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Rana R, Nayak PK, Madhavan VN, Sonti RV, Patel HK, Patil PB. Comparative genomics-based insights into Xanthomonas indica, a non-pathogenic species of healthy rice microbiome with bioprotection function. Appl Environ Microbiol 2024:e0084824. [PMID: 39158313 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00848-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Xanthomonas species are major pathogens of plants and have been studied extensively. There is increasing recognition of the importance of non-pathogenic species within the same genus. With this came the need to understand the genomic and functional diversity of non-pathogenic Xanthomonas (NPX) at the species and strain level. This study reports isolation and investigation into the genomic diversity and variation in NPX isolates, chiefly Xanthomonas indica, a newly discovered NPX species from rice. The study establishes the relationship of X. indica strains within clade I of Xanthomonads with another NPX species, X. sontii, also associated with rice seeds. Identification of highly diverse strains, open-pan genome, and systematic hyper-variation at the lipopolysaccharide biosynthetic locus when compared to pathogenic Xanthomonas indicates the acquisition of new functions for adaptation. Furthermore, comparative genomics studies established the absence of major virulence genes such as type III secretion system and effectors, which are present in the pathogens, and the presence of a known bacterial-killing type IV secretion system (X-T4SS). The diverse non-pathogenic strains of X. indica and X. sontii were found to protect rice from bacterial leaf blight pathogen, X. oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo). The absence of phenotype of an X-T4SS mutant suggests redundancy in the genetic basis of the mechanisms involved in the bioprotection function, which may include multiple genetic loci, such as putative bacteriocin-encoding gene clusters and involvement of other factors such as nutrient and niche competition apart from induction of innate immunity through shared microbial-associated molecular patterns. The rice-NPX community and its pathogenic counterpart can be a promising model for understanding plant-microbe-microbiome interaction studies.IMPORTANCEThe Xanthomonas group of bacteria is known for its characteristic lifestyle as a phytopathogen. However, the discovery of non-pathogenic Xanthomonas (NPX) species is a major shift in understanding this group of bacteria. Multi-strain, in-depth genomic, evolutionary and functional studies on each of these NPX species are still lacking. This study on diverse non-pathogenic strains provides novel insights into genome diversity, dynamics, and evolutionary trends of NPX species from rice microbiome apart from its relationship with other relatives that form a sub-clade. Interestingly, we also uncovered that NPX species protect rice from pathogenic Xanthomonas species. The plant protection property shows their importance as a part of a healthy plant microbiome. Furthermore, finding an open pan-genome and large-scale variation at lipopolysaccharide biosynthetic locus indicates a significant role of the NPX community in host adaptation. The findings and high-quality genomic resources of NPX species and the strains will allow further systematic molecular and host-associated microbial community studies for plant health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rekha Rana
- Bacterial Genomics and Evolution Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, India
| | - Praveen Kumar Nayak
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, India
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India
| | | | - Ramesh V Sonti
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Hitendra K Patel
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, India
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India
| | - Prabhu B Patil
- Bacterial Genomics and Evolution Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
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Singh J, James D, Das S, Patel MK, Sutar RR, Achary VMM, Goel N, Gupta KJ, Reddy MK, Jha G, Sonti RV, Foyer CH, Thakur JK, Tripathy BC. Co-overexpression of SWEET sucrose transporters modulates sucrose synthesis and defence responses to enhance immunity against bacterial blight in rice. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2024; 47:2578-2596. [PMID: 38533652 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Enhancing carbohydrate export from source to sink tissues is considered to be a realistic approach for improving photosynthetic efficiency and crop yield. The rice sucrose transporters OsSUT1, OsSWEET11a and OsSWEET14 contribute to sucrose phloem loading and seed filling. Crucially, Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) infection in rice enhances the expression of OsSWEET11a and OsSWEET14 genes, and causes leaf blight. Here we show that co-overexpression of OsSUT1, OsSWEET11a and OsSWEET14 in rice reduced sucrose synthesis and transport leading to lower growth and yield but reduced susceptibility to Xoo relative to controls. The immunity-related hypersensitive response (HR) was enhanced in the transformed lines as indicated by the increased expression of defence genes, higher salicylic acid content and presence of HR lesions on the leaves. The results suggest that the increased expression of OsSWEET11a and OsSWEET14 in rice is perceived as a pathogen (Xoo) attack that triggers HR and results in constitutive activation of plant defences that are related to the signalling pathways of pathogen starvation. These findings provide a mechanistic basis for the trade-off between plant growth and immunity because decreased susceptibility against Xoo compromised plant growth and yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitender Singh
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi, India
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Donald James
- Forest Biotechnology Department, Kerala Forest Research Institute, Thrissur, Kerala, India
| | - Shubhashis Das
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Manish Kumar Patel
- Department of Postharvest Science of Fresh Produce, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Volcani Institute, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | | | | | - Naveen Goel
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Malireddy K Reddy
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Gopaljee Jha
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Ramesh V Sonti
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Jitendra Kumar Thakur
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi, India
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Baishnab C Tripathy
- Department of Biotechnology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Vacheron J, Heiman CM, Garneau JR, Kupferschmied P, de Jonge R, Garrido-Sanz D, Keel C. Molecular and evolutionary basis of O-antigenic polysaccharide-driven phage sensitivity in environmental pseudomonads. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0204923. [PMID: 37800913 PMCID: PMC10715155 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02049-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE The application of plant-beneficial microorganisms to protect crop plants is a promising alternative to the usage of chemicals. However, biocontrol research often faces difficulties in implementing this approach due to the inconsistency of the bacterial inoculant to establish itself within the root microbiome. Beneficial bacterial inoculants can be decimated by the presence of their natural predators, notably bacteriophages (also called phages). Thus, it is important to gain knowledge regarding the mechanisms behind phage-bacteria interactions to overcome this challenge. Here, we evidence that the major long O-antigenic polysaccharide (O-PS, O-antigen) of the widely used model plant-beneficial bacterium Pseudomonas protegens CHA0 is the receptor of its natural predator, the phage ΦGP100. We examined the distribution of the gene cluster directing the synthesis of this O-PS and identified signatures of horizontal gene acquisitions. Altogether, our study highlights the importance of bacterial cell surface structure variation in the complex interplay between phages and their Pseudomonas hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Vacheron
- Department of Fundamental Microbiology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Clara M. Heiman
- Department of Fundamental Microbiology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Julian R. Garneau
- Department of Fundamental Microbiology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Peter Kupferschmied
- Department of Fundamental Microbiology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ronnie de Jonge
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Science4Life, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Daniel Garrido-Sanz
- Department of Fundamental Microbiology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Keel
- Department of Fundamental Microbiology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Deep Population Genomics Reveals Systematic and Parallel Evolution at a Lipopolysaccharide Biosynthetic Locus in Xanthomonas Pathogens That Infect Rice and Sugarcane. Appl Environ Microbiol 2022; 88:e0055022. [PMID: 35916503 PMCID: PMC9397109 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00550-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The advent of high-throughput sequencing and population genomics has enabled researchers to investigate selection pressure at hypervariable genomic loci encoding pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) molecules like lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Xanthomonas is a model and a major group of phytopathogenic bacteria that infect hosts in tissue-specific manner. Our in-depth population-based genomic investigation revealed the emergence of major lineages in two Xanthomonas pathogens that infect xylem of rice and sugarcane is associated with the acquisition and later large-scale replacement by distinct type of LPS cassettes. In the population of the rice xylem pathogen, Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) and sugarcane pathogens Xanthomonas sacchari (Xsac) and Xanthomonas vasicola (Xvv), the BXO8 type of LPS cassette is replaced by a BXO1 type of cassette in Xoo and by Xvv type LPS cassette in Xsac and Xvv. These findings suggest a wave of parallel evolution at an LPS locus mediated by horizontal gene transfer (HGT) events during its adaptation and emergence. Aside from xylem pathogens, two closely related lineages of Xoo that infect parenchyma of rice and Leersia hexandra grass have acquired an LPS cassette from Xanthomonas pathogens that infect parenchyma of citrus, walnut, and strawberries, indicating yet another instance of parallel evolution mediated by HGT at an LPS locus. Our targeted and megapopulation-based genome dynamic studies revealed the acquisition and dominance of specific types of LPS cassettes in adaptation and success of a major group of phytopathogenic bacteria. IMPORTANCE Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a major microbe associated molecular pattern and hence a major immunomodulator. As a major and outer member component, it is expected that LPS is a frontline defense mechanism to deal with different host responses. Limited studies have indicated that LPS loci are also highly variable at strain and species level in plant-pathogenic bacteria, suggesting strong selection pressure from plants and associated niches. The advent of high-throughput genomics has led to the availability of a large set of genomic resources at taxonomic and population levels. This provides an exciting and important opportunity to carryout megascale targeted and population-based comparative genomic/association studies at important loci like those encoding LPS biosynthesis to understand their role in the evolution of the host, tissue specificity, and also predominant lineages. Such studies will also fill major gap in understanding host and tissue specificity in pathogenic bacteria. Our pioneering study uses the Xanthomonas group of phytopathogens that are known for their characteristic host and tissue specificity. The present deep phylogenomics of diverse Xanthomonas species and its members revealed lineage association and dominance of distinct types of LPS in accordance with their origin, host, tissue specificity, and evolutionary success.
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Nathawat R, Maku RV, Patel HK, Sankaranarayanan R, Sonti RV. Role of the FnIII domain associated with a cell wall-degrading enzyme cellobiosidase of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2022; 23:1011-1021. [PMID: 35278018 PMCID: PMC9190976 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Cellobiosidase (CbsA) is an important secreted virulence factor of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo), which causes bacterial blight of rice. CbsA is one of several cell wall-degrading enzymes secreted by Xoo via the type II secretion system (T2SS). CbsA is considered a fundamental virulence factor for vascular pathogenesis. CbsA has an N-terminal glycosyl hydrolase domain and a C-terminal fibronectin type III (FnIII) domain. Interestingly, the secreted form of CbsA lacks the FnIII domain during in planta growth. Here we show that the presence of the FnIII domain inhibits the enzyme activity of CbsA on polysaccharide substrates like carboxymethylcellulose. The FnIII domain is required for the interaction of CbsA with SecB chaperone, and this interaction is crucial for the stability and efficient transport of CbsA across the inner membrane. Deletion of the FnIII domain reduced virulence similar to ΔcbsA Xoo, which corroborates the importance of the FnIII domain in CbsA. Our work elucidates a hitherto unknown function of the FnIII domain in enabling the virulence-promoting activity of CbsA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Roshan V. Maku
- CSIR – Centre for Cellular and Molecular BiologyHyderabadIndia
- Present address:
DBT – National Institute of Animal BiotechnologyHyderabadIndia
| | | | | | - Ramesh V. Sonti
- CSIR – Centre for Cellular and Molecular BiologyHyderabadIndia
- Present address:
Indian Institute of Science Education and Research TirupatiTirupatiIndia
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Deb S, Gokulan CG, Nathawat R, Patel HK, Sonti RV. Suppression of XopQ-XopX-induced immune responses of rice by the type III effector XopG. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2022; 23:634-648. [PMID: 35150038 PMCID: PMC8995061 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Effectors that suppress effector-triggered immunity (ETI) are an essential part of the arms race in the co-evolution of bacterial pathogens and their host plants. Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae uses multiple type III secretion system (T3SS) secreted effectors such as XopU, XopV, XopP, XopG, and AvrBs2 to suppress rice immune responses that are induced by the interaction of two other effectors, XopQ and XopX. Here we show that each of these five suppressors can interact individually with both XopQ and XopX. One of the suppressors, XopG, is a predicted metallopeptidase that appears to have been introduced into X. oryzae pv. oryzae by horizontal gene transfer. XopQ and XopX interact with each other in the nucleus while interaction with XopG sequesters them in the cytoplasm. The XopG E76A and XopG E85A mutants are defective in interaction with XopQ and XopX, and are also defective in suppression of XopQ-XopX-mediated immune responses. Both mutations individually affect the virulence-promoting ability of XopG. These results indicate that XopG is important for X. oryzae pv. oryzae virulence and provide insights into the mechanisms by which this protein suppresses ETI in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohini Deb
- CSIR ‐ Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CSIR‐CCMB)HyderabadIndia
- Department of Plant and Environmental SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenFrederiksberg CDenmark
| | - C. G. Gokulan
- CSIR ‐ Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CSIR‐CCMB)HyderabadIndia
| | - Rajkanwar Nathawat
- CSIR ‐ Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CSIR‐CCMB)HyderabadIndia
| | - Hitendra K. Patel
- CSIR ‐ Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CSIR‐CCMB)HyderabadIndia
| | - Ramesh V. Sonti
- CSIR ‐ Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CSIR‐CCMB)HyderabadIndia
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) TirupatiTirupatiIndia
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Ramnarine SDBJ, Jayaraman J, Ramsubhag A. Comparative genomics of the black rot pathogen Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris and non-pathogenic co-inhabitant Xanthomonas melonis from Trinidad reveal unique pathogenicity determinants and secretion system profiles. PeerJ 2022; 9:e12632. [PMID: 35036136 PMCID: PMC8734464 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Black-rot disease caused by the phytopathogen Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc) continues to have considerable impacts on the productivity of cruciferous crops in Trinidad and Tobago and the wider Caribbean region. While the widespread occurrence of resistance of Xcc against bactericidal agrochemicals can contribute to the high disease burdens, the role of virulence and pathogenicity features of local strains on disease prevalence and severity has not been investigated yet. In the present study, a comparative genomic analysis was performed on 6 pathogenic Xcc and 4 co-isolated non-pathogenic Xanthomonas melonis (Xmel) strains from diseased crucifer plants grown in fields with heavy chemical use in Trinidad. Native isolates were grouped into two known and four newly assigned ribosomal sequence types (rST). Mobile genetic elements were identified which belonged to the IS3, IS5 family, Tn3 transposon, resolvases, and tra T4SS gene clusters. Additionally, exogenous plasmid derived sequences with origins from other bacterial species were characterised. Although several instances of genomic rearrangements were observed, native Xcc and Xmel isolates shared a significant level of structural homology with reference genomes, Xcc ATCC 33913 and Xmel CFBP4644, respectively. Complete T1SS hlyDB, T2SS, T4SS vir and T5SS xadA, yapH and estA gene clusters were identified in both species. Only Xmel strains contained a complete T6SS but no T3SS. Both species contained a complex repertoire of extracellular cell wall degrading enzymes. Native Xcc strains contained 37 T3SS and effector genes but a variable and unique profile of 8 avr, 4 xop and 1 hpa genes. Interestingly, Xmel strains contained several T3SS effectors with low similarity to references including avrXccA1 (~89%), hrpG (~73%), hrpX (~90%) and xopAZ (~87%). Furthermore, only Xmel genomes contained a CRISPR-Cas I-F array, but no lipopolysaccharide wxc gene cluster. Xmel strains were confirmed to be non-pathogenic by pathogenicity assays. The results of this study will be useful to guide future research into virulence mechanisms, agrochemical resistance, pathogenomics and the potential role of the co-isolated non-pathogenic Xanthomonas strains on Xcc infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen D B Jr Ramnarine
- Department of Life Sciences, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Jayaraj Jayaraman
- Department of Life Sciences, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Adesh Ramsubhag
- Department of Life Sciences, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
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Ranjan M, Khokhani D, Nayaka S, Srivastava S, Keyser ZP, Ranjan A. Genomic diversity and organization of complex polysaccharide biosynthesis clusters in the genus Dickeya. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0245727. [PMID: 33571209 PMCID: PMC7877592 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0245727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The pectinolytic genus Dickeya (formerly Erwinia chrysanthemi) comprises numerous pathogenic species which cause diseases in various crops and ornamental plants across the globe. Their pathogenicity is governed by complex multi-factorial processes of adaptive virulence gene regulation. Extracellular polysaccharides and lipopolysaccharides present on bacterial envelope surface play a significant role in the virulence of phytopathogenic bacteria. However, very little is known about the genomic location, diversity, and organization of the polysaccharide and lipopolysaccharide biosynthetic gene clusters in Dickeya. In the present study, we report the diversity and structural organization of the group 4 capsule (G4C)/O-antigen capsule, putative O-antigen lipopolysaccharide, enterobacterial common antigen, and core lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis clusters from 54 Dickeya strains. The presence of these clusters suggests that Dickeya has both capsule and lipopolysaccharide carrying O-antigen to their external surface. These gene clusters are key regulatory components in the composition and structure of the outer surface of Dickeya. The O-antigen capsule/group 4 capsule (G4C) coding region shows a variation in gene content and organization. Based on nucleotide sequence homology in these Dickeya strains, two distinct groups, G4C group I and G4C group II, exist. However, comparatively less variation is observed in the putative O-antigen lipopolysaccharide cluster in Dickeya spp. except for in Dickeya zeae. Also, enterobacterial common antigen and core lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis clusters are present mostly as conserved genomic regions. The variation in the O-antigen capsule and putative O-antigen lipopolysaccharide coding region in relation to their phylogeny suggests a role of multiple horizontal gene transfer (HGT) events. These multiple HGT processes might have been manifested into the current heterogeneity of O-antigen capsules and O-antigen lipopolysaccharides in Dickeya strains during its evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish Ranjan
- CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute (CSIR-NBRI), Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Devanshi Khokhani
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota—Twin Cities, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Sanjeeva Nayaka
- CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute (CSIR-NBRI), Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Suchi Srivastava
- CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute (CSIR-NBRI), Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Zachary P. Keyser
- Department of Agronomy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Ashish Ranjan
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota—Twin Cities, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
- Department of Plant Sciences (SLS), University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
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An SQ, Potnis N, Dow M, Vorhölter FJ, He YQ, Becker A, Teper D, Li Y, Wang N, Bleris L, Tang JL. Mechanistic insights into host adaptation, virulence and epidemiology of the phytopathogen Xanthomonas. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2020; 44:1-32. [PMID: 31578554 PMCID: PMC8042644 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuz024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Xanthomonas is a well-studied genus of bacterial plant pathogens whose members cause a variety of diseases in economically important crops worldwide. Genomic and functional studies of these phytopathogens have provided significant understanding of microbial-host interactions, bacterial virulence and host adaptation mechanisms including microbial ecology and epidemiology. In addition, several strains of Xanthomonas are important as producers of the extracellular polysaccharide, xanthan, used in the food and pharmaceutical industries. This polymer has also been implicated in several phases of the bacterial disease cycle. In this review, we summarise the current knowledge on the infection strategies and regulatory networks controlling virulence and adaptation mechanisms from Xanthomonas species and discuss the novel opportunities that this body of work has provided for disease control and plant health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Qi An
- National Biofilms Innovation Centre (NBIC), Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, University Road, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Neha Potnis
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Rouse Life Science Building, Auburn University, Auburn AL36849, USA
| | - Max Dow
- School of Microbiology, Food Science & Technology Building, University College Cork, Cork T12 K8AF, Ireland
| | | | - Yong-Qiang He
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Road, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China
| | - Anke Becker
- Loewe Center for Synthetic Microbiology and Department of Biology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 6, Marburg 35032, Germany
| | - Doron Teper
- Citrus Research and Education Center, Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, 700 Experiment Station Road, Lake Alfred 33850, USA
| | - Yi Li
- Bioengineering Department, University of Texas at Dallas, 2851 Rutford Ave, Richardson, TX 75080, USA.,Center for Systems Biology, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 W Campbell Road, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
| | - Nian Wang
- Citrus Research and Education Center, Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, 700 Experiment Station Road, Lake Alfred 33850, USA
| | - Leonidas Bleris
- Bioengineering Department, University of Texas at Dallas, 2851 Rutford Ave, Richardson, TX 75080, USA.,Center for Systems Biology, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 W Campbell Road, Richardson, TX 75080, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 W Campbell Road, Richardson, TX75080, USA
| | - Ji-Liang Tang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Road, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China
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Blanco Y, Rivas LA, González-Toril E, Ruiz-Bermejo M, Moreno-Paz M, Parro V, Palacín A, Aguilera Á, Puente-Sánchez F. Environmental parameters, and not phylogeny, determine the composition of extracellular polymeric substances in microbial mats from extreme environments. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 650:384-393. [PMID: 30199683 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The ability to establish biofilms is a key trait for microorganisms growing in extreme environments. The extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) present in biofilms provide not only surface attachment, but also protection against all kinds of environmental stressors, including desiccation, salinity, temperature or heavy metal pollution. The acquisition of suitable biofilm characteristics might thus be an important process mediating the adaptation of microorganisms to novel environmental conditions. In this work we have characterized the EPS of 20 phylogenetically diverse biofilms collected in situ from five contrasting extreme environments, including two geothermal areas (Copahue, Argentina; Seltun, Iceland), two cold areas (Pastoruri glacier, Peru; Byers Peninsula, Antarctica) and one extremely acidic river (Río Tinto, Spain). Biofilms were subjected to biochemical characterization, glycan profiling and immunoprofiling with an antibody microarray. Our results showed that environmental conditions strongly influence biofilm characteristics, with microorganisms from the same environment achieving similar EPS compositions regardless of the phylogeny of their main species. The concentration of some monosaccharides in the EPS could be related to environmental conditions such as temperature or heavy metal toxicity, suggesting that in some cases stress resistance can be mediated by specific sugars. Overall, our results highlight the existence of conserved EPS compositional patterns for each extreme environment, which could in turn be exploited to engineer ecological adaptations in genetically modified microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yolanda Blanco
- Centro de Astrobiología (INTA-CSIC), Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial, Carretera de Ajalvir Km 4, Torrejón de Ardoz, 28850 Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Alfonso Rivas
- Centro de Astrobiología (INTA-CSIC), Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial, Carretera de Ajalvir Km 4, Torrejón de Ardoz, 28850 Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena González-Toril
- Centro de Astrobiología (INTA-CSIC), Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial, Carretera de Ajalvir Km 4, Torrejón de Ardoz, 28850 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Ruiz-Bermejo
- Centro de Astrobiología (INTA-CSIC), Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial, Carretera de Ajalvir Km 4, Torrejón de Ardoz, 28850 Madrid, Spain
| | - Mercedes Moreno-Paz
- Centro de Astrobiología (INTA-CSIC), Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial, Carretera de Ajalvir Km 4, Torrejón de Ardoz, 28850 Madrid, Spain
| | - Víctor Parro
- Centro de Astrobiología (INTA-CSIC), Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial, Carretera de Ajalvir Km 4, Torrejón de Ardoz, 28850 Madrid, Spain
| | - Arantxa Palacín
- Centro de Astrobiología (INTA-CSIC), Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial, Carretera de Ajalvir Km 4, Torrejón de Ardoz, 28850 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángeles Aguilera
- Centro de Astrobiología (INTA-CSIC), Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial, Carretera de Ajalvir Km 4, Torrejón de Ardoz, 28850 Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Puente-Sánchez
- Systems Biology Program, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, C/Darwin n° 3, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
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11
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Timilsina S, Kara S, Jacques MA, Potnis N, Minsavage GV, Vallad GE, Jones JB, Fischer-Le Saux M. Reclassification of Xanthomonas gardneri (ex Šutič 1957) Jones et al. 2006 as a later heterotypic synonym of Xanthomonas cynarae Trébaol et al. 2000 and description of X. cynarae pv. cynarae and X. cynarae pv. gardneri based on whole genome analyses. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2018; 69:343-349. [PMID: 30457512 DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.003104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Multilocus sequence analysis of Xanthomonas species revealed a very close relationship between Xanthomonas cynarae, an artichoke pathogen and Xanthomonas gardneri, a tomato and pepper pathogen. Results of whole genome sequence comparisons using average nucleotide identity between representative strains of X. gardneri and X. cynarae were well above the threshold of 95-96 %. Inoculations of X. gardneri strains in artichoke leaves caused mild disease symptoms, but only weak symptoms were observed in the bracts. Both X. cynarae and X. gardneri grew equally and caused typical bacterial spot symptoms in pepper after artificial inoculation. However, X. cynarae induced a hypersensitive reaction in tomato, while X. gardneri strains were virulent. Pathogenicity-associated gene clusters, including the protein secretion systems, type III effector profiles, and lipopolysaccharide cluster were nearly identical between the two species. Based on our results from whole genome sequence comparison, X. gardneri and X. cynarae belong to the same species. The name X. cynarae has priority and X. gardneri should be considered as a later heterotypic synonym. An emended description of X. cynarae (type strain=CFBP 4188T, =DSM 16794T) is given. However, due to the host specificity in artichoke and tomato, two pathovars, X. cynarae pv. cynarae and X. cynarae pv. gardneri, are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Timilsina
- 1Plant Pathology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - S Kara
- 1Plant Pathology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.,2Diyarbakır Plant Protection Research Institute, Silvan Highway 7. Km. 21110, Diyarbakır, Turkey
| | - M A Jacques
- 3IRHS, INRA, Agrocampus-Ouest, Université d'Angers, SFR 4207 QUASAV, 49070 Beaucouzé, France
| | - N Potnis
- 4Entomology and Plant Pathology Department, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - G V Minsavage
- 1Plant Pathology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - G E Vallad
- 5University of Florida, Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, Balm, Florida, 33598, USA
| | - J B Jones
- 1Plant Pathology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - M Fischer-Le Saux
- 3IRHS, INRA, Agrocampus-Ouest, Université d'Angers, SFR 4207 QUASAV, 49070 Beaucouzé, France
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12
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Moreira LM, Soares MR, Facincani AP, Ferreira CB, Ferreira RM, Ferro MIT, Gozzo FC, Felestrino ÉB, Assis RAB, Garcia CCM, Setubal JC, Ferro JA, de Oliveira JCF. Proteomics-based identification of differentially abundant proteins reveals adaptation mechanisms of Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri during Citrus sinensis infection. BMC Microbiol 2017; 17:155. [PMID: 28693412 PMCID: PMC5504864 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-017-1063-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (Xac) is the causal agent of citrus canker. A proteomic analysis under in planta infectious and non-infectious conditions was conducted in order to increase our knowledge about the adaptive process of Xac during infection. RESULTS For that, a 2D-based proteomic analysis of Xac at 1, 3 and 5 days after inoculation, in comparison to Xac growth in NB media was carried out and followed by MALDI-TOF-TOF identification of 124 unique differentially abundant proteins. Among them, 79 correspond to up-regulated proteins in at least one of the three stages of infection. Our results indicate an important role of proteins related to biofilm synthesis, lipopolysaccharides biosynthesis, and iron uptake and metabolism as possible modulators of plant innate immunity, and revealed an intricate network of proteins involved in reactive oxygen species adaptation during Plants` Oxidative Burst response. We also identified proteins previously unknown to be involved in Xac-Citrus interaction, including the hypothetical protein XAC3981. A mutant strain for this gene has proved to be non-pathogenic in respect to classical symptoms of citrus canker induced in compatible plants. CONCLUSIONS This is the first time that a protein repertoire is shown to be active and working in an integrated manner during the infection process in a compatible host, pointing to an elaborate mechanism for adaptation of Xac once inside the plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro M Moreira
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas (DECBI), Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Biológicas (ICEB), Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto (UFOP), Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil. .,Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas (NUPEB), Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil.
| | - Márcia R Soares
- Departamento de Bioquímica (DBq), Instituto de Química (IQ), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Agda P Facincani
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias de Jaboticabal, UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista, Departamento de Tecnologia, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil.
| | - Cristiano B Ferreira
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias de Jaboticabal, UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista, Departamento de Tecnologia, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Rafael M Ferreira
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias de Jaboticabal, UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista, Departamento de Tecnologia, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria I T Ferro
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias de Jaboticabal, UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista, Departamento de Tecnologia, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Fábio C Gozzo
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Érica B Felestrino
- Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas (NUPEB), Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil
| | - Renata A B Assis
- Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas (NUPEB), Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil
| | - Camila Carrião M Garcia
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas (DECBI), Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Biológicas (ICEB), Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto (UFOP), Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil.,Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas (NUPEB), Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil
| | - João C Setubal
- Departamento de Bioquímica (DB), Instituto de Química (IQ), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Biocomplexity Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Jesus A Ferro
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias de Jaboticabal, UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista, Departamento de Tecnologia, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Julio C F de Oliveira
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas (DCB), Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Diadema, SP, Brazil
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13
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Bansal K, Midha S, Kumar S, Patil PB. Ecological and Evolutionary Insights into Xanthomonas citri Pathovar Diversity. Appl Environ Microbiol 2017; 83:e02993-16. [PMID: 28258140 PMCID: PMC5394309 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02993-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Citrus canker, caused by Xanthomonas citri pv. citri, is a serious disease of citrus plants worldwide. Earlier phylogenetic studies using housekeeping genes revealed that X. citri pv. citri is related to many other pathovars, which can be collectively referred as Xanthomonas citri pathovars (XCPs). From the present study, we report the genome sequences of 18 XCPs and compared them with four XCPs available in the public domain. In a tree based on phylogenomic marker genes, all the XCPs form a monophyletic cluster, suggesting their origin from a common ancestor. Phylogenomic analysis using the type strain further established that all the XCPs belong to one species. Clonal analysis of the core genome revealed the presence of two major lineages within this monophyletic cluster consisting of some clonal variants. Incidentally, the majority of these XCPs were first noticed in India, corroborating their clonal relationship and their common origin. Comparative analysis revealed an open pan-genome and the role of interstrain genomic flux of these XCPs since their diversification from a common ancestor. Even though there are wide variations in type III gene effectomes, we identified three core effectors which can be valuable in resistance-breeding programs. Overall, genomic examination of ecological relatives allowed us to dissect the tremendous genomic potential of X. citri species to rapidly evolve into specialized strains infecting diverse crop plants.IMPORTANCE Host specialization is one of the characteristic features of highly evolved pathogens such as the Xanthomonas group of phytopathogenic bacteria. Since the hosts involve staple crops and economically important fruits such as citrus, detailed understanding of the diversity and evolution of such strains infecting diverse plants is important for quarantine purposes. In the present study, we carried out genomic investigation of members of a phylogenetically and ecologically defined group of Xanthomonas strains pathogenic to diverse plants, including citrus. This group includes the oldest Xanthomonas pathovars and also recently emerged pathovars in a particular country where they are endemic. Our high-throughput genomic study has provided novel insights into the evolution of a unique lineage consisting of serious pathogens and their ecological relatives, suggesting the nature, scope, and pattern of rapid and recent diversification. Further, from the level of species to that of clonal variants, the study revealed interesting genomic patterns in diversification of a Xanthomonas lineage and perhaps will inspire careful study of the host range of the included pathovars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanika Bansal
- CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Samriti Midha
- CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Sanjeet Kumar
- CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Prabhu B Patil
- CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
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14
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Girija AM, Kinathi BK, Madhavi MB, Ramesh P, Vungarala S, Patel HK, Sonti RV. Rice Leaf Transcriptional Profiling Suggests a Functional Interplay Between Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae Lipopolysaccharide and Extracellular Polysaccharide in Modulation of Defense Responses During Infection. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2017; 30:16-27. [PMID: 27918246 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-08-16-0157-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Treatment of rice leaves with isolated Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induces the production of callose deposits, reactive oxygen species, and enhanced resistance against subsequent bacterial infection. Expression profiling of X. oryzae pv. oryzae LPS-treated rice (Oryza sativa subsp. indica) leaves showed that genes involved in the biosynthetic pathways for lignins, phenylpropanoids, chorismate, phenylalanine, salicylic acid, and ethylene, as well as a number of pathogenesis-related proteins are up-regulated. Gene ontology categories like cell-wall organization, defense response, stress response, and protein phosphorylation/kinases were found to be upregulated, while genes involved in photosynthesis were down-regulated. Coinfiltration with xanthan gum, the xanthomonas extracellular polysaccharide (EPS), suppressed LPS-induced callose deposition. Gene expression analysis of rice leaves that are treated with an EPS-deficient mutant of X. oryzae pv. oryzae indicated that a number of defense-regulated functions are up-regulated during infection. These transcriptional responses are attenuated in rice leaves treated with an EPS-deficient mutant that is also deficient in the O-antigen component of LPS. Overall, these results suggest that the O-antigen component of X. oryzae pv. oryzae LPS induces rice defense responses during infection and that these are suppressed by bacterial EPS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bipin Kumar Kinathi
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500007, India
| | - Mylavarapu B Madhavi
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500007, India
| | - Palaparthi Ramesh
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500007, India
| | - Sridivya Vungarala
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500007, India
| | - Hitendra Kumar Patel
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500007, India
| | - Ramesh V Sonti
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500007, India
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15
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Draft genome sequences of three Xanthomonas translucens pathovar reference strains (pv. arrhenatheri, pv. poae and pv. phlei) with different specificities for forage grasses. Stand Genomic Sci 2016; 11:50. [PMID: 27536340 PMCID: PMC4988018 DOI: 10.1186/s40793-016-0170-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
As causal agents of bacterial wilt in pastures and meadows, bacteria of the species Xanthomonas translucens are a serious issue in forage grass production. So far, only little is known about host-pathogen interactions at the molecular level and the lack of comprehensive genome data impeded targeted breeding strategies towards resistant forage grass cultivars. Here we announce the draft genome sequences of three grass-pathogenic Xanthomonas translucens pathotype strains, i.e. pv. arrhenatheri LMG 727, pv. poae LMG 728 and pv. phlei LMG 730 isolated from Arrhenatherum elatius (L.) P. Beauv. ex J. Presl & C. Presl (Switzerland), Poa trivialis L. (Switzerland) and Phleum pratense L. (Norway), respectively. The genomes of all three strains revealed a non-canonical type III secretion system and a set of 22 type III effectors as common virulence-related traits. Distinct inter-pathovar differences were observed for the lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis gene cluster and the presence of nonribosomal peptide synthetases.
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16
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Aritua V, Musoni A, Kabeja A, Butare L, Mukamuhirwa F, Gahakwa D, Kato F, Abang MM, Buruchara R, Sapp M, Harrison J, Studholme DJ, Smith J. The draft genome sequence of Xanthomonas species strain Nyagatare, isolated from diseased bean in Rwanda. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2014; 362:fnu055. [PMID: 25688063 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnu055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We announce the genome sequence for Xanthomonas species strain Nyagatare, isolated from beans showing unusual disease symptoms in Rwanda. This strain represents the first sequenced genome belonging to an as-yet undescribed Xanthomonas species known as species-level clade 1. It has at least 100 kb of genomic sequence that shows little or no sequence similarity to other xanthomonads, including a unique lipopolysaccharide synthesis gene cluster. At least one genomic region appears to have been acquired from relatives of Agrobacterium or Rhizobium species. The genome encodes homologues of only three known type-three secretion system effectors: AvrBs2, XopF1 and AvrXv4. Availability of the genome sequence will facilitate development of molecular tools for detection and diagnostics for this newly discovered pathogen of beans and facilitate epidemiological investigations of a potential causal link between this pathogen and the disease outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valente Aritua
- International Center for Tropical Agriculture, P.O. Box 6247, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - Alice Kabeja
- Rwanda Agriculture Board, P.O. Box 5016, Kigali, Rwanda
| | - Louis Butare
- Rwanda Agriculture Board, P.O. Box 5016, Kigali, Rwanda
| | | | | | - Fred Kato
- International Center for Tropical Agriculture, P.O. Box 6247, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Mathew M Abang
- FAO Sub-regional Office for Eastern Africa, P.O. Box 5536, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Robin Buruchara
- International Centre for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT) P.O. Box 823-00621, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Melanie Sapp
- International Development, The Food and Environment Research Agency, Sand Hutton, York, YO41 1LZ, UK
| | - James Harrison
- Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, Devon, UK
| | | | - Julian Smith
- International Development, The Food and Environment Research Agency, Sand Hutton, York, YO41 1LZ, UK
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17
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Bello-Ortí B, Aragon V, Pina-Pedrero S, Bensaid A. Genome comparison of three serovar 5 pathogenic strains of Haemophilus parasuis: insights into an evolving swine pathogen. Microbiology (Reading) 2014; 160:1974-1984. [DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.079483-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Haemophilus parasuis is the causative agent of Glässer’s disease, a systemic disorder characterized by polyarthritis, polyserositis and meningitis in pigs. Although it is well known that H. parasuis serovar 5 is the most prevalent serovar associated with the disease, the genetic differences among strains are only now being discovered. Genomes from two serovar 5 strains, SH0165 and 29755, are already available. Here, we present the draft genome of a third H. parasuis serovar 5 strain, the formal serovar 5 reference strain Nagasaki. An in silico genome subtractive analysis with full-length predicted genes of the three H. parasuis serovar 5 strains detected 95, 127 and 95 strain-specific genes (SSGs) for Nagasaki, SH0165 and 29755, respectively. We found that the genomic diversity within these three strains was high, in part because of a high number of mobile elements. Furthermore, a detailed analysis of large sequence polymorphisms (LSPs), encompassing regions ranging from 2 to 16 kb, revealed LSPs in virulence-related elements, such as a Toll-IL receptor, the AcrA multidrug efflux protein, an ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter, lipopolysaccharide-synthetizing enzymes and a tripartite ATP-independent periplasmic (TRAP) transporter. The whole-genome codon adaptation index (CAI) was also calculated and revealed values similar to other well-known bacterial pathogens. In addition, whole-genome SNP analysis indicated that nucleotide changes tended to be increased in membrane-related genes. This analysis provides further evidence that the genome of H. parasuis has been subjected to multiple lateral gene transfers (LGTs) and to fine-tuning of virulence factors, and has the potential for accelerated genome evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernardo Bello-Ortí
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), UAB-IRTA, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Virginia Aragon
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Barcelona, Spain
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), UAB-IRTA, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sonia Pina-Pedrero
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Barcelona, Spain
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), UAB-IRTA, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Albert Bensaid
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), UAB-IRTA, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
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18
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Genomic insights into the evolutionary origin of Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri and its ecological relatives. Appl Environ Microbiol 2014; 80:6266-79. [PMID: 25085494 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01654-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri (Xac) is the causal agent of citrus bacterial canker (CBC) and is a serious problem worldwide. Like CBC, several important diseases in other fruits, such as mango, pomegranate, and grape, are also caused by Xanthomonas pathovars that display remarkable specificity toward their hosts. While citrus and mango diseases were documented more than 100 years ago, the pomegranate and grape diseases have been known only since the 1950s and 1970s, respectively. Interestingly, diseases caused by all these pathovars were noted first in India. Our genome-based phylogenetic studies suggest that these diverse pathogens belong to a single species and these pathovars may be just a group of rapidly evolving strains. Furthermore, the recently reported pathovars, such as those infecting grape and pomegranate, form independent clonal lineages, while the citrus and mango pathovars that have been known for a long time form one clonal lineage. Such an understanding of their phylogenomic relationship has further allowed us to understand major and unique variations in the lineages that give rise to these pathovars. Whole-genome sequencing studies including ecological relatives from their putative country of origin has allowed us to understand the evolutionary history of Xac and other pathovars that infect fruits.
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19
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Wasukira A, Coulter M, Al-Sowayeh N, Thwaites R, Paszkiewicz K, Kubiriba J, Smith J, Grant M, Studholme DJ. Genome Sequencing of Xanthomonas vasicola Pathovar vasculorum Reveals Variation in Plasmids and Genes Encoding Lipopolysaccharide Synthesis, Type-IV Pilus and Type-III Secretion Effectors. Pathogens 2014; 3:211-37. [PMID: 25437615 PMCID: PMC4235730 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens3010211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Revised: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Xanthomonas vasicola pathovar vasculorum (Xvv) is the bacterial agent causing gumming disease in sugarcane. Here, we compare complete genome sequences for five isolates of Xvv originating from sugarcane and one from maize. This identified two distinct types of lipopolysaccharide synthesis gene clusters among Xvv isolates: one is similar to that of Xanthomonas axonopodis pathovar citri (Xac) and is probably the ancestral type, while the other is similar to those of the sugarcane-inhabiting species, Xanthomonas sacchari. Four of six Xvv isolates harboured sequences similar to the Xac plasmid, pXAC47, and showed a distinct Type-IV pilus (T4P) sequence type, whereas the T4P locus of the other two isolates resembled that of the closely related banana pathogen, Xanthomonas campestris pathovar musacearum (Xcm). The Xvv isolate from maize has lost a gene encoding a homologue of the virulence effector, xopAF, which was present in all five of the sugarcane isolates, while xopL contained a premature stop codon in four out of six isolates. These findings shed new light on evolutionary events since the divergence of Xvv and Xcm, as well as further elucidating the relationships between the two closely related pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Wasukira
- Biosciences, University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope Building, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK.
| | - Max Coulter
- Biosciences, University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope Building, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK.
| | - Noorah Al-Sowayeh
- Biosciences, University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope Building, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK.
| | - Richard Thwaites
- The Food and Environment Research Agency, Sand Hutton, York YO41 1LZ, UK.
| | - Konrad Paszkiewicz
- Biosciences, University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope Building, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK.
| | - Jerome Kubiriba
- National Crops Resources Research Institute (NaCRRI), Kampala 7084, Uganda.
| | - Julian Smith
- The Food and Environment Research Agency, Sand Hutton, York YO41 1LZ, UK.
| | - Murray Grant
- Biosciences, University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope Building, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK.
| | - David J Studholme
- Biosciences, University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope Building, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK.
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20
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Arrieta-Ortiz ML, Rodríguez-R LM, Pérez-Quintero ÁL, Poulin L, Díaz AC, Arias Rojas N, Trujillo C, Restrepo Benavides M, Bart R, Boch J, Boureau T, Darrasse A, David P, Dugé de Bernonville T, Fontanilla P, Gagnevin L, Guérin F, Jacques MA, Lauber E, Lefeuvre P, Medina C, Medina E, Montenegro N, Muñoz Bodnar A, Noël LD, Ortiz Quiñones JF, Osorio D, Pardo C, Patil PB, Poussier S, Pruvost O, Robène-Soustrade I, Ryan RP, Tabima J, Urrego Morales OG, Vernière C, Carrere S, Verdier V, Szurek B, Restrepo S, López C, Koebnik R, Bernal A. Genomic survey of pathogenicity determinants and VNTR markers in the cassava bacterial pathogen Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. Manihotis strain CIO151. PLoS One 2013; 8:e79704. [PMID: 24278159 PMCID: PMC3838355 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. manihotis (Xam) is the causal agent of bacterial blight of cassava, which is among the main components of human diet in Africa and South America. Current information about the molecular pathogenicity factors involved in the infection process of this organism is limited. Previous studies in other bacteria in this genus suggest that advanced draft genome sequences are valuable resources for molecular studies on their interaction with plants and could provide valuable tools for diagnostics and detection. Here we have generated the first manually annotated high-quality draft genome sequence of Xam strain CIO151. Its genomic structure is similar to that of other xanthomonads, especially Xanthomonas euvesicatoria and Xanthomonas citri pv. citri species. Several putative pathogenicity factors were identified, including type III effectors, cell wall-degrading enzymes and clusters encoding protein secretion systems. Specific characteristics in this genome include changes in the xanthomonadin cluster that could explain the lack of typical yellow color in all strains of this pathovar and the presence of 50 regions in the genome with atypical nucleotide composition. The genome sequence was used to predict and evaluate 22 variable number of tandem repeat (VNTR) loci that were subsequently demonstrated as polymorphic in representative Xam strains. Our results demonstrate that Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. manihotis strain CIO151 possesses ten clusters of pathogenicity factors conserved within the genus Xanthomonas. We report 126 genes that are potentially unique to Xam, as well as potential horizontal transfer events in the history of the genome. The relation of these regions with virulence and pathogenicity could explain several aspects of the biology of this pathogen, including its ability to colonize both vascular and non-vascular tissues of cassava plants. A set of 16 robust, polymorphic VNTR loci will be useful to develop a multi-locus VNTR analysis scheme for epidemiological surveillance of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario L. Arrieta-Ortiz
- Laboratorio de Micología y Fitopatología Uniandes (LAMFU), Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Luis M. Rodríguez-R
- Laboratorio de Micología y Fitopatología Uniandes (LAMFU), Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
- Unité Mixte de Recherche Résistance des Plantes aux Bioaggresseurs, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Lucie Poulin
- Unité Mixte de Recherche Résistance des Plantes aux Bioaggresseurs, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Montpellier, France
| | - Ana C. Díaz
- Laboratorio de Micología y Fitopatología Uniandes (LAMFU), Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Nathalia Arias Rojas
- Laboratorio de Micología y Fitopatología Uniandes (LAMFU), Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
- Unité Mixte de Recherche Résistance des Plantes aux Bioaggresseurs, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Montpellier, France
| | - Cesar Trujillo
- Laboratorio de Micología y Fitopatología Uniandes (LAMFU), Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | - Rebecca Bart
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Jens Boch
- Department of Genetics, Martin Luther University, Halle-Wittenberg, Germany
| | - Tristan Boureau
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR45 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, Beaucouzé, France
- Université d'Angers, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, SFR4207 Quasav, PRES L'UNAM, Beaucouzé, France
- Agrocampus Ouest, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, Beaucouzé, France
| | - Armelle Darrasse
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR45 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, Beaucouzé, France
- Université d'Angers, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, SFR4207 Quasav, PRES L'UNAM, Beaucouzé, France
- Agrocampus Ouest, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, Beaucouzé, France
| | - Perrine David
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR45 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, Beaucouzé, France
- Université d'Angers, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, SFR4207 Quasav, PRES L'UNAM, Beaucouzé, France
- Agrocampus Ouest, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, Beaucouzé, France
| | - Thomas Dugé de Bernonville
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Micro-organismes (LIPM), UMR 441, Castanet-Tolosan-Microorganismes, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique. Toulouse, France
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Micro-organismes (LIPM), UMR 2594, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Paula Fontanilla
- Manihot-Biotec, Departamento de Biología, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Lionel Gagnevin
- Unite Mixte de Recherche Peuplement Végétaux et Bioagresseurs en Milieu Tropical, Centre de coopération internationale en recherche agronomique pour le développement, La Réunion, France
| | - Fabien Guérin
- Unite Mixte de Recherche Peuplement Végétaux et Bioagresseurs en Milieu Tropical, Centre de coopération internationale en recherche agronomique pour le développement, La Réunion, France
| | - Marie-Agnès Jacques
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR45 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, Beaucouzé, France
- Université d'Angers, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, SFR4207 Quasav, PRES L'UNAM, Beaucouzé, France
- Agrocampus Ouest, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, Beaucouzé, France
| | - Emmanuelle Lauber
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Micro-organismes (LIPM), UMR 441, Castanet-Tolosan-Microorganismes, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique. Toulouse, France
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Micro-organismes (LIPM), UMR 2594, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Pierre Lefeuvre
- Unite Mixte de Recherche Peuplement Végétaux et Bioagresseurs en Milieu Tropical, Centre de coopération internationale en recherche agronomique pour le développement, La Réunion, France
| | - Cesar Medina
- Laboratorio de Micología y Fitopatología Uniandes (LAMFU), Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Edgar Medina
- Laboratorio de Micología y Fitopatología Uniandes (LAMFU), Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Nathaly Montenegro
- Laboratorio de Micología y Fitopatología Uniandes (LAMFU), Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Alejandra Muñoz Bodnar
- Manihot-Biotec, Departamento de Biología, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Laurent D. Noël
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Micro-organismes (LIPM), UMR 441, Castanet-Tolosan-Microorganismes, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique. Toulouse, France
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Micro-organismes (LIPM), UMR 2594, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Juan F. Ortiz Quiñones
- Manihot-Biotec, Departamento de Biología, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Daniela Osorio
- Laboratorio de Micología y Fitopatología Uniandes (LAMFU), Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Carolina Pardo
- Laboratorio de Micología y Fitopatología Uniandes (LAMFU), Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Prabhu B. Patil
- Institute of Microbial Technology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Stéphane Poussier
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR45 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, Beaucouzé, France
- Université d'Angers, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, SFR4207 Quasav, PRES L'UNAM, Beaucouzé, France
- Agrocampus Ouest, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, Beaucouzé, France
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Micro-organismes (LIPM), UMR 441, Castanet-Tolosan-Microorganismes, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique. Toulouse, France
| | - Olivier Pruvost
- Unite Mixte de Recherche Peuplement Végétaux et Bioagresseurs en Milieu Tropical, Centre de coopération internationale en recherche agronomique pour le développement, La Réunion, France
| | - Isabelle Robène-Soustrade
- Unite Mixte de Recherche Peuplement Végétaux et Bioagresseurs en Milieu Tropical, Centre de coopération internationale en recherche agronomique pour le développement, La Réunion, France
| | - Robert P. Ryan
- College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland
| | - Javier Tabima
- Laboratorio de Micología y Fitopatología Uniandes (LAMFU), Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Oscar G. Urrego Morales
- Manihot-Biotec, Departamento de Biología, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Christian Vernière
- Unite Mixte de Recherche Peuplement Végétaux et Bioagresseurs en Milieu Tropical, Centre de coopération internationale en recherche agronomique pour le développement, La Réunion, France
| | - Sébastien Carrere
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Micro-organismes (LIPM), UMR 441, Castanet-Tolosan-Microorganismes, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique. Toulouse, France
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Micro-organismes (LIPM), UMR 2594, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Valérie Verdier
- Unité Mixte de Recherche Résistance des Plantes aux Bioaggresseurs, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Montpellier, France
- Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Boris Szurek
- Unité Mixte de Recherche Résistance des Plantes aux Bioaggresseurs, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Montpellier, France
| | - Silvia Restrepo
- Laboratorio de Micología y Fitopatología Uniandes (LAMFU), Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Camilo López
- Manihot-Biotec, Departamento de Biología, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Ralf Koebnik
- Unité Mixte de Recherche Résistance des Plantes aux Bioaggresseurs, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Montpellier, France
| | - Adriana Bernal
- Laboratorio de Micología y Fitopatología Uniandes (LAMFU), Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
- * E-mail:
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21
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Nam JY, Kim HI, Lee CS, Park YJ. A mutation in the Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae wxoD gene affects xanthan production and chemotaxis. Biotechnol Lett 2013; 35:1913-8. [PMID: 23881323 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-013-1285-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 06/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae causes bacterial blight in rice (Oryza sativa L.). The effect of a mutation in the wxoD gene, that encodes a putative O-antigen acetylase, on xanthan production as well as bacterial chemotaxis was investigated. The mutation increased xanthan production by 52 %. The mutant strain was non-motile on semi-solid agar swarm plates. In addition, several genes involved in chemotaxis, including the cheW, cheV, cheR, and cheD genes, were down-regulated by a mutation in the wxoD gene. Thus, the mutation in the wxoD gene affects xanthan production as well as bacterial chemotaxis. However, the wxoD gene is not essential for the virulence of X. oryzae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Young Nam
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, Konkuk University, Chung-Ju, 380-701, Republic of Korea,
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22
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Pieretti I, Royer M, Barbe V, Carrere S, Koebnik R, Couloux A, Darrasse A, Gouzy J, Jacques MA, Lauber E, Manceau C, Mangenot S, Poussier S, Segurens B, Szurek B, Verdier V, Arlat M, Gabriel DW, Rott P, Cociancich S. Genomic insights into strategies used by Xanthomonas albilineans with its reduced artillery to spread within sugarcane xylem vessels. BMC Genomics 2012; 13:658. [PMID: 23171051 PMCID: PMC3542200 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-13-658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2012] [Accepted: 11/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Xanthomonas albilineans causes leaf scald, a lethal disease of sugarcane. X. albilineans exhibits distinctive pathogenic mechanisms, ecology and taxonomy compared to other species of Xanthomonas. For example, this species produces a potent DNA gyrase inhibitor called albicidin that is largely responsible for inducing disease symptoms; its habitat is limited to xylem; and the species exhibits large variability. A first manuscript on the complete genome sequence of the highly pathogenic X. albilineans strain GPE PC73 focused exclusively on distinctive genomic features shared with Xylella fastidiosa-another xylem-limited Xanthomonadaceae. The present manuscript on the same genome sequence aims to describe all other pathogenicity-related genomic features of X. albilineans, and to compare, using suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH), genomic features of two strains differing in pathogenicity. RESULTS Comparative genomic analyses showed that most of the known pathogenicity factors from other Xanthomonas species are conserved in X. albilineans, with the notable absence of two major determinants of the "artillery" of other plant pathogenic species of Xanthomonas: the xanthan gum biosynthesis gene cluster, and the type III secretion system Hrp (hypersensitive response and pathogenicity). Genomic features specific to X. albilineans that may contribute to specific adaptation of this pathogen to sugarcane xylem vessels were also revealed. SSH experiments led to the identification of 20 genes common to three highly pathogenic strains but missing in a less pathogenic strain. These 20 genes, which include four ABC transporter genes, a methyl-accepting chemotaxis protein gene and an oxidoreductase gene, could play a key role in pathogenicity. With the exception of hypothetical proteins revealed by our comparative genomic analyses and SSH experiments, no genes potentially involved in any offensive or counter-defensive mechanism specific to X. albilineans were identified, supposing that X. albilineans has a reduced artillery compared to other pathogenic Xanthomonas species. Particular attention has therefore been given to genomic features specific to X. albilineans making it more capable of evading sugarcane surveillance systems or resisting sugarcane defense systems. CONCLUSIONS This study confirms that X. albilineans is a highly distinctive species within the genus Xanthomonas, and opens new perpectives towards a greater understanding of the pathogenicity of this destructive sugarcane pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Monique Royer
- CIRAD, UMR BGPI, F-34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Valérie Barbe
- CEA/DSV/IG/Génoscope, Centre National de Séquençage, F-91057 Evry Cedex France
| | | | - Ralf Koebnik
- IRD, UMR RPB, F-34394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Arnaud Couloux
- CEA/DSV/IG/Génoscope, Centre National de Séquençage, F-91057 Evry Cedex France
| | | | - Jérôme Gouzy
- INRA, UMR LIPM, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan Cedex France
| | | | | | | | - Sophie Mangenot
- CEA/DSV/IG/Génoscope, Centre National de Séquençage, F-91057 Evry Cedex France
| | - Stéphane Poussier
- Université de la Réunion, UMR PVBMT, F-97715 Saint-Denis La Réunion, France
| | - Béatrice Segurens
- CEA/DSV/IG/Génoscope, Centre National de Séquençage, F-91057 Evry Cedex France
| | - Boris Szurek
- IRD, UMR RPB, F-34394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | | | - Matthieu Arlat
- Université Paul Sabatier, UMR LIPM, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan Cedex France
| | - Dean W Gabriel
- University of Florida, Plant Pathology Department, Gainesville FL 32605 USA
| | - Philippe Rott
- CIRAD, UMR BGPI, F-34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Stéphane Cociancich
- CIRAD, UMR BGPI, F-34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
- UMR BGPI, Campus International de Baillarguet, TA A-54/K, F-34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
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23
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Petrocelli S, Tondo ML, Daurelio LD, Orellano EG. Modifications of Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri lipopolysaccharide affect the basal response and the virulence process during citrus canker. PLoS One 2012; 7:e40051. [PMID: 22792211 PMCID: PMC3391215 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2011] [Accepted: 05/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri (Xac) is the phytopathogen responsible for citrus canker, one of the most devastating citrus diseases in the world. A broad range of pathogens is recognized by plants through so-called pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), which are highly conserved fragments of pathogenic molecules. In plant pathogenic bacteria, lipopolisaccharyde (LPS) is considered a virulence factor and it is being recognized as a PAMP. The study of the participation of Xac LPS in citrus canker establishment could help to understand the molecular bases of this disease. In the present work we investigated the role of Xac LPS in bacterial virulence and in basal defense during the interaction with host and non host plants. We analyzed physiological features of Xac mutants in LPS biosynthesis genes (wzt and rfb303) and the effect of these mutations on the interaction with orange and tobacco plants. Xac mutants showed an increased sensitivity to external stresses and differences in bacterial motilities, in vivo and in vitro adhesion and biofilm formation. Changes in the expression levels of the LPS biosynthesis genes were observed in a medium that mimics the plant environment. Xacwzt exhibited reduced virulence in host plants compared to Xac wild-type and Xacrfb303. However, both mutant strains produced a lower increase in the expression levels of host plant defense-related genes respect to the parental strain. In addition, Xac LPS mutants were not able to generate HR during the incompatible interaction with tobacco plants. Our findings indicate that the structural modifications of Xac LPS impinge on other physiological attributes and lead to a reduction in bacterial virulence. On the other hand, Xac LPS has a role in the activation of basal defense in host and non host plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvana Petrocelli
- Molecular Biology Division, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, Rosario, Argentina
| | - María Laura Tondo
- Molecular Biology Division, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Lucas D. Daurelio
- Molecular Biology Division, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Elena G. Orellano
- Molecular Biology Division, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, Rosario, Argentina
- * E-mail:
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24
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Luo P, Su T, Hu C, Ren C. A novel and simple PCR walking method for rapid acquisition of long DNA sequence flanking a known site in microbial genome. Mol Biotechnol 2011; 47:220-8. [PMID: 20878504 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-010-9332-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Acquisition of flanking sequence adjacent to a known DNA site is an important task in microbial genome-related research. In this study, we developed a new method containing two rounds of PCR followed by cloning and sequencing. Firstly, specific primer (SP) is added into the reaction system for primary locus-specific linear amplification, and then a complex long primer (CLP) is added into the cooled reaction system for only one cycle. Amplification products from the first round of PCR are directly purified without electrophoresis, diluted, and used as the templates of the second PCR. Secondly, one long specific primer (LSP) and one long base-fixed primer (LFP) are adopted. The amplicons are purified for cloning and sequencing. The achievement of specific amplification for long flanking region mainly depends on ingenious and precise settings of PCR programs, structure design of CLP primer, adding of CLP primer after specific linear amplification, concentration ratio of CLP and SP primer, applying long primers, etc. Through this method, we successfully performed the long PCR walkings (>1.5 Kb) on rpoB gene of Vibrio vulnificus, transposon-like gene of V. alginolyticus, and sto gene of V. cholerae. The method provides a robust and simple strategy for rapid amplification of long unknown DNA fragments from microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Luo
- Key Laboratory of Marine Bio-resources Sustainable Utilization, CAS, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
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25
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Shrivastava S, Reddy CVSK, Mande SS. INDeGenIUS, a new method for high-throughput identification of specialized functional islands in completely sequenced organisms. J Biosci 2011; 35:351-64. [PMID: 20826944 DOI: 10.1007/s12038-010-0040-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Genomic islands (GIs) are regions in the genome which are believed to have been acquired via horizontal gene transfer events and are thus likely to be compositionally distinct from the rest of the genome. Majority of the genes located in a GI encode a particular function. Depending on the genes they encode, GIs can be classified into various categories, such as 'metabolic islands', 'symbiotic islands', 'resistance islands', 'pathogenicity islands', etc. The computational process for GI detection is known and many algorithms for the same are available. We present a new method termed as Improved N-mer based Detection of Genomic Islands Using Sequence-clustering (INDeGenIUS) for the identification of GIs. This method was applied to 400 completely sequenced species belonging to proteobacteria. Based on the genes encoded in the identified GIs, the GIs were grouped into 6 categories: metabolic islands, symbiotic islands, resistance islands, secretion islands, pathogenicity islands and motility islands. Several new islands of interest which had previously been missed out by earlier algorithms were picked up as GIs by INDeGenIUS. The present algorithm has potential application in the identification of functionally relevant GIs in the large number of genomes that are being sequenced. Investigation of the predicted GIs in pathogens may lead to identification of potential drug/vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakshi Shrivastava
- Bio-Sciences Division, Innovation Labs, Tata Consultancy Services, 1 Software Units Layout, Hyderabad 500 081, India
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26
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Xu L, Wang Q, Xiao J, Liu Q, Wang X, Chen T, Zhang Y. Characterization of Edwardsiella tarda waaL: roles in lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis, stress adaptation, and virulence toward fish. Arch Microbiol 2010; 192:1039-47. [PMID: 20938646 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-010-0635-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2010] [Revised: 08/12/2010] [Accepted: 09/23/2010] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Edwardsiella tarda is the causative agent of edwardsiellosis in fish. The genome sequence of a virulent strain EIB202 has been determined. According to the genome sequence, the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) synthesis cluster containing a putative O-antigen ligase gene waaL was identified. Here, the in-frame deletion mutant ΔwaaL was constructed to analyze the function of WaaL in E. tarda EIB202. The ΔwaaL mutant displayed absence in O-antigen side chains in the LPS production. The ΔwaaL mutant exhibited an increased sensitivity to hydrogen peroxide indicating that the LPS was involved in the endurance to the oxidative stress in hosts during infection. In addition, the resistance of ΔwaaL to serum and polymyxin B decreased remarkably. The ΔwaaL mutant was also attenuated in virulence, showed an impaired ability in internalization of epithelioma papulosum cyprinid (EPC) cells and a comparatively poor ability of proliferation in vivo, which was in line with the increased LD(50) value. These results indicated that waaL gene was a functional member of the gene cluster involved in LPS synthesis and highlighted the importance of the O-antigen side chains to stress adaption and virulence in E. tarda, signifying the gene as a potential target for live attenuated vaccine against this bacterium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 200237 Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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27
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Studholme DJ, Kemen E, MacLean D, Schornack S, Aritua V, Thwaites R, Grant M, Smith J, Jones JDG. Genome-wide sequencing data reveals virulence factors implicated in banana Xanthomonas wilt. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2010; 310:182-92. [PMID: 20695894 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2010.02065.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Banana Xanthomonas wilt is a newly emerging disease that is currently threatening the livelihoods of millions of farmers in East Africa. The causative agent is Xanthomonas campestris pathovar musacearum (Xcm), but previous work suggests that this pathogen is much more closely related to species Xanthomonas vasicola than to X. campestris. We have generated draft genome sequences for a banana-pathogenic strain of Xcm isolated in Uganda and for a very closely related strain of X. vasicola pathovar vasculorum, originally isolated from sugarcane, that is nonpathogenic on banana. The draft sequences revealed overlapping but distinct repertoires of candidate virulence effectors in the two strains. Both strains encode homologues of the Pseudomonas syringae effectors HopW, HopAF1 and RipT from Ralstonia solanacearum. The banana-pathogenic and non-banana-pathogenic strains also differed with respect to lipopolysaccharide synthesis and type-IV pili, and in at least several thousand single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the core conserved genome. We found evidence of horizontal transfer between X. vasicola and very distantly related bacteria, including members of other divisions of the Proteobacteria. The availability of these draft genomes will be an invaluable tool for further studies aimed at understanding and combating this important disease.
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Kado CI. Horizontal gene transfer: sustaining pathogenicity and optimizing host-pathogen interactions. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2009; 10:143-50. [PMID: 19161360 PMCID: PMC6640513 DOI: 10.1111/j.1364-3703.2008.00518.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Successful host-pathogen interactions require the presence, maintenance and expression of gene cassettes called 'pathogenicity islands' (PAIs) and 'metabolic islands' (MAIs) in the respective pathogen. The products of these genes confer on the pathogen the means to recognize their host(s) and to efficiently evade host defences in order to colonize, propagate within the host and eventually disseminate from the host. Virulence effectors secreted by type III and type IV secretion systems, among others, play vital roles in sustaining pathogenicity and optimizing host-pathogen interactions. Complete genome sequences of plant pathogenic bacteria have revealed the presence of PAIs and MAIs. The genes of these islands possess mosaic structures with regions displaying differences in nucleotide composition and codon usage in relation to adjacent genome structures, features that are highly suggestive of their acquisition from a foreign donor. These donors can be other bacteria, as well as lower members of the Archaea and Eukarya. Genes that have moved from the domains Archaea and Eukarya to the domain Bacteria are true cases of horizontal gene transfer. They represent interdomain genetic transfer. Genetic exchange between distinct members of the domain Bacteria, however, represents lateral gene transfer, an intradomain event. Both horizontal and lateral gene transfer events have been used to facilitate survival fitness of the pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarence I Kado
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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Lu H, Patil P, Van Sluys MA, White FF, Ryan RP, Dow JM, Rabinowicz P, Salzberg SL, Leach JE, Sonti R, Brendel V, Bogdanove AJ. Acquisition and evolution of plant pathogenesis-associated gene clusters and candidate determinants of tissue-specificity in xanthomonas. PLoS One 2008; 3:e3828. [PMID: 19043590 PMCID: PMC2585010 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0003828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2008] [Accepted: 11/03/2008] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Xanthomonas is a large genus of plant-associated and plant-pathogenic bacteria. Collectively, members cause diseases on over 392 plant species. Individually, they exhibit marked host- and tissue-specificity. The determinants of this specificity are unknown. Methodology/Principal Findings To assess potential contributions to host- and tissue-specificity, pathogenesis-associated gene clusters were compared across genomes of eight Xanthomonas strains representing vascular or non-vascular pathogens of rice, brassicas, pepper and tomato, and citrus. The gum cluster for extracellular polysaccharide is conserved except for gumN and sequences downstream. The xcs and xps clusters for type II secretion are conserved, except in the rice pathogens, in which xcs is missing. In the otherwise conserved hrp cluster, sequences flanking the core genes for type III secretion vary with respect to insertion sequence element and putative effector gene content. Variation at the rpf (regulation of pathogenicity factors) cluster is more pronounced, though genes with established functional relevance are conserved. A cluster for synthesis of lipopolysaccharide varies highly, suggesting multiple horizontal gene transfers and reassortments, but this variation does not correlate with host- or tissue-specificity. Phylogenetic trees based on amino acid alignments of gum, xps, xcs, hrp, and rpf cluster products generally reflect strain phylogeny. However, amino acid residues at four positions correlate with tissue specificity, revealing hpaA and xpsD as candidate determinants. Examination of genome sequences of xanthomonads Xylella fastidiosa and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia revealed that the hrp, gum, and xcs clusters are recent acquisitions in the Xanthomonas lineage. Conclusions/Significance Our results provide insight into the ancestral Xanthomonas genome and indicate that differentiation with respect to host- and tissue-specificity involved not major modifications or wholesale exchange of clusters, but subtle changes in a small number of genes or in non-coding sequences, and/or differences outside the clusters, potentially among regulatory targets or secretory substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Lu
- Department of Genetics Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Prabhu Patil
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Hyderabad, India
| | - Marie-Anne Van Sluys
- Departamento de Botânica, IB-USP, Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Frank F. White
- Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Robert P. Ryan
- BIOMERIT Research Centre, BioSciences Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - J. Maxwell Dow
- BIOMERIT Research Centre, BioSciences Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Pablo Rabinowicz
- The Institute for Genomic Research, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Steven L. Salzberg
- Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jan E. Leach
- Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Ramesh Sonti
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Hyderabad, India
| | - Volker Brendel
- Department of Genetics Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
- Department of Statistics, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Adam J. Bogdanove
- Department of Plant Pathology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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He YQ, Zhang L, Jiang BL, Zhang ZC, Xu RQ, Tang DJ, Qin J, Jiang W, Zhang X, Liao J, Cao JR, Zhang SS, Wei ML, Liang XX, Lu GT, Feng JX, Chen B, Cheng J, Tang JL. Comparative and functional genomics reveals genetic diversity and determinants of host specificity among reference strains and a large collection of Chinese isolates of the phytopathogen Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris. Genome Biol 2008; 8:R218. [PMID: 17927820 PMCID: PMC2246292 DOI: 10.1186/gb-2007-8-10-r218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2007] [Revised: 10/09/2007] [Accepted: 10/10/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Construction of a microarray based on the genome of Xanthomonas campestris pv.campestris (Xcc), and its use to analyse 18 other virulent Xcc strains, revealed insights into the genetic diversity and determinants of host specificity of Xcc strains. Background Xanthomonas campestris pathovar campestris (Xcc) is the causal agent of black rot disease of crucifers worldwide. The molecular genetic diversity and host specificity of Xcc are poorly understood. Results We constructed a microarray based on the complete genome sequence of Xcc strain 8004 and investigated the genetic diversity and host specificity of Xcc by array-based comparative genome hybridization analyses of 18 virulent strains. The results demonstrate that a genetic core comprising 3,405 of the 4,186 coding sequences (CDSs) spotted on the array are conserved and a flexible gene pool with 730 CDSs is absent/highly divergent (AHD). The results also revealed that 258 of the 304 proved/presumed pathogenicity genes are conserved and 46 are AHD. The conserved pathogenicity genes include mainly the genes involved in type I, II and III secretion systems, the quorum sensing system, extracellular enzymes and polysaccharide production, as well as many other proved pathogenicity genes, while the AHD CDSs contain the genes encoding type IV secretion system (T4SS) and type III-effectors. A Xcc T4SS-deletion mutant displayed the same virulence as wild type. Furthermore, three avirulence genes (avrXccC, avrXccE1 and avrBs1) were identified. avrXccC and avrXccE1 conferred avirulence on the hosts mustard cultivar Guangtou and Chinese cabbage cultivar Zhongbai-83, respectively, and avrBs1 conferred hypersensitive response on the nonhost pepper ECW10R. Conclusion About 80% of the Xcc CDSs, including 258 proved/presumed pathogenicity genes, is conserved in different strains. Xcc T4SS is not involved in pathogenicity. An efficient strategy to identify avr genes determining host specificity from the AHD genes was developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Qiang He
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Subtropical Bioresources Conservation and Utilization, and College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Daxue Road, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, People's Republic of China.
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Patil PB, Bogdanove AJ, Sonti RV. The role of horizontal transfer in the evolution of a highly variable lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis locus in xanthomonads that infect rice, citrus and crucifers. BMC Evol Biol 2007; 7:243. [PMID: 18053269 PMCID: PMC2238763 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-7-243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2007] [Accepted: 12/06/2007] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a pathogen associated molecular pattern (PAMP) of animal and plant pathogenic bacteria. Variation at the interstrain level is common in LPS biosynthetic gene clusters of animal pathogenic bacteria. This variation has been proposed to play a role in evading the host immune system. Even though LPS is a modulator of plant defense responses, reports of interstrain variation in LPS gene clusters of plant pathogenic bacteria are rare. Results In this study we report the complete sequence of a variant 19.9 kb LPS locus present in the BXO8 strain of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo), the bacterial blight pathogen of rice. This region is completely different in size, number and organization of genes from the LPS locus present in most other strains of Xoo from India and Asia. Surprisingly, except for one ORF, all the other ORFs at the BXO8 LPS locus are orthologous to the genes present at this locus in a sequenced strain of X. axonopodis pv. citri (Xac; a pathogen of citrus plants). One end of the BXO8 LPS gene cluster, comprised of ten genes, is also present in the related rice pathogen, X. oryzae pv. oryzicola (Xoc). In Xoc, the remainder of the LPS gene cluster, consisting of seven genes, is novel and unrelated to LPS gene clusters of any of the sequenced xanthomonads. We also report substantial interstrain variation suggestive of very recent horizontal gene transfer (HGT) at the LPS biosynthetic locus of Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc), the black rot pathogen of crucifers. Conclusion Our analyses indicate that HGT has altered the LPS locus during the evolution of Xanthomonas oryzae pathovars and suggest that the ancestor of all Xanthomonas oryzae pathovars had an Xac type of LPS gene cluster. Our finding of interstrain variation in two major xanthomonad pathogens infecting different hosts suggests that the LPS locus in plant pathogenic bacteria, as in animal pathogens, is under intense diversifying selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabhu B Patil
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad-500007, India.
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Nosenko T, Bhattacharya D. Horizontal gene transfer in chromalveolates. BMC Evol Biol 2007; 7:173. [PMID: 17894863 PMCID: PMC2064935 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-7-173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2007] [Accepted: 09/25/2007] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Horizontal gene transfer (HGT), the non-genealogical transfer of genetic material between different organisms, is considered a potentially important mechanism of genome evolution in eukaryotes. Using phylogenomic analyses of expressed sequence tag (EST) data generated from a clonal cell line of a free living dinoflagellate alga Karenia brevis, we investigated the impact of HGT on genome evolution in unicellular chromalveolate protists. RESULTS We identified 16 proteins that have originated in chromalveolates through ancient HGTs before the divergence of the genera Karenia and Karlodinium and one protein that was derived through a more recent HGT. Detailed analysis of the phylogeny and distribution of identified proteins demonstrates that eight have resulted from independent HGTs in several eukaryotic lineages. CONCLUSION Recurring intra- and interdomain gene exchange provides an important source of genetic novelty not only in parasitic taxa as previously demonstrated but as we show here, also in free-living protists. Investigating the tempo and mode of evolution of horizontally transferred genes in protists will therefore advance our understanding of mechanisms of adaptation in eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetyana Nosenko
- University of Iowa, Department of Biological Sciences and the Roy J. Carver Center for Comparative Genomics, 446 Biology Building, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
| | - Debashish Bhattacharya
- University of Iowa, Department of Biological Sciences and the Roy J. Carver Center for Comparative Genomics, 446 Biology Building, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
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Selection of single chain fragments against the phytopathogen Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri by ribosome display. Enzyme Microb Technol 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2007.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Niño-Liu DO, Ronald PC, Bogdanove AJ. Xanthomonas oryzae pathovars: model pathogens of a model crop. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2006; 7:303-24. [PMID: 20507449 DOI: 10.1111/j.1364-3703.2006.00344.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 475] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
SUMMARY Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae and Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola cause bacterial blight and bacterial leaf streak of rice (Oryza sativa), which constrain production of this staple crop in much of Asia and parts of Africa. Tremendous progress has been made in characterizing the diseases and breeding for resistance. X. oryzae pv. oryzae causes bacterial blight by invading the vascular tissue, while X. oryzae pv. oryzicola causes bacterial leaf streak by colonizing the parenchyma. In rice there are 29 major genes for resistance to bacterial blight, but so far only a few quantitative resistance loci for bacterial leaf streak. Over 30 races of X. oryzae pv. oryzae have been reported. Both pathogens exhibit genetic variation among isolates. Mechanisms of pathogenesis and resistance have begun to be elucidated. Members of the AvrBs3/PthA family of transcription activator-like effectors play a major role in the virulence of X. oryzae pv. oryzae and possibly X. oryzae pv. oryzicola. Cloning of six rice resistance genes for bacterial blight and one from maize effective against bacterial leaf streak has uncovered a diversity of structure and function, some shared by genes involved in defence in animals. This article reviews research that spans a century. It also presents a perspective on challenges for sustainable control, and opportunities that interactions of X. oryzae pathovars with rice present as models for understanding fundamental aspects of bacterial pathogenesis of plants and plant disease resistance, as well as other aspects of plant and microbial biology, with implications also for animal innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- David O Niño-Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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Setubal JC, Moreira LM, da Silva ACR. Bacterial phytopathogens and genome science. Curr Opin Microbiol 2006; 8:595-600. [PMID: 16125997 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2005.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2005] [Accepted: 08/17/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
There are now fourteen completed genomes of bacterial phytopathogens, all of which have been generated in the past six years. These genomes come from a phylogenetically diverse set of organisms, and range in size from 870 kb to more than 6Mb. The publication of these annotated genomes has significantly helped our understanding of bacterial plant disease. These genomes have also provided important information about bacterial evolution. Examples of recently completed genomes include: Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato, which is notable for its large repertoire of effector proteins; Leifsonia xyli subsp. xyli, the first Gram-positive bacterial genome to be sequenced; and Phytoplasma asteris, the small genome that lacks important functions previously thought to be essential in a bacterium.
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Affiliation(s)
- João C Setubal
- Virginia Bioinformatics Institute and Department of Computer Science, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24060-0477, USA
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Baldo L, Bordenstein S, Wernegreen JJ, Werren JH. Widespread recombination throughout Wolbachia genomes. Mol Biol Evol 2005; 23:437-49. [PMID: 16267140 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msj049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Evidence is growing that homologous recombination is a powerful source of genetic variability among closely related free-living bacteria. Here we investigate the extent of recombination among housekeeping genes of the endosymbiotic bacteria Wolbachia. Four housekeeping genes, gltA, dnaA, ftsZ, and groEL, were sequenced from a sample of 22 strains belonging to supergroups A and B. Sequence alignments were searched for recombination within and between genes using phylogenetic inference, analysis of genetic variation, and four recombination detection programs (MaxChi, Chimera, RDP, and Geneconv). Independent analyses indicate no or weak intragenic recombination in ftsZ, dnaA, and groEL. Intragenic recombination affects gltA, with a clear evidence of horizontal DNA transfers within and between divergent Wolbachia supergroups. Intergenic recombination was detected between all pairs of genes, suggesting either a horizontal exchange of a genome portion encompassing several genes or multiple recombination events involving smaller tracts along the genome. Overall, the observed pattern is compatible with pervasive recombination. Such results, combined with previous evidence of recombination in a surface protein, phage, and IS elements, support an unexpected chimeric origin of Wolbachia strains, with important implications for Wolbachia phylogeny and adaptation of these obligate intracellular bacteria in arthropods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Baldo
- Department of Biology, University of California, Riverside, USA.
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