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Getaneh T, Negesse A, Dessie G, Desta M. The impact of tuberculosis co-infection on virological failure among adults living with HIV in Ethiopia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Tuberc Other Mycobact Dis 2022; 27:100310. [PMID: 35284661 PMCID: PMC8913348 DOI: 10.1016/j.jctube.2022.100310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Tuberculosis (TB) is the most common serious opportunistic infection among people with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection and are considered as the double burden diseases of the world. TB is the leading cause of death among people living with HIV, accounting one in three HIV related deaths. Although TB is responsible for high burden of virological unsuppressed in Ethiopia, there is no national level evidence. Therefore, this systematic review and meta-analysis was aimed at estimating the pooled burden of virological unsuppressed among adults with both HIV-TB and impact of TB on virological failure in Ethiopia. Methods The finding of this meta-analysis was reported using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses checklists. Major data bases PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane Library, Science Direct and Google scholar were searched to access articles. Cochran’s Q statistic quantified with inverse variance was computed to check heterogeneity. Funnel plot visualization and Egger’s test were fitted to assess publication bias across included studies. Random effects model meta-analysis using STATA version-15 statistical software was used to estimate the pooled effect with respective 95% confidence intervals. Results A total of 15 primary studies reporting on impact of tuberculosis on virological unsuppressed among adults living with HIV in Ethiopia were eligible for this meta-analysis. Accordingly, the pooled prevalence of virological unsuppressed among adults with both HIV-TB in Ethiopia was 39.09% (95% CI: 29.04, 49.15). In addition, the odds of virological unsuppressed among adults with both HIV-TB was 2.46 times higher when compared with adults living with HIV infection alone (OR = 2.46, 95% CI: 1.74, 3.46). Conclusion The present systematic review and meta-analysis evidenced that the pooled prevalence of virological unsuppressed among adults with both HIV-TB was much higher than virological unsuppressed among adults living with HIV alone. Moreover, the odds of virological failure among adults with both HIV-TB was significantly higher when compared with among only HIV infection in Ethiopia. Therefore, strengthening TB prevention interventions, early identification and managing the case and prioritizing viral load monitoring and adherence support among adults living with HIV are recommended.
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Wolday D, Kebede Y, Legesse D, Siraj DS, McBride JA, Kirsch MJ, Striker R. Role of CD4/CD8 ratio on the incidence of tuberculosis in HIV-infected patients on antiretroviral therapy followed up for more than a decade. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0233049. [PMID: 32442166 PMCID: PMC7244128 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The role of CD4/CD8 ratio on the incidence of tuberculosis (TB) in patients on antiretroviral therapy (ART) is unknown. Thus, we sought to determine whether the CD4/CD8 ratio was associated with development of TB in a cohort of HIV infected individuals on ART followed up for more than a decade in the setting of sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Methods The cohort comprised adult patients who started ART between 2001 and 2007 and followed for up to 15 years. Clinical data were collected in retrospective manner. Patients with an AIDS defining illness or a CD4 count <200 cell/μL were started with a combination of ART. The participants have clinic visits every 6 months and/or as needed. Poisson regression models were used to identify factors associated with development of incident TB. Kaplan-Meier curves were used to estimate the probability of incident TB while on ART. Results A total of 347 patients with a median duration of follow-up on ART of 11.5 (IQR: 10.0–12.5) years were included. Incident TB developed in 47 patients during the 3259 person-years of follow-up, the majority (76.6%) occurred within five year of ART initiation. On univariate analysis, poor ART adherence (RR:2.57, 95% CI: 1.28–5.17), time-updated CD4 cell count of lower than 200 (RR: 4.86, 95%CI 2.33–10.15), or CD4 cell count between 200 and 500 (RR: 4.68, 95% CI: 2.17–10.09), time-updated CD8 cell count lower than 500 (RR: 2.83 95% CI 1.31–6.10), or CD8 cell count over 1000 (RR: 2.23, 95% CI: 1.12–4.45), time-updated CD4/CD8 ratio of less than 0.30 (RR: 6.00, 95% CI: 2.96–12.14), lack of normalization of CD4 T-cell count (RR: 6.13, 95% CI: 2.20–17.07), and virological failure (RR: 2.35 (95% CI: 1.17–4.71) were all associated with increased risk of incident TB. In multivariate analysis, however, time-updated CD4/CD8 ratio of less than 0.30 (adjusted RR: 4.08, 95% CI: 1.31–12.68) was the only factor associated with increased risk of developing incident TB (p = 0.015). Similar results were obtained in a sensitivity analysis by including only those virally suppressed patients (n = 233, 69% of all patients). In this group, CD4/CD8 ratio of less than 0.30 was associated with development of incident TB (adjusted RR: 4.02, 95% CI: 1.14–14.19, p = 0.031). Overall, the incidence rate of TB in patients with an updated CD4/CD8 ratio of less than 0.30 was more than 5-fold higher when compared with those with a ratio more than 0.45. Conclusion Low CD4/CD8 ratio is independently associated with an increased risk of incident TB despite viral suppression. CD4/CD8 ratio may serve as a biomarker for identifying patients at risk of TB in patients on ART in the setting of SSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawit Wolday
- Mekelle University College of Health Sciences, Mekelle, Ethiopia
- * E-mail:
| | - Yazezew Kebede
- Mekelle University College of Health Sciences, Mekelle, Ethiopia
| | | | - Dawd S. Siraj
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Joseph A. McBride
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Mitchell J. Kirsch
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Robert Striker
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
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Li G, Yang F, He X, Liu Z, Pi J, Zhu Y, Ke X, Liu S, Ou M, Guo H, Zhang Z, Zeng G, Zhang G. Anti-tuberculosis (TB) chemotherapy dynamically rescues Th1 and CD8+ T effector levels in Han Chinese pulmonary TB patients. Microbes Infect 2019; 22:119-126. [PMID: 31678658 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2019.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
CD4+/CD8+ T cells play a major role in conferring immune protection against tuberculosis (TB), but it remains unknown how the immune responses of CD4+/CD8+ T cells exactly correlate with the clinical variables and disease statuses during anti-TB chemotherapy. To address this, several major immune parameters of CD4+/CD8+ T cells in peripheral blood derived from pulmonary TB patients and healthy volunteers were evaluated. We observed that active TB infection induced lower CD3+ T cell and CD4+ T cell levels but higher CD8+T cell levels, while anti-TB chemotherapy reversed these effects. Also, anti-TB treatment induced enhanced production of IL-2 and IFN-γ but reduced expression of IL-10 and IL-6. Moreover, the dynamic changes of CD3, CD4, and CD8 levels did not show a significant association with sputum smear positivity. However, the frequencies of IL-2+CD4+ or IL-10 + CD4+ T effector subpopulation or IL-1β production in peripheral blood showed significant difference between patients positive for sputum smear and patients negative for sputum smear after anti-TB treatment. These findings implicated that recovery of Th1/CD8+T cell effector levels might be critical immunological events in pulmonary TB patients after treatment and further suggested the importance of these immunological parameters as potential biomarkers for prediction of TB progress and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guobao Li
- Department of Tuberculosis, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518112, China
| | - Fang Yang
- Department of Microbiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Key Laboratory for Tropical Diseases Control of the Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Xing He
- National Clinical Research Center for Tuberculosis, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518112, China
| | - Zhi Liu
- Department of Tuberculosis, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518112, China
| | - Jiang Pi
- Department of Microbiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Key Laboratory for Tropical Diseases Control of the Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Yuzhen Zhu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Drugs, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524023, China
| | - Xue Ke
- Department of Tuberculosis, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518112, China
| | - Shuyan Liu
- Department of Tuberculosis, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518112, China
| | - Min Ou
- Department of Tuberculosis, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518112, China
| | - Huixin Guo
- National Clinical Research Center for Tuberculosis and Guangdong Center for Tuberculosis Control, Guangzhou, 510430, China
| | - Zhuoran Zhang
- Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, 92618, USA
| | - Gucheng Zeng
- Department of Microbiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Key Laboratory for Tropical Diseases Control of the Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
| | - Guoliang Zhang
- National Clinical Research Center for Tuberculosis, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518112, China.
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Rao D, Venkataswamy MM, Vasanthapuram R, Satishchandra P, Desai A. Alteration of T Cell Phenotypes in HIV-Neurotuberculosis Coinfection. CYTOMETRY PART B-CLINICAL CYTOMETRY 2018; 98:270-281. [PMID: 30450685 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.b.21746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurotuberculosis is one of the commonest HIV associated opportunistic infections of the central nervous system in India. HIV-TB coinfection may lead to altered frequencies of T cells, thereby influencing the course and progression of the disease. METHODS We examined the frequencies of T cell subsets in HIV infected individuals with neurotuberculosis (HIV+nTB+) as compared to individuals with HIV associated systemic TB (HIV+sTB+), asymptomatic HIV (HIV+TB-), non-HIV neuro TB (HIV-nTB+), non-HIV systemic TB (HIV-sTB+), and healthy controls (HIV-TB-). Activation and senescence profiles of CD4 and CD8 T cells and memory subsets in peripheral blood mononuclear cells were studied by flow cytometry. RESULTS The significant observations among the T cell subsets in HIV+nTB+ were: (1) Naïve T cells: decreased CD4 T cells compared to HIV-sTB+ (P = 0.005); decreased CD8 T cells compared to HIV-nTB+ and HIV-TB- (P ≤ 0.007), (2) Memory T cells: expanded CD4 TEMRA cells compared to HIV-nTB+, HIV-sTB+, and HIV-TB- (P ≤ 0.003); expanded CD8 TEMRA cells compared to HIV-nTB+ and HIV-TB- (P ≤ 0.005), (3) Activated T cells: higher CD4 T cells compared to HIV-nTB+, HIV-sTB+, and HIV-TB- (P ≤ 0.004); higher CD8 T cells compared to HIV + TB-, HIV-nTB+, HIV-sTB+, and HIV-TB- (P ≤ 0.001), and (4) Senescent T cells: increased CD8 T cells compared to HIV-nTB+ and HIV-TB- groups (P = 0.000). CONCLUSIONS Increased activation compared to HIV+TB-, HIV-nTB+, HIV-sTB+, and HIV-TB- groups and increased senescence compared to HIV-nTB+ and HIV-TB- groups were observed in CD8 T cells in HIV+nTB+, suggesting that the frequencies of these T cell subsets are altered to a greater extent in these individuals. © 2018 International Clinical Cytometry Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepashri Rao
- Department of Neurovirology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India
| | - Manjunatha M Venkataswamy
- Department of Neurovirology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India
| | - Ravi Vasanthapuram
- Department of Neurovirology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India
| | - P Satishchandra
- Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India
| | - Anita Desai
- Department of Neurovirology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India
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Active tuberculosis in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus from Southern China: a retrospective study. Clin Rheumatol 2018; 38:535-543. [DOI: 10.1007/s10067-018-4303-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Balkema CA, Irusen EM, Taljaard JJ, Zeier MD, Koegelenberg CF. A prospective study on the outcome of human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients requiring mechanical ventilation in a high-burden setting. QJM 2016; 109:35-40. [PMID: 25979269 DOI: 10.1093/qjmed/hcv086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a paucity of data on the mortality of patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU), despite the fact that human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-related diseases represent a significant burden to health care resources particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. AIM To describe the outcome and prognostic factors of HIV-infected patients requiring mechanical ventilation in an ICU. DESIGN Prospective observational study. METHODS All 54 patients (34.8 ± 10.4 years, 38 females) admitted with confirmed HIV from October 2012 until May 2013 were enrolled. Disease severity was graded according to APACHEII score. Admission diagnoses, clinical features and laboratory investigations, complications and outcomes were recorded. RESULTS The mean length of ICU stay was 11.0 days (range: 1-49 days), and 33 patients survived (ICU mortality: 38.9%). The in-hospital mortality at 30 days was 48.1%. ICU mortality was associated with an AIDS-defining diagnosis (OR = 7.97, P = 0.003). Non-survivors had higher APACHEII scores (25.8 vs. 18.6, P = 0.001) and lower mean admission CD4 counts (102.5 vs. 225.2, P = 0.014). Multiple logistical regression analysis confirmed the independent predictive value of WHO stage 4 disease (P = 0.008), lower mean CD4 count on admission (P = 0.057) and higher APACHEII score (P = 0.010) on ICU mortality, and WHO stage 4 (P = 0.007) and higher APACHE II score (P = 0.003) on 30-day mortality. CONCLUSIONS The ICU mortality of mechanically ventilated HIV-positive patients was high. WHO stage 4 disease and a higher APACHEII score were predictive of both ICU and 30-day mortality, whereas a low CD4 count on admission was associated with ICU mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - J J Taljaard
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Stellenbosch University & Tygerberg Academic Hospital, Western Cape Province, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - M D Zeier
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Stellenbosch University & Tygerberg Academic Hospital, Western Cape Province, Cape Town, South Africa
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Skogmar S, Schön T, Balcha TT, Sturegård E, Jansson M, Björkman P. Plasma Levels of Neopterin and C-Reactive Protein (CRP) in Tuberculosis (TB) with and without HIV Coinfection in Relation to CD4 Cell Count. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0144292. [PMID: 26630153 PMCID: PMC4668010 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background While the risk of TB is elevated in HIV-positive subjects with low CD4 cell counts, TB may in itself be associated with CD4 lymphocytopenia. We investigated markers of immune activation (neopterin) and inflammation (CRP) in TB patients with and without HIV coinfection and their association with CD4 cell levels, and determined their predictive capacity as alternative markers of advanced immunosuppression. Methods Participants selected from a cohort of adults with TB at Ethiopian health centers (195 HIV+/TB+, 170 HIV-/TB+) and 31 controls were tested for plasma levels of neopterin and CRP. Baseline levels of neopterin and CRP were correlated to CD4 cell count before and after anti-TB treatment (ATT). The performance to predict CD4 cell strata for both markers were investigated using receiver operating curves. Results Levels of both biomarkers were elevated in TB patients (neopterin: HIV+/TB+ 54 nmol/l, HIV-/TB+ 23 nmol/l, controls 3.8 nmol/l; CRP: HIV+/TB+ 36 μg/ml, HIV-/TB+ 33 μg/ml, controls 0.5 μg/ml). Neopterin levels were inversely correlated (-0.53, p<0.001) to CD4 cell count, whereas this correlation was weaker for CRP (-0.25, p<0.001). Neither of the markers had adequate predictive value for identification of subjects with CD4 cell count <100 cells/mm3 (area under the curve [AUC] 0.64 for neopterin, AUC 0.59 for CRP). Conclusion Neopterin levels were high in adults with TB, both with and without HIV coinfection, with inverse correlation to CD4 cell count. This suggests that immune activation may be involved in TB-related CD4 lymphocytopenia. However, neither neopterin nor CRP showed promise as alternative tests for immunosuppression in patients coinfected with HIV and TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sten Skogmar
- Infectious Disease Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| | - Thomas Schön
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious diseases, Kalmar County Hospital, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Taye Tolera Balcha
- Infectious Disease Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
- Ministry of Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Erik Sturegård
- Medical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Marianne Jansson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Per Björkman
- Infectious Disease Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
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The effect of incident tuberculosis on immunological response of HIV patients on highly active anti-retroviral therapy at the university of Gondar hospital, northwest Ethiopia: a retrospective follow-up study. BMC Infect Dis 2014; 14:468. [PMID: 25164855 PMCID: PMC4158052 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-14-468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is usually complicated by high rates of tuberculosis (TB) co-infection. Impaired immune response has been reported during HIV/TB co-infection and may have significant effect on anti-retroviral therapy (ART). TB/HIV co - infection is a major public health problem in Ethiopia. Therefore, the aim of the study was to assess the effect of TB incidence on immunological response of HIV patients during ART. Methods A retrospective follow-up study was conducted among adult HIV patients who started ART at the University of Gondar Hospital. Changes in CD4+ T - lymphocyte count and incident TB episodes occurring during 42 months of follow up on ART were assessed. Life table was used to estimate the cumulative immunologic failure. Kaplan-Meier curve was used to compare survival curves between the different categories. Cox-proportional hazard model was employed to examine predictors of immunological failure. Results Among 400 HIV patients, 89(22.2%) were found to have immunological failure with a rate of 8.5 per 100 person-years (PY) of follow-up. Incident TB developed in 26(6.5%) of patients, with an incidence rate of 2.2 cases per 100 PY. The immunological failure rate was high (20.1/100PY) at the first year of treatment. At multivariate analysis, Cox regression analysis showed that baseline CD4+ T - cell count <100 cells/mm3 (adjusted hazard ratio (AHR) 1.8; 95%CI: 1.10 - 2.92, p = 0.023) and being male sex (AHR 1.6; 95%CI: 1.01 - 2.68, p = 0.046) were found to be significant predictors of immunological failure. There was borderline significant association with incident TB (AHR 2.2; 95%CI: 0.94 - 5.09, p = 0.06). The risk of immunological failure was significantly higher (38.5%) among those with incident TB compared with TB - free (21.1%) (Log rank p = 0.036). Conclusions High incidence of immunological failure occurred within the first year of initiating ART. The proportions of patients with impaired immune restoration were higher among patients with incident TB. Lower baseline CD4+ T - cells count of <100 cells/mm3 and being male sex were significant predictors of immunological failure. The result highlighted the beneficial effects of earlier initiation of ART on CD4+ T - cell count recovery. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2334-14-468) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Skogmar S, Schön T, Balcha TT, Jemal ZH, Tibesso G, Björk J, Björkman P. CD4 cell levels during treatment for tuberculosis (TB) in Ethiopian adults and clinical markers associated with CD4 lymphocytopenia. PLoS One 2013; 8:e83270. [PMID: 24358268 PMCID: PMC3865172 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 11/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The clinical correlations and significance of subnormal CD4 levels in HIV-negative patients with TB are unclear. We have determined CD4 cell levels longitudinally during anti-tuberculosis treatment (ATT) in patients, with and without HIV co-infection, and their associations with clinical variables. Method Adults diagnosed with TB (maximum duration of ATT for 2 weeks, and with no history of antiretroviral therapy (ART) in HIV-positive subjects) were included consecutively in eight out-patient clinics in Ethiopia. Healthy individuals were recruited for comparison at one of the study health centers. Data on patient characteristics and physical findings were collected by trained nurses following a structured questionnaire at inclusion and on follow-up visits at 2 and 6 months. In parallel, peripheral blood CD4 cell levels were determined. The evolution of CD4 cell levels during ATT was assessed, and the association between clinical characteristics and low CD4 cell levels at baseline was investigated using regression analysis. Results In total, 1116 TB patients were included (307 HIV-infected). Among 809 HIV-negative patients, 200 (25%) had subnormal CD4 cell counts (<500 cells/mm3), with <350 cells/mm3 in 82 (10%) individuals. CD4 cell levels increased significantly during the course of ATT in both HIV+ and HIV- TB-patients, but did not reach the levels in healthy subjects (median 896 cells/mm3). Sputum smear status, signs of wasting (low mid upper arm circumference (MUAC)), and bedridden state were significantly associated with low CD4 cell counts. Conclusion A high proportion of Ethiopian TB patients have subnormal CD4 cell counts before starting treatment. Low CD4 cell levels are associated with smear positive disease and signs of wasting. The continuous increase of CD4 cell counts during the course of ATT suggest a reversible impact of active TB on CD4 cell homeostasis, which may be considered in interpretation of CD4 cell counts in HIV/TB co-infected subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sten Skogmar
- Infectious Diseases Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| | - Thomas Schön
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Kalmar County Hospital, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Taye Tolera Balcha
- Infectious Diseases Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
- Ministry of Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | - Gudeta Tibesso
- Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, International Center for AIDS Care and Treatment Programs- Ethiopia, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Jonas Björk
- Research and Development Unit, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Per Björkman
- Infectious Diseases Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
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Wejse C, Furtado A, Camara C, Lüneborg-Nielsen M, Sodemann M, Gerstoft J, Katzenstein TL. Impact of tuberculosis treatment on CD4 cell count, HIV RNA, and p24 antigen in patients with HIV and tuberculosis. Int J Infect Dis 2013; 17:e907-12. [PMID: 23816410 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2013.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Revised: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To describe HIV RNA levels during tuberculosis (TB) infection in patients co-infected with TB and HIV. Moreover, to examine the p24 antigen profile during TB treatment. METHODS We examined the changes in CD4 cell count, HIV RNA, and p24 levels during anti-tuberculous therapy in a group of TB/HIV-1 co-infected and HIV-untreated patients from Guinea-Bissau. RESULTS A total of 365 TB patients were enrolled, of whom 76 were co-infected with HIV-1 and 19 were dually infected with HIV-1 + HIV-2. No significant changes in CD4, HIV RNA, or p24 levels were found during 8 months of TB treatment. HIV RNA levels correlated well with p24 (Spearman's R(2)=0.52, p<0.00001) and both markers were strong predictors of mortality. Initial HIV RNA levels correlated with a clinical TB severity index--the TBscore (Spearman's R(2)=0.23, p=0.02)--and the TBscore decreased dramatically during TB treatment although HIV RNA levels remained unchanged. CONCLUSION We found no significant changes in CD4, HIV RNA, or p24 antigen levels during 8 months of TB treatment among TB/HIV co-infected individuals, who did not receive antiretroviral treatment. The markers were unaffected by a strong improvement in TBscore and all three markers showed predictive capacity for mortality risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Wejse
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Brendstrupgaardsvej, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark; GloHAU, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
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Faurholt-Jepsen D, Range N, Praygod G, Kidola J, Faurholt-Jepsen M, Aabye MG, Changalucha J, Christensen DL, Martinussen T, Krarup H, Witte DR, Andersen ÅB, Friis H. The role of diabetes co-morbidity for tuberculosis treatment outcomes: a prospective cohort study from Mwanza, Tanzania. BMC Infect Dis 2012; 12:165. [PMID: 22839693 PMCID: PMC3462148 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-12-165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2012] [Accepted: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Due to the association between diabetes and pulmonary tuberculosis (TB), diabetes may threaten the control of TB. In a prospective cohort study nested in a nutrition trial, we investigated the role of diabetes on changes in anthropometry, grip strength, and clinical parameters over a five months follow-up period. METHODS Among pulmonary TB patients with known diabetes status, we assessed anthropometry and clinical parameters (e.g. haemoglobin) at baseline and after two and five months of TB treatment. A linear mixed-effects model (repeated measurements) was used to investigate the role of diabetes during recovery. RESULTS Of 1205 TB patients, the mean (standard deviation) age was 36.6 (13.0) years, 40.9% were females, 48.9% were HIV co-infected, and 16.3% had diabetes. TB patients with diabetes co-morbidity experienced a lower weight gain at two (1.3 kg, CI95% 0.5; 2.0, p = 0.001) and five months (1.0 kg, CI95% 0.3; 1.7, p = 0.007). Similarly, the increase in the level of haemoglobin was lower among TB patients with diabetes co-morbidity after two (Δ 0.6 g/dL, CI95% 0.3; 0.9 p < 0.001) and five months (Δ 0.5 g/dL, CI95% 0.2; 0.9 p = 0.004) of TB treatment, respectively. CONCLUSION TB patients initiating TB treatment with diabetes co-morbidity experience delayed recovery of body mass and haemoglobin, which are important for the functional recovery from disease.
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