine (PGA) is present, PGA was detected with the lectin wheat germ agglutinin. Only A. pleuropneumoniae and Staph. aureus biofilms were found to contain PGA. CONCLUSION Zinc used at nonbactericidal concentrations can inhibit biofilm formation by several Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacterial swine pathogens. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF STUDY The antibiofilm activity of zinc could provide a tool to fight biofilms, and the nonspecific inhibitory effect may well extend to other important human and animal bacterial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Wu
- Centre de recherche en infectiologie porcine, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
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Mansan-Almeida R, Pereira AL, Giugliano LG. Diffusely adherent Escherichia coli strains isolated from children and adults constitute two different populations. BMC Microbiol 2013; 13:22. [PMID: 23374248 PMCID: PMC3577467 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-13-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2012] [Accepted: 01/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Diffusely adherent Escherichia coli (DAEC) have been considered a diarrheagenic category of E. coli for which several potential virulence factors have been described in the last few years. Despite this, epidemiological studies involving DAEC have shown inconsistent results. In this work, two different collections of DAEC possessing Afa/Dr genes, from children and adults, were studied regarding characteristics potentially associated to virulence. Results DAEC strains were recovered in similar frequencies from diarrheic and asymptomatic children, and more frequently from adults with diarrhea (P < 0.01) than from asymptomatic adults. Association with diarrhea (P < 0.05) was found for SAT-positive strains recovered from children and for curli-positive strains recovered from adults. Mixed biofilms involving DAEC and a Citrobacter freundii strain have shown an improved ability to form biofilms in relation to the monocultures. Control strains have shown a greater diversity of Afa/Dr adhesins and higher frequencies of cellulose, TTSS, biofilm formation and induction of IL-8 secretion than strains from cases of diarrhea in children. Conclusions DAEC strains possessing Afa/Dr genes isolated from children and adults represent two different bacterial populations. DAEC strains carrying genes associated to virulence can be found as part of the normal microbiota present in asymptomatic children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosane Mansan-Almeida
- Laboratório de Microbiologia, Departamento de Biologia Celular, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF, 70910-900, Brazil
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35
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Weiler C, Ifland A, Naumann A, Kleta S, Noll M. Incorporation of Listeria monocytogenes strains in raw milk biofilms. Int J Food Microbiol 2012; 161:61-8. [PMID: 23279814 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2012.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2012] [Revised: 11/13/2012] [Accepted: 11/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Biofilms develop successively on devices of milk production without sufficient cleaning and originate from the microbial community of raw milk. The established biofilm matrices enable incorporation of pathogens like Listeria monocytogenes, which can cause a continuous contamination of food processing plants. L. monocytogenes is frequently found in raw milk and non-pasteurized raw milk products and as part of a biofilm community in milk meters and bulk milk tanks. The aim of this study was to analyze whether different L. monocytogenes strains are interacting with the microbial community of raw milk in terms of biofilm formation in the same manner, and to identify at which stage of biofilm formation a selected L. monocytogenes strain settles best. Bacterial community structure and composition of biofilms were analyzed by a cloning and sequencing approach and terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis (T-RFLP) based on the bacterial 16S rRNA gene. The chemical composition of biofilms was analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), while settled L. monocytogenes cells were quantified by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Addition of individual L. monocytogenes strains to raw milk caused significant shifts in the biofilm biomass, in the chemical as well as in the bacterial community composition. Biofilm formation and attachment of L. monocytogenes cells were not serotype but strain specific. However, the added L. monocytogenes strains were not abundant since mainly members of the genera Citrobacter and Lactococcus dominated the bacterial biofilm community. Overall, added L. monocytogenes strains led to a highly competitive interaction with the raw milk community and triggered alterations in biofilm formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Weiler
- BfR, Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
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36
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Bai L, Xia S, Lan R, Liu L, Ye C, Wang Y, Jin D, Cui Z, Jing H, Xiong Y, Bai X, Sun H, Zhang J, Wang L, Xu J. Isolation and characterization of cytotoxic, aggregative Citrobacter freundii. PLoS One 2012; 7:e33054. [PMID: 22470435 PMCID: PMC3310003 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2011] [Accepted: 02/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Citrobacter freundii is an infrequent but established cause of diarrhea in humans. However, little is known of its genetic diversity and potential for virulence. We analyzed 26 isolates, including 12 from human diarrheal patients, 2 from human fecal samples of unknown diarrheal status, and 12 from animals, insects, and other sources. Pulsed field gel electrophoresis using XbaI allowed us to divide the 26 isolates into 20 pulse types, while multi-locus sequence typing using 7 housekeeping genes allowed us to divide the 26 isolates into 6 sequence types (STs) with the majority belonging to 4 STs. We analyzed adhesion and cytotoxicity to HEp-2 cells in these 26 strains. All were found to adhere to HEp-2 cells. One strain, CF74, which had been isolated from a goat, showed the strongest aggregative adhesion pattern. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) released from HEp-2 cells was evaluated as a measure of cytotoxicity, averaging 7.46%. Strain CF74 induced the highest level of LDH, 24.3%, and caused >50% cell rounding, detachment, and death. We named strain CF74 “cytotoxic and aggregative C. freundii.” Genome sequencing of CF74 revealed that it had acquired 7 genomic islands, including 2 fimbriae islands and a type VI secretion system island, all of which are potential virulence factors. Our results show that aggregative adherence and cytotoxicity play an important role in the pathogenesis of C. freundii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Bai
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- National Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Shengli Xia
- Henan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Ruiting Lan
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Liyun Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Changyun Ye
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yiting Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Dong Jin
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Zhigang Cui
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Huaiqi Jing
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yanwen Xiong
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Xuemei Bai
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- Henan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Lei Wang
- TEDA School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jianguo Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
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Chen S, Hu F, Liu Y, Zhu D, Wang H, Zhang Y. Detection and spread of carbapenem-resistant Citrobacter freundii in a teaching hospital in China. Am J Infect Control 2011; 39:e55-60. [PMID: 21705111 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2011.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2010] [Revised: 02/07/2011] [Accepted: 02/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We examined the detection and spread of carbapenem-resistant Citrobacter freundii in Huashan Hospital, Shanghai, China between 2005 and 2008. METHODS Twenty-three isolates of carbapenem-resistant C freundii collected in our hospital underwent resistant gene amplification by polymerase chain reaction, followed by minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) analysis. Molecular epidemiologic analyses included pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and case study. RESULTS Analysis of MICs with amikacin, gentamicin, cefotaxime, ceftazidime, cefepime, imipenem, meropenem, ertapenem, cefoxitin, piperacillin-tazobactam, and ciprofloxacin characterized the isolates as highly resistant to antimicrobials. Colistin, tigecycline, minocycline, and doxycycline to all C freundii isolates had lower MICs than the other antimicrobials tested, with MIC(50)/MIC(90) values of 0.5/1, 1/1, 4/8, and 4/4 mg/L, respectively. Molecular typing using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis classified the isolates into 4 groups, of which 15 isolates belonged to a single clone. In total, all of the isolates produced KPC-2-type carbapenemase, of which most were likely to couple with CTX-M-type extended-spectrum β-lactamases and plasmid-mediated CMY-2-type AmpC enzyme. Subsequent clinical investigations involving the general status of patients, the ward, and antimicrobial and therapeutic outcomes showed that a carbapenem-resistant clone had spread critically in the Department of Neurosurgery. Potential risk factors were identified, including invasive procedures, surgical operations, use of indwelling urine catheters, and number of sickbed changes. CONCLUSION The spread of carbapenem-hydrolyzing C freundii isolates has emerged in regional hospitals in China. Multidrug-resistant mechanisms of strains severely hamper control efforts. Our findings should alert clinicians to issues involved with preventing the spread of carbapenem-resistant C freundii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shudan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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May T, Tsuruta K, Okabe S. Exposure of conjugative plasmid carrying Escherichia coli biofilms to male-specific bacteriophages. ISME JOURNAL 2010; 5:771-5. [PMID: 20962879 DOI: 10.1038/ismej.2010.158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Escherichia coli carrying a natural conjugative F-plasmid generates F-pili mating pairs, which is important for early biofilm formation. In this study, we investigated the effect of male-specific filamentous single stranded DNA bacteriophage (f1) and RNA bacteriophage (MS2) on the formation of biofilms by E. coli carrying a natural conjugative F-plasmid. We showed that the early biofilm formation was completely inhibited by addition of the f1 phage, but not the MS2 phage. This suggests that the tip of F-pili is the specific attachment site for mating pairs formation and the side of F-pili has a non-obligatory role during biofilm formation. The inhibitory effect of the f1 phage was dependent on the time of addition during the biofilm formation. No inhibitory effect was observed when the f1 phages were added to the mature biofilms. This resistant mechanism of the mature biofilms could be attributed to the biofilm-specific phenotypes representing that the F-pili mating pairs were already formed and then the curli production commenced during the biofilm maturation. The pre-formed mating pairs seemed to resist the f1 phages. Altogether, our results indicate a close relationship between the presence of conjugative plasmid and male-specific bacteriophages within sessile biofilm communities, as well as the possibility of using the male-specific bacteriophages to control biofilm formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thithiwat May
- Division of Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Kita-Ku, Kita-13, Nishi-8, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
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May T, Ito A, Okabe S. Characterization and global gene expression of F− phenocopies during Escherichia coli biofilm formation. Mol Genet Genomics 2010; 284:333-42. [DOI: 10.1007/s00438-010-0571-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2010] [Accepted: 08/15/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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