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Janoušková M, Straw ML, Su YC, Riesbeck K. Gene Expression Regulation in Airway Pathogens: Importance for Otitis Media. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:826018. [PMID: 35252035 PMCID: PMC8895709 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.826018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Otitis media (OM) is an inflammatory disorder in the middle ear. It is mainly caused by viruses or bacteria associated with the airways. Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis are the three main pathogens in infection-related OM, especially in younger children. In this review, we will focus upon the multifaceted gene regulation mechanisms that are well-orchestrated in S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, and M. catarrhalis during the course of infection in the middle ear either in experimental OM or in clinical settings. The sophisticated findings from the past 10 years on how the othopathogens govern their virulence phenotypes for survival and host adaptation via phase variation- and quorum sensing-dependent gene regulation, will be systematically discussed. Comprehensive understanding of gene expression regulation mechanisms employed by pathogens during the onset of OM may provide new insights for the design of a new generation of antimicrobial agents in the fight against bacterial pathogens while combating the serious emergence of antimicrobial resistance.
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Moraxella keratitis: epidemiology and outcomes. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2020; 39:2317-2325. [DOI: 10.1007/s10096-020-03985-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Barenkamp SJ, Chonmaitree T, Hakansson AP, Heikkinen T, King S, Nokso-Koivisto J, Novotny LA, Patel JA, Pettigrew M, Swords WE. Panel 4: Report of the Microbiology Panel. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2017; 156:S51-S62. [PMID: 28372529 PMCID: PMC5490388 DOI: 10.1177/0194599816639028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Objective To perform a comprehensive review of the literature from July 2011 until June 2015 on the virology and bacteriology of otitis media in children. Data Sources PubMed database of the National Library of Medicine. Review Methods Two subpanels comprising experts in the virology and bacteriology of otitis media were created. Each panel reviewed the relevant literature in the fields of virology and bacteriology and generated draft reviews. These initial reviews were distributed to all panel members prior to meeting together at the Post-symposium Research Conference of the 18th International Symposium on Recent Advances in Otitis Media, National Harbor, Maryland, in June 2015. A final draft was created, circulated, and approved by all panel members. Conclusions Excellent progress has been made in the past 4 years in advancing our understanding of the microbiology of otitis media. Numerous advances were made in basic laboratory studies, in animal models of otitis media, in better understanding the epidemiology of disease, and in clinical practice. Implications for Practice (1) Many viruses cause acute otitis media without bacterial coinfection, and such cases do not require antibiotic treatment. (2) When respiratory syncytial virus, metapneumovirus, and influenza virus peak in the community, practitioners can expect to see an increase in clinical otitis media cases. (3) Biomarkers that predict which children with upper respiratory tract infections will develop otitis media may be available in the future. (4) Compounds that target newly identified bacterial virulence determinants may be available as future treatment options for children with otitis media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J. Barenkamp
- Department of Pediatrics, St Louis University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Tasnee Chonmaitree
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | | | - Terho Heikkinen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Samantha King
- The Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital and Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Johanna Nokso-Koivisto
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Laura A. Novotny
- The Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital and Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Janak A. Patel
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Melinda Pettigrew
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - W. Edward Swords
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
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Karner A, Gesslbauer B, Spreitzer A, Almer J, Smidt M, Schüler W, Fartmann B, Zimmermann W, Meinke A, Kungl AJ. Profiling the Membrane and Glycosaminoglycan-Binding Proteomes of Moraxella catarrhalis. J Proteome Res 2016; 15:3055-97. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.6b00187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anita Karner
- Institute
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Graz, Universitaetsplatz
1, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Bernd Gesslbauer
- Institute
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Graz, Universitaetsplatz
1, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Anton Spreitzer
- Institute
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Graz, Universitaetsplatz
1, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Johannes Almer
- Institute
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Graz, Universitaetsplatz
1, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Andreas J. Kungl
- Institute
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Graz, Universitaetsplatz
1, A-8010 Graz, Austria
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Expression of the Oligopeptide Permease Operon of Moraxella catarrhalis Is Regulated by Temperature and Nutrient Availability. Infect Immun 2015; 83:3497-505. [PMID: 26099587 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00597-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Moraxella catarrhalis causes otitis media in children and exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in adults. Together, these two conditions contribute to enormous morbidity and mortality worldwide. The oligopeptide permease (opp) ABC transport system is a nutritional virulence factor important for the utilization of peptides. The substrate binding protein OppA, which binds peptides for uptake, is a potential vaccine antigen, but little was known about the regulation of gene expression. The five opp genes oppB, oppC, oppD, oppF, and oppA are in the same open reading frame. Sequence analysis predicted two promoters, one located upstream of oppB and one within the intergenic region between oppF and oppA. We have characterized the gene cluster as an operon with two functional promoters and show that cold shock at 26°C for ≤ 0.5 h and the presence of a peptide substrate increase gene transcript levels. Additionally, the putative promoter upstream of oppA contributes to the transcription of oppA but is not influenced by the same environmental cues as the promoter upstream of oppB. We conclude that temperature and nutrient availability contribute to the regulation of the Opp system, which is an important nutritional virulence factor in M. catarrhalis.
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Teo SM, Mok D, Pham K, Kusel M, Serralha M, Troy N, Holt BJ, Hales BJ, Walker ML, Hollams E, Bochkov YA, Grindle K, Johnston SL, Gern JE, Sly PD, Holt PG, Holt KE, Inouye M. The infant nasopharyngeal microbiome impacts severity of lower respiratory infection and risk of asthma development. Cell Host Microbe 2015; 17:704-15. [PMID: 25865368 PMCID: PMC4433433 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2015.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 617] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Revised: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The nasopharynx (NP) is a reservoir for microbes associated with acute respiratory infections (ARIs). Lung inflammation resulting from ARIs during infancy is linked to asthma development. We examined the NP microbiome during the critical first year of life in a prospective cohort of 234 children, capturing both the viral and bacterial communities and documenting all incidents of ARIs. Most infants were initially colonized with Staphylococcus or Corynebacterium before stable colonization with Alloiococcus or Moraxella. Transient incursions of Streptococcus, Moraxella, or Haemophilus marked virus-associated ARIs. Our data identify the NP microbiome as a determinant for infection spread to the lower airways, severity of accompanying inflammatory symptoms, and risk for future asthma development. Early asymptomatic colonization with Streptococcus was a strong asthma predictor, and antibiotic usage disrupted asymptomatic colonization patterns. In the absence of effective anti-viral therapies, targeting pathogenic bacteria within the NP microbiome could represent a prophylactic approach to asthma. The nasopharynx microbiome of infants has a simple structure dominated by six genera Microbiome composition affects infection severity and pathogen spread to lower airways Early asymptomatic colonization with Streptococcus increases risk of asthma Antibiotic usage disrupts asymptomatic colonization patterns
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Mei Teo
- Medical Systems Biology, Department of Pathology and Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Danny Mok
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, West Perth, WA 6008, Australia
| | - Kym Pham
- Melbourne Translational Genomics Platform, Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Merci Kusel
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, West Perth, WA 6008, Australia
| | - Michael Serralha
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, West Perth, WA 6008, Australia
| | - Niamh Troy
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, West Perth, WA 6008, Australia
| | - Barbara J Holt
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, West Perth, WA 6008, Australia
| | - Belinda J Hales
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, West Perth, WA 6008, Australia
| | - Michael L Walker
- Medical Systems Biology, Department of Pathology and Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Elysia Hollams
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, West Perth, WA 6008, Australia
| | - Yury A Bochkov
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53726, USA
| | - Kristine Grindle
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53726, USA
| | - Sebastian L Johnston
- Airway Disease Infection Section and MRC & Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - James E Gern
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53726, USA
| | - Peter D Sly
- Queensland Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4059, Australia
| | - Patrick G Holt
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, West Perth, WA 6008, Australia; Queensland Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4059, Australia
| | - Kathryn E Holt
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.
| | - Michael Inouye
- Medical Systems Biology, Department of Pathology and Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.
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Moraxella catarrhalis AcrAB-OprM efflux pump contributes to antimicrobial resistance and is enhanced during cold shock response. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2015; 59:1886-94. [PMID: 25583725 DOI: 10.1128/aac.03727-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Moraxella catarrhalis is a common pathogen of the human respiratory tract. Multidrug efflux pumps play a major role in antibiotic resistance and virulence in many Gram-negative organisms. In the present study, the role of the AcrAB-OprM efflux pump in antibiotic resistance was investigated by constructing mutants that lack the acrA, acrB, and oprM genes in M. catarrhalis strain O35E. We observed a moderate (1.5-fold) decrease in the MICs of amoxicillin and cefotaxime and a marked (4.7-fold) decrease in the MICs of clarithromycin for acrA, acrB, and oprM mutants in comparison with the wild-type O35E strain. Exposure of the M. catarrhalis strains O35E and 300 to amoxicillin triggered an increased transcription of all AcrAB-OprM pump genes, and exposure of strains O35E, 300, and 415 to clarithromycin enhanced the expression of acrA and oprM mRNA. Inactivation of the AcrAB-OprM efflux pump genes demonstrated a decreased ability to invade epithelial cells compared to the parental strain, suggesting that acrA, acrB, and oprM are required for efficient invasion of human pharyngeal epithelial cells. Cold shock increases the expression of AcrAB-OprM efflux pump genes in all three M. catarrhalis strains tested. Increased expression of AcrAB-OprM pump genes after cold shock leads to a lower accumulation of Hoechst 33342 (H33342), a substrate of AcrAB-OprM efflux pumps, indicating that cold shock results in increased efflux activity. In conclusion, the AcrAB-OprM efflux pump appears to play a role in the antibiotic resistance and virulence of M. catarrhalis and is involved in the cold shock response.
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Identification of an outer membrane lipoprotein involved in nasopharyngeal colonization by Moraxella catarrhalis in an animal model. Infect Immun 2014; 82:2287-99. [PMID: 24643539 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01745-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Colonization of the human nasopharynx by Moraxella catarrhalis is presumed to involve attachment of this bacterium to the mucosa. DNA microarray analysis was used to determine whether attachment of M. catarrhalis to human bronchial epithelial (HBE) cells in vitro affected gene expression in this bacterium. Attachment affected expression of at least 454 different genes, with 163 being upregulated and 291 being downregulated. Among the upregulated genes was one (ORF113) previously annotated as encoding a protein with some similarity to outer membrane protein A (OmpA). The protein encoded by ORF113 was predicted to have a signal peptidase II cleavage site, and globomycin inhibition experiments confirmed that this protein was indeed a lipoprotein. The ORF113 protein also contained a predicted peptidoglycan-binding domain in its C-terminal half. The use of mutant and recombinant M. catarrhalis strains confirmed that the ORF113 protein was present in outer membrane preparations, and this protein was also shown to be at least partially exposed on the bacterial cell surface. A mutant unable to produce the ORF113 protein showed little or no change in its growth rate in vitro, in its ability to attach to HBE cells in vitro, or in its autoagglutination characteristics, but it did exhibit a reduced ability to survive in the chinchilla nasopharynx. This is the first report of a lipoprotein essential to the ability of M. catarrhalis to persist in an animal model.
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Spaniol V, Wyder S, Aebi C. RNA-Seq-based analysis of the physiologic cold shock-induced changes in Moraxella catarrhalis gene expression. PLoS One 2013; 8:e68298. [PMID: 23844181 PMCID: PMC3699543 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0068298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Moraxella catarrhalis, a major nasopharyngeal pathogen of the human respiratory tract, is exposed to rapid downshifts of environmental temperature when humans breathe cold air. The prevalence of pharyngeal colonization and respiratory tract infections caused by M. catarrhalis is greatest in winter. We investigated how M. catarrhalis uses the physiologic exposure to cold air to regulate pivotal survival systems that may contribute to M. catarrhalis virulence. RESULTS In this study we used the RNA-seq techniques to quantitatively catalogue the transcriptome of M. catarrhalis exposed to a 26 °C cold shock or to continuous growth at 37 °C. Validation of RNA-seq data using quantitative RT-PCR analysis demonstrated the RNA-seq results to be highly reliable. We observed that a 26 °C cold shock induces the expression of genes that in other bacteria have been related to virulence a strong induction was observed for genes involved in high affinity phosphate transport and iron acquisition, indicating that M. catarrhalis makes a better use of both phosphate and iron resources after exposure to cold shock. We detected the induction of genes involved in nitrogen metabolism, as well as several outer membrane proteins, including ompA, m35-like porin and multidrug efflux pump (acrAB) indicating that M. catarrhalis remodels its membrane components in response to downshift of temperature. Furthermore, we demonstrate that a 26 °C cold shock enhances the induction of genes encoding the type IV pili that are essential for natural transformation, and increases the genetic competence of M. catarrhalis, which may facilitate the rapid spread and acquisition of novel virulence-associated genes. CONCLUSION Cold shock at a physiologically relevant temperature of 26 °C induces in M. catarrhalis a complex of adaptive mechanisms that could convey novel pathogenic functions and may contribute to enhanced colonization and virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violeta Spaniol
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
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Su YC, Hallström BM, Bernhard S, Singh B, Riesbeck K. Impact of sequence diversity in the Moraxella catarrhalis UspA2/UspA2H head domain on vitronectin binding and antigenic variation. Microbes Infect 2013; 15:375-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2013.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2012] [Revised: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Su YC, Singh B, Riesbeck K. Moraxella catarrhalis: from interactions with the host immune system to vaccine development. Future Microbiol 2013; 7:1073-100. [PMID: 22953708 DOI: 10.2217/fmb.12.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Moraxella catarrhalis is a human-restricted commensal that over the last two decades has developed into an emerging respiratory tract pathogen. The bacterial species is equipped with various adhesins to facilitate its colonization. Successful evasion of the human immune system is a prerequisite for Moraxella infection. This strategy involves induction of an excessive proinflammatory response, intervention of granulocyte recruitment to the infection site, activation of selected pattern recognition receptors and cellular adhesion molecules to counteract the host bacteriolytic attack, as well as, finally, reprogramming of antigen presenting cells. Host immunomodulator molecules are also exploited by Moraxella to aid in resistance against complement killing and host bactericidal molecules. Thus, breaking the basis of Moraxella immune evasion mechanisms is fundamental for future invention of effective therapy in controlling Moraxella infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ching Su
- Medical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine Malmö, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
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