1
|
Abstract
Mycobacteria are responsible for several human and animal diseases. NOD2 is a pattern recognition receptor that has an important role in mycobacterial recognition. However, the mechanisms by which mutations in NOD2 alter the course of mycobacterial infection remain unclear. Herein, we aimed to review the totality of studies directly addressing the relationship between NOD2 and mycobacteria as a foundation for moving the field forward. NOD2 was linked to mycobacterial infection at 3 levels: (1) genetic, through association with mycobacterial diseases of humans; (2) chemical, through the distinct NOD2 ligand in the mycobacterial cell wall; and (3) immunologic, through heightened NOD2 signaling caused by the unique modification of the NOD2 ligand. The immune response to mycobacteria is shaped by NOD2 signaling, responsible for NF-κB and MAPK activation, and the production of various immune effectors like cytokines and nitric oxide, with some evidence linking this to bacteriologic control. Absence of NOD2 during mycobacterial infection of mice can be detrimental, but the mechanism remains unknown. Conversely, the success of immunization with mycobacteria has been linked to NOD2 signaling and NOD2 has been targeted as an avenue of immunotherapy for diseases even beyond mycobacteria. The mycobacteria-NOD2 interaction remains an important area of study, which may shed light on immune mechanisms in disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Yves Dubé
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
| | - Marcel A Behr
- Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Alijani E, Naderi M, Mollashahi B, Atabaki M. Association between NOD2 gene polymorphisms and susceptibility to pulmonary tuberculosis in Zahedan, Southeast Iran. GENE REPORTS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2021.101395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
|
3
|
The triazole linked galactose substituted dicyano compound can induce autophagy in NSCLC cell lines. Gene 2019; 712:143935. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2019.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
4
|
Hadifar S, Behrouzi A, Fateh A, Khatami S, Rahimi Jamnani F, Siadat SD, Vaziri F. Comparative study of interruption of signaling pathways in lung epithelial cell by two different Mycobacterium tuberculosis lineages. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:4739-4753. [PMID: 30192006 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Alveolar epithelial cell (AEC) provides a replication niche for Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Based on the role of AEC in M. tuberculosis pathogenesis and existence of genetic diversity within this bacterium, we investigated interactions between AEC II and two different M. tuberculosis lineages. We have compared the transcriptome and cytokines/chemokines levels of A549 infected by M. tuberculosis lineage three and four using qRT-PCR and ELISA arrays, respectively. We showed different M. tuberculosis strains induced changes in different effectors that involved in TLRs and NF-κB signaling pathways. We observed different reaction of the studied lineages specifically in pathogenesis, immune evasion mechanism, IL-12/IFN-γ axis, and autophagy. Similar behavior was detected in regarding to apoptosis, necroptosis, anti-inflammatory responses, and canonical inflammasome. Our findings contribute to elucidate more details in pathogenesis, immune evasion strategies, novel target and druggable pathway for therapeutic intervention, and host directed therapy in tuberculosis infection. Also, different M. tuberculosis lineages-dependent host-pathogen interactions suggested using only one strain for this kind of research will be controversial.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shima Hadifar
- Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Microbiology Research Center (MRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ava Behrouzi
- Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Microbiology Research Center (MRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Fateh
- Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Microbiology Research Center (MRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shohreh Khatami
- Department of Biochemistry, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Rahimi Jamnani
- Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Microbiology Research Center (MRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Davar Siadat
- Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Microbiology Research Center (MRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farzam Vaziri
- Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Microbiology Research Center (MRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Mvubu NE, Pillay B, McKinnon LR, Pillay M. Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains induce strain-specific cytokine and chemokine response in pulmonary epithelial cells. Cytokine 2017; 104:53-64. [PMID: 29032986 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2017.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Revised: 09/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
M. tuberculosis F15/LAM4/KZN has been associated with high transmission rates of drug resistant tuberculosis in the KwaZulu-Natal province of South Africa. The current study elucidated the cytokine/chemokine responses induced by representatives of the F15/LAM4/KZN and other dominant strain families in pulmonary epithelial cells. Multiplex cytokine analyses were performed at 24, 48 and 72h post infection of the A549 pulmonary epithelial cell line with the F15/LAM4/KZN, F28, F11, Beijing, Unique and H37Rv strains at an MOI of ∼10:1. Twenty-three anti- and pro-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines were detected at all-time intervals. Significantly high concentrations of IL-6, IFN-γ, TNF-α and G-CSF at 48h, and IL-8, IFN-γ, TNF-α, G-CSF and GM-CSF at 72h, were induced by the F28 and F15/LAM4/KZN strains, respectively. Lower levels of cytokines/chemokines were induced by either the Beijing or Unique strains at all three time intervals. All strains induced up-regulation of pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs) (TLR3 and TLR5) while only the F15/LAM4/KZN, F11 and F28 strains induced significant differential expression of TLR2 compared to the Beijing, Unique and H37Rv strains. The low induction of cytokines in epithelial cells by the Beijing strain correlates with its previously reported hypervirulent properties. High concentrations of cytokines and chemokines required for early protection against M. tuberculosis infections induced by the F15/LAM4/KZN and F28 strains suggests a lower virulence of these genotypes compared to the Beijing strain. These findings demonstrate the high diversity in host cytokine/chemokine response to early infection of pulmonary epithelial cells by different strains of M. tuberculosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nontobeko E Mvubu
- School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville 3630, South Africa.
| | - Balakrishna Pillay
- School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville 3630, South Africa.
| | - Lyle R McKinnon
- Centre for the AIDS Program of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
| | - Manormoney Pillay
- Medical Microbiology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, 719 Umbilo Road, South Africa.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Abstract
Immunology is a central theme when it comes to tuberculosis (TB). The outcome of human infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis is dependent on the ability of the immune response to clear or contain the infection. In cases where this fails, the bacterium replicates, disseminates within the host, and elicits a pathologic inflammatory response, and disease ensues. Clinical presentation of TB disease is remarkably heterogeneous, and the disease phenotype is largely dependent on host immune status. Onward transmission of M. tuberculosis to new susceptible hosts is thought to depend on an excessive inflammatory response causing a breakdown of the lung matrix and formation of lung cavities. But this varies in cases of underlying immunological dysfunction: for example, HIV-1 infection is associated with less cavitation, while diabetes mellitus comorbidity is associated with increased cavitation and risk of transmission. In compliance with the central theme of immunology in tuberculosis, we rely on detection of an adaptive immune response, in the form of interferon-gamma release assays or tuberculin skin tests, to diagnose infection with M. tuberculosis. Here we review the immunology of TB in the human host, focusing on cellular and humoral adaptive immunity as well as key features of innate immune responses and the underlying immunological dysfunction which associates with human TB risk factors. Our review is restricted to human immunology, and we highlight distinctions from the immunological dogma originating from animal models of TB, which pervade the field.
Collapse
|
7
|
Kusaczuk M, Krętowski R, Bartoszewicz M, Cechowska-Pasko M. Phenylbutyrate-a pan-HDAC inhibitor-suppresses proliferation of glioblastoma LN-229 cell line. Tumour Biol 2015; 37:931-42. [PMID: 26260271 PMCID: PMC4841856 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-3781-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenylbutyrate (PBA) is a histone deacetylase inhibitor known for inducing differentiation, cell cycle arrest, and apoptosis in various cancer cells. However, the effects of PBA seem to be very cell-type-specific and sometimes limited exclusively to a particular cell line. Here, we provided novel information concerning cellular effects of PBA in LN-229 and LN-18 glioblastoma cell lines which have not been previously evaluated in context of PBA exposure. We found that LN-18 cells were PBA-insensitive even at high concentrations of PBA. In contrary, in LN-229 cells, 5 and 15 mmol/L PBA inhibited cell growth and proliferation mainly by causing prominent changes in cell morphology and promoting S- and G2/M-dependent cell cycle arrest. Moreover, we observed nearly a 3-fold increase in apoptosis of LN-229 cells treated with 15 mmol/L PBA, in comparison to control. Furthermore, PBA was found to up-regulate the expression of p21 whereas p53 expression level remained unchanged. We also showed that PBA down-regulated the expression of the anti-apoptotic genes Bcl-2/Bcl-XL, however without affecting the expression of pro-apoptotic Bax and Bim. Taken together, our results suggest that PBA might potentially be considered as an agent slowing-down the progress of glioblastoma; however, further analyses are still needed to comprehensively resolve the nature of its activity in this type of cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Kusaczuk
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Medical University of Białystok, Mickiewicza 2A, 15-222, Białystok, Poland.
| | - Rafał Krętowski
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Medical University of Białystok, Mickiewicza 2A, 15-222, Białystok, Poland
| | - Marek Bartoszewicz
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biology, University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
| | - Marzanna Cechowska-Pasko
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Medical University of Białystok, Mickiewicza 2A, 15-222, Białystok, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Deng W, Xie J. NOD2 signaling and role in pathogenic mycobacterium recognition, infection and immunity. Cell Physiol Biochem 2012; 30:953-63. [PMID: 22986285 DOI: 10.1159/000341472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The Mycobacterium pathogens acquire additional properties to expand their pathogenicity and existence spaces. The interaction between pathogenic Mycobacterium components and receptors of host innate immune system is critical for the infection outcome, particularly for the macrophage activation. NOD2 (Nucleotide binding oligomerization domain 2), an intracellular pathogen recognition sensor, attenuates two key putative host bacterial killing mechanisms: interfering the production of TNF-alpha and inducing resistance to apoptosis. Multiple evidences have shown that NOD2 acts as a non-redundant recognition system of Mycobacterium, a successful pathogen with many mechanisms to evade host immunity and leading to insidious disease. Understanding the complex interaction between host and pathogen mediated by NOD2 signaling, might provide novel insight into the pathogenesis of pathogenic Mycobacterium and inform the development of more effective vaccines and therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wanyan Deng
- Institute of Modern Biopharmaceuticals, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Eco-Environment and Bio-Resource of the Three Gorges Area, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, China.
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
PPARγ Expression and Function in Mycobacterial Infection: Roles in Lipid Metabolism, Immunity, and Bacterial Killing. PPAR Res 2012; 2012:383829. [PMID: 22851964 PMCID: PMC3407650 DOI: 10.1155/2012/383829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2012] [Revised: 03/30/2012] [Accepted: 05/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis continues to be a global health threat, with drug resistance and HIV coinfection presenting challenges for its control. Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the etiological agent of tuberculosis, is a highly adapted pathogen that has evolved different strategies to subvert the immune and metabolic responses of host cells. Although the significance of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) activation by mycobacteria is not fully understood, recent findings are beginning to uncover a critical role for PPARγ during mycobacterial infection. Here, we will review the molecular mechanisms that regulate PPARγ expression and function during mycobacterial infection. Current evidence indicates that mycobacterial infection causes a time-dependent increase in PPARγ expression through mechanisms that involve pattern recognition receptor activation. Mycobacterial triggered increased PPARγ expression and activation lead to increased lipid droplet formation and downmodulation of macrophage response, suggesting that PPARγ expression might aid the mycobacteria in circumventing the host response acting as an escape mechanism. Indeed, inhibition of PPARγ enhances mycobacterial killing capacity of macrophages, suggesting a role of PPARγ in favoring the establishment of chronic infection. Collectively, PPARγ is emerging as a regulator of tuberculosis pathogenesis and an attractive target for the development of adjunctive tuberculosis therapies.
Collapse
|
10
|
Brooks MN, Rajaram MVS, Azad AK, Amer AO, Valdivia-Arenas MA, Park JH, Núñez G, Schlesinger LS. NOD2 controls the nature of the inflammatory response and subsequent fate of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and M. bovis BCG in human macrophages. Cell Microbiol 2011; 13:402-18. [PMID: 21040358 PMCID: PMC3259431 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2010.01544.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb), which causes tuberculosis, is a host-adapted intracellular pathogen of macrophages. Intracellular pattern recognition receptors in macrophages such as nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD) proteins regulate pro-inflammatory cytokine production. NOD2-mediated signalling pathways in response to M.tb have been studied primarily in mouse models and cell lines but not in primary human macrophages. Thus we sought to determine the role of NOD2 in regulating cytokine production and growth of virulent M.tb and attenuated Mycobacterium bovis BCG (BCG) in human macrophages. We examined NOD2 expression during monocyte differentiation and observed a marked increase in NOD2 transcript and protein following 2-3 days in culture. Pre-treatment of human monocyte-derived and alveolar macrophages with the NOD2 ligand muramyl dipeptide enhanced production of TNF-α and IL-1β in response to M.tb and BCG in a RIP2-dependent fashion. The NOD2-mediated cytokine response was significantly reduced following knock-down of NOD2 expression by using small interfering RNA (siRNA) in human macrophages. Finally, NOD2 controlled the growth of both M.tb and BCG in human macrophages, whereas controlling only BCG growth in murine macrophages. Together, our results provide evidence that NOD2 is an important intracellular receptor in regulating the host response to M.tb and BCG infection in human macrophages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle N. Brooks
- Center for Microbial Interface Biology, The Ohio State University, 460 West 12th Avenue, Biomedical Research Tower, Room 1004, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, 460 West 12th Avenue, Biomedical Research Tower, Room 1004, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Murugesan V. S. Rajaram
- Center for Microbial Interface Biology, The Ohio State University, 460 West 12th Avenue, Biomedical Research Tower, Room 1004, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Abul K. Azad
- Center for Microbial Interface Biology, The Ohio State University, 460 West 12th Avenue, Biomedical Research Tower, Room 1004, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, The Ohio State University, 460 West 12th Avenue, Biomedical Research Tower, Room 1004, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Amal O. Amer
- Center for Microbial Interface Biology, The Ohio State University, 460 West 12th Avenue, Biomedical Research Tower, Room 1004, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- The Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, The Ohio State University, 460 West 12th Avenue, Biomedical Research Tower, Room 1004, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, 460 West 12th Avenue, Biomedical Research Tower, Room 1004, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Martin A. Valdivia-Arenas
- Center for Microbial Interface Biology, The Ohio State University, 460 West 12th Avenue, Biomedical Research Tower, Room 1004, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- The Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, The Ohio State University, 460 West 12th Avenue, Biomedical Research Tower, Room 1004, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, 460 West 12th Avenue, Biomedical Research Tower, Room 1004, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Jong-Hwan Park
- Department of Pathology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, 4219 CCGC 0938, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Gabriel Núñez
- Department of Pathology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, 4219 CCGC 0938, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Larry S. Schlesinger
- Center for Microbial Interface Biology, The Ohio State University, 460 West 12th Avenue, Biomedical Research Tower, Room 1004, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, 460 West 12th Avenue, Biomedical Research Tower, Room 1004, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, The Ohio State University, 460 West 12th Avenue, Biomedical Research Tower, Room 1004, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, 460 West 12th Avenue, Biomedical Research Tower, Room 1004, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| |
Collapse
|