1
|
Bischoff SC, Kaden-Volynets V, Filipe Rosa L, Guseva D, Seethaler B. Regulation of the gut barrier by carbohydrates from diet - Underlying mechanisms and possible clinical implications. Int J Med Microbiol 2021; 311:151499. [PMID: 33864957 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2021.151499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut barrier has been recognized as being of relevance in the pathogenesis of multiple different diseases ranging from inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory joint disease, fatty liver disease, and cardiometabolic disorders. The regulation of the gut barrier is, however, poorly understood. Especially, the role of food components such as sugars and complex carbohydrates has been discussed controversially in this respect. More recently, the intestinal microbiota has been proposed as an important regulator of the gut barrier. Whether the microbiota affects the barrier by its own, or whether food components such as carbohydrates mediate their effects through alterations of the microbiota composition or its metabolites, is still not clear. In this review, we will summarize the current knowledge on this topic derived from both animal and human studies and discuss data for possible clinical impact.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephan C Bischoff
- Nstitute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Valentina Kaden-Volynets
- Nstitute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany; Acousia Therapeutics GmbH & Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Louisa Filipe Rosa
- Nstitute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Daria Guseva
- Nstitute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Benjamin Seethaler
- Nstitute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Mota P, Barbosa-Martins J, Moura RS, Lima E, Miranda A, Correia-Pinto J, Carvalho-Dias E. Effects of testosterone replacement on serotonin levels in the prostate and plasma in a murine model of hypogonadism. Sci Rep 2020; 10:14688. [PMID: 32895458 PMCID: PMC7477238 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-71718-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Benign prostate hyperplasia is a dysfunctional disease with an elevated prevalence. Despite the accepted impact of aging and testosterone (TES) in its pathophysiology, its aetiology remains unknown. Recent studies described that serotonin (5-HT) inhibits benign prostate growth through the modulation of the androgen receptor, in the presence of TES. Accordingly, this work aimed to determine the impact of castration and TES replacement in plasmatic and prostatic 5-HT regulation. C57BL/6 mice were submitted to surgical castration and divided into three groups, continually exposed to either vehicle or different TES doses for 14 days. Plasmatic 5-HT concentration was measured before and after castration, and after TES reintroduction. Finally, total prostatic weight and intra-prostatic 5-HT were determined in the different groups. Our results demonstrate that mice prostate exhibits high 5-HT tissue levels and that intra-prostatic total 5-HT was independent of castration or TES reintroduction, in all studied groups. Also, 5-HT plasmatic concentration significantly increased after castration and then normalized after TES administration. Our findings revealed that mice prostate has a high 5-HT content and that total prostatic 5-HT levels do not depend on androgens' action. On the other hand, castration induced a significant increase in plasmatic 5-HT concentration, raising the hypothesis that androgens might be regulating the production of extra-prostatic 5-HT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Mota
- School of Medicine, Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), University of Minho, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal.
- ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.
- Department of Urology, Hospital of Braga, E.P.E, Braga, Portugal.
| | - João Barbosa-Martins
- School of Medicine, Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), University of Minho, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Rute S Moura
- School of Medicine, Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), University of Minho, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Estêvão Lima
- School of Medicine, Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), University of Minho, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
- Department of Urology, Hospital of Braga, E.P.E, Braga, Portugal
| | - Alice Miranda
- School of Medicine, Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), University of Minho, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Jorge Correia-Pinto
- School of Medicine, Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), University of Minho, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Hospital de Braga, E.P.E., Braga, Portugal
| | - Emanuel Carvalho-Dias
- School of Medicine, Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), University of Minho, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
- Department of Urology, Hospital of Braga, E.P.E, Braga, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wei SM, Wang RY, Chen YS. Sesamol Protects Testis from Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury through Scavenging Reactive Oxygen Species and Upregulating CREM τ Expression. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:9043806. [PMID: 32655774 PMCID: PMC7320277 DOI: 10.1155/2020/9043806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Testicular torsion/detorsion-induced damage is considered as a typical ischemia-reperfusion injury attributed to excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. ROS may regulate many genes whose expression affects cell-cycle regulation, cell proliferation, and apoptosis. The cAMP-responsive element modulator-τ (CREMτ) gene expression in the testis is essential for normal germ cell differentiation. The present study was aimed at investigating the effect of sesamol, a powerful antioxidant, on testicular ischemia-reperfusion injury and related mechanisms in an experimental testicular torsion-detorsion rat model. The type of our study was a randomized controlled trial. Sixty rats were randomly divided into the following 3 groups: (1) sham-operated control group (n = 20), (2) testicular ischemia-reperfusion group (n = 20), and (3) testicular ischemia-reperfusion+sesamol-treated group (n = 20). Testicular ischemia-reperfusion was induced by left testicular torsion (720° rotation in a counterclockwise direction) for 2 hours, followed by detorsion. Orchiectomy was performed at 4 hours or 3 months after detorsion. The testis was obtained for the analysis of the following parameters, including malondialdehyde level (a sensitive indicator of ROS), CREMτ expression, and spermatogenesis. In the testicular ischemia-reperfusion group, the malondialdehyde level was significantly increased with a concomitant significant decrease in CREMτ expression and spermatogenesis in ipsilateral testis. These results suggest that overproduction of ROS after testicular ischemia-reperfusion may downregulate CREMτ expression, which causes spermatogenic injury. Sesamol treatment resulted in a significant reduction in the malondialdehyde level and significant increase in CREMτ expression and spermatogenesis in ipsilateral testis. These data support the above suggestion. Our study shows that sesamol can attenuate testicular ischemia-reperfusion injury through scavenging ROS and upregulating CREMτ expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Si-Ming Wei
- Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province 310015, China
- School of Nursing, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province 310053, China
| | - Rong-Yun Wang
- School of Nursing, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province 310053, China
| | - Yan-Song Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhejiang Xiaoshan Hospital, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province 311200, China
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Xinhua Hospital of Zhejiang Province), Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province 310005, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wang L, Fan X, Han J, Cai M, Wang X, Wang Y, Shang J. Gut-Derived Serotonin Contributes to the Progression of Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis via the Liver HTR2A/PPARγ2 Pathway. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:553. [PMID: 32477107 PMCID: PMC7240039 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The precipitous increase in occurrence of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a serious threat to public health worldwide. The pathogenesis of NASH has not yet been thoroughly studied. We aimed to elucidate the interplay between serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) and NASH. The serum 5-HT levels in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and a rat fed with high fat-sucrose diet (HFSD) were evaluated using liquid chromatography-hybrid quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF MS)/MS. The peripheral Tph1 inhibitor, LP533401, and a tryptophan (TRP)-free diet were administered to rats with NASH, induced by HFSD. BRL-3A cells were treated with 1 mM free fatty acids (FFAs) and/or 50 μM 5-HT, and then small interfering RNA (siRNA) targeting the 5-HT2A receptor (HTR2A) and the PPARγ pharmaceutical agonist, pioglitazone, were applied. We found a marked correlation between 5-HT and NASH. The absence of 5-HT, through the pharmaceutical blockade of Tph1 (LP533401) and dietary control (TRP-free diet), suppressed hepatic lipid load and the expression of inflammatory factors (Tnfα, Il6, and Mcp-1). In BRL-3A cells, 50 μM 5-HT induced lipid accumulation and upregulated the expression of lipogenesis-ralated genes (Fas, Cd36, and Plin2) and the inflammatory response. Specifically, HTR2A knockdown and evaluation of PPARγ agonist activity revealed that HTR2A promoted hepatic steatosis and inflammation by activating PPARγ2. These results suggested that duodenal 5-HT was a risk factor in the pathological progression of NASH. Correspondingly, it may represent an attractive therapeutic target for preventing the development of NASH via the regulation of the HTR2A/PPARγ2 signaling pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.,Division of Clinical Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, Drum Tower Hospital Affiliated to Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiangcheng Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jichun Han
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Minxuan Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaozhong Wang
- Department of Hepatology, Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu Fifth People's Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Sun W, Guo Y, Zhang S, Chen Z, Wu K, Liu Q, Liu K, Wen L, Wei Y, Wang B, Chen D. Fecal Microbiota Transplantation Can Alleviate Gastrointestinal Transit in Rats with High-Fat Diet-Induced Obesity via Regulation of Serotonin Biosynthesis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:8308671. [PMID: 30370307 PMCID: PMC6189652 DOI: 10.1155/2018/8308671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
AIM We tested the hypothesis that fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) could regulate the biotransformation of bile acids, such as deoxycholic acid (DCA) and cholic acid (CA), which in turn regulate the biosynthesis of serotonin in the gut and relieve gastrointestinal dysmotility in high-fat diet- (HFD-) induced obesity in rats. METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into the control diet group, HFD group, and HFD-fed with receiving FMT. HFD was fed for 12 weeks. At the end of two-week HFD, FMT was carried out for two weeks. The gastrointestinal transit, serotonin concentration, the expression of tryptophan hydroxylase 1 (TPH1) and serotonin reuptake transporter (SERT), and the levels of bile acids in intestinal contents were examined. RESULTS Compared with the control group, the gastrointestinal transit and small intestinal serotonin concentration of HFD-fed rats were increased. In HFD-fed rats, TPH1 protein expression was increased significantly, while SERT protein expression was decreased, but not significant. The levels of CA and DCA in intestinal contents were also significantly increased in HFD-fed rats compared with the control group. After HFD-fed rats receiving FMT treatment, the gastrointestinal transit, small intestinal serotonin concentration, and TPH1 expression were decreased, while SERT expression was not affected. Moreover, the levels of CA and DCA in intestinal contents were also decreased. CONCLUSIONS FMT could alleviate small intestinal transit in the HFD-fed rats by regulating the serotonin biosynthesis. In this process, CA and DCA may be related to the regulation of synthesis of serotonin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Sun
- Department of Gastroenterology, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Yan Guo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Shirong Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Zhihui Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Kangqi Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Qin Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Kaijun Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Liangzhi Wen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Yanling Wei
- Department of Gastroenterology, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Dongfeng Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Gong XW, Xu YJ, Yang QH, Liang YJ, Zhang YP, Wang GL, Li YY. Effect of Soothing Gan (Liver) and Invigorating Pi (Spleen) Recipes on TLR4-p38 MAPK Pathway in Kupffer Cells of Non-alcoholic Steatohepatitis Rats. Chin J Integr Med 2018; 25:216-224. [PMID: 29335857 DOI: 10.1007/s11655-018-2829-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the mechanism of inflflammatory-mediated toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) pathway in Kupffer cells (KCs) of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) rats and the intervention effect of soothing Gan (Liver) and invigorating Pi (Spleen) recipes on this pathway. METHODS After 1 week of acclimatization, 120 Sprague-Dawley male rats were randomly divided into 8 groups using a random number table (n=15 per group): normal group, model group, low-dose Chaihu Shugan Powder (, CHSG) group (3.2 g/kg), high-dose CHSG group (9.6 g/kg), low-dose Shenling Baizhu Powder (, SLBZ) group (10 g/kg), high-dose SLBZ (30 g/kg) group, and low- and highdose integrated recipe (L-IR, H-IR) groups. All rats in the model and treatment groups were fed with a high-fat diet (HFD). The treatments were administrated by gastrogavage once daily and lasted for 26 weeks. The liver tissues were detected with hematoxylin-eosin (HE) and oil red O staining. Levels of liver lipids, serum lipids and transaminases were measured. KCs were isolated from the livers of rats to evaluate the mRNA expressions of TLR4 and p38 MAPK by real-time flfluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and proteins expressions of TLR4, p-p38 MAPK and p38 MAPK by Western blot. Levels of inflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1 and IL-6 in KCs were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS After 26 weeks of HFD feeding, HE and oil red O staining showed that the NASH model rats successfully reproduced typical pathogenesis and histopathological features. Compared with the normal group, the model group exhibited significant increases in body weight, liver weight, liver index, serum levels of total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and aspartate aminotransferase as well as TC and TG levels in liver tissues, and significant decrease in serum level of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (Plt;0.05 or Plt;0.01), while those indices were significantly ameliorated in the H-IR group (Plt;0.05 or Plt;0.01). Higher levels of TNF-α, IL-1 and IL-6 in KCs were observed in the model group compared with the normal group (Plt;0.01). Significant decreases in TNF-α, IL-1 and IL-6 were observed in the H-SLBZ, H-IR and L-IR groups compared with the model group (Plt;0.05 or Plt;0.01). The mRNA expressions of TLR4 and p38 MAPK and protein expressions of TLR4, p38 MAPK and p-p38 MAPK in KCs in the model group were significantly higher than the normal group (Plt;0.01), while those expression levels in the L-IR and H-IR groups were significantly lower than the model group (Plt;0.05 or Plt;0.01). CONCLUSION Inflflammation in KCs might play an important role in the pathogenesis of NASH in rats. The data demonstrated the importance of TLR4-p38MAPK signaling pathway in KCs for the anti-inflflammatory effect of soothing Gan and invigorating Pi recipes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Wen Gong
- School of Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Yong-Jian Xu
- School of Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Qin-He Yang
- School of Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
| | - Yin-Ji Liang
- School of Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Yu-Pei Zhang
- School of Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Guan-Long Wang
- School of Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Li
- School of Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ritze Y, Schollenberger A, Hamze Sinno M, Bühler N, Böhle M, Bárdos G, Sauer H, Mack I, Enck P, Zipfel S, Meile T, Königsrainer A, Kramer M, Bischoff SC. Gastric ghrelin, GOAT, leptin, and leptinR expression as well as peripheral serotonin are dysregulated in humans with obesity. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2016; 28:806-15. [PMID: 26787056 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.12773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastrointestinal hormone release and the regulation of appetite and body weight are thought to be dysbalanced in obesity. However, human data investigating the expression of gastrointestinal hormones in the obese are rare. We studied the expression of ghrelin, leptin, and the serotonergic system in stomach tissue and serum of obese and non-obese individuals. METHODS Gastric tissue and serum were collected from 29 adult obese (BMI 48.7 ± 10.6 kg/m(2) ; mean ± SD) who underwent laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy. Gastric biopsies, surgery specimen or serum was obtained from 35 adult non-obese humans (BMI 22.7 ± 1.9 kg/m(2) ). Ghrelin, ghrelin O-acyl transferase (GOAT), leptin, leptin receptor, and tryptophan hydroxylase 1 (TPH1) mRNA expression were measured by qRT-PCR. Serotonin (5HT) and leptin protein concentration were quantified in tissue extracts and serum; GOAT and ghrelin-positive cells were immunohistologically quantified in tissue. Additionally, 21 blood immune markers were analyzed. KEY RESULTS In gastric tissue, GOAT-positive cells were reduced (p < 0.01), but ghrelin-positive cells and mRNA were increased (both p < 0.05) in obese compared with non-obese individuals. Gastric leptin (p < 0.001) and leptin receptor (p < 0.001) mRNA expression, as well as leptin concentrations in serum (p < 0.001), were increased in obese compared with non-obese individuals. Serum 5HT was reduced (p < 0.05), while tissue 5HT and TPH1 mRNA were reduced only by trend. Interleukin 1 receptor a (IL1Ra), IL-8, IL-12, and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (IL1Ra) were increased and IL1Ra correlated negatively with serum leptin. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES Our data indicate that obesity causes a dysregulation of gastrointestinal hormones at the tissue level and serum, including a negative correlation with an increased marker of subclinical inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Ritze
- Department of Nutritional Medicine, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany.,Institute for Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - A Schollenberger
- Department of Nutritional Medicine, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - M Hamze Sinno
- Department of Nutritional Medicine, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - N Bühler
- Department of Nutritional Medicine, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - M Böhle
- Department of Nutritional Medicine, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - G Bárdos
- Department of Nutritional Medicine, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - H Sauer
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - I Mack
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - P Enck
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - S Zipfel
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - T Meile
- Department of General and Transplant Surgery and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - A Königsrainer
- Department of General and Transplant Surgery and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - M Kramer
- Arabella Clinic, München, Germany
| | - S C Bischoff
- Department of Nutritional Medicine, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Preventive effects of citrulline on Western diet-induced non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in rats. Br J Nutr 2016; 116:191-203. [PMID: 27197843 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114516001793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A Western diet induces insulin resistance, liver steatosis (non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)) and intestinal dysbiosis, leading to increased gut permeability and bacterial translocation, thus contributing to the progression of NAFLD to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. In the present study, we sought, in a model of Western diet-induced NAFLD, to determine whether citrulline (Cit), an amino acid that regulates protein and energy metabolism, could decrease Western diet-induced liver injuries, as well as the mechanisms involved. Sprague-Dawley rats were fed a high-fat diet (45 %) and fructose (30 %) in drinking water or a control diet associated with water (group C) for 8 weeks. The high-fat, high-fructose diet (Western diet) was fed either alone (group WD) or with Cit (1 g/kg per d) (group WDC) or an isonitrogenous amount of non-essential amino acids (group WDA). We evaluated nutritional and metabolic status, liver function, intestinal barrier function, gut microbiota and splanchnic inflammatory status. Cit led to a lower level of hepatic TAG restricted to microvesicular lipid droplets and to a lower mRNA expression of CCAAT-enhancer-binding protein homologous protein, a marker of endoplasmic reticulum stress, of pro-inflammatory cytokines Il6 (P<0·05) and Tnfα, and of toll-like receptor 4 (Tlr4) (P<0·05). Cit also improved plasma TAG and insulin levels. In the colon, it decreased inflammation (Tnfα and Tlr4 expressions) and increased claudin-1 protein expression. This was associated with higher levels of Bacteroides/Prevotella compared with rats fed the Western diet alone. Cit improves Western diet-induced liver injuries via decreased lipid deposition, increased insulin sensitivity, lower inflammatory process and preserved antioxidant status. This may be related in part to its protective effects at the gut level.
Collapse
|
9
|
Shajib MS, Khan WI. The role of serotonin and its receptors in activation of immune responses and inflammation. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2015; 213:561-74. [PMID: 25439045 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Revised: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Serotonin or 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) is a neurotransmitter and hormone that contributes to the regulation of various physiological functions by its actions in the central nervous system (CNS) and in the respective organ systems. Peripheral 5-HT is predominantly produced by enterochromaffin (EC) cells of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. These gut-resident cells produce much more 5-HT than all neuronal and other sources combined, establishing EC cells as the main source of this biogenic amine in the human body. Peripheral 5-HT is also a potent immune modulator and affects various immune cells through its receptors and via the recently identified process of serotonylation. Alterations in 5-HT signalling have been described in inflammatory conditions of the gut, such as inflammatory bowel disease. The association between 5-HT and inflammation, however, is not limited to the gut, as changes in 5-HT levels have also been reported in patients with allergic airway inflammation and rheumatoid arthritis. Based on searches for terms such as '5-HT', 'EC cell', 'immune cells' and 'inflammation' in pubmed.gov as well as by utilizing pertinent reviews, the current review aims to provide an update on the role of 5-HT in biological functions with a particular focus on immune activation and inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M. S. Shajib
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute; Hamilton ON Canada
- Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine; McMaster University; Hamilton ON Canada
| | - W. I. Khan
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute; Hamilton ON Canada
- Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine; McMaster University; Hamilton ON Canada
- Hamilton Regional Laboratory Medicine Program; Hamilton Health Sciences; Hamilton ON Canada
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Xie F, Jia L, Lin M, Shi Y, Yin J, Liu Y, Chen D, Meng Q. ASPP2 attenuates triglycerides to protect against hepatocyte injury by reducing autophagy in a cell and mouse model of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. J Cell Mol Med 2014; 19:155-64. [PMID: 25256142 PMCID: PMC4288359 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
ASPP2 is a pro-apoptotic member of the p53 binding protein family. ASPP2 has been shown to inhibit autophagy, which maintains energy balance in nutritional deprivation. We attempted to identify the role of ASPP2 in the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). In a NAFLD cell model, control treated and untreated HepG2 cells were pre-incubated with GFP-adenovirus (GFP-ad) for 12 hrs and then treated with oleic acid (OA) for 24 hrs. In the experimental groups, the HepG2 cells were pre-treated with ASPP2-adenovirus (ASPP2-ad) or ASPP2-siRNA for 12 hrs and then treated with OA for 24 hrs. BALB/c mice fed a methionine- and choline-deficient (MCD) diet were used to generate a mouse model of NAFLD. The mice with fatty livers in the control group were pre-treated with injections of GFP-ad for 10 days. In the experimental group, the mice that had been pre-treated with ASPP2-ad were fed an MCD diet for 10 days. ASPP2-ad or GFP-ad was administered once every 5 days. Liver tissue from fatty liver patients and healthy controls were used to analyse the role of ASPP2. Autophagy, apoptosis markers and lipid metabolism mediators, were assessed with confocal fluorescence microscopy, immunohistochemistry, western blot and biochemical assays. ASPP2 overexpression decreased the triglyceride content and inhibited autophagy and apoptosis in the HepG2 cells. ASPP2-ad administration suppressed the MCD diet-induced autophagy, steatosis and apoptosis and decreased the previously elevated alanine aminotransferase levels. In conclusion, ASPP2 may participate in the lipid metabolism of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and attenuate liver failure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fang Xie
- Beijing You An Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Beijing, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Modeling progressive non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in the laboratory mouse. Mamm Genome 2014; 25:473-86. [PMID: 24802098 PMCID: PMC4164843 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-014-9521-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common liver disease in the world and its prevalence is rising. In the absence of disease progression, fatty liver poses minimal risk of detrimental health outcomes. However, advancement to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) confers a markedly increased likelihood of developing severe liver pathologies, including fibrosis, cirrhosis, organ failure, and cancer. Although a substantial percentage of NAFLD patients develop NASH, the genetic and molecular mechanisms driving this progression are poorly understood, making it difficult to predict which patients will ultimately develop advanced liver disease. Deficiencies in mechanistic understanding preclude the identification of beneficial prognostic indicators and the development of effective therapies. Mouse models of progressive NAFLD serve as a complementary approach to the direct analysis of human patients. By providing an easily manipulated experimental system that can be rigorously controlled, they facilitate an improved understanding of disease development and progression. In this review, we discuss genetically- and chemically-induced models of NAFLD that progress to NASH, fibrosis, and liver cancer in the context of the major signaling pathways whose disruption has been implicated as a driving force for their development. Additionally, an overview of nutritional models of progressive NAFLD is provided.
Collapse
|