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Soto Acosta ME, Perea M, Ruiz AI, Hilal M, Albornoz PL, Isla MI. Adaptative Strategies in Gymnocalycium Species (Cactaceae) and the Presence of Ectomycorrhizae Associated with Survival in Arid Environments. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2774. [PMID: 37570927 PMCID: PMC10420829 DOI: 10.3390/plants12152774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
The Cactaceae family makes use of different strategies, both physiological and biochemical, for anatomical adjustments that allow them to grow and reproduce in arid environments. Morphological studies of Gymnocalycium have been scarce, and the anatomy and phytochemistry are still largely unknown. The aim of the present work was to analyze the structural, physiological, and biochemical features of Gymnocalycium marianae and G. oenanthemum, two endemic species of arid regions in Argentina. The anatomic structure, biomass, and photosynthetic pigments, as well as phenolic compound contents, were analyzed in the stem, spine, and root of both species. G. marianae showed stems with deeper substomatal chambers and a more developed photosynthetic tissue than G. oenanthemum. The spines of G. oenanthemum showed higher biomass, thicker epidermal and subepidermal cell walls, and a higher content of phenolic compounds than those of G. marianae. Ectomycorrhizae were observed for the first time in roots in both species. Roots of G. marianae showed high colonization, biomass, and content of phenolic compounds. Both species showed abundant mucilaginous fibers in the stem and root. Finally, these results show the strategies associated with the survival in xeric environments of two cacti species at risk of extinction. They could be useful for the development of ex situ conservation programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- María E. Soto Acosta
- CEVIR and Cátedra de Fisiología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Catamarca, Av. Belgrano 300, San Fernando del Valle de Catamarca K4700CTK, Catamarca, Argentina; (M.E.S.A.); (M.P.)
- Instituto de Bioprospección y Fisiología Vegetal (IBIOFIV, UNT-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e IML, San Lorenzo 1469, San Miguel de Tucumán T4000CBG, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Mario Perea
- CEVIR and Cátedra de Fisiología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Catamarca, Av. Belgrano 300, San Fernando del Valle de Catamarca K4700CTK, Catamarca, Argentina; (M.E.S.A.); (M.P.)
| | - Ana I. Ruiz
- Instituto de Morfología Vegetal, Fundación M. Lillo, Miguel Lillo 251, San Miguel de Tucumán T4000JFE, Tucumán, Argentina;
| | - Mirna Hilal
- CEVIR and Cátedra de Fisiología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Catamarca, Av. Belgrano 300, San Fernando del Valle de Catamarca K4700CTK, Catamarca, Argentina; (M.E.S.A.); (M.P.)
- Instituto de Bioprospección y Fisiología Vegetal (IBIOFIV, UNT-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e IML, San Lorenzo 1469, San Miguel de Tucumán T4000CBG, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Patricia L. Albornoz
- Instituto de Morfología Vegetal, Fundación M. Lillo, Miguel Lillo 251, San Miguel de Tucumán T4000JFE, Tucumán, Argentina;
- Cátedra de Anatomía Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e IML, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán (UNT), Miguel Lillo 205, San Miguel de Tucumán T4000JFE, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - María I. Isla
- Instituto de Bioprospección y Fisiología Vegetal (IBIOFIV, UNT-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e IML, San Lorenzo 1469, San Miguel de Tucumán T4000CBG, Tucumán, Argentina
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Sutela S, Hahl T, Tiimonen H, Aronen T, Ylioja T, Laakso T, Saranpää P, Chiang V, Julkunen-Tiitto R, Häggman H. Phenolic compounds and expression of 4CL genes in silver birch clones and Pt4CL1a lines. PLoS One 2014; 9:e114434. [PMID: 25502441 PMCID: PMC4263613 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
A small multigene family encodes 4-coumarate:CoA ligases (4CLs) catalyzing the CoA ligation of hydroxycinnamic acids, a branch point step directing metabolites to a flavonoid or monolignol pathway. In the present study, we examined the effect of antisense Populus tremuloides 4CL (Pt4CL1) to the lignin and soluble phenolic compound composition of silver birch (Betula pendula) Pt4CL1a lines in comparison with non-transgenic silver birch clones. The endogenous expression of silver birch 4CL genes was recorded in the stems and leaves and also in leaves that were mechanically injured. In one of the transgenic Pt4CL1a lines, the ratio of syringyl (S) and guaiacyl (G) lignin units was increased. Moreover, the transcript levels of putative silver birch 4CL gene (Bp4CL1) were reduced and contents of cinnamic acid derivatives altered. In the other two Pt4CL1a lines changes were detected in the level of individual phenolic compounds. However, considerable variation was found in the transcript levels of silver birch 4CLs as well as in the concentration of phenolic compounds among the transgenic lines and non-transgenic clones. Wounding induced the expression of Bp4CL1 and Bp4CL2 in leaves in all clones and transgenic lines, whereas the transcript levels of Bp4CL3 and Bp4CL4 remained unchanged. Moreover, minor changes were detected in the concentrations of phenolic compounds caused by wounding. As an overall trend the wounding decreased the flavonoid content in silver birches and increased the content of soluble condensed tannins. The results indicate that by reducing the Bp4CL1 transcript levels lignin composition could be modified. However, the alterations found among the Pt4CL1a lines and the non-transgenic clones were within the natural variation of silver birches, as shown in the present study by the clonal differences in the transcripts levels of 4CL genes, soluble phenolic compounds and condensed tannins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suvi Sutela
- Department of Biology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Terhi Hahl
- Department of Biology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Heidi Tiimonen
- The Finnish Border Guard, Border and Coast Guard Academy, Imatra, Finland
| | - Tuija Aronen
- Finnish Forest Research Institute, Eastern Finland Regional Unit (Punkaharju Unit), Punkaharju, Finland
| | - Tiina Ylioja
- Finnish Forest Research Institute, Southern Finland Regional Unit (Vantaa Unit), Vantaa, Finland
| | - Tapio Laakso
- Finnish Forest Research Institute, Southern Finland Regional Unit (Vantaa Unit), Vantaa, Finland
| | - Pekka Saranpää
- Finnish Forest Research Institute, Southern Finland Regional Unit (Vantaa Unit), Vantaa, Finland
| | - Vincent Chiang
- Forest Biotechnology Group, Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | | | - Hely Häggman
- Department of Biology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
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Scientific Research Related to Genetically Modified Trees. CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR THE WORLD'S FORESTS IN THE 21ST CENTURY 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-7076-8_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Sutela S, Ylioja T, Jokipii-Lukkari S, Anttila AK, Julkunen-Tiitto R, Niemi K, Mölläri T, Kallio PT, Häggman H. The responses of Vitreoscilla hemoglobin-expressing hybrid aspen (Populus tremula × tremuloides) exposed to 24-h herbivory: expression of hemoglobin and stress-related genes in exposed and nonorthostichous leaves. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2013; 126:795-809. [PMID: 23744275 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-013-0569-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2012] [Accepted: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The responses of transcriptome and phenolic compounds were determined with Populus tremula L. × Populus tremuloides Michx. expressing the hemoglobin (Hb) of Vitreoscilla (VHb) and non-transformant (wt) line. After 24-h exposure of leaves to Conistra vaccinii L., the transcript levels of endogenous non-symbiotic class 1 Hb (PttHb1) and truncated Hb (PttTrHb) genes were modestly reduced and increased, respectively, in both wt and VHb-expressing line. Besides the herbivory exposed leaves showing the most significant transcriptome changes, alterations were also detected in the transcriptome of nonorthostichous leaves positioned directly above the exposed leaves. Both wt and VHb-expressing line displayed similar herbivory-induced effects on gene expression, although the extent of responses was more pronounced in the wt than in the VHb-expressing line. The contents of phenolic compounds were not altered due to herbivory and they were alike in the wt and VHb-expressing line. In addition, we determined the relative growth rates (RGRs) of Orthosia gothica L., Ectropis crepuscularia Denis & Schiff. and Orgyia antiqua L. larvae, and found no variation in the RGRs between the lines. Thus, VHb-expressing P. tremula × tremuloides lines showed to be comparable with wt in regards to the food quality of leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suvi Sutela
- Department of Biology, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 3000, 90014, Oulu, Finland,
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Dall'Acqua S, Minesso P, Comai S, Shrestha BB, Gewali MB, Kumar Jha P, Innocenti G. Triterpene Derivatives from Abies Spectabilis Leaves of Nepalese Origin. Nat Prod Commun 2011. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1100600612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Our ongoing studies of Nepalese medicinal plants has led to the isolation and characterization of five new triterpenes, two known triterpenes and two phenolic derivatives from Abies spectabilis (D. Don) Mirb leaves grown in the high mountain. The structures of the isolated compounds were characterized by means of 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic and MS techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Dall'Acqua
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Padova University, 35100 Padova, Italy
| | - Paola Minesso
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Padova University, 35100 Padova, Italy
| | - Stefano Comai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Padova University, 35100 Padova, Italy
| | | | - Mohan Bikram Gewali
- Central Department of Chemistry, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Pramod Kumar Jha
- Central Department of Botany, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal
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Malone LA, Todd JH, Burgess EPJ, Walter C, Wagner A, Barratt BIP. Developing risk hypotheses and selecting species for assessing non-target impacts of GM trees with novel traits: the case of altered-lignin pine trees. ENVIRONMENTAL BIOSAFETY RESEARCH 2010; 9:181-98. [PMID: 22293130 DOI: 10.1051/ebr/2011109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
A procedure is presented for developing environmental risk hypotheses associated with the deployment of forest trees genetically modified to have altered wood properties and for selecting non-target species to test these hypotheses. Altered-lignin Pinus radiata trees intended for use in New Zealand are used as a hypothetical case study to illustrate our approach. Firstly, environmental management goals (such as wood production, flood control or preservation of biodiversity) were identified and linked to the forest attributes they require. Necessary conditions for each attribute were listed and appropriate assessment endpoints for them developed. For example, biological control of pests may be one condition necessary for a forest to have healthy trees, and the diversity and abundance of natural enemy species in the forest could be an appropriate assessment endpoint for measuring this condition. A conceptual model describing the relationships between an altered-lignin GM pine tree and potentially affected invertebrates and micro-organisms in a plantation forest was used to develop a set of risk hypotheses describing how the GM trees might affect each assessment endpoint. Because purified lignin does not represent the properties it imparts to wood, maximum hazard dose tests with non-target organisms, as are used to inform toxin risk assessment, cannot be conducted. Alternative experiments, based on current knowledge of the responses of organisms to lignin, must be designed. A screening method was adapted and applied to a database of invertebrate species known to inhabit New Zealand pine forests to identify and prioritize non-target invertebrate species that could be used as experimental subjects for examining these hypotheses. The screening model and its application are presented, along with a set of recommendations for pre-release tests with GM pines and potentially affected invertebrates and micro-organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise A Malone
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited (Plant & Food Research), Mt Albert, Auckland Mail Centre, Auckland, New Zealand.
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