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Ferguson Toll J, Solà E, Perez MA, Piano S, Cheng A, Subramanian AK, Kim WR. Infections in decompensated cirrhosis: Pathophysiology, management, and research agenda. Hepatol Commun 2024; 8:e0539. [PMID: 39365139 PMCID: PMC11458171 DOI: 10.1097/hc9.0000000000000539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 10/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Bacterial infections in patients with cirrhosis lead to a 4-fold increase in mortality. Immune dysfunction in cirrhosis further increases the risk of bacterial infections, in addition to alterations in the gut microbiome, which increase the risk of pathogenic bacteria. High rates of empiric antibiotic use contribute to increased incidence of multidrug-resistant organisms and further increases in mortality. Despite continous advances in the field, major unknowns regarding interactions between the immune system and the gut microbiome and strategies to reduce infection risk and improve mortality deserve further investigation. Here, we highlight the unknowns in these major research areas and make a proposal for a research agenda to move toward improving disease progression and outcomes in patients with cirrhosis and infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Ferguson Toll
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Elsa Solà
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | | | - Salvatore Piano
- Department of Medicine, University Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Alice Cheng
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Aruna K. Subramanian
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - W. Ray Kim
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA
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2
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Zhang Y, Wu D, Tian X, Chen B. From hepatitis B virus infection to acute-on-chronic liver failure: The dynamic role of hepatic macrophages. Scand J Immunol 2024; 99:e13349. [PMID: 38441398 DOI: 10.1111/sji.13349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) is a progressive disease that is associated with rapid worsening of clinical symptoms and high mortality. A multicentre prospective study from China demonstrated that patients with hepatitis B virus-related ACLF (HBV-ACLF) exhibited worse clinical characteristics and higher mortality rates compared to non-HBV-ACLF patients. Immune dysregulation is closely linked to the potential mechanisms of initiation and progression of ACLF. Innate immune response, which is represented by monocytes/macrophages, is up-regulated across ACLF development. This suggests that monocytes/macrophages play an essential role in maintaining the immune homeostasis of ACLF. Information that has been published in recent years shows that the immune status and function of monocytes/macrophages vary in ACLF precipitated by different chronic liver diseases. Monocytes/macrophages have an immune activation effect in hepatitis B-precipitated-ACLF, but they exhibit an immune suppression in cirrhosis-precipitated-ACLF. Therefore, this review aims to explain whether this difference affects the clinical outcome in HBV-ACLF patients as well as the mechanisms involved. We summarize the novel findings that highlight the dynamic polarization phenotype and functional status of hepatic macrophages from the stage of HBV infection to ACLF development. Moreover, we discuss how different HBV-related liver disease tissue microenvironments affect the phenotype and function of hepatic macrophages. In summary, increasing developments in understanding the differences in immune phenotype and functional status of hepatic macrophages in ACLF patients will provide new perspectives towards the effective restoration of ACLF immune homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- Department of Hepatology, The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Dongsheng Wu
- Department of Anorectal Surgical, The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Xiaoling Tian
- Department of Hepatology, The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Bin Chen
- Department of Hepatology, The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
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Zhang Y, Aldamarany WAS, Deng L, Zhong G. Carbohydrate supplementation retains intestinal barrier and ameliorates bacterial translocation in an antibiotic-induced mouse model. Food Funct 2023; 14:8186-8200. [PMID: 37599609 DOI: 10.1039/d3fo01343j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial translocation (BT), with antibiotic use as an inducer, is associated with increased risk of developing multiple inflammatory disorders, and is closely associated with intestinal barrier integrity. Deacetylated konjac glucomannan (DKGM) and konjac oligo-glucomannan (KOGM) are two of the most widely used derivatives in the food industry. They are structurally and physiologically distinct from konjac glucomannan (KGM), and previous studies have confirmed their prebiotic effects. But whether they play a role in antibiotic-induced BT is unknown. Here, we applied an antibiotic cocktail (Abx) to a mouse model and investigated whether and how KGM and its derivatives function in BT and inflammation response amelioration during and after antibiotics, and which intervention plan is more effective. The results showed that KGM and its derivatives all inhibited BT. The colon tissue lesions caused by BT were largely alleviated, and short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production was highly improved with the supplementation of carbohydrates. The prolonged intervention plan using KGM and its derivatives was more efficient than intervention only during the Abx administration period. Among the three dietary fibers, KGM behaved best, while DKGM and KOGM behaved equivalently. Additionally, KGM and its derivatives all reduced the inflammatory response accompanying BT, but DKGM may have a direct inhibitory efficacy in inflammation other than that through IL-10, unlike KGM or KOGM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zhang
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China.
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Speciality Food Co-Built by Sichuan and Chongqing, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Waleed A S Aldamarany
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China.
- Food Science and Technology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Al-Azhar University (Assiut Branch), Assiut 71524, Egypt
| | - Liling Deng
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of High Active Traditional Chinese Drug Delivery System, Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing Medical and Pharmaceutical College, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Geng Zhong
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China.
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Speciality Food Co-Built by Sichuan and Chongqing, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
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Rathod S. T cells in the peritoneum. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 371:15-41. [PMID: 35964999 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2022.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The peritoneal cavity is a fluid-packed area that houses most of the abdominal organs, including the omentum, a visceral adipose tissue with milky patches or groups of leukocytes organized in the same way to those observed in typical lymphoid tissues. A distinct population of leukocytes patrols the peritoneal cavity and travels in and out of the milky spots, facing antigens or pathogens in the peritoneal fluid and responding appropriately. T cells may play a crucial function in regulating adaptive immune responses to antigens in the peritoneal cavity to ensure tissue homeostasis and healing. When peritoneal homeostasis is interrupted by inflammation, infection, obesity, or tumor metastasis, the omentum's dedicated fibroblastic stromal cells and mesothelial cells control peritoneal leukocyte recruitment and activation in unique ways. T cells, which employ their T cell receptor to target specific antigens, are an important component of the acquired immune response since they are present in the peritoneal cavity. The peritoneum provides a different environment for T cells to respond to pathogens. This chapter outlines the anatomy relevant to T cell function and biology, such as antigen processing/presentation, T cell activation, and the many T cell subpopulations in the peritoneal cavity, as well as their role in cancer or other infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Rathod
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.
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Albillos A, Martin-Mateos R, Van der Merwe S, Wiest R, Jalan R, Álvarez-Mon M. Cirrhosis-associated immune dysfunction. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022; 19:112-134. [PMID: 34703031 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-021-00520-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 73.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The term cirrhosis-associated immune dysfunction (CAID) comprises the distinctive spectrum of immune alterations associated with the course of end-stage liver disease. Systemic inflammation and immune deficiency are the key components of CAID. Their severity is highly dynamic and progressive, paralleling cirrhosis stage. CAID involves two different immune phenotypes: the low-grade systemic inflammatory phenotype and the high-grade systemic inflammatory phenotype. The low-grade systemic inflammatory phenotype can be found in patients with compensated disease or clinical decompensation with no organ failure. In this phenotype, there is an exaggerated immune activation but the effector response is not markedly compromised. The high-grade systemic inflammatory phenotype is present in patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure, a clinical situation characterized by decompensation, organ failure and high short-term mortality. Along with high-grade inflammation, this CAID phenotype includes intense immune paralysis that critically increases the risk of infections and worsens prognosis. The intensity of CAID has important consequences on cirrhosis progression and correlates with the severity of liver insufficiency, bacterial translocation and organ failure. Therapies targeting the modulation of the dysfunctional immune response are currently being evaluated in preclinical and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agustín Albillos
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain. .,Departamento de Medicina y Especialidades Médicas, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain. .,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Rosa Martin-Mateos
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain.,Departamento de Medicina y Especialidades Médicas, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Schalk Van der Merwe
- Laboratory of Hepatology, Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Aging (CHROMETA), University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Reiner Wiest
- Department of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, University Inselspital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Rajiv Jalan
- Liver Failure Group, UCL Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, UCL Medical School, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK.,European Foundation for the Study of Chronic Liver Failure, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Melchor Álvarez-Mon
- Departamento de Medicina y Especialidades Médicas, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario Príncipe de Asturias, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
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Van der Merwe S, Chokshi S, Bernsmeier C, Albillos A. The multifactorial mechanisms of bacterial infection in decompensated cirrhosis. J Hepatol 2021; 75 Suppl 1:S82-S100. [PMID: 34039494 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2020.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Infections, due to a dysfunctional immune response, pose a great risk to patients with decompensated cirrhosis and herald the beginning of the terminal phase of this disease. Infections typically result from breaches in innate immune barriers and inadequate clearance by immune cells. This leads to bacterial and bacterial product translocation to the systemic circulation, which is already primed by ongoing hepatic inflammation in patients with cirrhosis, who are particularly prone to developing organ failure in the presence of an infection. Early identification of bacterial infection, along with the prompt use of appropriate antibiotics, have reduced the mortality associated with certain infections in patients with decompensated cirrhosis. Judicious use of antibiotic therapy remains imperative given the emergence of multidrug-resistant infections in the cirrhotic population. Important research over the last few years has identified molecular targets on immune cells that may enhance their function, and theoretically prevent infections. Clinical trials are ongoing to delineate the beneficial effects of targeted molecules from their off-target effects. Herein, we review the mechanisms that predispose patients with cirrhosis to bacterial infections, the clinical implications of infections and potential targets for the prevention or treatment of infections in this vulnerable population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Schalk Van der Merwe
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University hospital, Leuven, Belgium; Laboratory of Hepatology, University of Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Shilpa Chokshi
- Institute of Hepatology, Foundation for Liver Research, London, UK; Division of Transplantation, Immunology and Mucosal Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Christine Bernsmeier
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Switzerland; University Centre for Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Agustin Albillos
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), CIBEREHD, Universidad de Alcalá, Madrid, Spain
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Singanayagam A, Triantafyllou E. Macrophages in Chronic Liver Failure: Diversity, Plasticity and Therapeutic Targeting. Front Immunol 2021; 12:661182. [PMID: 33868313 PMCID: PMC8051585 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.661182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic liver injury results in immune-driven progressive fibrosis, with risk of cirrhosis development and impact on morbidity and mortality. Persistent liver cell damage and death causes immune cell activation and inflammation. Patients with advanced cirrhosis additionally experience pathological bacterial translocation, exposure to microbial products and chronic engagement of the immune system. Bacterial infections have a high incidence in cirrhosis, with spontaneous bacterial peritonitis being the most common, while the subsequent systemic inflammation, organ failure and immune dysregulation increase the mortality risk. Tissue-resident and recruited macrophages play a central part in the development of inflammation and fibrosis progression. In the liver, adipose tissue, peritoneum and intestines, diverse macrophage populations exhibit great phenotypic and functional plasticity determined by their ontogeny, epigenetic programming and local microenvironment. These changes can, at different times, promote or ameliorate disease states and therefore represent potential targets for macrophage-directed therapies. In this review, we discuss the evidence for macrophage phenotypic and functional alterations in tissue compartments during the development and progression of chronic liver failure in different aetiologies and highlight the potential of macrophage modulation as a therapeutic strategy for liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjuna Singanayagam
- Infection and Immunity Clinical Academic Group, St. George’s University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Evangelos Triantafyllou
- Section of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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Lee DU, Fan GH, Hastie DJ, Prakasam VN, Addonizio EA, Ahern RR, Seog KJ, Karagozian R. The Clinical Impact of Cirrhosis on the Hospital Outcomes of Patients Admitted With Influenza Infection: Propensity Score Matched Analysis of 2011-2017 US Hospital Data. J Clin Exp Hepatol 2021; 11:531-543. [PMID: 34511813 PMCID: PMC8414330 DOI: 10.1016/j.jceh.2021.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Patients with cirrhosis have liver-related immune dysfunction that potentially predisposes the patients to increased influenza infection risk. Our study evaluates this cross-sectional relationship using a national registry of hospital patients. METHODS This study included the 2011-2017 National Inpatient Sample database. From this, respiratory influenza cases were isolated and stratified using the presence of cirrhosis into a cirrhosis-present study cohort and cirrhosis-absent controls; propensity score matching method was used to match the controls to the study cohort (cirrhosis-present) using a 1:1 matching ratio. The endpoints included mortality, length of stay, hospitalization costs, and influenza-related complications. RESULTS Following the match, there were 2,040 with cirrhosis and matched 2,040 without cirrhosis admitted with respiratory influenza infection. Compared to the controls, cirrhosis patients had higher in-hospital mortality (7.79 vs 3.43% p < 0.001, OR 2.38 95% CI 1.78-3.17), longer length of stay (7.25 vs 6.52 d p < 0.001), higher hospitalization costs ($70,009 vs $65,035 p < 0.001), and were more likely be discharged to a skilled nursing facility and home healthcare (vs routine home discharges). In terms of influenza-related complications, the cirrhosis cohort had higher rates of sepsis (29.8 vs 22% p < 0.001, OR 1.51 95% CI 1.31-1.74). In the multivariate regression analysis, cirrhosis was associated with higher mortality (p < 0.001, aOR 2.31 95% CI 1.59-3.35) and length of stay (p = 0.018, aOR 1.03 95% CI 1.01-1.06). In subgroup analysis of patients with decompensated (n = 597) versus compensated cirrhosis (n = 1443), those with decompensated cirrhosis had higher rates of in-hospital mortality (12.7 vs 5.75% p < 0.001, OR 2.39 95% CI 1.72-3.32), length of stay (8.85 vs 6.59 d p < 0.001), and hospitalization costs ($92,858 vs $60,556 p < 0.001). In the multivariate analysis, decompensated cirrhosis was associated with increased mortality (p < 0.001, aOR 2.86 95% CI 1.90-4.32). CONCLUSION This study shows the presence of cirrhosis to result in higher hospital mortality and postinfluenza complications in patients with influenza infection.
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Key Words
- AHRQ, agency for healthcare research and quality
- DRG, diagnosis-related group
- HCUP, healthcare cost and utilization project
- ICD-10, international classification of diseases, tenth edition
- ICD-9, international classification of diseases, ninth edition
- NIS, nationwide inpatient sample
- SBP, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis
- SID, state inpatient database
- VIF, variation inflation factor
- ascites
- common cold
- flu
- influenza-related complications
- portal hypertension
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Affiliation(s)
- David U. Lee
- Address for correspondence: David Uihwan Lee MD, Liver Center, Division of Gastroenterology, Tufts Medical Center, 800 Washington Street, Boston, MA, 02111, USA. T: 617-636-4168, F: 617-636-9292.
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9
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Zadka Ł, Grybowski DJ, Dzięgiel P. Modeling of the immune response in the pathogenesis of solid tumors and its prognostic significance. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2020; 43:539-575. [PMID: 32488850 PMCID: PMC7363737 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-020-00519-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumor initiation and subsequent progression are usually long-term processes, spread over time and conditioned by diverse aspects. Many cancers develop on the basis of chronic inflammation; however, despite dozens of years of research, little is known about the factors triggering neoplastic transformation under these conditions. Molecular characterization of both pathogenetic states, i.e., similarities and differences between chronic inflammation and cancer, is also poorly defined. The secretory activity of tumor cells may change the immunophenotype of immune cells and modify the extracellular microenvironment, which allows the bypass of host defense mechanisms and seems to have diagnostic and prognostic value. The phenomenon of immunosuppression is also present during chronic inflammation, and the development of cancer, due to its duration, predisposes patients to the promotion of chronic inflammation. The aim of our work was to discuss the above issues based on the latest scientific insights. A theoretical mechanism of cancer immunosuppression is also proposed. CONCLUSIONS Development of solid tumors may occur both during acute and chronic phases of inflammation. Differences in the regulation of immune responses between precancerous states and the cancers resulting from them emphasize the importance of immunosuppressive factors in oncogenesis. Cancer cells may, through their secretory activity and extracellular transport mechanisms, enhance deterioration of the immune system which, in turn, may have prognostic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Zadka
- Division of Histology and Embryology, Department of Human Morphology and Embryology, Wroclaw Medical University, ul. Chalubinskiego 6a, 50-368, Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Damian J Grybowski
- Orthopedic Surgery, University of Illinois, 900 S. Ashland Avenue (MC944) Room 3356, Molecular Biology Research Building Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA
| | - Piotr Dzięgiel
- Division of Histology and Embryology, Department of Human Morphology and Embryology, Wroclaw Medical University, ul. Chalubinskiego 6a, 50-368, Wroclaw, Poland
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Abstract
Cirrhosis is a multisystemic disease wherein inflammatory responses originating from advanced liver disease and its sequelae affect distant compartments. Patients with cirrhosis are susceptible to bacterial infections, which may precipitate acute decompensation and acute-on-chronic liver failure, both of which are associated with high short-term mortality. Innate immune cells are an essential first line of defence against pathogens. Activation of liver macrophages (Kupffer cells) and resident mastocytes generate proinflammatory and vaso-permeating mediators that induce accumulation of neutrophils, lymphocytes, eosinophils and monocytes in the liver, and promote tissue damage. During cirrhosis progression, damage- and pathogen-associated molecular patterns activate immune cells and promote development of systemic inflammatory responses which may involve different tissues and compartments. The antibacterial function of circulating neutrophils and monocytes is gradually and severely impaired as cirrhosis worsens, contributing to disease progression. The mechanisms underlying impaired antimicrobial responses are complex and incompletely understood. This review focuses on the continuous and distinct perturbations arising in innate immune cells during cirrhosis, including their impact on disease progression, as well as reviewing potential therapeutic targets.
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Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the changes in the three subsets of monocyte (classical, intermediate, and non-classical) and the expression of human leukocyte antigen-DR (HLA-DR) on monocyte subsets during MP pneumonia in children. Monocyte subsets were analyzed in the peripheral blood of healthy volunteers and MP pneumonia patients at the stages of admission and remission after clinical therapy. They were defined as classical (CD14+CD16-), intermediate (CD14brightCD16+), and non-classical (CD14dimCD16+) using flow cytometry. Furthermore, three subsets of monocyte were analyzed for the expression of HLA-DR. Patients with MP pneumonia at admission had a higher proportion of intermediate and non-classical monocytes than healthy subjects (all P < 0.05). The proportion of intermediate subset and non-classical subset was lower in MP pneumonia patients at remission than at admission (all P < 0.05). In comparison with the other monocyte subsets, intermediate subset showed a significantly higher percentage of HLA-DR in MP pneumonia patients at admission (P < 0.05). Further analysis revealed that the expression of HLA-DR on intermediate subset was lower in severe patients than in non-severe patients (P < 0.05).Our data has shown for the first time that MP pneumonia is associated with the increased proportion of non-classical and intermediate monocytes, indicating the involvement of monocyte-related mechanisms in the pathogenesis of this disease. Additionally, the decreased expression of HLA-DR on CD14brightCD16+ subset may be a potential indicator of the severity of MP pneumonia.
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Ibidapo-Obe O, Stengel S, Köse-Vogel N, Quickert S, Reuken PA, Busch M, Bauer M, Stallmach A, Bruns T. Mucosal-Associated Invariant T Cells Redistribute to the Peritoneal Cavity During Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis and Contribute to Peritoneal Inflammation. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020; 9:661-677. [PMID: 31954178 PMCID: PMC7160599 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2020.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are depleted from blood in patients with advanced liver disease and show features of immune dysfunction. Because circulating MAIT cells differ from organ-resident MAIT cells, we aimed to investigate the frequency, phenotype, and function of peritoneal MAIT cells from patients with cirrhosis and spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP). METHODS MAIT cells in blood and ascitic fluid from patients with cirrhosis were characterized using flow cytometry. Healthy individuals and noncirrhotic patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis served as controls. MAIT cell migration was studied in transwell assays. Cytokine release in response to infected ascitic fluid and bacterial products was assessed in vitro. RESULTS Peritoneal CD3+ CD161hi Vα7.2+ T cells had an inflammatory, tissue retention phenotype, expressing the alpha E integrin, the chemokine receptors CCR5 and CXCR3, and the activation marker CD69 at higher levels than their circulating equivalents. Seventy-seven percent bound to MR1 tetramers loaded with the pyrimidine intermediate 5-(2-oxopropylideneamino)-6-d-ribitylaminouracil. The ratio of peritoneal to blood MAIT cell frequency increased from 1.3 in the absence of SBP to 2.6 at diagnosis and decreased by day 3. MAIT cells migrated toward infected ascitic fluid containing CCL5 and CCL20 and released cytokines in an MR1-restricted fashion. Whereas the depleted circulating MAIT cell pool displayed features of immune exhaustion, peritoneal MAIT cells remained competent producers of inflammatory cytokines in response to bacterial products. Peritoneal MAIT activation correlated with systemic inflammation, suggesting a possible link between peritoneal and systemic immunity. CONCLUSIONS Peritoneal MAIT cells phenotypically and functionally differ from circulating MAIT cells in decompensated cirrhosis and redistribute to the peritoneum during SBP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluwatomi Ibidapo-Obe
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Sven Stengel
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Nilay Köse-Vogel
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Stefanie Quickert
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Philipp A Reuken
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Martin Busch
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Michael Bauer
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, Jena, Germany; Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Andreas Stallmach
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Tony Bruns
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, Jena, Germany; Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany.
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Irvine KM, Ratnasekera I, Powell EE, Hume DA. Causes and Consequences of Innate Immune Dysfunction in Cirrhosis. Front Immunol 2019; 10:293. [PMID: 30873165 PMCID: PMC6401613 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver cirrhosis is an increasing health burden and public health concern. Regardless of etiology, patients with cirrhosis are at risk of a range of life-threatening complications, including the development of infections, which are associated with high morbidity and mortality and frequent hospital admissions. The term Cirrhosis-Associated Immune Dysfunction (CAID) refers to a dynamic spectrum of immunological perturbations that develop in patients with cirrhosis, which are intimately linked to the underlying liver disease, and negatively correlated with prognosis. At the two extremes of the CAID spectrum are systemic inflammation, which can exacerbate clinical manifestations of cirrhosis such as hemodynamic derangement and kidney injury; and immunodeficiency, which contributes to the high rate of infection in patients with decompensated cirrhosis. Innate immune cells, in particular monocytes/macrophages and neutrophils, are pivotal effector and target cells in CAID. This review focuses on the pathophysiological mechanisms leading to impaired innate immune function in cirrhosis. Knowledge of the phenotypic manifestation and pathophysiological mechanisms of cirrhosis associated immunosuppression may lead to immune targeted therapies to reduce susceptibility to infection in patients with cirrhosis, and better biomarkers for risk stratification, and assessment of efficacy of novel immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharine Margaret Irvine
- Mater Research Institute, Translational Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Isanka Ratnasekera
- Mater Research Institute, Translational Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Elizabeth E. Powell
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - David Arthur Hume
- Mater Research Institute, Translational Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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14
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Noceti O, Pouché L, Esperón P, Lens D, Vital M, Touriño C, Gerona S, Woillard JB, Marquet P. Activity of the Calcineurin Pathway in Patients on the Liver Transplantation Waiting List: Factors of Variability and Response to Tacrolimus Inhibition. Clin Chem 2017; 63:1734-1744. [DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2017.272534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
BACKGROUND
We sought to evaluate, in patients on a liver transplantation waiting list, potential biomarkers of the base calcineurin pathway activity with use of a new model of nonstimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and ex vivo response to tacrolimus (TAC).
METHODS
The calcineurin pathway activity was explored ex vivo in stimulated and nonstimulated PBMC from 19 patients. The inhibition of NFAT1 translocation to PBMC nuclei, expression of intracellular IL-2, and membrane CD25 in different T-cell subsets were measured by multiparametric flow cytometry before and after exposure to TAC. We also studied the influence on the individual response of polymorphisms in 3 key genes of the calcineurin pathway: PPIA, PPP3CA, and IL2RA.
RESULTS
All pharmacodynamics profiles closely fitted an I/Imax sigmoid model. Interindividual variability was higher in nonstimulated than in stimulated conditions, as well as in the presence of TAC. IL-2+CD8+ cells at TAC Imax showed the highest interindividual variability, suggesting its usefulness as a biomarker of individual TAC effects integrating many different sources of regulation and variability. Moreover, in the absence of TAC, patients with end-stage liver disease exhibited lower NFAT1 translocation and T-cell activation than healthy volunteers from a previous study under similar conditions. Multivariate statistical analysis showed strong and significant associations between TAC pharmacodynamic parameters and 2 polymorphisms in the gene-coding cyclophilin A (rs8177826 and rs6850).
CONCLUSIONS
We show the feasibility of using nonstimulated PBMCs to explore the calcineurin pathway under more physiologic conditions and point toward potential biomarkers for TAC pharmacodynamic monitoring. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01760356
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Affiliation(s)
- Ofelia Noceti
- U850 INSERM, University of Limoges, CHU Limoges, FHU SUPORT, Limoges, France
- Clinical Biochemistry Department, School of Chemistry, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
- Liver Diseases Department, National Center for Liver Transplantation, Hospital Central de las Fuerzas Armadas, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Lucie Pouché
- U850 INSERM, University of Limoges, CHU Limoges, FHU SUPORT, Limoges, France
| | - Patricia Esperón
- Clinical Biochemistry Department, School of Chemistry, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Daniela Lens
- Department of Fundamental Medicine, School of Medicine, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Marcelo Vital
- Clinical Biochemistry Department, School of Chemistry, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Cristina Touriño
- Department of Fundamental Medicine, School of Medicine, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Solange Gerona
- Liver Diseases Department, National Center for Liver Transplantation, Hospital Central de las Fuerzas Armadas, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | | | - Pierre Marquet
- U850 INSERM, University of Limoges, CHU Limoges, FHU SUPORT, Limoges, France
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15
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Shirk EN, Kral BG, Gama L. Toll-like receptor 2 bright cells identify circulating monocytes in human and non-human primates. Cytometry A 2017; 91:364-371. [PMID: 28323396 PMCID: PMC5516202 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.23098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Polychromatic flow cytometry is a useful tool for monitoring circulating whole blood monocytes, although gating strategies often vary depending on the study. Increased analyses of the myeloid system have revealed monocytes to be more plastic than previously understood and uncovered changes among surface markers previously considered to be stable. The myeloid system has also been found to have disparate surface markers between mouse, human, and non‐human primate studies, which further complicates examination between species. This study has found bright Toll‐like receptor 2 (TLR2) expression to be a consistent surface marker of circulating whole blood monocytes in humans and two species of macaques. Furthermore, within our pigtailed macaque model of HIV‐associated CNS disease, where monocyte surface markers have previously been shown to reorganize during acute infection, TLR2 remains stably expressed on the surface of classical, intermediate, and non‐classical monocytes. Our findings demonstrate that TLR2 is a useful surface marker for including all monocytes during other phenotypic changes that may alter the expression of common surface receptors. These results provide a practical tool for studying all types of monocytes during inflammation and infection within humans and macaques. © 2017 The Authors. Cytometry Part A Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of ISAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin N Shirk
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Brian G Kral
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, GeneSTAR Research Program, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Lucio Gama
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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16
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Silva PCV, Silva AVD, Silva TN, Vasconcelos LMD, Gomes AV, Coêlho MRCD, Muniz MTC, Domingues ALC. There is no evident correlation between interleukin-10 gene polymorphisms and periportal fibrosis regression after specific treatment. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2016; 49:781-785. [PMID: 28001230 DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0141-2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: We evaluated the associations between interleukin-10 (IL-10) gene polymorphisms -G1082A/-C819T/-C592A and periportal fibrosis regression after specific treatment for schistosomiasis. METHODS: This retrospective cohort study involved 125 Brazilian patients infected with Schistosomiasis mansoni, who were followed up for 2 years after specific treatment to estimate the probability of periportal fibrosis regression. RESULTS: There was no evidence of associations between IL-10 polymorphisms and periportal fibrosis regression after treatment. CONCLUSIONS: There was no evidence of associations between gene promoter polymorphisms of IL-10 and the regression of periportal fibrosis in this Brazilian population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aline Vieira da Silva
- Centro Acadêmico de Vitória, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Vitória de Santo Antão, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Taysa Nascimento Silva
- Centro Acadêmico de Vitória, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Vitória de Santo Antão, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | | | - Adriana Vieira Gomes
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Centro de Oncohematologia Pediátrica, Hospital Universitário Oswaldo Cruz, Universidade de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.,Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Maria Rosângela Cunha Duarte Coêlho
- Setor de Virologia do Laboratório de Imunopatologia Keizo-Asami, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.,Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Maria Tereza Cartaxo Muniz
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Centro de Oncohematologia Pediátrica, Hospital Universitário Oswaldo Cruz, Universidade de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.,Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.,Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
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17
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Lüdtke A, Ruibal P, Becker-Ziaja B, Rottstegge M, Wozniak DM, Cabeza-Cabrerizo M, Thorenz A, Weller R, Kerber R, Idoyaga J, Magassouba N, Gabriel M, Günther S, Oestereich L, Muñoz-Fontela C. Ebola Virus Disease Is Characterized by Poor Activation and Reduced Levels of Circulating CD16+ Monocytes. J Infect Dis 2016; 214:S275-S280. [PMID: 27521367 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiw260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
A number of previous studies have identified antigen-presenting cells (APCs) as key targets of Ebola virus (EBOV), but the role of APCs in human Ebola virus disease (EVD) is not known. We have evaluated the phenotype and kinetics of monocytes, neutrophils, and dendritic cells (DCs) in peripheral blood of patients for whom EVD was diagnosed by the European Mobile Laboratory in Guinea. Acute EVD was characterized by reduced levels of circulating nonclassical CD16+ monocytes with a poor activation profile. In survivors, CD16+ monocytes were activated during recovery, coincident with viral clearance, suggesting an important role of this cell subset in EVD pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Lüdtke
- Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology Department of Virology The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Hamburg
| | - Paula Ruibal
- Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology Department of Virology The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Hamburg
| | - Beate Becker-Ziaja
- Department of Virology The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Hamburg
| | - Monika Rottstegge
- Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology
| | - David M Wozniak
- Department of Virology The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Hamburg
| | - Mar Cabeza-Cabrerizo
- Department of Virology German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Hamburg
| | | | - Romy Weller
- Institute of Experimental Virology, Twincore, Center for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, Hannnover, Germany
| | - Romy Kerber
- Department of Virology The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Hamburg
| | - Juliana Idoyaga
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, California
| | - N'Faly Magassouba
- Université Gamal Abdel Nasser de Conakry, Laboratoire des Fièvres Hémorragiques en Guinée, Conakry, Guinea
| | - Martin Gabriel
- Department of Virology The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Hamburg
| | - Stephan Günther
- Department of Virology The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Hamburg
| | - Lisa Oestereich
- Department of Virology The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Hamburg
| | - César Muñoz-Fontela
- Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology Department of Virology The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Hamburg
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18
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Bruns T, Reuken PA, Stengel S, Gerber L, Appenrodt B, Schade JH, Lammert F, Zeuzem S, Stallmach A. The prognostic significance of bacterial DNA in patients with decompensated cirrhosis and suspected infection. Liver Int 2016; 36:1133-42. [PMID: 26901072 DOI: 10.1111/liv.13095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Circulating and peritoneal fragments of microbial DNA (bactDNA) are evidence for bacterial translocation in decompensated cirrhosis and may serve as a rational approach for antibiotic therapy when infection is suspected. METHODS Prospective multicenter study to investigate whether identification of bactDNA from blood or ascitic fluid (AF) by multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is associated with increased 90-day mortality in 218 patients with cirrhosis and signs of infection. RESULTS BactDNA in either compartment was detected in 134 (61%) patients, comprising 54 with bactDNA in blood and AF, 48 with AF bactDNA only, and 32 with blood bactDNA only. BactDNA was associated with spontaneous bacterial peritonitis and blood stream infections (SBP/BSI), acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF), encephalopathy and markers of inflammation. The prevalence of bactDNA in patients with proven SBP/BSI (36/49; 73%) was similar to that in patients with sterile ACLF (37/52; 71%). Actuarial 90-day survival was 56 ± 5% in the absence of bactDNA in both compartments and did not differ if bactDNA was detected in blood only (63 ± 9%), AF only (63 ± 7%), or in blood and AF (52 ± 7%). Predictors of 90-day mortality were SBP (HR = 3.10; 95% CI: 1.90-5.06), BSI (HR = 4.94; 95% CI: 2.71-9.02), and ACLF (HR = 2.20; 95% CI: 1.44-3.35). The detection of resistance genes in blood or AF in the absence of SBP/BSI (n = 11) was associated with poor 1-year survival (HR = 2.35; 95% CI: 1.03-5.35). CONCLUSIONS BactDNA in sterile body fluids did not indicate increased mortality in cirrhotic patients with suspected infection. Using multiplex PCR for risk stratification cannot be recommended in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony Bruns
- The Integrated Research and Treatment Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine IV (Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Infectious Diseases), Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Philipp A Reuken
- The Integrated Research and Treatment Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine IV (Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Infectious Diseases), Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Sven Stengel
- Department of Internal Medicine IV (Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Infectious Diseases), Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Ludmila Gerber
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Frankfurt University Hospital, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Beate Appenrodt
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Saarland University Hospital, Homburg, Germany
| | - Johannes H Schade
- Department of Internal Medicine IV (Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Infectious Diseases), Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Frank Lammert
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Saarland University Hospital, Homburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Zeuzem
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Frankfurt University Hospital, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Andreas Stallmach
- The Integrated Research and Treatment Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine IV (Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Infectious Diseases), Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
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19
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Grønbæk L, Vilstrup H, Deleuran B, Wiest R, Krag A, Jepsen P. Alcoholic Cirrhosis Increases Risk for Autoimmune Diseases: A Nationwide Registry-Based Cohort Study. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2015; 13:2017-22. [PMID: 26044312 DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2015.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Revised: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Alcoholic cirrhosis is associated with hyperactivation and dysregulation of the immune system. In addition to its ability to increase risk for infections, it also may increase the risk for autoimmune diseases. We studied the incidence of autoimmune diseases among patients with alcoholic cirrhosis vs controls in Denmark. METHODS We collected data from nationwide health care registries to identify and follow up all citizens of Denmark diagnosed with alcoholic cirrhosis from 1977 through 2010. Each patient was matched with 5 random individuals from the population (controls) of the same sex and age. The incidence rates of various autoimmune diseases were compared between patients with cirrhosis and controls and adjusted for the number of hospitalizations in the previous year (a marker for the frequency of clinical examination). RESULTS Of the 24,679 patients diagnosed with alcoholic cirrhosis, 532 developed an autoimmune disease, yielding an overall increased adjusted incidence rate ratio (aIRR) of 1.36 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.24-1.50). The strongest associations were with Addison's disease (aIRR, 2.47; 95% CI, 1.04-5.85), inflammatory bowel disease (aIRR, 1.56; 95% CI, 1.26-1.92), celiac disease (aIRR, 5.12; 95% CI, 2.58-10.16), pernicious anemia (aIRR, 2.35; 95% CI, 1.50-3.68), and psoriasis (aIRR, 4.06; 95% CI, 3.32-4.97). There was no increase in the incidence rate for rheumatoid arthritis (aIRR, 0.89; 95% CI, 0.69-1.15); the incidence rate for polymyalgia rheumatica decreased in patients with alcoholic cirrhosis compared with controls (aIRR, 0.47; 95% CI, 0.33-0.67). CONCLUSIONS Based on a nationwide cohort study of patients in Denmark, alcoholic cirrhosis is a risk factor for several autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisbet Grønbæk
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.
| | - Hendrik Vilstrup
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Bent Deleuran
- Department of Rheumatology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Reiner Wiest
- Department of Gastroenterology, Inselspital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Aleksander Krag
- Department of Medical Gastroenterology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Peter Jepsen
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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20
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Moore JK, Mackinnon AC, Wojtacha D, Pope C, Fraser AR, Burgoyne P, Bailey L, Pass C, Atkinson A, Mcgowan NWA, Manson L, Turner ML, Campbell JDM, Forbes SJ. Phenotypic and functional characterization of macrophages with therapeutic potential generated from human cirrhotic monocytes in a cohort study. Cytotherapy 2015; 17:1604-16. [PMID: 26342993 PMCID: PMC4596388 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2015.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Revised: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS Macrophages have complex roles in the liver. The aim of this study was to compare profiles of human monocyte-derived macrophages between controls and cirrhotic patients, to determine whether chronic inflammation affects precursor number or the phenotype, with the eventual aim to develop a cell therapy for cirrhosis. METHODS Infusion of human macrophages in a murine liver fibrosis model demonstrated a decrease in markers of liver injury (alanine transaminase, bilirubin, aspartate transaminase) and fibrosis (transforming growth factor-β, α-smooth muscle actin, phosphatidylserine receptor) and an increase in markers of liver regeneration (matrix metalloproteinases [MMP]-9, MMP-12 and TNF-related weak inducer of apoptosis). CD14+ monocytes were then isolated from controls. Monocytes were matured into macrophages for 7 days using a Good Manufacturing Practice-compatible technique. RESULTS There was no significant difference between the mean number of CD14+ monocytes isolated from cirrhotic patients (n = 9) and controls (n = 10); 2.8 ± SEM 0.54 × 10(8) and 2.5 ± 0.56 × 10(8), respectively. The mean yield of mature macrophages cultured was also not significantly different between cirrhotic patients and controls (0.9 × 10(8) ± 0.38 × 10(8), with more than 90% viability and 0.65 × 10(8) ± 0.16 × 10(8), respectively. Maturation to macrophages resulted in up-regulation of a number of genes (MMP-9, CCL2, interleukin [IL]-10 and TNF-related weak inducer of apoptosis). A cytokine and chemokine polymerase chain reaction array, comparing the control and cirrhotic macrophages, revealed no statistically significant differences. CONCLUSIONS Macrophages can be differentiated from cirrhotic patients' apheresis-derived CD14 monocytes and develop the same pro-resolution phenotype as control macrophages, indicating their suitability for clinical therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna K Moore
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Max Born Crescent, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Alison C Mackinnon
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Max Born Crescent, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Dvina Wojtacha
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Max Born Crescent, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Caroline Pope
- Scottish Universities Life Sciences Alliance (SULSA), Max Born Crescent, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Alasdair R Fraser
- Research, Development and Innovation, Scottish National Blood Transfusion Service, Ellen's Glen Road, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Burgoyne
- Research, Development and Innovation, Scottish National Blood Transfusion Service, Ellen's Glen Road, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Bailey
- Research, Development and Innovation, Scottish National Blood Transfusion Service, Ellen's Glen Road, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Chloe Pass
- Research, Development and Innovation, Scottish National Blood Transfusion Service, Ellen's Glen Road, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Anne Atkinson
- Research, Development and Innovation, Scottish National Blood Transfusion Service, Ellen's Glen Road, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Neil W A Mcgowan
- Research, Development and Innovation, Scottish National Blood Transfusion Service, Ellen's Glen Road, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Lynn Manson
- Scottish National Blood Transfusion Service, Edinburgh Royal Infirmary, United Kingdom
| | - Mark L Turner
- Research, Development and Innovation, Scottish National Blood Transfusion Service, Ellen's Glen Road, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Scottish National Blood Transfusion Service, Edinburgh Royal Infirmary, United Kingdom
| | - John D M Campbell
- Research, Development and Innovation, Scottish National Blood Transfusion Service, Ellen's Glen Road, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart J Forbes
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Max Born Crescent, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
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21
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Santos CAQ, Brennan DC, Chapman WC, Fraser VJ, Olsen MA. Delayed-onset cytomegalovirus disease coded during hospital readmission in a multicenter, retrospective cohort of liver transplant recipients. Liver Transpl 2015; 21:581-90. [PMID: 25678072 PMCID: PMC4545663 DOI: 10.1002/lt.24089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Delayed-onset cytomegalovirus (CMV) disease can occur among liver transplant recipients after CMV prophylaxis is stopped. We hypothesized that delayed-onset CMV disease (>100 days after transplant) occurs more commonly than early-onset CMV disease and is associated with clinical sepsis and death. Using 2004-2010 International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification billing data from 4 Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project state inpatient databases, we assembled a large and more representative cohort of 7229 adult liver transplant recipients from 26 transplant centers, and we identified demographics, comorbidities, CMV disease, and clinical sepsis coded during readmission and inpatient death. Multivariate analysis was performed with Cox proportional hazards models. Delayed-onset CMV disease occurred in 4.3% (n = 309), whereas early-onset CMV disease occurred in 2% (n = 142). Delayed-onset CMV disease was associated with previous transplant failure or rejection [adjusted hazard ratio (aHR), 1.4; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.1-1.7]. Clinical sepsis > 100 days after transplant was associated with previous CMV disease (aHR, 1.3; 95% CI; 1.0-1.7), previous transplant failure or rejection (aHR, 2.1; 95% CI; 1.8-2.4), female sex (aHR, 1.3; 95% CI; 1.1-1.5), and several comorbidities. Death > 100 days after transplant was associated with delayed-onset CMV disease (aHR, 2.0; 95% CI; 1.6-2.6), transplant failure or rejection (aHR, 4.3; 95% CI; 3.4-5.5), increasing age by decade (aHR, 1.1; 95% CI; 1.0-1.2), and some comorbidities. In conclusion, delayed-onset CMV disease is more common than early-onset CMV disease among liver transplant recipients. Previous CMV disease may be a risk factor for clinical sepsis > 100 days after transplant, and delayed-onset CMV disease may be a risk factor for death > 100 days after transplant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A. Q. Santos
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Daniel C. Brennan
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - William C. Chapman
- Abdominal Transplantation Section, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Victoria J. Fraser
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Margaret A. Olsen
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America,Division of Public Health Sciences, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
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22
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Patterns of monocyte subpopulations and their surface expression of HLA-DR during adverse events after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Ann Hematol 2014; 94:825-36. [DOI: 10.1007/s00277-014-2287-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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23
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Xu D, Zhao M, Song Y, Song J, Huang Y, Wang J. Novel insights in preventing Gram-negative bacterial infection in cirrhotic patients: review on the effects of GM-CSF in maintaining homeostasis of the immune system. Hepatol Int 2014; 9:28-34. [DOI: 10.1007/s12072-014-9588-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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24
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Silva PCV, Gomes AV, de Souza TKG, Coêlho MRCD, Cahu GGDOM, Muniz MTC, Domingues ALC. Association of SNP (-G1082A) IL-10 with increase in severity of periportal fibrosis in schistosomiasis, in the northeast of Brazil. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2014; 18:646-52. [PMID: 25079344 DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2014.0098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin 10 (IL-10) is an important anti-inflammatory cytokine that modulates severe periportal fibrosis (PPF). We hypothesized that genetic polymorphisms (-G1082A/-C819T/-C592A) of the IL-10 gene and classic factors (age, sex, alcohol, exposure, and specific treatment) are associated with the severity of PPF and that these polymorphisms influence IL-10 expression. In this cross-sectional study, we genotyped these polymorphisms within the IL-10 gene in 203 Brazilian subjects infected with Schistosoma mansoni, with different patterns of PPF. There was an association of protection between the ages of 41 and 60 years and advanced standard PPF. The -1082AA genotype was significantly associated with severity in PPF when compared with the -1082GG genotype. Similarly, when analyzed together, both the -1082GA+AA genotypes were significantly associated. The ACC and GTA haplotypes indicated a protective effect against PPF, while the ATA haplotype was significantly associated with PPF severity when compared with the GCC haplotype. There was no significant difference between average levels of IL-10 between clinical groups, and there was no association between average serum levels of IL-10 and (-G1082A) IL-10 polymorphism. Our results suggest that (-G1082A) IL-10 polymorphism and putative haplotypes are associated with PPF severity in the Brazilian population.
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Luo C, Shen G, Liu N, Gong F, Wei X, Yao S, Liu D, Teng X, Ye N, Zhang N, Zhou X, Li J, Yang L, Zhao X, Yang L, Xiang R, Wei YQ. Ammonia Drives Dendritic Cells into Dysfunction. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:1080-9. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1303218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Nakamura I. Impairment of innate immune responses in cirrhotic patients and treatment by branched-chain amino acids. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:7298-7305. [PMID: 24966600 PMCID: PMC4064075 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i23.7298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2013] [Revised: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been reported that host defense responses, such as phagocytic function of neutrophils and natural killer (NK) cell activity of lymphocytes, are impaired in cirrhotic patients. This review will concentrate on the impairment of innate immune responses in decompensated cirrhotic patients and the effect of the treatment by branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) on innate immune responses. We already reported that phagocytic function of neutrophils was significantly improved by 3-mo BCAA supplementation. In addition, the changes of NK activity were also significant at 3 mo of supplementation compared with before supplementation. Also, Fisher’s ratios were reported to be significantly increased at 3 mo of BCAA supplementation compared with those before oral supplementation. Therefore, administration of BCAA could reduce the risk of bacterial and viral infection in patients with decompensated cirrhosis by restoring impaired innate immune responses of the host. In addition, it was also revealed that BCAA oral supplementation could reduce the risk of development of hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhotic patients. The mechanisms of the effects will also be discussed in this review article.
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Severe H7N9 infection is associated with decreased antigen-presenting capacity of CD14+ cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e92823. [PMID: 24664315 PMCID: PMC3963940 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 02/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The outbreak of H7N9 human infection has caused concern worldwide, but the immunological characteristics of infected patients and the determinants of diverse outcomes remain to be thoroughly understood. In this study, twenty-three patients with H7N9 infections were classified into severe and mild cases. We found that severe patients were commonly lymphopenic with significantly lower levels of T cells, monocytes and related cytokine levels compared to the mild cases. The expression of HLA-DR on CD14+ cells were significantly lower in the severe infection group compared to the mild group (in acute phase: 34.65±4.88 vs. 10.37±1.69, p<0.001). Importantly, the expression of HLA-DR on CD14+ cells was negatively correlated with H7N9 infection severity. Furthermore, although the phagocytosis capabilities of monocyte were similar between two groups, the monocytes of severe infection patients had a lower antigen-presenting capacity. And some in vitro experiments suggested that the impaired antigen-presenting function is associated with lower activation of T cells in responses to immune stimulation. Our present study suggested that the severe H7N9 patients were in a state of immune decrease which presented with general lymphopenia and low antigen-presenting capacity resulting in impaired T cell response. Additionally, HLA-DR levels of CD14+ cells may be a potential biomarker for predicting H7N9 disease progression.
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Bruns T, Zimmermann HW, Stallmach A. Risk factors and outcome of bacterial infections in cirrhosis. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:2542-2554. [PMID: 24627590 PMCID: PMC3949263 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i10.2542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Revised: 01/05/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Viable and non-viable pathological bacterial translocation promote a self-perpetuating circle of dysfunctional immune activation and systemic inflammation facilitating infections and organ failure in advanced cirrhosis. Bacterial infections and sepsis are now recognized as a distinct stage in the natural progression of chronic liver disease as they accelerate organ failure and contribute to the high mortality observed in decompensated cirrhosis. The increasing knowledge of structural, immunological and hemodynamic pathophysiology in advanced cirrhosis has not yet translated into significantly improved outcomes of bacterial infections over the last decades. Therefore, early identification of patients at the highest risk for developing infections and infection-related complications is required to tailor the currently available measures of surveillance, prophylaxis and therapy to the patients in need in order to improve the detrimental outcome of bacterial infections in cirrhosis.
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