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Attamah P, Kusi F, Kena AW, Awuku FJ, Lamini S, Mensah G, Zackaria M, Owusu EY, Akromah R. Pyramiding aphid resistance genes into the elite cowpea variety, Zaayura, using marker-assisted backcrossing. Heliyon 2024; 10:e31976. [PMID: 38868054 PMCID: PMC11167344 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e31976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The cowpea aphid (Aphis cracivora) is a cosmopolitan insect pest that causes economic damage on cowpea. Although the pest persists at all the growth stages of the crop, in West Africa, aphids are the only major insect pests that farmers regularly control at the vegetative stage. Thus, deploying aphid-resistant crop varieties can reduce farmers' expenditure on insecticide. The availability of different biotypes of the pest and reports of resistance breakdown necessitates pyramiding of sources of aphid resistance to develop a more robust genotype for durable resistance. Two aphid-resistance genes, sourced from SARC-1-57-2 and IT97K-556-6, were introgressed through gene pyramiding technique into a farmers' preferred cowpea variety, Zaayura, using marker-assisted backcrossing. A simple sequence repeat (SSR) marker, CP 171F/172R, and an allele-specific single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) marker, 1_0912, were used for foreground selection of the SARC-1-57-2 and IT97K-556-6 aphid resistance genes, respectively. A stepwise backcross approach was used to introgress the major aphid resistance QTL (QAc-vu7.1) from IT97K-556-6 into Zaayura using the marker 1_0912 coupled with intermittent screening under artificial aphid infestation. After the fourth backcross generation, three heterozygous BC4F1 of Zaayura/TT97K-556-6 were intercrossed to Zaayura Pali to develop intercross F1 (ICF1). Three true ICF1 hybrids allowed to self to produce ICF2. Five (5) out of 48 ICF2 plants which were genotyped with the two foreground markers had the two aphid resistance genes fixed in the double homozygous dominant state. For background selection, out of 192 allele-specific markers screened, only 47 polymorphic markers were identified and used for the background analysis of the pyramided lines. The recurrent parent genome recovery ranged from 72 to 93.8 %. ICF2_Zaa/556/SARC-P6 had the highest recurrent parent genome and the least heterozygosity among the five improved lines. The five pyramided lines showed superior resistance under artificial aphid infestation as compared to the two donor parents with damage scores ranging from 2.0 to 2.3. On the field, however, there were no significant differences between the pyramided lines and their recurrent parent for all the agronomic traits measured except for grain yield. The pyramided lines do not only stand the chance of being released as new varieties but are also valuable genetic resources for other breeding programs that seek to improve cowpea for aphid resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Attamah
- CSIR-Savanna Agricultural Research Institute, P.O. Box TL 52, Tamale, Ghana
| | - Francis Kusi
- CSIR-Savanna Agricultural Research Institute, P.O. Box TL 52, Tamale, Ghana
| | - Alexander Wireko Kena
- Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Frederick J. Awuku
- CSIR-Savanna Agricultural Research Institute, P.O. Box TL 52, Tamale, Ghana
| | - Salim Lamini
- CSIR-Savanna Agricultural Research Institute, P.O. Box TL 52, Tamale, Ghana
| | - Gloria Mensah
- CSIR-Savanna Agricultural Research Institute, P.O. Box TL 52, Tamale, Ghana
| | - Mukhtaru Zackaria
- CSIR-Savanna Agricultural Research Institute, P.O. Box TL 52, Tamale, Ghana
| | - Emmanuel Yaw Owusu
- CSIR-Savanna Agricultural Research Institute, P.O. Box TL 52, Tamale, Ghana
| | - Richard Akromah
- Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Kumasi, Ghana
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Alkorbi F, Abdelaziz MA, Alessa AH, Mazi W, Omer N, Jame R, Alsaiari NA, Drar AM, Ali AM. One-Pot, Four-Component Reaction for the Design, Synthesis, and SAR Studies of Novel Pyridines for Insecticidal Bioefficacy Screening against Cowpea Aphid ( Aphis craccivora). ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:21538-21544. [PMID: 38764656 PMCID: PMC11097357 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c02055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
In this paper, novel pyridines 2-8 were designed and synthesized via the one-pot, four-component reaction of 2-formylphenyl 4-tolylsulfonate with malononitrile, ammonium acetate, and phenols or 2-thioxo-1,3-thiazolidin-4-one or 6-aminopyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione under microwave irradiation in an aqueous solution of water and ethanol (1:1 ratio). The structures of new pyridines 2-8 were elucidated by elemental and spectral analyses such as IR, 1H NMR, and 13CNMR. This application has many advantages, such as having easy workup, eco-friendliness, reaction time being short (6-13 min), high production (94-98%), inexpensiveness, and avoiding the use of harmful solvents. Moreover, all compounds have been investigated as insecticidal agents against cowpea aphid (Aphis craccivora) insects, and the toxicity effect was studied, followed by the structure-activity relationship. From the LC50 values, it has been found that compounds 7 and 8 were excellent and promising insecticidal agents, with LC50 values of 0.05 and 0.09 ppm against nymphs and 0.93 and 1.01 ppm against adults of cowpea aphid. Furthermore, the obtained results indicated that compounds 2-8 can be applied as insecticidal agents for the control of cowpea aphids and to protect agricultural crops from this destructive pest, which effects crop production and causes major economic damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faeza Alkorbi
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Arts at Sharurah, Najran University, Sharurah 68342, Saudi Arabi
| | - Mahmoud A. Abdelaziz
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University
of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Kingdom
of Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali Hamzah Alessa
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University
of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Kingdom
of Saudi Arabia
| | - Wafa Mazi
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University
of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Kingdom
of Saudi Arabia
| | - Noha Omer
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University
of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Kingdom
of Saudi Arabia
| | - Rasha Jame
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University
of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Kingdom
of Saudi Arabia
| | - Norah A. Alsaiari
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Arts at Sharurah, Najran University, Sharurah 68342, Saudi Arabi
| | - A. M. Drar
- Agriculture
Research Center, Research Institute of Plant Protection, Giza 12619, Egypt
| | - Ali M. Ali
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Sohag
University, Sohag 82524, Egypt
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MacWilliams J, Peirce E, Pitt WJ, Schreiner M, Matthews T, Yao L, Broeckling C, Nachappa P. Assessing the adaptive role of cannabidiol (CBD) in Cannabis sativa defense against cannabis aphids. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1223894. [PMID: 37915508 PMCID: PMC10616793 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1223894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Cannabis sativa is known for having unique specialized or secondary metabolites, cannabinoids that are derived from an extension of the terpene pathway in the Cannabis lineage and includes more than 100 other similar metabolites. Despite the assumption that cannabinoids evolved as novel herbivory defense adaptations, there is limited research addressing the role of cannabinoids in C. sativa responses to insect herbivores. Here we investigated the role of cannabidiol (CBD), the predominant cannabinoid in hemp, in plant defense against cannabis aphid (Phorodon cannabis), one of the most damaging pests of hemp. We hypothesize that insect feeding may induce changes in cannabinoids as an adaptive strategy for defense. We found that mean fecundity, net reproductive rate (R0) and adult longevity of cannabis aphids was reduced on the high cannabinoid cultivar compared to the low- cannabinoid cultivar in whole plant assays. In contrast, supplementation of CBD in artificial feeding assays increased aphid fecundity from day 1 to day 3. Additionally, aphid feeding did not impact cannabinoid levels in leaf tissues with the exception of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). This suggests that other cannabinoids and/or metabolites such as terpenes are causing the observed decrease in aphid performance in the whole plant assays. In addition to cannabinoids, C. sativa also possesses a range of defense mechanisms via phytohormone signaling pathways that are well described in other plant species. Indeed, cannabis aphid feeding significantly increased levels of the major phytohormones, salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, and abscisic acid, which are known to be involved in plant defense responses against aphid species. These results highlight the interplay between cannabinoid synthesis and phytohormone pathways and necessitate further investigation into this complex interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob MacWilliams
- Department of Agricultural Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Erika Peirce
- Department of Agricultural Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - William Jacob Pitt
- Department of Agricultural Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Melissa Schreiner
- Tri-River Area Extension, Colorado State University, Grand Junction, CO, United States
| | - Tierra Matthews
- Department of Agricultural Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Linxing Yao
- Analytical Resources Core-Bioanalysis and Omics, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Corey Broeckling
- Analytical Resources Core-Bioanalysis and Omics, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Punya Nachappa
- Department of Agricultural Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
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Kumar S, Sharma U, Reddy SE. Insecticidal potential of extracts, fractions, and molecules of Aconitum heterophyllum Wall ex. Royle against aphid Aphis craccivora Koch (Hemiptera: Aphididae). PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2023; 79:1538-1546. [PMID: 36519419 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aphis craccivora is the major sap-sucking pest of leguminous crops and vector of plant viruses that cause damage to plants and reduce yield. Indiscriminate and nonjudicious use of synthetic insecticides led to resistance development and harmful to environment. Therefore, it is important to discover plant-based lead(s) which can replace synthetic insecticides. In the current study the residual toxicity of extracts, fractions, and isolated compounds of Aconitum heterophyllum were evaluated against A. craccivora to identify lead(s) for further development of botanical formulation. RESULTS In residual contact assay, ethanolic (LC50 = 2837.17 mg L-1 ) and aqueous methanolic extracts (LC50 = 2971.59 mg L-1 ) were effective against A. craccivora. Among fractions, the n-butanol fraction of the aqueous methanolic extract (LC50 = 986.96 mg L-1 ) was found to be most effective, followed by the ethyl acetate fraction of the ethanolic extract (LC50 = 1037.52 mg L-1 ) and the n-hexane fraction of both extracts (LC50 = 1113.85 to 1233.11 mg L-1 ). Among pure molecules, aconitic acid was found to be the most effective (68% mortality; LC50 = 1313.19 mg L-1 ) and was on a par with azadirachtin 0.15% EC (66% mortality; LC50 = 1921.10 mg L-1 ). Furthermore, from the effect of ethanoic extract on detoxification enzyme inhibition in A. craccivora we concluded that the target site of action of this extract in A. craccivora might be glutathione S-transferase. CONCLUSIONS The parent extract/fractions of A. heterophylum showed promising activity against A. craccivora. Among phytoconstituents of the active extract and fractions, aconitic acid was found to be on a par with azadirachtin 0.15% EC. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Kumar
- Entomology Laboratory, Agrotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, India
| | - Upendra Sharma
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, India
- Chemical Technology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, India
| | - Sg Eswara Reddy
- Entomology Laboratory, Agrotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, India
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A Genome-Wide Scan Divulges Key Loci Involved in Resistance to Aphids (Aphis craccivora) in Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata). Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13112002. [DOI: 10.3390/genes13112002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cowpea aphids (Aphis craccivora Koch) double as a direct damaging pest and a virus vector to cowpea, threatening the economic yield of the crop. Given the multiple ecotypes, different alleles have been implicated in aphid resistance, necessitating the identification of key genes involved. The present study implemented a genome-wide scan using 365 cowpea mini-core accessions to decipher loci involved in resistance to aphid ecotype from Kano, Nigeria. Accessions were artificially inoculated with A. craccivora in insect-proof cages and damage severity assessed at 21 days after infestation. Significant phenotypic differences based on aphid damage severity were registered among the accessions. Skewed phenotypic distributions were depicted in the population, suggesting the involvement of major genes in the control of resistance. A genome-wide scan identified three major regions on chromosomes Vu10, Vu08 and Vu02, and two minor ones on chromosomes Vu01 and Vu06, that were significantly associated with aphid resistance. These regions harbored several genes, out of which, five viz Vigun01g233100.1, Vigun02g088900.1, Vigun06g224900.1, Vigun08g030200.1 and Vigun10g031100.1 were the most proximal to the peak single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) positions. These genes are expressed under stress signaling, mechanical wounding and insect feeding. The uncovered loci contribute towards establishing a marker-assisted breeding platform and building durable resistance against aphids in cowpea.
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Mitra P, Debnath R, Mitra S, Barik A. Life history traits and probing behavior of Aphis craccivora (Hemiptera: Aphididae) on Lathyrus sativus. Biologia (Bratisl) 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11756-022-01216-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Yang B, Zhao Y, Guo Z. Research Progress and Prospect of Alfalfa Resistance to Pathogens and Pests. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11152008. [PMID: 35956485 PMCID: PMC9370300 DOI: 10.3390/plants11152008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Alfalfa is one of the most important legume forages in the world and contributes greatly to the improvement of ecosystems, nutrition, and food security. Diseases caused by pathogens and pests severely restrict the production of alfalfa. Breeding resistant varieties is the most economical and effective strategy for the control of alfalfa diseases and pests, and the key to breeding resistant varieties is to identify important resistance genes. Plant innate immunity is the theoretical basis for identifying resistant genes and breeding resistant varieties. In recent years, the framework of plant immunity theory has been gradually formed and improved, and considerable progress has been made in the identification of alfalfa resistance genes and the revelation of the related mechanisms. In this review, we summarize the basic theory of plant immunity and identify alfalfa resistance genes to different pathogens and insects and resistance mechanisms. The current situation, problems, and future prospects of alfalfa resistance research are also discussed. Breeding resistant cultivars with effective resistance genes, together with other novel plant protection technologies, will greatly improve alfalfa production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Yang
- College of Grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yao Zhao
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zhenfei Guo
- College of Grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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Pawar MM, Shivanna B, Prasannakumar MK, Parivallal PB, Suresh K, Meenakshi NH. Spatial distribution and community structure of microbiota associated with cowpea aphid ( Aphis craccivora Koch). 3 Biotech 2022; 12:75. [PMID: 35251878 PMCID: PMC8861231 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-022-03142-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Aphid populations were collected on cowpea, dolichos, redgram and black gram from Belagavi and Udupi locations. The samples were shotgun sequenced using the Illumina NovaSeq 6000 system to understand the spatial distribution and community structure of microbiota (especially bacteria) associated with aphids. In the present study, we identified obligatory nutritional symbiont Buchnera aphidicola and facultative symbionts Rickettsia sp. and Bacteroidetes endosymbiont of Geopemphigus sp. in all the aphid samples studied, although in varied abundance. On the other hand, Serratia symbiotica, Arsenophonus sp. and Acinetobacter sp. were only found in aphids on specific host plants, suggesting that host plants might influence the bacterial community structure. Furthermore, our study revealed that microbiota other than bacteria were highly insignificant in the aphid populations. Additionally, functional annotation of aphid metagenomes identified several pathways and enzymes involved in various physiological and ecological functions. Amino acid and vitamin biosynthesis-related pathways were predominant than carbohydrate metabolism, owing to their feeding habit and nutritional requirement. Chaperones related to stress tolerance such as GroEL and DnaK were identified. Enzymes involved in toxic chemical metabolisms such as glutathione transferase, phosphodiesterases and ABC transferases were observed. These enzymes may confer resistance to pesticides in the aphid populations. Overall, our results support the importance of host plants in structuring bacterial communities in aphids and show the functional roles of symbionts in aphid survival and development. Thus, these findings can be the basis for further detailed investigations and devising better strategies to manage the pests in field conditions. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-022-03142-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhusudan M. Pawar
- grid.413008.e0000 0004 1765 8271Insect Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Agricultural Entomology, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, 560065 India
| | - B. Shivanna
- grid.413008.e0000 0004 1765 8271Insect Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Agricultural Entomology, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, 560065 India
| | - M. K. Prasannakumar
- grid.413008.e0000 0004 1765 8271Plant PathoGenOmic Laboratory, Department of Plant Pathology, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, 560065 India
| | - P. Buela Parivallal
- grid.413008.e0000 0004 1765 8271Plant PathoGenOmic Laboratory, Department of Plant Pathology, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, 560065 India
| | - Kiran Suresh
- grid.10388.320000 0001 2240 3300Department of Ecophysiology, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - N. H. Meenakshi
- grid.413008.e0000 0004 1765 8271Insect Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Agricultural Entomology, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, 560065 India
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Insecticidal Activity of Extracts, Fractions, and Pure Molecules of Cissampelos pareira Linnaeus against Aphid, Aphis craccivora Koch. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27030633. [PMID: 35163898 PMCID: PMC8838119 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27030633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aphis craccivora Koch is a polyphagous and major pest of leguminous crops causing significant damage by reducing the yield. Repeated application of synthetic insecticides for the control of aphids has led to development of resistance. Therefore, the present study aimed to screen the insecticidal activity of root/stem extracts/fractions, and pure molecules from Cissampelos pareira Linnaeus against A. craccivora for identification of lead(s). Among root extract/fractions, the n-hexane fraction was found most effective (LC50 = 1828.19 mg/L) against A. craccivora, followed by parent extract (LC50 = 2211.54 mg/L). Among stem extract/fractions, the n-hexane fraction (LC50 = 1246.92 mg/L) was more effective than the water and n-butanol fractions. Based on GC and GC-MS analysis, among different compounds identified in the n-hexane fraction of root and stem, ethyl palmitate (known to possess insecticidal activity) was present in the highest concentration (24.94 to 52.95%) in both the fractions. Among pure molecules, pareirarineformate was found most effective (LC50 = 1491.93 mg/L) against A. craccivora, followed by cissamine (LC50 = 1556.31 mg/L). Parent extract and fractions of C. pareira possess promising activity against aphid. Further, field bio-efficacy studies are necessary to validate the current findings for the development of botanical formulation.
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Mitra P, Das S, Debnath R, Mobarak SH, Barik A. Identification of Lathyrus sativus plant volatiles causing behavioral preference of Aphis craccivora. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2021; 77:285-299. [PMID: 32696596 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The viviparous aphid Aphis craccivora Koch (Hemiptera: Aphididae) is a serious threat to the crop yield of Lathyrus sativus L. (Fabaceae), commonly known as grass pea. The synthetic insecticides applied to control this insect pest are not safe for the environment. Hence, it is necessary to find volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from two cultivars [BIO L 212 Ratan (BIO) and Nirmal B-1 (NIR)] of L. sativus plants causing behavioral preference of A. craccivora. RESULTS The VOCs from undamaged (UD), insect-damaged (ID) [plants on which 50 or 100 adults of A. craccivora were fed for 4 h (ID 50 or ID 100)], and mechanically damaged (MD) plants were identified and quantified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and gas chromatography-flame ionization detection analyses, respectively. Total VOCs were higher in ID plants compared to UD plants of each cultivar. However, total VOCs were higher in NIR cultivar compared to BIO cultivar for both UD and ID plants. Benzyl alcohol was predominant in volatile extracts of all treatments. In Y-tube olfactometer bioassays, females showed preference towards volatile extracts of UD, ID, and MD plants of each cultivar compared to the control solvent (CH2 Cl2 ). Insects preferred certain synthetic blends comparable to volatile extracts of UD, ID, and MD plants of each L. sativus cultivar against the control solvent. CONCLUSION Females preferred a synthetic blend of benzyl alcohol, 1,3-diethylbenzene, thymol, and 1-hexadecene at ratios of 142.49: 62.03:1.18:1 dissolved in 25 μL of CH2 Cl2 in olfactometer bioassays, which could be used in developing lures to control this insect pest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paroma Mitra
- Ecology Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology, The University of Burdwan, Burdwan, India
| | - Swati Das
- Ecology Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology, The University of Burdwan, Burdwan, India
| | - Rahul Debnath
- Ecology Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology, The University of Burdwan, Burdwan, India
| | - Syed Husne Mobarak
- Ecology Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology, The University of Burdwan, Burdwan, India
| | - Anandamay Barik
- Ecology Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology, The University of Burdwan, Burdwan, India
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MacWilliams JR, Dingwall S, Chesnais Q, Sugio A, Kaloshian I. AcDCXR Is a Cowpea Aphid Effector With Putative Roles in Altering Host Immunity and Physiology. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:605. [PMID: 32499809 PMCID: PMC7243947 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Cowpea, Vigna unguiculata, is a crop that is essential to semiarid areas of the world like Sub-Sahara Africa. Cowpea is highly susceptible to cowpea aphid, Aphis craccivora, infestation that can lead to major yield losses. Aphids feed on their host plant by inserting their hypodermal needlelike flexible stylets into the plant to reach the phloem sap. During feeding, aphids secrete saliva, containing effector proteins, into the plant to disrupt plant immune responses and alter the physiology of the plant to their own advantage. Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was used to identify the salivary proteome of the cowpea aphid. About 150 candidate proteins were identified including diacetyl/L-xylulose reductase (DCXR), a novel enzyme previously unidentified in aphid saliva. DCXR is a member of short-chain dehydrogenases/reductases with dual enzymatic functions in carbohydrate and dicarbonyl metabolism. To assess whether cowpea aphid DCXR (AcDCXR) has similar functions, recombinant AcDCXR was purified and assayed enzymatically. For carbohydrate metabolism, the oxidation of xylitol to xylulose was tested. The dicarbonyl reaction involved the reduction of methylglyoxal, an α-β-dicarbonyl ketoaldehyde, known as an abiotic and biotic stress response molecule causing cytotoxicity at high concentrations. To assess whether cowpea aphids induce methylglyoxal in plants, we measured methylglyoxal levels in both cowpea and pea (Pisum sativum) plants and found them elevated transiently after aphid infestation. Agrobacterium-mediated transient overexpression of AcDCXR in pea resulted in an increase of cowpea aphid fecundity. Taken together, our results indicate that AcDCXR is an effector with a putative ability to generate additional sources of energy to the aphid and to alter plant defense responses. In addition, this work identified methylglyoxal as a potential novel aphid defense metabolite adding to the known repertoire of plant defenses against aphid pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob R. MacWilliams
- Graduate Program in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Stephanie Dingwall
- Department of Biochemistry, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | | | - Akiko Sugio
- INRAE, UMR1349, Institute of Genetics, Environment and Plant Protection, Le Rheu, France
| | - Isgouhi Kaloshian
- Graduate Program in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
- Department of Nematology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
- Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
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Barilli E, Carrillo-Perdomo E, Cobos MJ, Kilian A, Carling J, Rubiales D. Identification of potential candidate genes controlling pea aphid tolerance in a Pisum fulvum high-density integrated DArTseq SNP-based genetic map. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2020; 76:1731-1742. [PMID: 31758624 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pea (Pisum sativum) is one of the most important temperate grain legumes in the world, and its production is severely constrained by the pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum). Wild relatives, such as P. fulvum, are valuable sources of allelic diversity to improve the genetic resistance of cultivated pea species against A. pisum attack. To unravel the genetic control underlying resistance to the pea aphid attack, a quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis was performed using the previously developed high density integrated genetic linkage map originated from an intraspecific recombinant inbred line (RIL) population (P. fulvum: IFPI3260 × IFPI3251). RESULTS We accurately evaluated specific resistance responses to pea aphid that allowed the identification, for the first time, of genomic regions that control plant damage and aphid reproduction. Eight QTLs associated with tolerance to pea aphid were identified in LGs I, II, III, IV and V, which individually explained from 17.0% to 51.2% of the phenotypic variation depending on the trait scored, and as a whole from 17.0% to 88.6%. The high density integrated genetic linkage map also allowed the identification of potential candidate genes co-located with the QTLs identified. CONCLUSIONS Our work shows how the survival of P. fulvum after the pea aphid attack depends on the triggering of a multi-component protection strategy that implies a quantitative tolerance. The genomic regions associated with the tolerance responses of P. fulvum during A. pisum infestation have provided six potential candidate genes that could be useful in marker-assisted selection (MAS) and genomic assisted breeding (GAB) after functional validation in the future. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Estefanía Carrillo-Perdomo
- Institute for Sustainable Agriculture, CSIC, Córdoba, Spain
- Current address: Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, INRAE, Univ. Bourgogne, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000 Dijon, France
| | | | - Andrzej Kilian
- Diversity Arrays Technology Pty Ltd, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia
| | - Jason Carling
- Diversity Arrays Technology Pty Ltd, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia
| | - Diego Rubiales
- Institute for Sustainable Agriculture, CSIC, Córdoba, Spain
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13
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Leaf waxes from Lathyrus sativus: short-range attractant and stimulant for nymph laying in a viviparous insect. CHEMOECOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00049-020-00303-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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14
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Kamphuis LG, Klingler JP, Jacques S, Gao LL, Edwards OR, Singh KB. Additive and epistatic interactions between AKR and AIN loci conferring bluegreen aphid resistance and hypersensitivity in Medicago truncatula. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:4887-4902. [PMID: 31087095 PMCID: PMC6760273 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Aphids, including the bluegreen aphid (BGA; Acyrthosiphon kondoi), are important pests in agriculture. Two BGA resistance genes have been identified in the model legume Medicago truncatula, namely AKR (Acyrthosiphon kondoi resistance) and AIN (Acyrthosiphon induced necrosis). In this study, progeny derived from a cross between a resistant accession named Jester and a highly susceptible accession named A20 were used to study the interaction between the AKR and AIN loci with respect to BGA performance and plant response to BGA infestation. These studies demonstrated that AKR and AIN have additive effects on the BGA resistance phenotype. However, AKR exerts dominant suppression epistasis on AIN-controlled macroscopic necrotic lesions. Nevertheless, both AKR and AIN condition production of H2O2 at the BGA feeding site. Electrical penetration graph analysis demonstrated that AKR prevents phloem sap ingestion, irrespective of the presence of AIN. Similarly, the jasmonic acid defense signaling pathway is recruited by AKR, irrespective of AIN. This research identifies an enhancement of aphid resistance through gene stacking, and insights into the interaction of distinct resistance genes against insect pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars G Kamphuis
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Floreat, Australia
- UWA Institute of Agriculture, Crawley, Australia
- Curtin University, Centre for Crop and Disease Management, Bentley, Australia
| | | | - Silke Jacques
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Floreat, Australia
- Curtin University, Centre for Crop and Disease Management, Bentley, Australia
| | | | | | - Karam B Singh
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Floreat, Australia
- UWA Institute of Agriculture, Crawley, Australia
- Curtin University, Centre for Crop and Disease Management, Bentley, Australia
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15
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Girão Filho JE, Pádua LEDM, Portela GLF, Sousa FDM. Thermal requirements and age-specific life tables of cowpea aphids in cowpea under natural field conditions. ARQUIVOS DO INSTITUTO BIOLÓGICO 2019. [DOI: 10.1590/1808-1657000502018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT: Thermal requirements and life tables of insects are important tools in the ecological management of pests. Thus, this study aimed to construct age-specific life tables for Aphis craccivora at different times of the year and, based on their thermal requirements, predict the occurrence of adults under field conditions. To that end, aphids of known age were kept in cages over cowpea plants at different times of the year - November 2016 and March, April, and June 2017 - at the Agricultural Sciences Center of the Federal University of Piauí. Parameters of development, fertility, and mortality were observed daily, allowing us to construct age-specific life tables, as well as an accumulated degree-day model to predict adult occurrence. The time of year affected the first and second stages of development of the cowpea aphid, the nymphal and reproductive periods, longevity, the biological cycle, the number of nymphs produced per female, the daily production of nymphs per female, life expectancy (ex), and survival (Lx). However, the fertility life tables showed significant differences only in the net reproduction rate (R0). The proposed degree-day model reached an accuracy of one day or more than the observed value, with a maximum error of 12.9%. We concluded that the proposed model is adequate to predict the occurrence of adults in the field and that the population parameters of A. craccivora in cowpea are negatively affected during November and positively affected in June.
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16
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Liu Y, Hassan S, Kidd BN, Garg G, Mathesius U, Singh KB, Anderson JP. Ethylene Signaling Is Important for Isoflavonoid-Mediated Resistance to Rhizoctonia solani in Roots of Medicago truncatula. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2017; 30:691-700. [PMID: 28510484 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-03-17-0057-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The root-infecting necrotrophic fungal pathogen Rhizoctoniasolani causes significant disease to all the world's major food crops. As a model for pathogenesis of legumes, we have examined the interaction of R. solani AG8 with Medicago truncatula. RNAseq analysis of the moderately resistant M. truncatula accession A17 and highly susceptible sickle (skl) mutant (defective in ethylene sensing) identified major early transcriptional reprogramming in A17. Responses specific to A17 included components of ethylene signaling, reactive oxygen species metabolism, and consistent upregulation of the isoflavonoid biosynthesis pathway. Mass spectrometry revealed accumulation of the isoflavonoid-related compounds liquiritigenin, formononetin, medicarpin, and biochanin A in A17. Overexpression of an isoflavone synthase in M. truncatula roots increased isoflavonoid accumulation and resistance to R. solani. Addition of exogenous medicarpin suggested this phytoalexin may be one of several isoflavonoids required to contribute to resistance to R. solani. Together, these results provide evidence for the role of ethylene-mediated accumulation of isoflavonoids during defense against root pathogens in legumes. The involvement of ethylene signaling and isoflavonoids in the regulation of both symbiont-legume and pathogen-legume interactions in the same tissue may suggest tight regulation of these responses are required in the root tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Liu
- 1 CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Floreat, Western Australia
- 2 Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Samira Hassan
- 3 Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory; and
| | - Brendan N Kidd
- 1 CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Floreat, Western Australia
| | - Gagan Garg
- 1 CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Floreat, Western Australia
| | - Ulrike Mathesius
- 3 Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory; and
| | - Karam B Singh
- 1 CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Floreat, Western Australia
- 4 The UWA Institute of Agriculture, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia
| | - Jonathan P Anderson
- 1 CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Floreat, Western Australia
- 4 The UWA Institute of Agriculture, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia
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17
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Wongsa K, Duangphakdee O, Rattanawannee A. Genetic Structure of the Aphis craccivora (Hemiptera: Aphididae) From Thailand Inferred From Mitochondrial COI Gene Sequence. JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2017; 17:3966736. [PMID: 28973491 PMCID: PMC5510963 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/iex058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The cowpea aphid, Aphis craccivora Koch (Hemiptera: Aphididae), is one of the most destructive insect pests of legume plants worldwide. Although outbreaks of this pest occur annually in Thailand causing heavy damage, its genetic structure and demographic history are poorly understood. In order to determine genetic structure and genetic relationship of the geographic populations of this species, we examined sequences of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene of 51 individuals collected from 32 localities throughout Thailand. Within the sequences of these geographic populations, 32 polymorphic sites defined 17 haplotypes, ranging in sequence divergence from 0.2% (1 nucleotide) to 2.7% (16 nucleotides). A relatively high haplotype diversity but low nucleotide diversity was detected in the populations of A. craccivora, a finding that is typical for migratory species. Phylogenetic analysis revealed a weak phylogeographic structuring among the geographic populations and among the haplotypes, indicating their close relationship. Considering the distance between the sampling sites, the occurrence of identical haplotypes over wide areas is noteworthy. Moreover, the low genetic distance (FST ranging from -0.0460 to 0.3263) and high rate of per-generation female migration (Nm ranging from 1.0323 to 20.3333) suggested population exchange and gene flow between the A. craccivora populations in Thailand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanyanat Wongsa
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngam Wong Wan Rd., Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand (; )
| | - Orawan Duangphakdee
- King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi, Ratchaburi Campus, 126, Bangmod, Thung Khru, Bangkok 10140, Thailand ()
| | - Atsalek Rattanawannee
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngam Wong Wan Rd., Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand (; )
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18
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Kamphuis LG, Guo SM, Gao LL, Singh KB. Genetic Mapping of a Major Resistance Gene to Pea Aphid (Acyrthosipon pisum) in the Model Legume Medicago truncatula. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:E1224. [PMID: 27483247 PMCID: PMC5000622 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17081224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Revised: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Resistance to the Australian pea aphid (PA; Acyrthosiphon pisum) biotype in cultivar Jester of the model legume Medicago truncatula is mediated by a single dominant gene and is phloem-mediated. The genetic map position for this resistance gene, APR (Acyrthosiphon pisum resistance), is provided and shows that APR maps 39 centiMorgans (cM) distal of the A. kondoi resistance (AKR) locus, which mediates resistance to a closely related species of the same genus bluegreen aphid (A. kondoi). The APR region on chromosome 3 is dense in classical nucleotide binding site leucine-rich repeats (NLRs) and overlaps with the region harbouring the RAP1 gene which confers resistance to a European PA biotype in the accession Jemalong A17. Further screening of a core collection of M. truncatula accessions identified seven lines with strong resistance to PA. Allelism experiments showed that the single dominant resistance to PA in M. truncatula accessions SA10481 and SA1516 are allelic to SA10733, the donor of the APR locus in cultivar Jester. While it remains unclear whether there are multiple PA resistance genes in an R-gene cluster or the resistance loci identified in the other M. truncatula accessions are allelic to APR, the introgression of APR into current M. truncatula cultivars will provide more durable resistance to PA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars G Kamphuis
- Commenwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Agriculture and Food, 147 Underwood Avenue, Floreat, WA 6014, Australia.
- University of Western Australia Insititute of Agriculture, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia.
| | - Su-Min Guo
- Commenwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Agriculture and Food, 147 Underwood Avenue, Floreat, WA 6014, Australia.
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | - Ling-Ling Gao
- Commenwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Agriculture and Food, 147 Underwood Avenue, Floreat, WA 6014, Australia.
| | - Karam B Singh
- Commenwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Agriculture and Food, 147 Underwood Avenue, Floreat, WA 6014, Australia.
- University of Western Australia Insititute of Agriculture, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia.
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19
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Kozłowski J, Strażyński P, Jaskulska M, Kozłowska M. Relationships Between Aphids (Insecta: Homoptera: Aphididae) and Slugs (Gastropoda: Stylommatophora: Agriolimacidae) Pests of Legumes (Fabaceae: Lupinus). JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2016; 16:iew033. [PMID: 27324580 PMCID: PMC4913456 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/iew033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Lupin plants are frequently damaged by various herbivorous invertebrates. Significant among these are slugs and aphids, which sometimes attack the same plants. Relationships between aphids, slugs and food plant are very interesting. Grazing by these pests on young plants can lead to significant yield losses. There is evidence that the alkaloids present in some lupin plants may reduce grazing by slugs, aphids and other invertebrates. In laboratory study was analyzed the relationships between aphid Aphis craccivora and slug Deroceras reticulatum pests of legumes Lupinus angustifolius. It was found that the presence of aphids significantly reduced slug grazing on the plants. The lupin cultivars with high alkaloid content were found to be less heavily damaged by D. reticulatum, and the development of A. craccivora was found to be inhibited on such plants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Przemysław Strażyński
- Department of Entomology, Institute of Plant Protection - National Research Institute, Władysława Węgorka 20, 60-318 Poznań, Poland
| | | | - Maria Kozłowska
- Department of Mathematical and Statistical Methods, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 28, 60-637 Poznań, Poland
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20
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Yang C, Pan H, Liu Y, Zhou X. Temperature and Development Impacts on Housekeeping Gene Expression in Cowpea Aphid, Aphis craccivora (Hemiptera: Aphidiae). PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130593. [PMID: 26090683 PMCID: PMC4474611 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) is a powerful technique to quantify gene expression. To standardize gene expression studies and obtain more accurate qRT-PCR analysis, normalization relative to consistently expressed housekeeping genes (HKGs) is required. In this study, ten candidate HKGs including elongation factor 1 α (EF1A), ribosomal protein L11 (RPL11), ribosomal protein L14 (RPL14), ribosomal protein S8 (RPS8), ribosomal protein S23 (RPS23), NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase (NADH), vacuolar-type H+-ATPase (ATPase), heat shock protein 70 (HSP70), 18S ribosomal RNA (18S), and 12S ribosomal RNA (12S) from the cowpea aphid, Aphis craccivora Koch were selected. Four algorithms, geNorm, Normfinder, BestKeeper, and the ΔCt method were employed to evaluate the expression profiles of these HKGs as endogenous controls across different developmental stages and temperature regimes. Based on RefFinder, which integrates all four analytical algorithms to compare and rank the candidate HKGs, RPS8, RPL14, and RPL11 were the three most stable HKGs across different developmental stages and temperature conditions. This study is the first step to establish a standardized qRT-PCR analysis in A. craccivora following the MIQE guideline. Results from this study lay a foundation for the genomics and functional genomics research in this sap-sucking insect pest with substantial economic impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunxiao Yang
- Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Plant Protection, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America
| | - Huipeng Pan
- Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America
| | - Yong Liu
- Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Plant Protection, Changsha, Hunan, China
- * E-mail: (XGZ); (YL)
| | - Xuguo Zhou
- Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America
- * E-mail: (XGZ); (YL)
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21
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Huynh BL, Ehlers JD, Ndeve A, Wanamaker S, Lucas MR, Close TJ, Roberts PA. Genetic mapping and legume synteny of aphid resistance in African cowpea ( Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.) grown in California. MOLECULAR BREEDING : NEW STRATEGIES IN PLANT IMPROVEMENT 2015; 35:36. [PMID: 25620880 PMCID: PMC4300395 DOI: 10.1007/s11032-015-0254-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/04/2014] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The cowpea aphid Aphis craccivora Koch (CPA) is a destructive insect pest of cowpea, a staple legume crop in Sub-Saharan Africa and other semiarid warm tropics and subtropics. In California, CPA causes damage on all local cultivars from early vegetative to pod development growth stages. Sources of CPA resistance are available in African cowpea germplasm. However, their utilization in breeding is limited by the lack of information on inheritance, genomic location and marker linkage associations of the resistance determinants. In the research reported here, a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population derived from a cross between a susceptible California blackeye cultivar (CB27) and a resistant African breeding line (IT97K-556-6) was genotyped with 1,536 SNP markers. The RILs and parents were phenotyped for CPA resistance using field-based screenings during two main crop seasons in a 'hotspot' location for this pest within the primary growing region of the Central Valley of California. One minor and one major quantitative trait locus (QTL) were consistently mapped on linkage groups 1 and 7, respectively, both with favorable alleles contributed from IT97K-556-6. The major QTL appeared dominant based on a validation test in a related F2 population. SNP markers flanking each QTL were positioned in physical contigs carrying genes involved in plant defense based on synteny with related legumes. These markers could be used to introgress resistance alleles from IT97K-556-6 into susceptible local blackeye varieties by backcrossing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao-Lam Huynh
- Department of Nematology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521 USA
| | - Jeffrey D. Ehlers
- Present Address: Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, WA 98102 USA
| | - Arsenio Ndeve
- Department of Nematology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521 USA
| | - Steve Wanamaker
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521 USA
| | - Mitchell R. Lucas
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521 USA
| | - Timothy J. Close
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521 USA
| | - Philip A. Roberts
- Department of Nematology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521 USA
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Bonneau J, Hayden M. Multiplex-Ready Technology for mid-throughput genotyping of molecular markers. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1145:47-57. [PMID: 24816658 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-0446-4_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Screening molecular markers across large populations in breeding programs is generally time consuming and expensive. The Multiplex-Ready Technology (MRT) (Hayden et al., BMC genomics 9:80, 2008) was created to optimize polymorphism screening and genotyping using standardized PCR reaction conditions. The flexibility of this method maximizes the number of markers (up to 24 markers SSR or SNP, ideally small PCR product <500 bp and highly polymorphic) by using fluorescent dye (VIC, FAM, NED, and PET) and a semiautomated DNA fragment analyzer (ABI3730) capillary electrophoresis for large numbers of DNA samples (96 or 384 samples).
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Bonneau
- Australian Centre for Plant Functional Genomics, School of Botany, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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23
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Kamphuis LG, Zulak K, Gao LL, Anderson J, Singh KB. Plant-aphid interactions with a focus on legumes. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2013; 40:1271-1284. [PMID: 32481194 DOI: 10.1071/fp13090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Sap-sucking insects such as aphids cause substantial yield losses in agriculture by draining plant nutrients as well as vectoring viruses. The main method of control in agriculture is through the application of insecticides. However, aphids rapidly evolve mechanisms to detoxify these, so there is a need to develop durable plant resistance to these damaging insect pests. The focus of this review is on aphid interactions with legumes, but work on aphid interactions with other plants, particularly Arabidopsis and tomato is also discussed. This review covers advances on the plant side of the interaction, including the identification of major resistance genes and quantitative trait loci conferring aphid resistance in legumes, basal and resistance gene mediated defence signalling following aphid infestation and the role of specialised metabolites. On the aphid side of the interaction, this review covers what is known about aphid effector proteins and aphid detoxification enzymes. Recent advances in these areas have provided insight into mechanisms underlying resistance to aphids and the strategies used by aphids for successful infestations and have significant impacts for the delivery of durable resistance to aphids in legume crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars G Kamphuis
- CSIRO Plant Industry, Private Bag 5, Wembley, WA 6913, Australia
| | - Katherine Zulak
- CSIRO Plant Industry, Private Bag 5, Wembley, WA 6913, Australia
| | - Ling-Ling Gao
- CSIRO Plant Industry, Private Bag 5, Wembley, WA 6913, Australia
| | | | - Karam B Singh
- CSIRO Plant Industry, Private Bag 5, Wembley, WA 6913, Australia
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Kamphuis LG, Lichtenzveig J, Peng K, Guo SM, Klingler JP, Siddique KHM, Gao LL, Singh KB. Characterization and genetic dissection of resistance to spotted alfalfa aphid (Therioaphis trifolii) in Medicago truncatula. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2013; 64:5157-72. [PMID: 24058162 PMCID: PMC3830491 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ert305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Aphids cause significant yield losses in agricultural crops worldwide. Medicago truncatula, a model legume, cultivated pasture species in Australia and close relative of alfalfa (Medicago sativa), was used to study the defence response against Therioaphis trifolii f. maculate [spotted alfalfa aphid (SAA)]. Aphid performance and plant damage were compared among three accessions. A20 is highly susceptible, A17 has moderate resistance, and Jester is strongly resistant. Subsequent analyses using A17 and A20, reciprocal F1s and an A17×A20 recombinant inbred line (RIL) population revealed that this moderate resistance is phloem mediated and involves antibiosis and tolerance but not antixenosis. Electrical penetration graph analysis also identified a novel waveform termed extended potential drop, which occurred following SAA infestation of M. truncatula. Genetic dissection using the RIL population revealed three quantitative trait loci on chromosomes 3, 6, and 7 involved in distinct modes of aphid defence including antibiosis and tolerance. An antibiosis locus resides on linkage group 3 (LG3) and is derived from A17, whereas a plant tolerance and antibiosis locus resides on LG6 and is derived from A20, which exhibits strong temporary tolerance. The loci identified reside in regions harbouring classical resistance genes, and introgression of these loci in current medic cultivars may help provide durable resistance to SAA, while elucidation of their molecular mechanisms may provide valuable insight into other aphid-plant interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars G Kamphuis
- CSIRO Plant Industry, Private Bag 5, Wembley, WA 6913, Australia
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