1
|
Rembao-Bojórquez D, Sánchez-Garibay C, Salinas-Lara C, Marquina-Castillo B, Letechipía-Salcedo A, Castillón-Benavides OJ, Galván-Arzate S, Gómez-López M, Jiménez-Zamudio LA, Soto-Rojas LO, Tena-Suck ML, Nava P, Fernández-Vargas OE, Coria-Medrano A, Hernández-Pando R. Central Nervous System Tuberculosis in a Murine Model: Neurotropic Strains or a New Pathway of Infection? Pathogens 2023; 13:37. [PMID: 38251344 PMCID: PMC10820951 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13010037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) of the central nervous system (CNS) is a lethal and incapacitating disease. Several studies have been performed to understand the mechanism of bacterial arrival to CNS, however, it remains unclear. Although the interaction of the host, the pathogen, and the environment trigger the course of the disease, in TB the characteristics of these factors seem to be more relevant in the genesis of the clinical features of each patient. We previously tested three mycobacterial clinical isolates with distinctive genotypes obtained from the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with meningeal TB and showed that these strains disseminated extensively to the brain after intratracheal inoculation and pulmonary infection in BALB/c mice. In this present study, BALB/c mice were infected through the intranasal route. One of these strains reaches the olfactory bulb at the early stage of the infection and infects the brain before the lungs, but the histological study of the nasal mucosa did not show any alteration. This observation suggests that some mycobacteria strains can arrive directly at the brain, apparently toward the olfactory nerve after infecting the nasal mucosa, and guides us to study in more detail during mycobacteria infection the nasal mucosa, the associated connective tissue, and nervous structures of the cribriform plate, which connect the nasal cavity with the olfactory bulb.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Rembao-Bojórquez
- Departamento de Neuropatología, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suárez, Insurgentes Sur 3877, Tlalpan, Ciudad de México CP 14269, Mexico
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Quimicobiológicas, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala s/n, Col. Santo Tomás, Ciudad de México C.P. 11340, Mexico
| | - Carlos Sánchez-Garibay
- Departamento de Neuropatología, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suárez, Insurgentes Sur 3877, Tlalpan, Ciudad de México CP 14269, Mexico
- Red MEDICI, Carrera Médico Cirujano, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico
- Tuberculosis Research Commonwealth, Mexico City 14269, Mexico
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias en Investigación en Medicina, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón s/n, Col. Casco de Santo Tomas, Alcaldía Miguel Hidalgo, Ciudad de México C.P. 11340, Mexico
| | - Citlaltepetl Salinas-Lara
- Departamento de Neuropatología, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suárez, Insurgentes Sur 3877, Tlalpan, Ciudad de México CP 14269, Mexico
- Red MEDICI, Carrera Médico Cirujano, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico
- Tuberculosis Research Commonwealth, Mexico City 14269, Mexico
- Laboratorio de Patogénesis Molecular, Laboratorio 4 Edificio A4, Carrera Médico Cirujano, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico
| | - Brenda Marquina-Castillo
- Departamento de Patología, Instituto de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Vasco de Quiroga 15, Belisario Domínguez Secc 16, Tlalpan, Ciudad de México 14080, Mexico
| | - Adriana Letechipía-Salcedo
- Laboratorio Clínico, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suárez, Insurgentes Sur 3877, Tlalpan, Ciudad de México CP 14269, Mexico
| | - Omar Jorge Castillón-Benavides
- Centro Neurológico del Centro Médico ABC, Av. Carlos Fernández Graef 154, Santa Fe, Contadero, Cuajimalpa de Morelos, Ciudad de México 05330, Mexico
| | - Sonia Galván-Arzate
- Laboratorio de Neuroquímica, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suárez, Insurgentes Sur 3877, Tlalpan, Ciudad de México CP 14269, Mexico
| | - Marcos Gómez-López
- Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación (INR) "Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra", México City 14389, Mexico
| | - Luis Antonio Jiménez-Zamudio
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Quimicobiológicas, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala s/n, Col. Santo Tomás, Ciudad de México C.P. 11340, Mexico
| | - Luis O Soto-Rojas
- Red MEDICI, Carrera Médico Cirujano, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico
- Laboratorio de Patogénesis Molecular, Laboratorio 4 Edificio A4, Carrera Médico Cirujano, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico
| | - Martha Lilia Tena-Suck
- Departamento de Neuropatología, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suárez, Insurgentes Sur 3877, Tlalpan, Ciudad de México CP 14269, Mexico
| | - Porfirio Nava
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica y Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 07360, Mexico
| | - Omar Eduardo Fernández-Vargas
- Servicio de Hematología del Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Av. San Fernando 22, Belisario Domínguez Secc 16, Tlalpan, Ciudad de México 14080, Mexico
| | - Adrian Coria-Medrano
- Programa de Maestría en Ciencias en Neurobiología, Instituto de Neurobiología, Campus UNAM-Juriquilla, Juriquilla, Querétaro 76230, Mexico
| | - Rogelio Hernández-Pando
- Sección de Patología Experimental, Instituto de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Vasco de Quiroga 15, Belisario Domínguez Secc 16, Tlalpan, Ciudad de México 14080, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Maharajh R, Pillay M, Senzani S. A computational method for the prediction and functional analysis of potential Mycobacterium tuberculosis adhesin-related proteins. Expert Rev Proteomics 2023; 20:483-493. [PMID: 37873953 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2023.2275678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Mycobacterial adherence plays a major role in the establishment of infection within the host. Adhesin-related proteins attach to host receptors and cell-surface components. The current study aimed to utilize in-silico strategies to determine the adhesin potential of conserved hypothetical (CH) proteins. METHODS Computational analysis was performed on the whole Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv proteome using a software program for the prediction of adhesin and adhesin-like proteins using neural networks (SPAAN) to determine the adhesin potential of CH proteins. A robust pipeline of computational analysis tools: Phyre2 and pFam for homology prediction; Mycosub, PsortB, and Loctree3 for subcellular localization; SignalP-5.0 and SecretomeP-2.0 for secretory prediction, were utilized to identify adhesin candidates. RESULTS SPAAN revealed 776 potential adhesins within the whole MTB H37Rv proteome. Comprehensive analysis of the literature was cross-tabulated with SPAAN to verify the adhesin prediction potential of known adhesin (n = 34). However, approximately a third of known adhesins were below the probability of adhesin (Pad) threshold (Pad ≥0.51). Subsequently, 167 CH proteins of interest were categorized using essential in-silico tools. CONCLUSION The use of SPAAN with supporting in-silico tools should be fundamental when identifying novel adhesins. This study provides a pipeline to identify CH proteins as functional adhesin molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rivesh Maharajh
- Discipline of Medical Microbiology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Manormoney Pillay
- Discipline of Medical Microbiology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Sibusiso Senzani
- Discipline of Medical Microbiology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Barichello T, Rocha Catalão CH, Rohlwink UK, van der Kuip M, Zaharie D, Solomons RS, van Toorn R, Tutu van Furth M, Hasbun R, Iovino F, Namale VS. Bacterial meningitis in Africa. Front Neurol 2023; 14:822575. [PMID: 36864913 PMCID: PMC9972001 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.822575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial meningitis differs globally, and the incidence and case fatality rates vary by region, country, pathogen, and age group; being a life-threatening disease with a high case fatality rate and long-term complications in low-income countries. Africa has the most significant prevalence of bacterial meningitis illness, and the outbreaks typically vary with the season and the geographic location, with a high incidence in the meningitis belt of the sub-Saharan area from Senegal to Ethiopia. Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) and Neisseria meningitidis (meningococcus) are the main etiological agents of bacterial meningitis in adults and children above the age of one. Streptococcus agalactiae (group B Streptococcus), Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus are neonatal meningitis's most common causal agents. Despite efforts to vaccinate against the most common causes of bacterial neuro-infections, bacterial meningitis remains a significant cause of mortality and morbidity in Africa, with children below 5 years bearing the heaviest disease burden. The factors attributed to this continued high disease burden include poor infrastructure, continued war, instability, and difficulty in diagnosis of bacterial neuro-infections leading to delay in treatment and hence high morbidity. Despite having the highest disease burden, there is a paucity of African data on bacterial meningitis. In this article, we discuss the common etiologies of bacterial neuroinfectious diseases, diagnosis and the interplay between microorganisms and the immune system, and the value of neuroimmune changes in diagnostics and therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Barichello
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil
- Faillace Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Carlos Henrique Rocha Catalão
- Faillace Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
- Department of Neuroscience and Behavioral Science, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Ursula K. Rohlwink
- Pediatric Neurosurgery Unit, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
- Division of Neurosurgery, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Martijn van der Kuip
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Dan Zaharie
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
- National Health Laboratory Services, Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Regan S. Solomons
- Department of Pediatric and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Ronald van Toorn
- Department of Pediatric and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Marceline Tutu van Furth
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Rodrigo Hasbun
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Health, McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Federico Iovino
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vivian Ssonko Namale
- Columbia University Irving Medical Center and New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Griego A, Scarpa E, De Matteis V, Rizzello L. Nanoparticle delivery through the BBB in central nervous system tuberculosis. IBRAIN 2023; 9:43-62. [PMID: 37786519 PMCID: PMC10528790 DOI: 10.1002/ibra.12087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in Nanotechnology have revolutionized the production of materials for biomedical applications. Nowadays, there is a plethora of nanomaterials with potential for use towards improvement of human health. On the other hand, very little is known about how these materials interact with biological systems, especially at the nanoscale level, mainly because of the lack of specific methods to probe these interactions. In this review, we will analytically describe the journey of nanoparticles (NPs) through the brain, starting from the very first moment upon injection. We will preliminarily provide a brief overlook of the physicochemical properties of NPs. Then, we will discuss how these NPs interact with the body compartments and biological barriers, before reaching the blood-brain barrier (BBB), the last gate guarding the brain. Particular attention will be paid to the interaction with the biomolecular, the bio-mesoscopic, the (blood) cellular, and the tissue barriers, with a focus on the BBB. This will be framed in the context of brain infections, especially considering central nervous system tuberculosis (CNS-TB), which is one of the most devastating forms of human mycobacterial infections. The final aim of this review is not a collection, nor a list, of current literature data, as it provides the readers with the analytical tools and guidelines for the design of effective and rational NPs for delivery in the infected brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Griego
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of MilanMilanItaly
- The National Institute of Molecular Genetics (INGM)MilanItaly
| | - Edoardo Scarpa
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of MilanMilanItaly
- The National Institute of Molecular Genetics (INGM)MilanItaly
| | - Valeria De Matteis
- Department of Mathematics and Physics “Ennio De Giorgi”University of SalentoLecceItaly
| | - Loris Rizzello
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of MilanMilanItaly
- The National Institute of Molecular Genetics (INGM)MilanItaly
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Möller J, Bodenschatz M, Sangal V, Hofmann J, Burkovski A. Multi-Omics of Corynebacterium Pseudotuberculosis 12CS0282 and an In Silico Reverse Vaccinology Approach Reveal Novel Vaccine and Drug Targets. Proteomes 2022; 10:proteomes10040039. [PMID: 36548458 PMCID: PMC9784263 DOI: 10.3390/proteomes10040039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis is an important animal pathogen, which is also able to infect humans. An optimal treatment of infections with this pathogen is not available today and consequently, more research is necessary to understand the infection process. Here, we present a combined -omics and bioinformatics approach to characterize C. pseudotuberculosis 12CS0282. The genome sequence of strain 12CS0282 was determined, analyzed in comparison with the available 130 C. pseudotuberculosis sequences and used as a basis for proteome analyses. In a reverse vaccinology approach, putative vaccine and drug targets for 12CS0208 were identified. Mass spectrometry analyses revealed the presence of multiple virulence factors even without host contact. In macrophage interaction studies, C. pseudotuberculosis 12CS0282 was highly resistant against human phagocytes and even multiplied within human THP-1 cells. Taken together, the data indicate a high pathogenic potential of the strain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jens Möller
- Microbiology Division, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstr. 5, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Mona Bodenschatz
- Microbiology Division, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstr. 5, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Vartul Sangal
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK
| | - Jörg Hofmann
- Biochemistry Division, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstr. 5, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andreas Burkovski
- Microbiology Division, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstr. 5, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-9131-85-28086
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ashokcoomar S, Reedoy KS, Loots DT, Beukes D, van Reenen M, Pillay B, Pillay M. M. tuberculosis curli pili (MTP) facilitates a reduction of microbicidal activity of infected THP-1 macrophages during early stages of infection. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2022; 90-91:101907. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2022.101907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
7
|
Sánchez-Garibay C, Salinas-Lara C, Gómez-López MA, Soto-Rojas LO, Castillón-Benavides NK, Castillón-Benavides OJ, Hernández-Campos ME, Hernández-Pando R, Marquina-Castillo B, Flores-Barrada MA, Choreño-Parra JA, León-Contreras JC, Tena-Suck ML, Mata-Espinosa DA, Nava P, Medina-Mendoza J, Rodríguez-Balderas CA. Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection Induces BCSFB Disruption but No BBB Disruption In Vivo: Implications in the Pathophysiology of Tuberculous Meningitis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23126436. [PMID: 35742886 PMCID: PMC9223849 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Revised: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) tuberculosis is the most lethal and devastating form among the diseases caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The mechanisms by which M. tuberculosis bacilli enter the CNS are still unclear. However, the BBB and the BCSFB have been proposed as possible routes of access into the brain. We previously reported that certain strains of M. tuberculosis possess an enhanced ability to cause secondary CNS infection in a mouse model of progressive pulmonary tuberculosis. Here, we evaluated the morphostructural and molecular integrity of CNS barriers. For this purpose, we analyzed through transmission electron microscopy the ultrastructure of brain parenchymal microvessels and choroid plexus epithelium from animals infected with two mycobacterial strains. Additionally, we determined the expression of junctional proteins and cytokines by immunological techniques. The results showed that the presence of M. tuberculosis induced disruption of the BCSFB but no disruption of the BBB, and that the severity of such damage was related to the strain used, suggesting that variations in the ability to cause CNS disease among distinct strains of bacteria may also be linked to their capacity to cause direct or indirect disruption of these barriers. Understanding the pathophysiological mechanisms involved in CNS tuberculosis may facilitate the establishment of new biomarkers and therapeutic targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Sánchez-Garibay
- Departamento de Neuropatología, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suárez, Mexico City 14269, Mexico; (C.S.-G.); (M.L.T.-S.)
- Red MEDICI, Carrera Médico Cirujano, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico; (L.O.S.-R.); (J.A.C.-P.); (J.M.-M.)
| | - Citlaltepetl Salinas-Lara
- Departamento de Neuropatología, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suárez, Mexico City 14269, Mexico; (C.S.-G.); (M.L.T.-S.)
- Red MEDICI, Carrera Médico Cirujano, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico; (L.O.S.-R.); (J.A.C.-P.); (J.M.-M.)
- Laboratorio de Patogenesis Molecular, Laboratorio 4, Edificio A4, Carrera Médico Cirujano, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +52-55-5606-3822
| | | | - Luis O. Soto-Rojas
- Red MEDICI, Carrera Médico Cirujano, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico; (L.O.S.-R.); (J.A.C.-P.); (J.M.-M.)
- Laboratorio de Patogenesis Molecular, Laboratorio 4, Edificio A4, Carrera Médico Cirujano, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico
| | | | | | - María Elena Hernández-Campos
- Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón s/n, Casco de Santo Tomás, Mexico City 11340, Mexico;
| | - Rogelio Hernández-Pando
- Experimental Pathology Section, Department of Pathology, National Institute of Medical Science and Nutrition “Salvador Zubirán”, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (R.H.-P.); (D.A.M.-E.)
| | - Brenda Marquina-Castillo
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Medical Science and Nutrition “Salvador Zubirán”, Mexico City 14080, Mexico;
| | | | - José Alberto Choreño-Parra
- Red MEDICI, Carrera Médico Cirujano, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico; (L.O.S.-R.); (J.A.C.-P.); (J.M.-M.)
- Laboratorio de Inmunobiología y Genética, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Mexico City 14380, Mexico
| | - Juan Carlos León-Contreras
- Laboratorio de Microscopia Electrónica, Departamento de Patología, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City 14080, Mexico;
| | - Martha Lilia Tena-Suck
- Departamento de Neuropatología, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suárez, Mexico City 14269, Mexico; (C.S.-G.); (M.L.T.-S.)
| | - Dulce Adriana Mata-Espinosa
- Experimental Pathology Section, Department of Pathology, National Institute of Medical Science and Nutrition “Salvador Zubirán”, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (R.H.-P.); (D.A.M.-E.)
| | - Porfirio Nava
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Neuroscience, Mexico City 07360, Mexico;
| | - Jessica Medina-Mendoza
- Red MEDICI, Carrera Médico Cirujano, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico; (L.O.S.-R.); (J.A.C.-P.); (J.M.-M.)
- Servicio de Pediatría, Hospital Juarez de México, Secretaria de Salud, Mexico City 07760, Mexico
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Poh XY, Loh FK, Friedland JS, Ong CWM. Neutrophil-Mediated Immunopathology and Matrix Metalloproteinases in Central Nervous System - Tuberculosis. Front Immunol 2022; 12:788976. [PMID: 35095865 PMCID: PMC8789671 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.788976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) remains one of the leading infectious killers in the world, infecting approximately a quarter of the world’s population with the causative organism Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb). Central nervous system tuberculosis (CNS-TB) is the most severe form of TB, with high mortality and residual neurological sequelae even with effective TB treatment. In CNS-TB, recruited neutrophils infiltrate into the brain to carry out its antimicrobial functions of degranulation, phagocytosis and NETosis. However, neutrophils also mediate inflammation, tissue destruction and immunopathology in the CNS. Neutrophils release key mediators including matrix metalloproteinase (MMPs) which degrade brain extracellular matrix (ECM), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α which may drive inflammation, reactive oxygen species (ROS) that drive cellular necrosis and neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), interacting with platelets to form thrombi that may lead to ischemic stroke. Host-directed therapies (HDTs) targeting these key mediators are potentially exciting, but currently remain of unproven effectiveness. This article reviews the key role of neutrophils and neutrophil-derived mediators in driving CNS-TB immunopathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Ying Poh
- Infectious Diseases Translational Research Programme, Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Fei Kean Loh
- Infectious Diseases Translational Research Programme, Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jon S Friedland
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George's, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine W M Ong
- Infectious Diseases Translational Research Programme, Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore, Singapore.,Institute for Health Innovation and Technology (iHealthtech), National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Tuberculous Meningitis in Children: Reducing the Burden of Death and Disability. Pathogens 2021; 11:pathogens11010038. [PMID: 35055986 PMCID: PMC8778027 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11010038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculous meningitis disproportionately affects young children. As the most devastating form of tuberculosis, it is associated with unacceptably high rates of mortality and morbidity even if treated. Challenging to diagnose and treat, tuberculous meningitis commonly causes long-term neurodisability in those who do survive. There remains an urgent need for strengthened surveillance, improved rapid diagnostics technology, optimised anti-tuberculosis drug therapy, investigation of new host-directed therapy, and further research on long-term functional and neurodevelopmental outcomes to allow targeted intervention. This review focuses on the neglected field of paediatric tuberculous meningitis and bridges current clinical gaps with research questions to improve outcomes from this crippling disease.
Collapse
|
10
|
Möller J, Nosratabadi F, Musella L, Hofmann J, Burkovski A. Corynebacterium diphtheriae Proteome Adaptation to Cell Culture Medium and Serum. Proteomes 2021; 9:proteomes9010014. [PMID: 33805816 PMCID: PMC8005964 DOI: 10.3390/proteomes9010014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Host-pathogen interactions are often studied in vitro using primary or immortal cell lines. This set-up avoids ethical problems of animal testing and has the additional advantage of lower costs. However, the influence of cell culture media on bacterial growth and metabolism is not considered or investigated in most cases. To address this question growth and proteome adaptation of Corynebacterium diphtheriae strain ISS3319 were investigated in this study. Bacteria were cultured in standard growth medium, cell culture medium, and fetal calf serum. Mass spectrometric analyses and label-free protein quantification hint at an increased bacterial pathogenicity when grown in cell culture medium as well as an influence of the growth medium on the cell envelope.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jens Möller
- Microbiology Division, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany; (F.N.); (L.M.); (A.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-9131-85-28802
| | - Fatemeh Nosratabadi
- Microbiology Division, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany; (F.N.); (L.M.); (A.B.)
| | - Luca Musella
- Microbiology Division, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany; (F.N.); (L.M.); (A.B.)
| | - Jörg Hofmann
- Biochemistry Division, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany;
| | - Andreas Burkovski
- Microbiology Division, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany; (F.N.); (L.M.); (A.B.)
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Naz S, Singh Y, Nandicoori VK. Deletion of serine/threonine-protein kinase pknL from Mycobacterium tuberculosis reduces the efficacy of isoniazid and ethambutol. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2021; 128:102066. [PMID: 33690080 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2021.102066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Serine/threonine-protein kinases in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) form a preeminent regulatory system required to establish and maintain the infection in the host. Herein, we sought to decipher the biological role of PknL with the help of a gene replacement mutant RvΔpknL. Deletion of pknL results in the compromised growth under redox stress. The mutant showed significant survival defects in peritoneal macrophages, a significant decrease in the ability to establish infections and disseminate to the spleen in the murine model of infection. While the absence of pknL has no impact on either MIC or CFUs of ciprofloxacin and rifampicin treated bacilli, it increases the survival ~1.5-2.5 log fold upon isoniazid or ethambutol treatment. Collectively, data suggests that PknL aids in combating stress conditions in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo and reduces the efficacy of isoniazid and ethambutol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saba Naz
- National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India; Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Yogendra Singh
- Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Tuberculous Meningitis: Pathogenesis, Immune Responses, Diagnostic Challenges, and the Potential of Biomarker-Based Approaches. J Clin Microbiol 2021; 59:JCM.01771-20. [PMID: 33087432 PMCID: PMC8106718 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01771-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculous meningitis (TBM) is the most devastating form of tuberculosis (TB), causing high mortality or disability. Clinical management of the disease is challenging due to limitations of the existing diagnostic approaches. Our knowledge on the immunology and pathogenesis of the disease is currently limited. More research is urgently needed to enhance our understanding of the immunopathogenesis of the disease and guide us toward the identification of targets that may be useful for vaccines or host-directed therapeutics. Tuberculous meningitis (TBM) is the most devastating form of tuberculosis (TB), causing high mortality or disability. Clinical management of the disease is challenging due to limitations of the existing diagnostic approaches. Our knowledge on the immunology and pathogenesis of the disease is currently limited. More research is urgently needed to enhance our understanding of the immunopathogenesis of the disease and guide us toward the identification of targets that may be useful for vaccines or host-directed therapeutics. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge about the immunology and pathogenesis of TBM and summarize the literature on existing and new, especially biomarker-based, approaches that may be useful in the management of TBM. We identify research gaps and provide directions for research which may lead to the development of new tools for the control of the disease in the near future.
Collapse
|
13
|
Alipoor SD, Adcock IM, Tabarsi P, Folkerts G, Mortaz E. MiRNAs in tuberculosis: Their decisive role in the fate of TB. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 886:173529. [PMID: 32919937 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the most lethal global infectious diseases. Despite the availability of much higher levels of technology in health and medicine, tuberculosis still remains a serious global health problem. Mycobacterium tuberculosis has the capacity for prolonged survival inside macrophages by exploiting host metabolic and energy pathways and perturbing autophagy and apoptosis of infected cells. The mechanism(s) underlying this process are not completely understood but evidence suggests that mycobacteria subvert the host miRNA network to enable mycobacterial survival. We present here a comprehensive review on the role of miRNAs in TB immune escape mechanisms and the potential for miRNA-based TB therapeutics. Further validation studies are required to (i) elucidate the precise effect of TB on host miRNAs, (ii) determine the inhibition of mycobacterial burden using miRNA-based therapies and (iii) identify novel miRNA biomarkers that may prove useful in TB diagnosis and treatment monitoring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shamila D Alipoor
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Medical Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ian M Adcock
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Payam Tabarsi
- Clinical Tuberculosis and Epidemiology Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gert Folkerts
- Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Esmaeil Mortaz
- Clinical Tuberculosis and Epidemiology Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Isaiah S, Loots DT, Solomons R, van der Kuip M, Tutu Van Furth AM, Mason S. Overview of Brain-to-Gut Axis Exposed to Chronic CNS Bacterial Infection(s) and a Predictive Urinary Metabolic Profile of a Brain Infected by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:296. [PMID: 32372900 PMCID: PMC7186443 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A new paradigm in neuroscience has recently emerged - the brain-gut axis (BGA). The contemporary focus in this paradigm has been gut → brain ("bottom-up"), in which the gut-microbiome, and its perturbations, affects one's psychological state-of-mind and behavior, and is pivotal in neurodegenerative disorders. The emerging brain → gut ("top-down") concept, the subject of this review, proposes that dysfunctional brain health can alter the gut-microbiome. Feedback of this alternative bidirectional highway subsequently aggravates the neurological pathology. This paradigm shift, however, focuses upon non-communicable neurological diseases (progressive neuroinflammation). What of infectious diseases, in which pathogenic bacteria penetrate the blood-brain barrier and interact with the brain, and what is this effect on the BGA in bacterial infection(s) that cause chronic neuroinflammation? Persistent immune activity in the CNS due to chronic neuroinflammation can lead to irreversible neurodegeneration and neuronal death. The properties of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), such as immunological markers, are used to diagnose brain disorders. But what of metabolic markers for such purposes? If a BGA exists, then chronic CNS bacterial infection(s) should theoretically be reflected in the urine. The premise here is that chronic CNS bacterial infection(s) will affect the gut-microbiome and that perturbed metabolism in both the CNS and gut will release metabolites into the blood that are filtered (kidneys) and excreted in the urine. Here we assess the literature on the effects of chronic neuroinflammatory diseases on the gut-microbiome caused by bacterial infection(s) of the CNS, in the context of information attained via metabolomics-based studies of urine. Furthermore, we take a severe chronic neuroinflammatory infectious disease - tuberculous meningitis (TBM), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and examine three previously validated CSF immunological biomarkers - vascular endothelial growth factor, interferon-gamma and myeloperoxidase - in terms of the expected changes in normal brain metabolism. We then model the downstream metabolic effects expected, predicting pivotal altered metabolic pathways that would be reflected in the urinary profiles of TBM subjects. Our cascading metabolic model should be adjustable to account for other types of CNS bacterial infection(s) associated with chronic neuroinflammation, typically prevalent, and difficult to distinguish from TBM, in the resource-constrained settings of poor communities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Isaiah
- Human Metabolomics, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Du Toit Loots
- Human Metabolomics, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Regan Solomons
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Martijn van der Kuip
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Academic Medical Center, Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - A. Marceline Tutu Van Furth
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Academic Medical Center, Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Shayne Mason
- Human Metabolomics, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
NU-6027 Inhibits Growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by Targeting Protein Kinase D and Protein Kinase G. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2019; 63:AAC.00996-19. [PMID: 31285226 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00996-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a global health concern, and this situation has further worsened due to the emergence of drug-resistant strains and the failure of BCG vaccine to impart protection. There is an imperative need to develop highly sensitive, specific diagnostic tools, novel therapeutics, and vaccines for the eradication of TB. In the present study, a chemical screen of a pharmacologically active compound library was performed to identify antimycobacterial compounds. The phenotypic screen identified a few novel small-molecule inhibitors, including NU-6027, a known CDK-2 inhibitor. We demonstrate that NU-6027 inhibits Mycobacterium bovis BCG growth in vitro and also displayed cross-reactivity with Mycobacterium tuberculosis protein kinase D (PknD) and protein kinase G (PknG). Comparative structural and sequence analysis along with docking simulation suggest that the unique binding site stereochemistry of PknG and PknD accommodates NU-6027 more favorably than other M. tuberculosis Ser/Thr protein kinases. Further, we also show that NU-6027 treatment induces the expression of proapoptotic genes in macrophages. Finally, we demonstrate that NU-6027 inhibits M. tuberculosis growth in both macrophage and mouse tissues. Taken together, these results indicate that NU-6027 can be optimized further for the development of antimycobacterial agents.
Collapse
|
16
|
Ryndak MB, Laal S. Mycobacterium tuberculosis Primary Infection and Dissemination: A Critical Role for Alveolar Epithelial Cells. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:299. [PMID: 31497538 PMCID: PMC6712944 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Globally, tuberculosis (TB) has reemerged as a major cause of morbidity and mortality, despite the use of the Mycobacterium bovis BCG vaccine and intensive attempts to improve upon BCG or develop new vaccines. Two lacunae in our understanding of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb)-host pathogenesis have mitigated the vaccine efforts; the bacterial-host interaction that enables successful establishment of primary infection and the correlates of protection against TB. The vast majority of vaccine efforts are based on the premise that cell-mediated immunity (CMI) is the predominating mode of protection against TB. However, studies in animal models and in humans demonstrate that post-infection, a period of several weeks precedes the initiation of CMI during which the few inhaled bacteria replicate dramatically and disseminate systemically. The “Trojan Horse” mechanism, wherein M. tb is phagocytosed and transported across the alveolar barrier by infected alveolar macrophages has been long postulated as the sole, primary M. tb:host interaction. In the current review, we present evidence from our studies of transcriptional profiles of M. tb in sputum as it emerges from infectious patients where the bacteria are in a quiescent state, to its adaptations in alveolar epithelial cells where the bacteria transform to a highly replicative and invasive phenotype, to its maintenance of the invasive phenotype in whole blood to the downregulation of invasiveness upon infection of epithelial cells at an extrapulmonary site. Evidence for this alternative mode of infection and dissemination during primary infection is supported by in vivo, in vitro cell-based, and transcriptional studies from multiple investigators in recent years. The proposed alternative mechanism of primary infection and dissemination across the alveolar barrier parallels our understanding of infection and dissemination of other Gram-positive pathogens across their relevant mucosal barriers in that barrier-specific adhesins, toxins, and enzymes synergize to facilitate systemic establishment of infection prior to the emergence of CMI. Further exploration of this M. tb:non-phagocytic cell interaction can provide alternative approaches to vaccine design to prevent infection with M. tb and not only decrease clinical disease but also decrease the overwhelming reservoir of latent TB infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle B Ryndak
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Suman Laal
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Mori M, Sammartino JC, Costantino L, Gelain A, Meneghetti F, Villa S, Chiarelli LR. An Overview on the Potential Antimycobacterial Agents Targeting Serine/Threonine Protein Kinases from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Curr Top Med Chem 2019; 19:646-661. [PMID: 30827246 DOI: 10.2174/1568026619666190227182701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB), still remains an urgent global health issue, mainly due to the emergence of multi-drug resistant strains. Therefore, there is a pressing need to develop novel and more efficient drugs to control the disease. In this context, targeting the pathogen virulence factors, and particularly signal mechanisms, seems to be a promising approach. An important transmembrane signaling system in Mtb is represented by receptor-type Serine/ Threonine protein kinases (STPKs). Mtb has 11 different STPKs, two of them, PknA and PknB, are essential. By contrast PknG and PknH are involved in Mtb virulence and adaptation, and are fundamental for the pathogen growth in infection models. Therefore, STPKs represent a very interesting group of pharmacological targets in M. tuberculosis. In this work, the principal inhibitors of the mycobacterial STPKs will be presented and discussed. In particular, medicinal chemistry efforts have been focused on discovering new antimycobacterial compounds, targeting three of these kinases, namely PknA, PknB and PknG. Generally, the inhibitory effect on these enzymes do not correlate with a significant antimycobacterial action in whole-cell assays. However, compounds with activity in the low micromolar range have been obtained, demonstrating that targeting Mtb STPKs could be a new promising strategy for the development of drugs to treat TB infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Mori
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Milano, via L. Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - José Camilla Sammartino
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie "Lazzaro Spallanzani", Università degli Studi di Pavia, via Ferrata 9, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Luca Costantino
- Dipartimento Scienze della Vita, Universita degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, via Campi 103, 41121 Modena, Italy
| | - Arianna Gelain
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Milano, via L. Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Fiorella Meneghetti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Milano, via L. Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Stefania Villa
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Milano, via L. Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Laurent Roberto Chiarelli
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie "Lazzaro Spallanzani", Università degli Studi di Pavia, via Ferrata 9, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Shur KV, Bekker OB, Zaichikova MV, Maslov DA, Akimova NI, Zakharevich NV, Chekalina MS, Danilenko VN. Genetic Aspects of Drug Resistance and Virulence in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. RUSS J GENET+ 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s1022795418120141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
|
19
|
Chaurasiya SK. Tuberculosis: Smart manipulation of a lethal host. Microbiol Immunol 2018; 62:361-379. [PMID: 29687912 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis remains a global threat to human health. Development of drug resistance and co-infection with HIV has increased the morbidity and mortality caused by TB. Macrophages serve as primary defense against microbial infections, including TB. Upon recognition and uptake of mycobacteria, macrophages initiate a series of events designed to lead to generation of effective immune responses and clearance of infection. However, pathogenic mycobacteria utilize multiple mechanisms for manipulating macrophage responses to protect itself from being killed and to survive within these cells that are designed to kill them. The outcomes of mycobacterial infection are determined by several host- and pathogen-related factors. Significant advancements in understanding mycobacterial pathogenesis have been made in recent years. In this review, some of the important factors/mechanisms regulating mycobacterial survival inside macrophages are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shivendra K Chaurasiya
- Host-pathogen Interaction and Signal Transduction Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, School of Biological Sciences, Dr. Hari Singh Gour University, Sagar, MP-470003, India
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
van Leeuwen LM, Boot M, Kuijl C, Picavet DI, van Stempvoort G, van der Pol SM, de Vries HE, van der Wel NN, van der Kuip M, van Furth AM, van der Sar AM, Bitter W. Mycobacteria employ two different mechanisms to cross the blood-brain barrier. Cell Microbiol 2018; 20:e12858. [PMID: 29749044 PMCID: PMC6175424 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) infection by Mycobacterium tuberculosis is one of the most devastating complications of tuberculosis, in particular in early childhood. In order to induce CNS infection, M. tuberculosis needs to cross specialised barriers protecting the brain. How M. tuberculosis crosses the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and enters the CNS is not well understood. Here, we use transparent zebrafish larvae and the closely related pathogen Mycobacterium marinum to answer this question. We show that in the early stages of development, mycobacteria rapidly infect brain tissue, either as free mycobacteria or within circulating macrophages. After the formation of a functionally intact BBB, the infiltration of brain tissue by infected macrophages is delayed, but not blocked, suggesting that crossing the BBB via phagocytic cells is one of the mechanisms used by mycobacteria to invade the CNS. Interestingly, depletion of phagocytic cells did not prevent M. marinum from infecting the brain tissue, indicating that free mycobacteria can independently cause brain infection. Detailed analysis showed that mycobacteria are able to cause vasculitis by extracellular outgrowth in the smaller blood vessels and by infecting endothelial cells. Importantly, we could show that this second mechanism is an active process that depends on an intact ESX-1 secretion system, which extends the role of ESX-1 secretion beyond the macrophage infection cycle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisanne M. van Leeuwen
- Medical Microbiology and Infection ControlVU Medical CenterAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Paediatric Infectious Diseases and ImmunologyVU Medical CenterAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Maikel Boot
- Medical Microbiology and Infection ControlVU Medical CenterAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Coen Kuijl
- Medical Microbiology and Infection ControlVU Medical CenterAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Daisy I. Picavet
- Cell Biology and Histology, Electron Microscopy Centre AmsterdamAcademic Medical CentreAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Gunny van Stempvoort
- Medical Microbiology and Infection ControlVU Medical CenterAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Susanne M.A. van der Pol
- Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam NeuroscienceVU Medical CenterAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Helga E. de Vries
- Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam NeuroscienceVU Medical CenterAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Nicole N. van der Wel
- Cell Biology and Histology, Electron Microscopy Centre AmsterdamAcademic Medical CentreAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Martijn van der Kuip
- Paediatric Infectious Diseases and ImmunologyVU Medical CenterAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | | | | | - Wilbert Bitter
- Medical Microbiology and Infection ControlVU Medical CenterAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Koster K, Largen A, Foster JT, Drees KP, Qian L, Desmond EP, Wan X, Hou S, Douglas JT. Whole genome SNP analysis suggests unique virulence factor differences of the Beijing and Manila families of Mycobacterium tuberculosis found in Hawaii. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0201146. [PMID: 30036392 PMCID: PMC6056056 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0201146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
While tuberculosis (TB) remains a global disease, the WHO estimates that 62% of the incident TB cases in 2016 occurred in the WHO South-East Asia and Western Pacific regions. TB in the Pacific is composed predominantly of two genetic families of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb): Beijing and Manila. The Manila family is historically under-studied relative to the families that comprise the majority of TB in Europe and North America (e.g. lineage 4), and it remains unclear why this lineage has persisted in Filipino populations despite the predominance of more globally successful Mtb lineages in most of the world. The Beijing family is of particular interest as it is increasingly associated with drug resistance throughout the world. Both of these lineages are important to the State of Hawaii, where they comprise over two-thirds of TB cases. Here, we performed whole genome sequencing on 82 Beijing family, Manila family, and outgroup clinical Mtb isolates from Hawaii to identify lineage-specific SNPs (SNPs found in all isolates from their respective families, and exclusively in those families) in established virulence factor genes. Six non-silent lineage-specific virulence factor SNPs were found in the Beijing family, including mutations in alternative sigma factor sigG and polyketide synthases pks5 and pks7. The Manila family displayed more than eleven non-silent lineage-specific and characteristic virulence factor mutations, including in genes coding for MCE-family protein Mce1B, two mutations in fatty-acid-AMP ligase FadD26, and virulence-regulating transcriptional regulator VirS. This study further identified an ancient clade that shared some virulence factor mutations with the Manila family, and investigated the relationship of those and other “Manila-like” spoligotypes to the Manila family with this SNP dataset. This work identified a set of virulence genes that are worth pursuing to determine potential differences in transmission or virulence displayed by these two Mtb families.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kent Koster
- Department of Microbiology, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
| | - Angela Largen
- Hawaii State Department of Health, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey T. Foster
- Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Kevin P. Drees
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Biomedical Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Lishi Qian
- Department of Microbiology, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
| | - Edward P. Desmond
- California Department of Public Health, Richmond, California, United States of America
| | - Xuehua Wan
- Advanced Studies in Genomics, Proteomics and Bioinformatics, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
| | - Shaobin Hou
- Advanced Studies in Genomics, Proteomics and Bioinformatics, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
| | - James T. Douglas
- Department of Microbiology, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Husain AA, Gupta UD, Gupta P, Nayak AR, Chandak NH, Daginawla HF, Singh L, Kashyap RS. Modelling of cerebral tuberculosis in BALB/c mice using clinical strain from patients with CNS tuberculosis infection. Indian J Med Res 2018; 145:833-839. [PMID: 29067986 PMCID: PMC5674554 DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_1930_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background & objectives: Central nervous system (CNS) infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) is the most severe form of extrapulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB) due to a high level of mortality and morbidity. Limited studies are available on CNS-TB animal model development. The present study describes the development of a murine model of CNS-TB using a clinical strain (C3) isolated from the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of CNS-TB patients. Methods: Groups of mice were infected by the intravenous route with MTB C3 strain isolated from the CSF of CNS-TB patients. Brain and lung tissue were evaluated for bacterial burden, histopathology and surrogate markers of TB infection at 30 and 50 days post-infection. Results: Mice infected intravenously with MTB C3 strains showed progressive development of CNS disease with high bacillary burden in lungs at the initial stage (30 days), which eventually disseminated to the brain at a later stage (50 days). Similarly, high mortality (60%) was associated in mice infected with C3 strain compared to control. Interpretation & conclusions: The study showed development of a novel murine model of CNS-TB using the C3 strain of MTB that replicated events of extrapulmonary dissemination. The developed model would be helpful in understanding the pathogenesis of CNS-TB infection for the development of improved therapeutic interventions in future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aliabbas A Husain
- Biochemistry Research Laboratory, Central India Institute of Medical Sciences, Nagpur, India
| | - Umesh Datta Gupta
- ICMR- National JALMA Institute for Leprosy & Other Mycobacterial Diseases, Agra, India
| | - Pushpa Gupta
- ICMR- National JALMA Institute for Leprosy & Other Mycobacterial Diseases, Agra, India
| | - Amit R Nayak
- Biochemistry Research Laboratory, Central India Institute of Medical Sciences, Nagpur, India
| | - Nitin H Chandak
- Department of Neurology, Central India Institute of Medical Sciences, Nagpur, India
| | - Hatim F Daginawla
- Biochemistry Research Laboratory, Central India Institute of Medical Sciences, Nagpur, India
| | - Lokendra Singh
- Department of Neurosurgery, Central India Institute of Medical Sciences, Nagpur, India
| | - Rajpal Singh Kashyap
- Biochemistry Research Laboratory, Central India Institute of Medical Sciences, Nagpur, India
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Houston S, Lithgow KV, Osbak KK, Kenyon CR, Cameron CE. Functional insights from proteome-wide structural modeling of Treponema pallidum subspecies pallidum, the causative agent of syphilis. BMC STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2018; 18:7. [PMID: 29769048 PMCID: PMC5956850 DOI: 10.1186/s12900-018-0086-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Background Syphilis continues to be a major global health threat with 11 million new infections each year, and a global burden of 36 million cases. The causative agent of syphilis, Treponema pallidum subspecies pallidum, is a highly virulent bacterium, however the molecular mechanisms underlying T. pallidum pathogenesis remain to be definitively identified. This is due to the fact that T. pallidum is currently uncultivatable, inherently fragile and thus difficult to work with, and phylogenetically distinct with no conventional virulence factor homologs found in other pathogens. In fact, approximately 30% of its predicted protein-coding genes have no known orthologs or assigned functions. Here we employed a structural bioinformatics approach using Phyre2-based tertiary structure modeling to improve our understanding of T. pallidum protein function on a proteome-wide scale. Results Phyre2-based tertiary structure modeling generated high-confidence predictions for 80% of the T. pallidum proteome (780/978 predicted proteins). Tertiary structure modeling also inferred the same function as primary structure-based annotations from genome sequencing pipelines for 525/605 proteins (87%), which represents 54% (525/978) of all T. pallidum proteins. Of the 175 T. pallidum proteins modeled with high confidence that were not assigned functions in the previously annotated published proteome, 167 (95%) were able to be assigned predicted functions. Twenty-one of the 175 hypothetical proteins modeled with high confidence were also predicted to exhibit significant structural similarity with proteins experimentally confirmed to be required for virulence in other pathogens. Conclusions Phyre2-based structural modeling is a powerful bioinformatics tool that has provided insight into the potential structure and function of the majority of T. pallidum proteins and helped validate the primary structure-based annotation of more than 50% of all T. pallidum proteins with high confidence. This work represents the first T. pallidum proteome-wide structural modeling study and is one of few studies to apply this approach for the functional annotation of a whole proteome. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12900-018-0086-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Houston
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Karen Vivien Lithgow
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Chris Richard Kenyon
- HIV/STI Unit, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium.,Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Caroline E Cameron
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Faksri K, Xia E, Ong RTH, Tan JH, Nonghanphithak D, Makhao N, Thamnongdee N, Thanormchat A, Phurattanakornkul A, Rattanarangsee S, Ratanajaraya C, Suriyaphol P, Prammananan T, Teo YY, Chaiprasert A. Comparative whole-genome sequence analysis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolated from tuberculous meningitis and pulmonary tuberculosis patients. Sci Rep 2018; 8:4910. [PMID: 29559684 PMCID: PMC5861094 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-23337-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculous meningitis (TBM) is a severe form of tuberculosis with a high mortality rate. The factors associated with TBM pathogenesis are still unclear. Using comparative whole-genome sequence analysis we compared Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) isolates from cerebrospinal fluid of TBM cases (n = 73) with those from sputum of pulmonary tuberculosis (PulTB) patients (n = 220) from Thailand. The aim of this study was to seek genetic variants of Mtb associated with TBM. Regardless of Mtb lineage, we found 242 variants that were common to all TBM isolates. Among these variants, 28 were missense SNPs occurring mainly in the pks genes (involving polyketide synthesis) and the PE/PPE gene. Six lineage-independent SNPs were commonly found in TBM isolates, two of which were missense SNPs in Rv0532 (PE_PGRS6). Structural variant analysis revealed that PulTB isolates had 14 genomic regions containing 2-3-fold greater read depth, indicating higher copy number variants and half of these genes belonged to the PE/PPE gene family. Phylogenetic analysis revealed only two small clusters of TBM clonal isolates without support from epidemiological data. This study reported genetic variants of Mtb commonly found in TBM patients compared to PulTB patients. Variants associated with TBM disease warrant further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kiatichai Faksri
- Department of Microbiology Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand. .,Research and Diagnostic Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases (RCEID), Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand.
| | - Eryu Xia
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119077, Singapore
| | - Rick Twee-Hee Ong
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119077, Singapore
| | - Jun Hao Tan
- Duke-NUS Medical School, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119077, Singapore
| | - Ditthawat Nonghanphithak
- Department of Microbiology Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand.,Research and Diagnostic Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases (RCEID), Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Nampueng Makhao
- Drug Resistant Tuberculosis Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand
| | - Nongnard Thamnongdee
- Drug Resistant Tuberculosis Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand
| | - Arirat Thanormchat
- Drug Resistant Tuberculosis Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand
| | - Arisa Phurattanakornkul
- Drug Resistant Tuberculosis Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand
| | - Somcharn Rattanarangsee
- Drug Resistant Tuberculosis Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand
| | - Chate Ratanajaraya
- Drug Resistant Tuberculosis Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand
| | - Prapat Suriyaphol
- Bioinformatics and Data Management for Research Unit, Office for Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand
| | - Therdsak Prammananan
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Ministry of Science and Technology, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Yik-Ying Teo
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119077, Singapore.,NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119077, Singapore.,Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore, 138672, Singapore.,Department of Statistics and Applied Probability, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119077, Singapore.,Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119077, Singapore
| | - Angkana Chaiprasert
- Drug Resistant Tuberculosis Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Experimental animal models of central nervous system tuberculosis: A historical review. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2018; 110:1-6. [PMID: 29779764 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2018.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2017] [Revised: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Animal models are and will remain valuable tools in medical research because their use enables a deeper understanding of disease development, thus generating important knowledge for developing disease control strategies. Central nervous system tuberculosis (CNS TB) is the most devastating disease in humans. Moreover, as the variability of signs and symptoms delay a timely diagnosis, patients usually arrive at the hospital suffering from late stage disease. Therefore, it is impossible to obtain fresh human tissue for research before an autopsy. Because of these reasons, studies on human CNS TB are limited to case series, pharmacological response reports, and post mortem histopathological studies. Here, we review the contribution of the different animal models to understand the immunopathology of the disease and the host-parasitic relationship, as well as in the development of new strategies of vaccination and to test new drugs for the treatment of CNS TB.
Collapse
|
26
|
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE L-ergothioneine is synthesized in actinomycetes, cyanobacteria, methylobacteria, and some fungi. In contrast to other low-molecular-weight redox buffers, glutathione and mycothiol, ergothioneine is primarily present as a thione rather than a thiol at physiological pH, which makes it resistant to autoxidation. Ergothioneine regulates microbial physiology and enables the survival of microbes under stressful conditions encountered in their natural environments. In particular, ergothioneine enables pathogenic microbes, such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), to withstand hostile environments within the host to establish infection. Recent Advances: Ergothioneine has been reported to maintain bioenergetic homeostasis in Mtb and protect Mtb against oxidative stresses, thereby enhancing the virulence of Mtb in a mouse model. Furthermore, ergothioneine augments the resistance of Mtb to current frontline anti-TB drugs. Recently, an opportunistic fungus, Aspergillus fumigatus, which infects immunocompromised individuals, has been found to produce ergothioneine, which is important in conidial health and germination, and contributes to the fungal resistance against redox stresses. CRITICAL ISSUES The molecular mechanisms of the functions of ergothioneine in microbial physiology and pathogenesis are poorly understood. It is currently not known if ergothioneine is used in detoxification or antioxidant enzymatic pathways. As ergothioneine is involved in bioenergetic and redox homeostasis and antibiotic susceptibility of Mtb, it is of utmost importance to advance our understanding of these mechanisms. FUTURE DIRECTIONS A clear understanding of the role of ergothioneine in microbes will advance our knowledge of how this thione enhances microbial virulence and resistance to the host's defense mechanisms to avoid complete eradication. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 28, 431-444.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Krishna C Chinta
- 2 Deptartment of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Vineel P Reddy
- 2 Deptartment of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Adrie J C Steyn
- 1 Africa Health Research Institute , Durban, South Africa .,2 Deptartment of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama.,3 UAB Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Large-scale genomic analysis shows association between homoplastic genetic variation in Mycobacterium tuberculosis genes and meningeal or pulmonary tuberculosis. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:122. [PMID: 29402222 PMCID: PMC5800017 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-4498-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Meningitis is the most severe manifestation of tuberculosis. It is largely unknown why some people develop pulmonary TB (PTB) and others TB meningitis (TBM); we examined if the genetic background of infecting M. tuberculosis strains may be relevant. Methods We whole-genome sequenced M. tuberculosis strains isolated from 322 HIV-negative tuberculosis patients from Indonesia and compared isolates from patients with TBM (n = 106) and PTB (n = 216). Using a phylogeny-adjusted genome-wide association method to count homoplasy events we examined phenotype-related changes at specific loci or genes in parallel branches of the phylogenetic tree. Enrichment scores for the TB phenotype were calculated on single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), gene, and pathway level. Genetic associations were validated in an independent set of isolates. Results Strains belonged to the East-Asian lineage (36.0%), Euro-American lineage (61.5%), and Indo-Oceanic lineage (2.5%). We found no association between lineage and phenotype (Chi-square = 4.556; p = 0.207). Large genomic differences were observed between isolates; the minimum pairwise genetic distance varied from 17 to 689 SNPs. Using the phylogenetic tree, based on 28,544 common variable positions, we selected 54 TBM and 54 PTB isolates in terminal branch sets with distinct phenotypes. Genetic variation in Rv0218, and absence of Rv3343c, and nanK were significantly associated with disease phenotype in these terminal branch sets, and confirmed in the validation set of 214 unpaired isolates. Conclusions Using homoplasy counting we identified genetic variation in three separate genes to be associated with the TB phenotype, including one (Rv0218) which encodes a secreted protein that could play a role in host-pathogen interaction by altering pathogen recognition or acting as virulence effector. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-018-4498-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
|
28
|
Squeglia F, Ruggiero A, De Simone A, Berisio R. A structural overview of mycobacterial adhesins: Key biomarkers for diagnostics and therapeutics. Protein Sci 2017; 27:369-380. [PMID: 29139177 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Adherence, colonization, and survival of mycobacteria in host cells require surface adhesins, which are attractive pharmacotherapeutic targets. A large arsenal of pilus and non-pilus adhesins have been identified in mycobacteria. These adhesins are capable of interacting with host cells, including macrophages and epithelial cells and are essential to microbial pathogenesis. In the last decade, several structures of mycobacterial adhesins responsible for adhesion to either macrophages or extra cellular matrix proteins have been elucidated. In addition, key structural and functional information have emerged for the process of mycobacterial adhesion to epithelial cells, mediated by the Heparin-binding hemagglutinin (HBHA). In this review, we provide an overview of the structural and functional features of mycobacterial adhesins and discuss their role as important biomarkers for diagnostics and therapeutics. Based on the reported data, it appears clear that adhesins are endowed with a variety of different structures and functions. Most adhesins play important roles in the cell life of mycobacteria and are key virulence factors. However, they have adapted to an extracellular life to exert a role in host-pathogen interaction. The type of interactions they form with the host and the adhesin regions involved in binding is partly known and is described in this review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Squeglia
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging, CNR, Via Mezzocannone 16, Napoli, I-80134, Italy
| | - Alessia Ruggiero
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging, CNR, Via Mezzocannone 16, Napoli, I-80134, Italy
| | - Alfonso De Simone
- Division of Molecular Biosciences, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Rita Berisio
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging, CNR, Via Mezzocannone 16, Napoli, I-80134, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Abstract
Reversible protein phosphorylation is the most common type of epigenetic posttranslational modification in living cells used as a major regulation mechanism of biological processes. The Mycobacterium tuberculosis genome encodes for 11 serine/threonine protein kinases that are responsible for sensing environmental signals to coordinate a cellular response to ensure the pathogen's infectivity, survival, and growth. To overcome killing mechanisms generated within the host during infection, M. tuberculosis enters a state of nonreplicating persistence that is characterized by arrested growth, limited metabolic activity, and phenotypic resistance to antimycobacterial drugs. In this article we focus our attention on the role of M. tuberculosis serine/threonine protein kinases in sensing the host environment to coordinate the bacilli's physiology, including growth, cell wall components, and central metabolism, to establish a persistent infection.
Collapse
|
30
|
Bigi MM, Blanco FC, Araújo FR, Thacker TC, Zumárraga MJ, Cataldi AA, Soria MA, Bigi F. Polymorphisms of 20 regulatory proteins between Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium bovis. Microbiol Immunol 2017; 60:552-60. [PMID: 27427512 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Revised: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium bovis are responsible for tuberculosis in humans and animals, respectively. Both species are closely related and belong to the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTC). M. tuberculosis is the most ancient species from which M. bovis and other members of the MTC evolved. The genome of M. bovis is over >99.95% identical to that of M. tuberculosis but with seven deletions ranging in size from 1 to 12.7 kb. In addition, 1200 single nucleotide mutations in coding regions distinguish M. bovis from M. tuberculosis. In the present study, we assessed 75 M. tuberculosis genomes and 23 M. bovis genomes to identify non-synonymous mutations in 202 coding sequences of regulatory genes between both species. We identified species-specific variants in 20 regulatory proteins and confirmed differential expression of hypoxia-related genes between M. bovis and M. tuberculosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María M Bigi
- School of Agronomy, UBA, Buenos Aires 1417, Argentina
| | - Federico Carlos Blanco
- Biotechnology Institute, National Institute of Agricultural Technology (INTA), Hurlingham 1686, Argentina
| | | | - Tyler C Thacker
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, 1920 Dayton Ave, Ames, Iowa 50010, USA
| | - Martín J Zumárraga
- Biotechnology Institute, National Institute of Agricultural Technology (INTA), Hurlingham 1686, Argentina
| | - Angel A Cataldi
- Biotechnology Institute, National Institute of Agricultural Technology (INTA), Hurlingham 1686, Argentina
| | | | - Fabiana Bigi
- Biotechnology Institute, National Institute of Agricultural Technology (INTA), Hurlingham 1686, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Saw SH, Tan JL, Chan XY, Chan KG, Ngeow YF. Chromosomal rearrangements and protein globularity changes in Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from cerebrospinal fluid. PeerJ 2016; 4:e2484. [PMID: 27688977 PMCID: PMC5036109 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.2484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Meningitis is a major cause of mortality in tuberculosis (TB). It is not clear what factors promote central nervous system invasion and pathology but it has been reported that certain strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) might have genetic traits associated with neurotropism. Methods In this study, we generated whole genome sequences of eight clinical strains of Mtb that were isolated from the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients presenting with tuberculous meningitis (TBM) in Malaysia, and compared them to the genomes of H37Rv and other respiratory Mtb genomes either downloaded from public databases or extracted from local sputum isolates. We aimed to find genomic features that might be distinctly different between CSF-derived and respiratory Mtb. Results Genome-wide comparisons revealed rearrangements (translocations, inversions, insertions and deletions) and non-synonymous SNPs in our CSF-derived strains that were not observed in the respiratory Mtb genomes used for comparison. These rearranged segments were rich in genes for PE (proline-glutamate)/PPE (proline-proline-glutamate), transcriptional and membrane proteins. Similarly, most of the ns SNPs common in CSF strains were noted in genes encoding PE/PPE proteins. Protein globularity differences were observed among mycobacteria from CSF and respiratory sources and in proteins previously reported to be associated with TB meningitis. Transcription factors and other transcription regulators featured prominently in these proteins. Homologs of proteins associated with Streptococcus pneumoniae meningitis and Neisseria meningitidis virulence were identified in neuropathogenic as well as respiratory mycobacterial spp. examined in this study. Discussion The occurrence of in silico genetic differences in CSF-derived but not respiratory Mtb suggests their possible involvement in the pathogenesis of TBM. However, overall findings in this comparative analysis support the postulation that TB meningeal infection is more likely to be related to the expression of multiple virulence factors on interaction with host defences than to CNS tropism associated with specific genetic traits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seow Hoon Saw
- Department of Pre-Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Bandar Sungai Long, Malaysia.,Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kampar, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Joon Liang Tan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,Faculty of Information Science and Technology, Multimedia University, Melaka, Malaysia
| | - Xin Yue Chan
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kok Gan Chan
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yun Fong Ngeow
- Department of Pre-Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Bandar Sungai Long, Malaysia.,Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Chen X, Sakamoto K, Quinn FD, Chen H, Fu Z. Lack of intracellular replication of M. tuberculosis and M. bovis BCG caused by delivering bacilli to lysosomes in murine brain microvascular endothelial cells. Oncotarget 2016; 6:32456-67. [PMID: 26440149 PMCID: PMC4741705 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasion and traversal of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) by Mycobacterium tuberculosis cause meningeal tuberculosis (TB) in the central nervous system (CNS). Meningeal TB is a serious, often fatal disease that disproportionately affects young children. The mechanisms involved in CNS invasion by M. tuberculosis bacilli are poorly understood. In this study, we microscopically examined endosomal trafficking and measured survival of M. tuberculosis and M. bovis Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) bacilli in murine brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs). The results show that both species internalize but do not replicate in BMECs in the absence of a cytotoxic response. Confocal microscopy indicates that bacilli-containing vacuoles are associated with the early endosomal marker, Rab5, late endosomal marker, Rab7, and lysosomal marker, LAMP2, suggesting that bacilli-containing endosomes mature into endolysosomes in BMECs. Our data also show that a subset of intracellular M. tuberculosis, but not BCG bacilli, escape into the cytoplasm to avoid rapid lysosomal killing. However, the intracellular mycobacteria examined cannot spread cell-to-cell in BMECs. Taken together, these data show that with the exception of the small terminal cytoplasmic population of bacilli, M. tuberculosis does not modulate intracellular trafficking in BMECs as occurs in macrophages and lung epithelial and endothelial cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xi Chen
- State-key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Kaori Sakamoto
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Frederick D Quinn
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Huanchun Chen
- State-key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhenfang Fu
- State-key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Ramsugit S, Pillay M. Identification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis adherence-mediating components: a review of key methods to confirm adhesin function. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2016; 19:579-84. [PMID: 27482337 PMCID: PMC4951595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Anti-adhesion therapy represents a potentially promising avenue for the treatment and prevention of tuberculosis in a post-antibiotic era. Adhesins are surface-exposed microbial structures or molecules that enable pathogenic organisms to adhere to host surfaces, a fundamental step towards host infection. Although several Mycobacterium tuberculosis adhesins have been identified, it is predicted that numerous additional adherence-mediating components contribute to the virulence and success of this pathogen. Significant further research to discern and characterize novel M. tuberculosis adhesins is, therefore, required to gain a holistic account of M. tuberculosis adhesion to the host. This would enable the identification of potential drug and vaccine targets for attenuating M. tuberculosis adherence and infectivity. Several methods have been successfully applied to the study and identification of M. tuberculosis adhesins. In this manuscript, we review these methods, which include adherence assays that utilize wild-type and gene knockout mutant strains, epitope masking and competitive inhibition analyses, extracellular matrix protein binding assays, microsphere adhesion assays, M. tuberculosis auto-aggregation assays, and in silico analyses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saiyur Ramsugit
- Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Manormoney Pillay
- Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa,Corresponding author: Manormoney Pillay. Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa. Tel: +27-312604765;
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Coker OO, Chaiprasert A, Ngamphiw C, Tongsima S, Regmi SM, Clark TG, Ong RTH, Teo YY, Prammananan T, Palittapongarnpim P. Genetic signatures of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Nonthaburi genotype revealed by whole genome analysis of isolates from tuberculous meningitis patients in Thailand. PeerJ 2016; 4:e1905. [PMID: 27114869 PMCID: PMC4841212 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.1905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Genome sequencing plays a key role in understanding the genetic diversity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb). The genotype-specific character of M. tb contributes to tuberculosis severity and emergence of drug resistance. Strains of M. tb complex can be classified into seven lineages. The Nonthaburi (NB) genotype, belonging to the Indo-Oceanic lineage (lineage 1), has a unique spoligotype and IS6110-RFLP pattern but has not previously undergone a detailed whole genome analysis. In addition, there is not much information available on the whole genome analysis of M. tb isolates from tuberculous meningitis (TBM) patients in public databases. Isolates CSF3053, 46-5069 and 43-13838 of NB genotype were obtained from the cerebrospinal fluids of TBM Thai patients in Siriraj Hospital, Bangkok. The whole genomes were subjected to high throughput sequencing. The sequence data of each isolate were assembled into draft genome. The sequences were also aligned to reference genome, to determine genomic variations. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were obtained and grouped according to the functions of the genes containing them. They were compared with SNPs from 1,601 genomes, representing the seven lineages of M. tb complex, to determine the uniqueness of NB genotype. Susceptibility to first-line, second-line and other antituberculosis drugs were determined and related to the SNPs previously reported in drug-resistant related genes. The assembled genomes have an average size of 4,364,461 bp, 4,154 genes, 48 RNAs and 64 pseudogenes. A 500 base pairs deletion, which includes ppe50, was found in all isolates. RD239, specific for members of Indo Oceanic lineage, and RD147c were identified. A total of 2,202 SNPs were common to the isolates and used to classify the NB strains as members of sublineage 1.2.1. Compared with 1,601 genomes from the seven lineages of M. tb complex, mutation G2342203C was found novel to the isolates in this study. Three mutations (T28910C, C1180580T and C152178T) were found only in Thai NB isolates, including isolates from previous study. Although drug susceptibility tests indicated pan-susceptibility, non-synonymous SNPs previously reported to be associated with resistance to anti-tuberculous drugs; isoniazid, ethambutol, and ethionamide were identified in all the isolates. Non-synonymous SNPs were found in virulence genes such as the genes playing roles in apoptosis inhibition and phagosome arrest. We also report polymorphisms in essential genes, efflux pumps associated genes and genes with known epitopes. The analysis of the TBM isolates and the availability of the variations obtained will provide additional resources for global comparison of isolates from pulmonary tuberculosis and TBM. It will also contribute to the richness of genomic databases towards the prediction of antibiotic resistance, level of virulence and of origin of infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olabisi Oluwabukola Coker
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University , Bangkok , Thailand
| | - Angkana Chaiprasert
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University , Bangkok , Thailand
| | - Chumpol Ngamphiw
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency , Pathum Thani , Thailand
| | - Sissades Tongsima
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency , Pathum Thani , Thailand
| | - Sanjib Mani Regmi
- Department of Microbiology, Gandaki Medical College , Pokhara Kaski , Nepal
| | - Taane G Clark
- Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, University of London , London , United Kingdom
| | - Rick Twee Hee Ong
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore , Singapore
| | - Yik-Ying Teo
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore , Singapore
| | - Therdsak Prammananan
- Tuberculosis Research Laboratory, Medical Molecular Biology Research Unit, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency , Pathum Thani , Thailand
| | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis differ in affinity for human osteoblasts and alveolar cells in vitro. SPRINGERPLUS 2016; 5:163. [PMID: 27026860 PMCID: PMC4766163 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-016-1819-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Although the lung is the primary site of infection of tuberculosis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis is capable of causing infection at other sites. In 5–10 % such extra-pulmonary tuberculosis is located in bone tissue of the spine. It is unknown whether host or microbial factors are responsible for the site where extra-pulmonary tuberculosis manifests itself. One MDR isolate belonging to strain F28, one susceptible F11 and one isolate each of susceptible, MDR and XDR F15/LAM4/KZN were cultured in Middlebrook 7H9 media. Human osteoblasts (SaOS-2) and human alveolar epithelial cells (A549) were exposed to these different isolates of M. tuberculosis and invasion capacity and intra-cellular multiplication rates were established. Mouse macrophage (MHS) cells exposed to M. tuberculosis H37Rv served as control. The invasion capacity of F15/LAM4/KZN representatives increased with the level of resistance. The F28 MDR strain showed similar invasion capacity as the XDR F15/LAM4/KZN for pulmonary epthelial cells, whilst the fully susceptible F11 strain displayed a propensity for osteoblasts. The differences observed may in part explain why certain strains are able to cause infection at specific extra-pulmonary sites. We postulated that the development of extra-pulmonary tuberculosis depends on the ability of the microbe to pass effectively through the alveolar epithelial lining and its affinity for cells other than those in pulmonary tissue.
Collapse
|
36
|
Calder B, Albeldas C, Blackburn JM, Soares NC. Mass Spectrometry Offers Insight into the Role of Ser/Thr/Tyr Phosphorylation in the Mycobacteria. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:141. [PMID: 26904014 PMCID: PMC4751927 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphorylation is a post translational modification which can rapidly regulate biochemical pathways by altering protein function, and has been associated with pathogenicity in bacteria. Once engulfed by host macrophages, pathogenic bacteria are exposed to harsh conditions and must respond rapidly in order to survive. The causative agent of TB, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, is unusual amongst the bacteria because it can survive within the host macrophage for decades in a latent state, demonstrating a remarkable capacity to successfully evade the host immune response. This ability may be mediated in part by regulatory mechanisms such as ser/thr/tyr phosphorylation. Mass spectrometry-based proteomics has afforded us the capacity to identify hundreds of phosphorylation sites in the bacterial proteome, allowing for comparative phosphoproteomic studies in the mycobacteria. There remains an urgent need to validate the reported phosphosites, and to elucidate their biological function in the context of pathogenicity. However, given the sheer number of putative phosphorylation events in the mycobacterial proteome, and the technical difficulty of assigning biological function to a phosphorylation event, it will not be trivial to do so. There are currently six published phosphoproteomic investigations of a member of mycobacteria. Here, we combine the datasets from these studies in order to identify commonly detected phosphopeptides and phosphosites in order to present high confidence candidates for further validation. By applying modern mass spectrometry-based techniques to improve our understanding of phosphorylation and other PTMs in pathogenic bacteria, we may identify candidates for therapeutic intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bridget Calder
- Applied and Chemical Proteomics Group, Medical Biochemistry Division, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Claudia Albeldas
- Applied and Chemical Proteomics Group, Medical Biochemistry Division, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jonathan M Blackburn
- Applied and Chemical Proteomics Group, Medical Biochemistry Division, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Nelson C Soares
- Applied and Chemical Proteomics Group, Medical Biochemistry Division, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town Cape Town, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Abstract
The Mycobacterium tuberculosis genome encodes 11 serine/threonine protein kinases (STPKs). A similar number of two-component systems are also present, indicating that these two signal transduction mechanisms are both important in the adaptation of this bacterial pathogen to its environment. The M. tuberculosis phosphoproteome includes hundreds of Ser- and Thr-phosphorylated proteins that participate in all aspects of M. tuberculosis biology, supporting a critical role for the STPKs in regulating M. tuberculosis physiology. Nine of the STPKs are receptor type kinases, with an extracytoplasmic sensor domain and an intracellular kinase domain, indicating that these kinases transduce external signals. Two other STPKs are cytoplasmic and have regulatory domains that sense changes within the cell. Structural analysis of some of the STPKs has led to advances in our understanding of the mechanisms by which these STPKs are activated and regulated. Functional analysis has provided insights into the effects of phosphorylation on the activity of several proteins, but for most phosphoproteins the role of phosphorylation in regulating function is unknown. Major future challenges include characterizing the functional effects of phosphorylation for this large number of phosphoproteins, identifying the cognate STPKs for these phosphoproteins, and determining the signals that the STPKs sense. Ultimately, combining these STPK-regulated processes into larger, integrated regulatory networks will provide deeper insight into M. tuberculosis adaptive mechanisms that contribute to tuberculosis pathogenesis. Finally, the STPKs offer attractive targets for inhibitor development that may lead to new therapies for drug-susceptible and drug-resistant tuberculosis.
Collapse
|
38
|
Richard-Greenblatt M, Bach H, Adamson J, Peña-Diaz S, Li W, Steyn AJC, Av-Gay Y. Regulation of Ergothioneine Biosynthesis and Its Effect on Mycobacterium tuberculosis Growth and Infectivity. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:23064-76. [PMID: 26229105 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.648642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Ergothioneine (EGT) is synthesized in mycobacteria, but limited knowledge exists regarding its synthesis, physiological role, and regulation. We have identified Rv3701c from Mycobacterium tuberculosis to encode for EgtD, a required histidine methyltransferase that catalyzes first biosynthesis step in EGT biosynthesis. EgtD was found to be phosphorylated by the serine/threonine protein kinase PknD. PknD phosphorylates EgtD both in vitro and in a cell-based system on Thr(213). The phosphomimetic (T213E) but not the phosphoablative (T213A) mutant of EgtD failed to restore EGT synthesis in a ΔegtD mutant. The findings together with observed elevated levels of EGT in a pknD transposon mutant during in vitro growth suggests that EgtD phosphorylation by PknD negatively regulates EGT biosynthesis. We further showed that EGT is required in a nutrient-starved model of persistence and is needed for long term infection of murine macrophages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Horacio Bach
- From the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine and
| | - John Adamson
- Kwazulu-Natal Research Institute for Tuberculosis and HIV, Durban, South Africa 4001
| | - Sandra Peña-Diaz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Wu Li
- Institute of Modern Biopharmaceuticals, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China, and
| | - Adrie J C Steyn
- Kwazulu-Natal Research Institute for Tuberculosis and HIV, Durban, South Africa 4001, Department of Microbiology and Centers for AIDS Research and Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama 35233
| | - Yossef Av-Gay
- From the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine and
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Metri R, Hariharaputran S, Ramakrishnan G, Anand P, Raghavender US, Ochoa-Montaño B, Higueruelo AP, Sowdhamini R, Chandra NR, Blundell TL, Srinivasan N. SInCRe-structural interactome computational resource for Mycobacterium tuberculosis. DATABASE-THE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL DATABASES AND CURATION 2015; 2015:bav060. [PMID: 26130660 PMCID: PMC4485431 DOI: 10.1093/database/bav060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We have developed an integrated database for Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv (Mtb) that collates information on protein sequences, domain assignments, functional annotation and 3D structural information along with protein–protein and protein–small molecule interactions. SInCRe (Structural Interactome Computational Resource) is developed out of CamBan (Cambridge and Bangalore) collaboration. The motivation for development of this database is to provide an integrated platform to allow easily access and interpretation of data and results obtained by all the groups in CamBan in the field of Mtb informatics. In-house algorithms and databases developed independently by various academic groups in CamBan are used to generate Mtb-specific datasets and are integrated in this database to provide a structural dimension to studies on tuberculosis. The SInCRe database readily provides information on identification of functional domains, genome-scale modelling of structures of Mtb proteins and characterization of the small-molecule binding sites within Mtb. The resource also provides structure-based function annotation, information on small-molecule binders including FDA (Food and Drug Administration)-approved drugs, protein–protein interactions (PPIs) and natural compounds that bind to pathogen proteins potentially and result in weakening or elimination of host–pathogen protein–protein interactions. Together they provide prerequisites for identification of off-target binding. Database URL:http://proline.biochem.iisc.ernet.in/sincre
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Metri
- Department of Biochemistry and Indian Institute of Science Mathematics Initiative, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Sridhar Hariharaputran
- Department of Biochemistry and National Centre for Biological Sciences, TIFR, UAS-GKVK Campus, Bellary Road, Bangalore, India
| | - Gayatri Ramakrishnan
- Indian Institute of Science Mathematics Initiative, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India, Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India, and
| | | | | | | | - Alicia P Higueruelo
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ramanathan Sowdhamini
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, TIFR, UAS-GKVK Campus, Bellary Road, Bangalore, India
| | | | - Tom L Blundell
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Ryndak MB, Singh KK, Peng Z, Laal S. Transcriptional profile of Mycobacterium tuberculosis replicating in type II alveolar epithelial cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123745. [PMID: 25844539 PMCID: PMC4386821 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb) infection is initiated by the few bacilli inhaled into the alveolus. Studies in lungs of aerosol-infected mice provided evidence for extensive replication of M. tb in non-migrating, non-antigen-presenting cells in the alveoli during the first 2-3 weeks post-infection. Alveoli are lined by type II and type I alveolar epithelial cells (AEC) which outnumber alveolar macrophages by several hundred-fold. M. tb DNA and viable M. tb have been demonstrated in AEC and other non-macrophage cells of the kidney, liver, and spleen in autopsied tissues from latently-infected subjects from TB-endemic regions indicating systemic bacterial dissemination during primary infection. M. tb have also been demonstrated to replicate rapidly in A549 cells (type II AEC line) and acquire increased invasiveness for endothelial cells. Together, these results suggest that AEC could provide an important niche for bacterial expansion and development of a phenotype that promotes dissemination during primary infection. In the current studies, we have compared the transcriptional profile of M. tb replicating intracellularly in A549 cells to that of M. tb replicating in laboratory broth, by microarray analysis. Genes significantly upregulated during intracellular residence were consistent with an active, replicative, metabolic, and aerobic state, as were genes for tryptophan synthesis and for increased virulence (ESAT-6, and ESAT-6-like genes, esxH, esxJ, esxK, esxP, and esxW). In contrast, significant downregulation of the DevR (DosR) regulon and several hypoxia-induced genes was observed. Stress response genes were either not differentially expressed or were downregulated with the exception of the heat shock response and those induced by low pH. The intra-type II AEC M. tb transcriptome strongly suggests that AEC could provide a safe haven in which M. tb can expand dramatically and disseminate from the lung prior to the elicitation of adaptive immune responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle B. Ryndak
- Department of Pathology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Krishna K. Singh
- Department of Pathology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Zhengyu Peng
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Suman Laal
- Department of Pathology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
- Veterans Affairs New York Harbor Healthcare System, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Genome sequence of the Drosophila melanogaster male-killing Spiroplasma strain MSRO endosymbiont. mBio 2015; 6:mBio.02437-14. [PMID: 25827421 PMCID: PMC4453565 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02437-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Spiroplasmas are helical and motile members of a cell wall-less eubacterial group called Mollicutes. Although all spiroplasmas are associated with arthropods, they exhibit great diversity with respect to both their modes of transmission and their effects on their hosts; ranging from horizontally transmitted pathogens and commensals to endosymbionts that are transmitted transovarially (i.e., from mother to offspring). Here we provide the first genome sequence, along with proteomic validation, of an endosymbiotic inherited Spiroplasma bacterium, the Spiroplasma poulsonii MSRO strain harbored by Drosophila melanogaster. Comparison of the genome content of S. poulsonii with that of horizontally transmitted spiroplasmas indicates that S. poulsonii has lost many metabolic pathways and transporters, demonstrating a high level of interdependence with its insect host. Consistent with genome analysis, experimental studies showed that S. poulsonii metabolizes glucose but not trehalose. Notably, trehalose is more abundant than glucose in Drosophila hemolymph, and the inability to metabolize trehalose may prevent S. poulsonii from overproliferating. Our study identifies putative virulence genes, notably, those for a chitinase, the H2O2-producing glycerol-3-phosphate oxidase, and enzymes involved in the synthesis of the eukaryote-toxic lipid cardiolipin. S. poulsonii also expresses on the cell membrane one functional adhesion-related protein and two divergent spiralin proteins that have been implicated in insect cell invasion in other spiroplasmas. These lipoproteins may be involved in the colonization of the Drosophila germ line, ensuring S. poulsonii vertical transmission. The S. poulsonii genome is a valuable resource to explore the mechanisms of male killing and symbiont-mediated protection, two cardinal features of many facultative endosymbionts. Most insect species, including important disease vectors and crop pests, harbor vertically transmitted endosymbiotic bacteria. These endosymbionts play key roles in their hosts’ fitness, including protecting them against natural enemies and manipulating their reproduction in ways that increase the frequency of symbiont infection. Little is known about the molecular mechanisms that underlie these processes. Here, we provide the first genome draft of a vertically transmitted male-killing Spiroplasma bacterium, the S. poulsonii MSRO strain harbored by D. melanogaster. Analysis of the S. poulsonii genome was complemented by proteomics and ex vivo metabolic experiments. Our results indicate that S. poulsonii has reduced metabolic capabilities and expresses divergent membrane lipoproteins and potential virulence factors that likely participate in Spiroplasma-host interactions. This work fills a gap in our knowledge of insect endosymbionts and provides tools with which to decipher the interaction between Spiroplasma bacteria and their well-characterized host D. melanogaster, which is emerging as a model of endosymbiosis.
Collapse
|
42
|
Nagarajan SN, Upadhyay S, Chawla Y, Khan S, Naz S, Subramanian J, Gandotra S, Nandicoori VK. Protein kinase A (PknA) of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is independently activated and is critical for growth in vitro and survival of the pathogen in the host. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:9626-45. [PMID: 25713147 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.611822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The essential mycobacterial protein kinases PknA and PknB play crucial roles in modulating cell shape and division. However, the precise in vivo functional aspects of PknA have not been investigated. This study aims to dissect the role of PknA in mediating cell survival in vitro as well as in vivo. We observed aberrant cell shape and severe growth defects when PknA was depleted. Using the mouse infection model, we observe that PknA is essential for survival of the pathogen in the host. Complementation studies affirm the importance of the kinase, juxtamembrane, and transmembrane domains of PknA. Surprisingly, the extracytoplasmic domain is dispensable for cell growth and survival in vitro. We find that phosphorylation of the activation loop at Thr(172) of PknA is critical for bacterial growth. PknB has been previously suggested to be the receptor kinase, which activates multiple kinases, including PknA, by trans-phosphorylating their activation loop residues. Using phospho-specific PknA antibodies and conditional pknB mutant, we find that PknA autophosphorylates its activation loop independent of PknB. Fluorescently tagged PknA and PknB show distinctive distribution patterns within the cell, suggesting that although both kinases are known to modulate cell shape and division, their modes of action are likely to be different. This is supported by our findings that expression of kinase-dead PknA versus kinase-dead PknB in mycobacterial cells leads to different cellular phenotypes. Data indicate that although PknA and PknB are expressed as part of the same operon, they appear to be regulating cellular processes through divergent signaling pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sathya Narayanan Nagarajan
- From the National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India, the Department of Biotechnology, Nehru Arts and Science College, Coimbatore 641105, India, and
| | - Sandeep Upadhyay
- From the National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Yogesh Chawla
- From the National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Shazia Khan
- From the National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Saba Naz
- From the National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Jayashree Subramanian
- the Department of Biotechnology, Nehru Arts and Science College, Coimbatore 641105, India, and
| | - Sheetal Gandotra
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mathura Road, New Delhi 110020, India
| | - Vinay Kumar Nandicoori
- From the National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India,
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Dey B, Bishai WR. Crosstalk between Mycobacterium tuberculosis and the host cell. Semin Immunol 2014; 26:486-96. [PMID: 25303934 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2014.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The successful establishment and maintenance of a bacterial infection depend on the pathogen's ability to subvert the host cell's defense response and successfully survive, proliferate, or persist within the infected cell. To circumvent host defense systems, bacterial pathogens produce a variety of virulence factors that potentiate bacterial adherence and invasion and usurp host cell signaling cascades that regulate intracellular microbial survival and trafficking. Mycobacterium tuberculosis, probably one of the most successful pathogens on earth, has coexisted with humanity for centuries, and this intimate and persistent connection between these two organisms suggests that the pathogen has evolved extensive mechanisms to evade the human immune system at multiple levels. While some of these mechanisms are mediated by factors released by M. tuberculosis, others rely on host components that are hijacked to prevent the generation of an effective immune response thus benefiting the survival of M. tuberculosis within the host cell. Here, we describe several of these mechanisms, with an emphasis on the cyclic nucleotide signaling and subversion of host responses that occur at the intracellular level when tubercle bacilli encounter macrophages, a cell that becomes a safe-house for M. tuberculosis although it is specialized to kill most microbes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bappaditya Dey
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - William R Bishai
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Dando SJ, Mackay-Sim A, Norton R, Currie BJ, St John JA, Ekberg JAK, Batzloff M, Ulett GC, Beacham IR. Pathogens penetrating the central nervous system: infection pathways and the cellular and molecular mechanisms of invasion. Clin Microbiol Rev 2014; 27:691-726. [PMID: 25278572 PMCID: PMC4187632 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00118-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 259] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The brain is well protected against microbial invasion by cellular barriers, such as the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB). In addition, cells within the central nervous system (CNS) are capable of producing an immune response against invading pathogens. Nonetheless, a range of pathogenic microbes make their way to the CNS, and the resulting infections can cause significant morbidity and mortality. Bacteria, amoebae, fungi, and viruses are capable of CNS invasion, with the latter using axonal transport as a common route of infection. In this review, we compare the mechanisms by which bacterial pathogens reach the CNS and infect the brain. In particular, we focus on recent data regarding mechanisms of bacterial translocation from the nasal mucosa to the brain, which represents a little explored pathway of bacterial invasion but has been proposed as being particularly important in explaining how infection with Burkholderia pseudomallei can result in melioidosis encephalomyelitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samantha J Dando
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Alan Mackay-Sim
- Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Robert Norton
- Townsville Hospital, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Bart J Currie
- Menzies School of Health Research and Royal Darwin Hospital, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - James A St John
- Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jenny A K Ekberg
- Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Michael Batzloff
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Glen C Ulett
- School of Medical Science and Griffith Health Institute, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ifor R Beacham
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Jayachandran R, BoseDasgupta S, Pieters J. Surviving the macrophage: tools and tricks employed by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2014; 374:189-209. [PMID: 23154833 DOI: 10.1007/82_2012_273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis has evolved to withstand one of the most inhospitable cells within the human body, namely the macrophage, a cell that is normally geared toward the destruction of any invading microbe. How M. tuberculosis achieves this is still incompletely understood; however, a number of mechanisms are now known that provide advantages to M. tuberculosis for its survival and proliferation inside the macrophage. While some of these mechanisms are mediated by factors released by M. tuberculosis, others rely on host components that are being hijacked to benefit survival of M. tuberculosis within the macrophage as well to avoid the generation of an effective immune response. Here, we describe several of these mechanisms, also pointing out the potential usage of this knowledge toward the development of novel strategies to treat tuberculosis. Furthermore, we attempt to put the 'macrophage niche' into context with other intracellular pathogens and discuss some of the generalities as well as specializations that M. tuberculosis employs to survive.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Jayachandran
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50/70, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Nezametdinova VZ, Zakharevich NV, Alekseeva MG, Averina OV, Mavletova DA, Danilenko VN. Identification and characterization of the serine/threonine protein kinases in Bifidobacterium. Arch Microbiol 2014; 196:125-36. [PMID: 24395073 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-013-0949-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Revised: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/26/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Six genes encoding the bifidobacterial Hanks-type (eukaryote-like) serine/threonine protein kinases (STPK) were identified and classified. The genome of each bifidobacterial strain contains four conserved genes and one species-specific gene. Bifidobacterium longum and Bifidobacterium bifidum possess the unique gene found only in these species. The STPK genes of Russian industrial probiotic strain B. longum B379M were cloned and sequenced. The expression of these genes in Escherichia coli and bifidobacteria was observed. Autophosphorylation of the conserved STPK Pkb5 and species-specific STPK Pkb2 was demonstrated. This is the first report on Hanks-type STPK in bifidobacteria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Venera Z Nezametdinova
- Department of Genetics of Microorganisms, Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 3 Gubkin Street, 119991, Moscow, Russia,
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Pediatric tuberculosis in young children in India: a prospective study. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:783698. [PMID: 24386640 PMCID: PMC3872373 DOI: 10.1155/2013/783698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Revised: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background. India has one of the highest tuberculosis (TB) burdens globally. However, few studies have focused on TB in young children, a vulnerable population, where lack of early diagnosis results in poor outcomes. Methods. Young children (≤5 years) with suspected TB were prospectively enrolled at a tertiary hospital in Pune, India. Detailed clinical evaluation, HIV testing, mycobacterial cultures, and drug susceptibility testing were performed. Results. 223 children with suspected TB were enrolled. The median age was 31 months, 46% were female, 86% had received BCG, 57% were malnourished, and 10% were HIV positive. 12% had TB disease (definite or probable), 35% did not have TB, while TB could not be ruled out in 53%. Extrapulmonary disease was noted in 46%, which was predominantly meningeal. Tuberculin skin test (TST) was positive in 20% of children with TB. Four of 7 (57%) children with culture-confirmed TB harbored drug-resistant (DR) strains of whom 2 (50%) were multi-DR (MDR). In adjusted analyses, HIV infection, positive TST, and exposure to household smoke were found to be significantly associated with children with TB (P ≤ 0.04). Mortality (at 1 year) was 3 of 26 (12%) and 1 of 79 (1%), respectively, in children with TB and those without TB (P < 0.05). Conclusions. Diagnosis of TB is challenging in young children, with high rates of extra-pulmonary and meningeal disease. While the data on DR-TB are limited by the small sample size, they are however concerning, and additional studies are needed to more accurately define the prevalence of DR strains in this vulnerable population.
Collapse
|
48
|
Pokkali S, Jain S. Novel vaccine strategies against tuberculosis: a road less travelled. Expert Rev Vaccines 2013; 12:1373-5. [PMID: 24195477 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2013.856766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Supriya Pokkali
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Abstract
Tuberculous meningitis is especially common in young children and people with untreated HIV infection, and it kills or disables roughly half of everyone affected. Childhood disease can be prevented by vaccination and by giving prophylactic isoniazid to children exposed to infectious adults, although improvements in worldwide tuberculosis control would lead to more effective prevention. Diagnosis is difficult because clinical features are non-specific and laboratory tests are insensitive, and treatment delay is the strongest risk factor for death. Large doses of rifampicin and fluoroquinolones might improve outcome, and the beneficial effect of adjunctive corticosteroids on survival might be augmented by aspirin and could be predicted by screening for a polymorphism in LTA4H, which encodes an enzyme involved in eicosanoid synthesis. However, these advances are insufficient in the face of drug-resistant tuberculosis and HIV co-infection. Many questions remain about the best approaches to prevent, diagnose, and treat tuberculous meningitis, and there are still too few answers.
Collapse
|
50
|
Vaccination with recombinant Mycobacterium tuberculosis PknD attenuates bacterial dissemination to the brain in guinea pigs. PLoS One 2013; 8:e66310. [PMID: 23776655 PMCID: PMC3679071 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2013] [Accepted: 05/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We have previously identified Mycobacterium tuberculosis PknD to be an important virulence factor required for the pathogenesis of central nervous system (CNS) tuberculosis (TB). Specifically, PknD mediates bacillary invasion of the blood-brain barrier, which can be neutralized by specific antisera, suggesting its potential role as a therapeutic target against TB meningitis. Methodology/Principal Findings We utilized an aerosol challenge guinea pig model of CNS TB and compared the protective efficacy of recombinant M. tuberculosis PknD subunit protein with that of M. bovis BCG against bacillary dissemination to the brain. BCG vaccination limited the pulmonary bacillary burden after aerosol challenge with virulent M. tuberculosis in guinea pigs and also reduced bacillary dissemination to the brain (P = 0.01). PknD vaccination also offered significant protection against bacterial dissemination to the brain, which was no different from BCG (P>0.24), even though PknD vaccinated animals had almost 100-fold higher pulmonary bacterial burdens. Higher levels of PknD-specific IgG were noted in animals immunized with PknD, but not in BCG-vaccinated or control animals. Furthermore, pre-incubation of M. tuberculosis with sera from PknD-vaccinated animals, but not with sera from BCG-vaccinated or control animals, significantly reduced bacterial invasion in a human blood-brain barrier model (P<0.01). Conclusion Current recommendations for administering BCG at birth are based on protection gained against severe disease, such as TB meningitis, during infancy. We demonstrate that vaccination with recombinant M. tuberculosis PknD subunit offers a novel strategy to protect against TB meningitis, which is equivalent to BCG in a guinea pig model. Moreover, since BCG lacks the PknD sensor, BCG could also be boosted to develop a more effective vaccine against TB meningitis, a devastating disease that disproportionately affects young children.
Collapse
|