1
|
Suleiman A, Solomonow-Avnon D, Mawase F. Cortically Evoked Movement in Humans Reflects History of Prior Executions, Not Plan for Upcoming Movement. J Neurosci 2023; 43:5030-5044. [PMID: 37236809 PMCID: PMC10324989 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2170-22.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Human motor behavior involves planning and execution of actions, some more frequently. Manipulating probability distribution of a movement through intensive direction-specific repetition causes physiological bias toward that direction, which can be cortically evoked by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). However, because evoked movement has not been used to distinguish movement execution and plan histories to date, it is unclear whether the bias is because of frequently executed movements or recent planning of movement. Here, in a cohort of 40 participants (22 female), we separately manipulate the recent history of movement plans and execution and probe the resulting effects on physiological biases using TMS and on the default plan for goal-directed actions using a timed-response task. Baseline physiological biases shared similar low-level kinematic properties (direction) to a default plan for upcoming movement. However, manipulation of recent execution history via repetitions toward a specific direction significantly affected physiological biases, but not plan-based goal-directed movement. To further determine whether physiological biases reflect ongoing motor planning, we biased plan history by increasing the likelihood of a specific target location and found a significant effect on the default plan for goal-directed movements. However, TMS-evoked movement during preparation did not become biased toward the most frequent plan. This suggests that physiological biases may either provide a readout of the default state of primary motor cortex population activity in the movement-related space, but not ongoing neural activation in the planning-related space, or that practice induces sensitization of neurons involved in the practiced movement, calling into question the relevance of cortically evoked physiological biases to voluntary movements.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Human motor performance depends not only on ability to make movements relevant to the environment/body's current state, but also on recent action history. One emerging approach to study recent movement history effects on the brain is via physiological biases in cortically-evoked involuntary movements. However, because prior movement execution and plan histories were indistinguishable to date, to what extent physiological biases are due to pure execution-dependent history, or to prior planning of the most probable action, remains unclear. Here, we show that physiological biases are profoundly affected by recent movement execution history, but not ongoing movement planning. Evoked movement, therefore, provides a readout of the default state within the movement space, but not of ongoing activation related to voluntary movement planning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdelbaset Suleiman
- Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Deborah Solomonow-Avnon
- Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Firas Mawase
- Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Fong PY, Spampinato D, Michell K, Mancuso M, Brown K, Ibáñez J, Santo AD, Latorre A, Bhatia K, Rothwell JC, Rocchi L. EEG responses induced by cerebellar TMS at rest and during visuomotor adaptation. Neuroimage 2023; 275:120188. [PMID: 37230209 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2023.120188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Connections between the cerebellum and the cortex play a critical role in learning and executing complex behaviours. Dual-coil transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) can be used non-invasively to probe connectivity changes between the lateral cerebellum and motor cortex (M1) using the motor evoked potential as an outcome measure (cerebellar-brain inhibition, CBI). However, it gives no information about cerebellar connections to other parts of cortex. OBJECTIVES We used electroencephalography (EEG) to investigate whether it was possible to detect activity evoked in any areas of cortex by single-pulse TMS of the cerebellum (cerebellar TMS evoked potentials, cbTEPs). A second experiment tested if these responses were influenced by the performance of a cerebellar-dependent motor learning paradigm. METHODS In the first series of experiments, TMS was applied over either the right or left cerebellar cortex, and scalp EEG was recorded simultaneously. Control conditions that mimicked auditory and somatosensory inputs associated with cerebellar TMS were included to identify responses due to non-cerebellar sensory stimulation. We conducted a follow-up experiment that evaluated whether cbTEPs are behaviourally sensitive by assessing individuals before and after learning a visuomotor reach adaptation task. RESULTS A TMS pulse over the lateral cerebellum evoked EEG responses that could be distinguished from those caused by auditory and sensory artefacts. Significant positive (P80) and negative peaks (N110) over the contralateral frontal cerebral area were identified with a mirrored scalp distribution after left vs. right cerebellar stimulation. The P80 and N110 peaks were replicated in the cerebellar motor learning experiment and changed amplitude at different stages of learning. The change in amplitude of the P80 peak was associated with the degree of learning that individuals retained following adaptation. Due to overlap with sensory responses, the N110 should be interpreted with caution. CONCLUSIONS Cerebral potentials evoked by TMS of the lateral cerebellum provide a neurophysiological probe of cerebellar function that complements the existing CBI method. They may provide novel insight into mechanisms of visuomotor adaptation and other cognitive processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Po-Yu Fong
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK; Division of Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan City, Taiwan; Medical School, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
| | - Danny Spampinato
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK; Non-invasive Brain Stimulation Unit, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Via Ardeatina 306/354, 00142, Rome, Italy
| | - Kevin Michell
- UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Marco Mancuso
- Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Katlyn Brown
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Jaime Ibáñez
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK; BSICoS group, I3A Institute, University of Zaragoza, IIS Aragón, Zaragoza, Spain; Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Alessandro Di Santo
- NEuroMuscular Omnicentre (NEMO), Serena Onlus, AOS Monaldi, Naples, Italy; Unit of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Latorre
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Kailash Bhatia
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - John C Rothwell
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Lorenzo Rocchi
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK; Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sharing motor plans while acting jointly: a TMS study. Cortex 2022; 151:224-239. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2022.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
4
|
Yang CL, Gad A, Creath RA, Magder L, Rogers MW, Waller SM. Effects of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on posture, movement planning, and execution during standing voluntary reach following stroke. J Neuroeng Rehabil 2021; 18:5. [PMID: 33413441 PMCID: PMC7791870 DOI: 10.1186/s12984-020-00799-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Impaired movement preparation of both anticipatory postural adjustments and goal directed movement as shown by a marked reduction in the incidence of StartReact responses during a standing reaching task was reported in individuals with stroke. We tested how transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) applied over the region of premotor areas (PMAs) and primary motor area (M1) affect movement planning and preparation of a standing reaching task in individuals with stroke. Methods Each subject performed two sessions of tDCS over the lesioned hemisphere on two different days: cathodal tDCS over PMAs and anodal tDCS over M1. Movement planning and preparation of anticipatory postural adjustment-reach sequence was examined by startReact responses elicited by a loud acoustic stimulus of 123 dB. Kinetic, kinematic, and electromyography data were recorded to characterize anticipatory postural adjustment-reach movement response. Results Anodal tDCS over M1 led to significant increase of startReact responses incidence at loud acoustic stimulus time point − 500 ms. Increased trunk involvement during movement execution was found after anodal M1 stimulation compared to PMAs stimulation. Conclusions The findings provide novel evidence that impairments in movement planning and preparation as measured by startReact responses for a standing reaching task can be mitigated in individuals with stroke by the application of anodal tDCS over lesioned M1 but not cathodal tDCS over PMAs. This is the first study to show that stroke-related deficits in movement planning and preparation can be improved by application of anodal tDCS over lesioned M1. Trial registration ClinicalTrial.gov, NCT04308629, Registered 16 March 2020—Retrospectively registered, https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04308629
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chieh-Ling Yang
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 100 Penn Street, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA. .,Rehabilitation Research Program, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, 4255 Laurel Street, Vancouver, BC, V5Z2G9, Canada. .,Department of Physical Therapy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T1Z3, Canada.
| | - Alon Gad
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 100 Penn Street, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Robert A Creath
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 100 Penn Street, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.,Lewis Human Performance Lab, Department of Exercise Science, Lebanon Valley College, Annville, PA, 17003, USA
| | - Laurence Magder
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Mark W Rogers
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 100 Penn Street, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Sandy McCombe Waller
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 100 Penn Street, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.,Division of Health, Business, Technology and Science, Frederick Community College, 7932 Oppossumtown Pike, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Long-term practice of isolated finger movements reduces enslaved response of tonically contracting little finger abductor to tonic index finger abduction. Exp Brain Res 2020; 238:499-512. [PMID: 31960102 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-020-05731-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to elucidate whether the long-term practice of isolated finger movements reduces the enslaved response of the little finger abductor to the index finger abduction. The right-handed participants tonically or phasically abducted the index finger, while they maintained at rest or tonic abduction of the little finger. The enslaved response of the tonically contracting little finger abductor to the tonic abduction of the index finger was greater than the response of the same muscle at rest in the nonpianists. This indicates that the tonic contraction of the little finger abductor enhances the enslaving drive from the tonically contracting index finger abductor to the little finger abductor. The enslaved response of the tonically contracting little finger abductor to the tonic abduction of the index finger in the pianists was significantly smaller than that in the nonpianists, but such a significant group difference was absent when the little finger abductor was at rest. This indicates that the inhibitory process on the enslaving drive from the tonically contracting index finger abductor to the tonically active little finger abductor is unmasked through the long-term practice.
Collapse
|
6
|
Wehrman JJ, Sowman P. Time in the motor cortex: Motor evoked potentials track foreperiod duration without concurrent movement. Neurosci Lett 2019; 698:85-89. [PMID: 30630059 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2019.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 12/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) allows for the monitoring of motor cortex dynamics in preparation for response. Using this method, it has previously been shown that motor evoked potentials (MEPs) are suppressed as a response approaches. In the current article, we applied TMS while participants either relaxed or contracted their first dorsal interosseous muscle. We varied the time at which TMS was applied, however, unlike previous studies, no participant response was required. Using this method, we provide evidence that MEPs systematically decrease with the duration of the trial, while inhibition is not similarly affected. Further, we found some evidence that MEPs are inversely proportional to the duration of the prior trial. These findings have ramifications for other research interested in the application of TMS, especially when used across multiple possible points in a trial. Further, this finding shows a role for the motor cortex in timing more broadly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jordan J Wehrman
- Macquarie University Cognitive Science Department, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Paul Sowman
- Macquarie University Cognitive Science Department, Sydney, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Saumur TM, Mochizuki G. Single pulse TMS during preparation for lower limb movement: Effect of task predictability on corticospinal excitability. Brain Res 2018; 1697:105-112. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
8
|
Chye L, Riek S, de Rugy A, Carson RG, Carroll TJ. Unilateral movement preparation causes task-specific modulation of TMS responses in the passive, opposite limb. J Physiol 2018; 596:3725-3738. [PMID: 29775218 DOI: 10.1113/jp275433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Activity in the primary motor cortices of both hemispheres increases during unilateral movement preparation, but the functional role of ipsilateral motor cortex activity is unknown. Ipsilateral motor cortical activity could represent subliminal 'motor planning' for the passive limb. Alternatively, it could represent the state of the active limb, to support coordination between the limbs should a bimanual movement be required. Here we assessed how preparation of forces toward different directions, with the left wrist, alters evoked responses to transcranial magnetic stimulation of left motor cortex. Preparation of a unilateral movement caused excitability increases in ipsilateral motor cortex that reflected forces produced with the active limb in an intrinsic (body-centred), rather than an extrinsic (world-centred), coordinate system. These results suggest that ipsilateral motor cortical activity prior to unilateral action reflects the state of the active limb, rather than subliminal motor planning for the passive limb. ABSTRACT Corticospinal excitability is modulated for muscles on both sides of the body during unilateral movement preparation. For the effector, there is a progressive increase in excitability, and a shift in direction of muscle twitches evoked by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) toward the impending movement. By contrast, the directional characteristics of excitability changes in the opposite (passive) limb have not been fully characterized. Here we assessed how preparation of voluntary forces towards four spatially distinct visual targets with the left wrist alters muscle twitches and motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) elicited by TMS of left motor cortex. MEPs were facilitated significantly more in muscles homologous to agonist rather than antagonist muscles in the active limb, from 120 ms prior to voluntary EMG onset. Thus, unilateral motor preparation has a directionally specific influence on pathways projecting to the opposite limb that corresponds to the active muscles rather than the direction of movement in space. The directions of TMS-evoked twitches also deviated toward the impending force direction of the active limb, according to muscle-based coordinates, following the onset of voluntary EMG. The data indicate that preparation of a unilateral movement increases task-dependent excitability in ipsilateral motor cortex, or its downstream projections, that reflects the forces applied by the active limb in an intrinsic (body-centred), rather than an extrinsic (world-centred), coordinate system. The results suggest that ipsilateral motor cortical activity prior to unilateral action reflects the state of the active limb, rather than subliminal motor planning for the passive limb.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lilian Chye
- Centre for Sensorimotor Performance, School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Stephan Riek
- Centre for Sensorimotor Performance, School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Aymar de Rugy
- Centre for Sensorimotor Performance, School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.,Institut de Neurosciences Cognitives et Intégratives d'Aquitaine, Université de Bordeaux, CNRS UMR 5287, Bordeaux, France
| | - Richard G Carson
- Centre for Sensorimotor Performance, School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.,Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience and School of Psychology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,School of Psychology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Timothy J Carroll
- Centre for Sensorimotor Performance, School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Hiraoka K, Kinoshita A, Kunimura H, Matsuoka M. Effect of variability of sequence length of go trials preceding a stop trial on ability of response inhibition in stop-signal task. Somatosens Mot Res 2018; 35:95-102. [PMID: 29848189 DOI: 10.1080/08990220.2018.1475351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated whether the variability of the sequence length of the go trials preceding a stop trial enhanced or interfered with inhibitory control. The hypotheses tested were either inhibitory control improves when the sequence length of the go trials varies as a consequence of increased preparatory effort or it degrades as a consequence of the switching cost from the go trial to the stop trial. The right-handed participants abducted the left or right index finger in response to a go cue during the go trials. A stop cue was given at 50, 90, or 130 ms after the go cue, with 0.25 probability in the stop trial. In the less variable session, a stop trial was presented after two, three, or four consecutive go trials. In the variable session, a stop trial was presented after one, two, three, four, or five consecutive go trials. The reaction time and stop-signal reaction time were not significantly different between the sessions and between the response sides. Nevertheless, the probability of successful inhibition of the right-hand response in the variable session was higher than that in the less variable session when the stop cue was given 50 ms after a go cue. This finding supports the view that preparatory effort due to less predictability of the chance of a forthcoming response inhibition enhances the ability of the right-hand response inhibition when the stop process begins earlier.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Hiraoka
- a College of Health and Human Sciences , Osaka Prefecture University , Habikino , Osaka , Japan
| | - Atsushi Kinoshita
- b Graduate School of Comprehensive Rehabilitation , Osaka Prefecture University , Habikino , Osaka , Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kunimura
- b Graduate School of Comprehensive Rehabilitation , Osaka Prefecture University , Habikino , Osaka , Japan
| | - Masakazu Matsuoka
- b Graduate School of Comprehensive Rehabilitation , Osaka Prefecture University , Habikino , Osaka , Japan
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Nomura Y, Jono Y, Tani K, Chujo Y, Hiraoka K. Corticospinal Modulations during Bimanual Movement with Different Relative Phases. Front Hum Neurosci 2016; 10:95. [PMID: 27014026 PMCID: PMC4779941 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2016.00095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate corticospinal modulation of bimanual (BM) movement with different relative phases (RPs). The participants rhythmically abducted and adducted the right index finger (unimanual (UM) movement) or both index fingers (BM movement) with a cyclic duration of 1 s. The RP of BM movement, defined as the time difference between one hand movement and the other hand movement, was 0°, 90°, or 180°. Motor evoked potentials (MEPs) in the right flexor dorsal interosseous muscle elicited by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) were obtained during UM or BM movement. Corticospinal excitability in the first dorsal interosseous muscle during BM movement with 90° RP was higher than that during UM movement or BM movement with 0° or 180° RP. The correlation between muscle activity level and corticospinal excitability during BM movement with 90° RP was smaller than that during UM movement or BM movement with 0° or 180° RP. The higher corticospinal excitability during BM movement with 90° RP may be caused by the greater effort expended to execute a difficult task, the involvement of interhemispheric interaction, a motor binding process, or task acquisition. The lower dependency of corticospinal excitability on the muscle activity level during BM movement with 90° RP may reflect the minor corticospinal contribution to BM movement with an RP that is not in the attractor state.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshifumi Nomura
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Rehabilitation, Osaka Prefecture University Habikino, Japan
| | - Yasutomo Jono
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Rehabilitation, Osaka Prefecture University Habikino, Japan
| | - Keisuke Tani
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Rehabilitation, Osaka Prefecture University Habikino, Japan
| | - Yuta Chujo
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Rehabilitation, Osaka Prefecture University Habikino, Japan
| | - Koichi Hiraoka
- College of Health and Human Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University Habikino, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Time and direction preparation of the long latency stretch reflex. Hum Mov Sci 2016; 47:38-48. [PMID: 26854584 DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2016.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Revised: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated time and direction preparation of motor response to force load while intending to maintain the finger at the initial neutral position. Force load extending or flexing the index finger was given while healthy humans intended to maintain the index finger at the initial neutral position. Electromyographic activity was recorded from the first dorsal interosseous muscle. A precue with or without advanced information regarding the direction of the forthcoming force load was given 1000ms before force load. Trials without the precue were inserted between the precued trials. A long latency stretch reflex was elicited by force load regardless of its direction, indicating that the long latency stretch reflex is elicited not only by muscle stretch afferents, but also by direction-insensitive sensations. Time preparation of motor response to either direction of force load enhanced the long latency stretch reflex, indicating that time preparation is not mediated by afferent discharge of muscle stretch. Direction preparation enhanced the long latency stretch reflex and increased corticospinal excitability 0-20ms after force load when force load was given in the direction stretching the muscle. These enhancements must be induced by preset of the afferent pathway mediating segmental stretch reflex.
Collapse
|
12
|
Zschorlich VR, Köhling R. How thoughts give rise to action - conscious motor intention increases the excitability of target-specific motor circuits. PLoS One 2013; 8:e83845. [PMID: 24386291 PMCID: PMC3873337 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study shows evidence for conscious motor intention in motor preparation prior to movement execution. We demonstrate that conscious motor intention of directed movement, combined with minimally supra-threshold transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) of the motor cortex, determines the direction and the force of resulting movements, whilst a lack of intention results in weak and omni-directed muscle activation. We investigated changes of consciously intended goal directed movements by analyzing amplitudes of motor-evoked potentials of the forearm muscle, flexor carpi radialis (FCR), and extensor carpi radialis (ECR), induced by transcranial magnetic stimulation over the right motor cortex and their motor outcome. Right-handed subjects were asked to develop a strong intention to move their left wrist (flexion or extension), without any overt motor output at the wrist, prior to brain stimulation. Our analyses of hand acceleration and electromyography showed that during the strong motor intention of wrist flexion movement, it evoked motor potential responses that were significantly larger in the FCR muscle than in the ECR, whilst the opposite was true for an extension movement. The acceleration data on flexion/extension corresponded to this finding. Under no-intention conditions again, which served as a reference for motor evoked potentials, brain stimulation resulted in undirected and minimally simultaneous extension/flexion innervation and virtually no movement. These results indicate that conscious intentions govern motor function, which in turn shows that a neuronal activation representing an “intention network” in the human brain pre-exists, and that it functionally represents target specific motor circuits. Until today, it was unclear whether conscious motor intention exists prior to movement, or whether the brain constructs such an intention after movement initiation. Our study gives evidence that motor intentions become aware before any motor execution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Volker R. Zschorlich
- Department of Movement Science, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Faculty - Department of Aging Science, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
- Faculty of Philosophy, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
- * E-mail: (VRZ); (RK)
| | - Rüdiger Köhling
- Interdisciplinary Faculty - Department of Aging Science, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
- Oscar-Langendorff-Institute of Physiology, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
- * E-mail: (VRZ); (RK)
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Derosiere G, Billot M, Ward ET, Perrey S. Adaptations of Motor Neural Structures' Activity to Lapses in Attention. Cereb Cortex 2013; 25:66-74. [DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bht206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
|
14
|
Functional Topography of Cortical Thumb Movement Representations in Human Primary Motor Cortex. Brain Topogr 2013; 27:228-39. [DOI: 10.1007/s10548-013-0289-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2013] [Accepted: 04/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
15
|
Kamata N, Iwata Y, Matsugi A, Hiraoka K. The effect of advance information about the sequence of a to-be-signaled motor response on corticospinal excitability during the foreperiod. Somatosens Mot Res 2012; 29:122-30. [DOI: 10.3109/08990220.2012.715101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Noriyuki Kamata
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Rehabilitation, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, Japan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Selvanayagam VS, Riek S, Carroll TJ. Early neural responses to strength training. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2011; 111:367-75. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00064.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The neural adaptations that accompany strength training have yet to be fully determined. Here we sought to address this topic by testing the idea that strength training might share similar mechanisms with some forms of motor learning. Since ballistic motor learning is accompanied by a shift in muscle twitches induced by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) toward the training direction, we sought to investigate if these changes also occur after single isometric strength training sessions with various contraction duration and rate of force development characteristics (i.e., brief or sustained ballistic contractions or slow, sustained contractions). Twitch force resultant vectors and motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) induced by TMS were measured before and after single sessions of strength training involving the forearm muscles. Participants ( n = 12) each performed three training protocols (each consisting of 4 sets of 10 repetitions) and served as their own control in a counterbalanced order. All three training protocols caused a significant ( P < 0.05) shift in TMS-induced twitch force resultant vectors toward the training direction, followed by a gradual shift back toward the pretraining direction. The strongest effect was found when training involved both ballistic and sustained force components. There were no large or consistent changes in the direction of twitches evoked by motor nerve stimulation for any of the three training protocols. We suggest that these early neural responses to strength training, which share similar corticospinal changes to motor learning, might reflect an important process that precedes more long-term neural adaptation that ultimately enhance strength.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victor S. Selvanayagam
- School of Human Movement Studies, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; and
- Sports Centre, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Stephan Riek
- School of Human Movement Studies, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; and
| | - Timothy J. Carroll
- School of Human Movement Studies, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; and
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Obhi SS, Matkovich S, Chen R. Changing the "when" and "what" of intended actions. J Neurophysiol 2009; 102:2755-62. [PMID: 19710381 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00336.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans often have to modify the timing and/or type of their planned actions on the basis of new sensory information. In the present experiments, participants planned to make a right index finger keypress 3 s after a warning stimulus but on some trials were interrupted by a temporally unpredictable auditory tone prompting the same action (experiment 1) or a different action (experiment 2). In experiment 1, by comparing the reaction time (RT) to tones presented at different stages of the preparatory period to RT in a simple reaction time condition, we determined the cost of switching from an internally generated mode of response production to an externally triggered mode in situations requiring only a change in when an action is made (i.e., when the tone prompts the action at a different time from the intended time of action). Results showed that the cost occurred for interruption tones delivered 200 ms after a warning stimulus and remained relatively stable throughout most of the preparatory period with a reduction in the magnitude of the cost during the last 200 ms prior to the intended time of movement. In experiment 2, which included conditions requiring a change in both when and what action is produced on the tone, results show a larger cost when the switched to action is different from the action being prepared. We discuss our results in the light of neurophysiological experiments on motor preparation and suggest that intending to act is accompanied by a general inhibitory mechanism preventing premature motor output and a specific excitatory process pertaining to the intended movement. Interactions between these two mechanisms could account for our behavioral results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sukhvinder S Obhi
- Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience and Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Verleger R, Kuniecki M, Möller F, Fritzmannova M, Siebner HR. On how the motor cortices resolve an inter-hemispheric response conflict: an event-related EEG potential-guided TMS study of the flankers task. Eur J Neurosci 2009; 30:318-26. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2009.06817.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
19
|
Narayanan NS, Laubach M. Delay activity in rodent frontal cortex during a simple reaction time task. J Neurophysiol 2009; 101:2859-71. [PMID: 19339463 DOI: 10.1152/jn.90615.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
To understand how different parts of the frontal cortex control the timing of action, we characterized the firing patterns of single neurons in two areas of rodent frontal cortex-dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC) and motor cortex-during a simple reaction time task. Principal component analysis was used to identify major patterns of delay-related activity in frontal cortex: ramping activity and sustained delay activity. These patterns were similar in dmPFC and motor cortex and did not change as animals learned to respond at novel delays. Many neurons in both areas were modulated early in the delay period. Other neurons were modulated in a persistent manner over the duration of the delay period. Delay-related modulations started earlier in motor cortex than in dmPFC and terminated around different task events (at the time of release in dmPFC, just before release of the lever in motor cortex). A subpopulation of neurons was found in dmPFC, but not motor cortex, that fired in response to the trigger stimulus. These results suggest that populations of neurons in rodent frontal cortex are coordinated during delay periods to enable proactive inhibitory control of action.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nandakumar S Narayanan
- The John B. Pierce Laboratory, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06519, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Sinclair C, Hammond GR. Excitatory and inhibitory processes in primary motor cortex during the foreperiod of a warned reaction time task are unrelated to response expectancy. Exp Brain Res 2009; 194:103-13. [DOI: 10.1007/s00221-008-1684-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2008] [Accepted: 12/05/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|