1
|
Roos PR, Rijnberg FM, Westenberg JJM, Lamb HJ. Particle Tracing Based on
4D
Flow Magnetic Resonance Imaging: A Systematic Review into Methods, Applications, and Current Developments. J Magn Reson Imaging 2022; 57:1320-1339. [PMID: 36484213 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.28540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Particle tracing based on 4D Flow MRI has been applied as a quantitative and qualitative postprocessing technique to study temporally evolving blood flow patterns. PURPOSE To systematically review the various methods to perform 4D Flow MRI-based particle tracing, as well as the clinical value, clinical applications, and current developments of the technique. STUDY TYPE The study type is systematic review. SUBJECTS Patients with cardiovascular disease (such as Marfan, Fontan, Tetralogy of Fallot), healthy controls, and cardiovascular phantoms that received 4D Flow MRI with particle tracing. FIELD STRENGTH/SEQUENCE Three-dimensional three-directional cine phase-contrast MRI, at 1.5 T and 3 T. ASSESSMENT Two systematic searches were performed on the PubMed database using Boolean operators and the relevant key terms covering 4D Flow MRI and particle tracing. One systematic search was focused on particle tracing methods, whereas the other on applications. Additional articles from other sources were sought out and included after a similar inspection. Particle tracing methods, clinical applications, clinical value, and current developments were extracted. STATISTICAL TESTS The main results of the included studies are summarized, without additional statistical analysis. RESULTS Of 127 unique articles retrieved from the initial search, 56 were included (28 for methods and 54 for applications). Most articles that described particle tracing methods used an adaptive timestep, a fourth order Runge-Kutta integration method, and linear interpolation in the time dimension. Particle tracing was applied in heart chambers, aorta, venae cavae, Fontan circulation, pulmonary arteries, abdominal vasculature, peripheral arteries, carotid arteries, and cerebral vasculature. Applications were grouped as intravascular, intracardiac, flow stasis, and research. DATA CONCLUSIONS Particle tracing based on 4D Flow MRI gives unique insight into blood flow in several cardiovascular diseases, but the quality depends heavily on the MRI data quality. Further studies are required to evaluate the clinical value of the technique for different cardiovascular diseases. EVIDENCE LEVEL 5. TECHNICAL EFFICACY Stage 1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul R. Roos
- Department of Radiology Leiden University Medical Center Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Friso M. Rijnberg
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery Leiden University Medical Center Leiden The Netherlands
| | | | - Hildo J. Lamb
- Department of Radiology Leiden University Medical Center Leiden The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
|
3
|
Ambrogio S, Walker A, Narracott A, Ferrari S, Verma P, Fenner J. A complex flow phantom for medical imaging: ring vortex phantom design and technical specification. J Med Eng Technol 2019; 43:190-201. [DOI: 10.1080/03091902.2019.1640309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Simone Ambrogio
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, Medical Physics, Mathematical Modelling in Medicine Group, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
- Insigneo Institute for In Silico Medicine, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
- Leeds Test Objects Ltd, Boroughbridge, UK
| | | | - Andrew Narracott
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, Medical Physics, Mathematical Modelling in Medicine Group, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
- Insigneo Institute for In Silico Medicine, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Simone Ferrari
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, Medical Physics, Mathematical Modelling in Medicine Group, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
- Insigneo Institute for In Silico Medicine, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Prashant Verma
- Medical Imaging and Medical Physics, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK
| | - John Fenner
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, Medical Physics, Mathematical Modelling in Medicine Group, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
- Insigneo Institute for In Silico Medicine, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Crandon S, Elbaz MSM, Westenberg JJM, van der Geest RJ, Plein S, Garg P. Clinical applications of intra-cardiac four-dimensional flow cardiovascular magnetic resonance: A systematic review. Int J Cardiol 2017; 249:486-493. [PMID: 28964555 PMCID: PMC5687937 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2017.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Revised: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Four-dimensional flow cardiovascular magnetic resonance (4D flow CMR) is an emerging non-invasive imaging technology used to visualise and quantify intra-cardiac blood flow. The aim of this systematic review is to assess the literature on the current clinical applications of intra-cardiac 4D flow CMR. METHODS A systematic review was conducted to evaluate the literature on the intra-cardiac clinical applications of 4D flow CMR. Structured searches were carried out on Medline, EMBASE and the Cochrane Library in October 2016. A modified Critical Skills Appraisal Programme (CASP) tool was used to objectively assess and score the included studies. Studies were categorised as 'highly clinically applicable' for scores of 67-100%, 'potentially clinically applicable' for 34-66% and 'less clinically applicable' for 0-33%. RESULTS Of the 1608 articles screened, 44 studies met eligibility for systematic review. The included literature consisted of 22 (50%) mechanistic studies, 18 (40.9%) pilot studies and 4 (9.1%) diagnostic studies. Based on the modified CASP tool, 27 (62%) studies were 'highly clinically applicable', 9 (20%) were 'potentially clinically applicable' and 8 (18%) were 'less clinically applicable'. CONCLUSIONS There are many proposed methods for using 4D flow CMR to quantify intra-cardiac flow. The evidence base is mainly mechanistic, featuring single-centred designs. Larger, multi-centre studies are required to validate the proposed techniques and investigate the clinical advantages that 4D flow CMR offers over standard practices. PROSPERO=CRD42016051438.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saul Crandon
- Division of Biomedical Imaging, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine (LICAMM), University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Sven Plein
- Division of Biomedical Imaging, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine (LICAMM), University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom.
| | - Pankaj Garg
- Division of Biomedical Imaging, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine (LICAMM), University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Busch J, Giese D, Kozerke S. Image-based background phase error correction in 4D flow MRI revisited. J Magn Reson Imaging 2017; 46:1516-1525. [PMID: 28225577 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.25668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Busch
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering; University of Zurich and ETH Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
| | - Daniel Giese
- Department of Radiology; University Hospital Cologne; Cologne Germany
| | - Sebastian Kozerke
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering; University of Zurich and ETH Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
- Division of Imaging Science and Biomedical Engineering; King's College London; London UK
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Disturbed Intracardiac Flow Organization After Atrioventricular Septal Defect Correction as Assessed With 4D Flow Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Quantitative Particle Tracing. Invest Radiol 2016. [PMID: 26222698 DOI: 10.1097/rli.0000000000000194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Four-dimensional (3 spatial directions and time) velocity-encoded flow magnetic resonance imaging with quantitative particle tracing analysis allows assessment of left ventricular (LV) blood flow organization. Corrected atrioventricular septal defect (AVSD) patients have an abnormal left atrioventricular valve shape. We aimed to analyze flow organization in corrected AVSD patients and healthy controls. METHODS A total of 32 patients (age, 25 ± 14 years), 21 after partial AVSD correction and 11 after complete/intermediate AVSD correction, and 30 healthy volunteers (26 ± 12 years) underwent whole-heart four-dimensional velocity-encoded flow magnetic resonance imaging. Particle tracing in the 16-segment LV cavity model was used to quantitatively evaluate blood flow organization discriminating multiple components. RESULTS Patients showed a smaller percentage of direct flow compared with controls (30% ± 9% vs 44% ± 11%; P < 0.001). In patients, more inflow was observed in the basal inferior segment (22% ± 11% vs controls, 17% ± 5%; P = 0.005), with less direct but more retained inflow (ie, part of inflow that is not ejected from LV in subsequent systole). In patients, more inflow reached the midventricular level (68% ± 13% vs controls, 58% ± 9%; P < 0.001), most notably as retained inflow in the lateral segments. Subsequently, in patients, more (mostly retained) inflow reached the apex (23% ± 13% vs 14% ± 7%; P < 0.001), which correlated with early peak filling velocity (r = 0.637, P < 0.001). Patients with a corrected complete or intermediate AVSD presented with less direct flow (24% ± 8% vs 33% ± 8%; P = 0.003) and more apical inflow (30% ± 14% vs 18% ± 12%; P = 0.014) compared with a corrected partial AVSD. CONCLUSION Multicomponent particle tracing combined with 16-segment analysis quantitatively demonstrated altered LV flow organization after AVSD correction, with less direct and more retained inflow in apical and lateral LV cavity segments, which may contribute to decreased cardiac pumping efficiency.
Collapse
|
7
|
Advanced flow MRI: emerging techniques and applications. Clin Radiol 2016; 71:779-95. [PMID: 26944696 DOI: 10.1016/j.crad.2016.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Revised: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 01/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques provide non-invasive and non-ionising methods for the highly accurate anatomical depiction of the heart and vessels throughout the cardiac cycle. In addition, the intrinsic sensitivity of MRI to motion offers the unique ability to acquire spatially registered blood flow simultaneously with the morphological data, within a single measurement. In clinical routine, flow MRI is typically accomplished using methods that resolve two spatial dimensions in individual planes and encode the time-resolved velocity in one principal direction, typically oriented perpendicular to the two-dimensional (2D) section. This review describes recently developed advanced MRI flow techniques, which allow for more comprehensive evaluation of blood flow characteristics, such as real-time flow imaging, 2D multiple-venc phase contrast MRI, four-dimensional (4D) flow MRI, quantification of complex haemodynamic properties, and highly accelerated flow imaging. Emerging techniques and novel applications are explored. In addition, applications of these new techniques for the improved evaluation of cardiovascular (aorta, pulmonary arteries, congenital heart disease, atrial fibrillation, coronary arteries) as well as cerebrovascular disease (intra-cranial arteries and veins) are presented.
Collapse
|
8
|
Töger J, Kanski M, Arvidsson PM, Carlsson M, Kovács SJ, Borgquist R, Revstedt J, Söderlind G, Arheden H, Heiberg E. Vortex-ring mixing as a measure of diastolic function of the human heart: Phantom validation and initial observations in healthy volunteers and patients with heart failure. J Magn Reson Imaging 2015; 43:1386-97. [PMID: 26663607 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.25111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To present and validate a new method for 4D flow quantification of vortex-ring mixing during early, rapid filling of the left ventricle (LV) as a potential index of diastolic dysfunction and heart failure. MATERIALS AND METHODS 4D flow mixing measurements were validated using planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF) in a phantom setup. Controls (n = 23) and heart failure patients (n = 23) were studied using 4D flow at 1.5T (26 subjects) or 3T (20 subjects) to determine vortex volume (VV) and inflowing volume (VVinflow ). The volume mixed into the vortex-ring was quantified as VVmix-in = VV-VVinflow . The mixing ratio was defined as MXR = VVmix-in /VV. Furthermore, we quantified the fraction of the end-systolic volume (ESV) mixed into the vortex-ring (VVmix-in /ESV) and the fraction of the LV volume at diastasis (DV) occupied by the vortex-ring (VV/DV). RESULTS PLIF validation of MXR showed fair agreement (R(2) = 0.45, mean ± SD 1 ± 6%). MXR was higher in patients compared to controls (28 ± 11% vs. 16 ± 10%, P < 0.001), while VVmix-in /ESV and VV/DV were lower in patients (10 ± 6% vs. 18 ± 12%, P < 0.01 and 25 ± 8% vs. 50 ± 6%, P < 0.0001). CONCLUSION Vortex-ring mixing can be quantified using 4D flow. The differences in mixing parameters observed between controls and patients motivate further investigation as indices of diastolic dysfunction. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2016;43:1386-1397.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Töger
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Lund University Hospital, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Department of Numerical Analysis, Centre for Mathematical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Mikael Kanski
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Lund University Hospital, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Per M Arvidsson
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Lund University Hospital, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Marcus Carlsson
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Lund University Hospital, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Sándor J Kovács
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Rasmus Borgquist
- Department of Arrhythmias, Lund University Hospital, Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Johan Revstedt
- Department of Energy Sciences, Faculty of Engineering, Lund University, Sweden
| | - Gustaf Söderlind
- Department of Numerical Analysis, Centre for Mathematical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Håkan Arheden
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Lund University Hospital, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Einar Heiberg
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Lund University Hospital, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Department of Numerical Analysis, Centre for Mathematical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Dyverfeldt P, Bissell M, Barker AJ, Bolger AF, Carlhäll CJ, Ebbers T, Francios CJ, Frydrychowicz A, Geiger J, Giese D, Hope MD, Kilner PJ, Kozerke S, Myerson S, Neubauer S, Wieben O, Markl M. 4D flow cardiovascular magnetic resonance consensus statement. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 2015; 17:72. [PMID: 26257141 PMCID: PMC4530492 DOI: 10.1186/s12968-015-0174-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 548] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulsatile blood flow through the cavities of the heart and great vessels is time-varying and multidirectional. Access to all regions, phases and directions of cardiovascular flows has formerly been limited. Four-dimensional (4D) flow cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) has enabled more comprehensive access to such flows, with typical spatial resolution of 1.5×1.5×1.5 - 3×3×3 mm(3), typical temporal resolution of 30-40 ms, and acquisition times in the order of 5 to 25 min. This consensus paper is the work of physicists, physicians and biomedical engineers, active in the development and implementation of 4D Flow CMR, who have repeatedly met to share experience and ideas. The paper aims to assist understanding of acquisition and analysis methods, and their potential clinical applications with a focus on the heart and greater vessels. We describe that 4D Flow CMR can be clinically advantageous because placement of a single acquisition volume is straightforward and enables flow through any plane across it to be calculated retrospectively and with good accuracy. We also specify research and development goals that have yet to be satisfactorily achieved. Derived flow parameters, generally needing further development or validation for clinical use, include measurements of wall shear stress, pressure difference, turbulent kinetic energy, and intracardiac flow components. The dependence of measurement accuracy on acquisition parameters is considered, as are the uses of different visualization strategies for appropriate representation of time-varying multidirectional flow fields. Finally, we offer suggestions for more consistent, user-friendly implementation of 4D Flow CMR acquisition and data handling with a view to multicenter studies and more widespread adoption of the approach in routine clinical investigations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Petter Dyverfeldt
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
- Center for Medical Image Science and Visualization, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
| | - Malenka Bissell
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford Centre for Clinical Magnetic Resonance Research, Oxford, UK.
| | - Alex J Barker
- Department of Radiology, Northwestern University, Chicago, USA.
| | - Ann F Bolger
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
- Center for Medical Image Science and Visualization, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States.
| | - Carl-Johan Carlhäll
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
- Center for Medical Image Science and Visualization, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
| | - Tino Ebbers
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
- Center for Medical Image Science and Visualization, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
| | | | - Alex Frydrychowicz
- Klinik für Radiologie und Nuklearmedizin, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.
| | - Julia Geiger
- Department of Radiology, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Daniel Giese
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Michael D Hope
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States.
| | - Philip J Kilner
- NIHR Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, UK.
| | - Sebastian Kozerke
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Saul Myerson
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford Centre for Clinical Magnetic Resonance Research, Oxford, UK.
| | - Stefan Neubauer
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford Centre for Clinical Magnetic Resonance Research, Oxford, UK.
| | - Oliver Wieben
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
| | - Michael Markl
- Department of Radiology, Northwestern University, Chicago, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Kanski M, Töger J, Steding-Ehrenborg K, Xanthis C, Bloch KM, Heiberg E, Carlsson M, Arheden H. Whole-heart four-dimensional flow can be acquired with preserved quality without respiratory gating, facilitating clinical use: a head-to-head comparison. BMC Med Imaging 2015; 15:20. [PMID: 26080805 PMCID: PMC4470048 DOI: 10.1186/s12880-015-0061-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Respiratory gating is often used in 4D-flow acquisition to reduce motion artifacts. However, gating increases scan time. The aim of this study was to investigate if respiratory gating can be excluded from 4D flow acquisitions without affecting quantitative intracardiac parameters. Methods Eight volunteers underwent CMR at 1.5 T with a 5-channel coil (5ch). Imaging included 2D flow measurements and whole-heart 4D flow with and without respiratory gating (Resp(+), Resp(−)). Stroke volume (SV), particle-trace volumes, kinetic energy, and vortex-ring volume were obtained from 4D flow-data. These parameters were compared between 5ch Resp(+) and 5ch Resp(−). In addition, 20 patients with heart failure were scanned using a 32-channel coil (32ch), and particle-trace volumes were compared to planimetric SV. Paired comparisons were performed using Wilcoxon’s test and correlation analysis using Pearson r. Agreement was assessed as bias ± SD. Results Stroke volume from 4D flow was lower compared to 2D flow both with and without respiratory gating (5ch Resp(+) 88 ± 18 vs 97 ± 24.0, p = 0.001; 5ch Resp(−) 86 ± 16 vs 97.1 ± 22.7, p < 0.01). There was a good correlation between Resp(+) and Resp(−) for particle-trace derived volumes (R2 = 0.82, 0.2 ± 9.4 ml), mean kinetic energy (R2 = 0.86, 0.07 ± 0.21 mJ), peak kinetic energy (R2 = 0.88, 0.14 ± 0.77 mJ), and vortex-ring volume (R2 = 0.70, −2.5 ± 9.4 ml). Furthermore, good correlation was found between particle-trace volume and planimetric SV in patients for 32ch Resp(−) (R2 = 0.62, −4.2 ± 17.6 ml) and in healthy volunteers for 5ch Resp(+) (R2 = 0.89, −11 ± 7 ml), and 5ch Resp(−) (R2 = 0.93, −7.5 ± 5.4 ml), Average scan duration for Resp(−) was shorter compared to Resp(+) (27 ± 9 min vs 61 ± 19 min, p < 0.05). Conclusions Whole-heart 4D flow can be acquired with preserved quantitative results without respiratory gating, facilitating clinical use. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12880-015-0061-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mikael Kanski
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Lund University, Lund University Hospital, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Johannes Töger
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Lund University, Lund University Hospital, Lund, Sweden. .,Department of Numerical Analysis, Center of Mathematical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
| | | | - Christos Xanthis
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Lund University, Lund University Hospital, Lund, Sweden. .,Department of Computer Science and Biomedical informatics, University of Thessaly, Lamia, Greece.
| | | | - Einar Heiberg
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Lund University, Lund University Hospital, Lund, Sweden. .,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Lund University, Lund, Sweden. .,Center for Mathematics, Faculty of Engineering, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Marcus Carlsson
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Lund University, Lund University Hospital, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Håkan Arheden
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Lund University, Lund University Hospital, Lund, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Badas MG, Espa S, Fortini S, Querzoli G. 3D Finite Time Lyapunov Exponents in a left ventricle laboratory model. EPJ WEB OF CONFERENCES 2015. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/20159202004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
|
12
|
Töger J, Bidhult S, Revstedt J, Carlsson M, Arheden H, Heiberg E. Independent validation of four-dimensional flow MR velocities and vortex ring volume using particle imaging velocimetry and planar laser-Induced fluorescence. Magn Reson Med 2015; 75:1064-75. [PMID: 25940239 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.25683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Revised: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to: (i) present and characterize a phantom setup for validation of four-dimensional (4D) flow using particle imaging velocimetry (PIV) and planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF); (ii) validate 4D flow velocity measurements using PIV; and (iii) validate 4D flow vortex ring volume (VV) using PLIF. METHODS A pulsatile pump and a tank with a 25-mm nozzle were constructed. PIV measurements (1.5 × 1.5 mm pixels, temporal resolution 10 ms) were obtained on two occasions. The 4D flow (3 × 3 × 3 mm voxels, temporal resolution 50 ms) was acquired using SENSE = 2. VV was quantified using PLIF and 4D flow. RESULTS PIV showed excellent day-to-day stability (R(2) = 0.99, bias -0.04 ± 0.72 cm/s). The 4D flow mean velocities agreed well with PIV (R(2) = 0.95, bias 0.16 ± 2.65 cm/s). Peak velocities in 4D flow were underestimated by 7-18% compared with PIV (y = 0.79x + 2.7, R(2) = 0.96, -12 ± 5%). VV showed excellent agreement between PLIF and 4D flow (R(2) = 0.99, 2.4 ± 1.5 mL). CONCLUSION This study shows: (i) The proposed phantom enables reliable validation of 4D flow. (ii) 4D flow velocities show good agreement with PIV, but peak velocities were underestimated due to low spatial and temporal resolution. (iii) Vortex ring volume (VV) can be quantified using 4D flow.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Töger
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Lund University Hospital, Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Department of Numerical Analysis, Centre for Mathematical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Sebastian Bidhult
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Lund University Hospital, Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Johan Revstedt
- Department of Energy Sciences, Faculty of Engineering, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Marcus Carlsson
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Lund University Hospital, Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Håkan Arheden
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Lund University Hospital, Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Einar Heiberg
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Lund University Hospital, Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Department of Numerical Analysis, Centre for Mathematical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Abstract
4D flow MRI permits a comprehensive in-vivo assessment of three-directional blood flow within 3-dimensional vascular structures throughout the cardiac cycle. Given the large coverage permitted from a 4D flow acquisition, the distribution of vessel wall and flow parameters along an entire vessel of interest can thus be derived from a single measurement without being dependent on multiple predefined 2D acquisitions. In addition to qualitative 3D visualizations of complex cardiac and vascular flow patterns, quantitative flow analysis can be performed and is complemented by the ability to compute sophisticated hemodynamic parameters, such as wall shear stress or 3D pressure difference maps. These metrics can provide information previously unavailable with conventional modalities regarding the impact of cardiovascular disease or therapy on global and regional changes in hemodynamics. This review provides an introduction to the methodological aspects of 4D flow MRI to assess vascular hemodynamics and describes its potential for the assessment and understanding of altered hemodynamics in the presence of cardiovascular disease.
Collapse
|
14
|
Walton S, Berger K, Thiyagalingam J, Duffy B, Fang H, Holloway C, Trefethen AE, Chen M. Visualizing Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance (CMR) imagery: challenges and opportunities. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 115:349-58. [PMID: 25091538 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2014.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance (CMR) imaging is an essential technique for measuring regional myocardial function. However, it is a time-consuming and cognitively demanding task to interpret, identify and compare various motion characteristics based on watching CMR imagery. In this work, we focus on the problems of visualising imagery resulting from 2D myocardial tagging in CMR. In particular we provide an overview of the current state of the art of relevant visualization techniques, and a discussion on why the problem is difficult from a perceptual perspective. Finally, we introduce a proof-of-concept multilayered visualization user interface for visualizing CMR data using multiple derived attributes encoded into multivariate glyphs. An initial evaluation of the system by clinicians suggested a great potential for this visualisation technology to become a clinical practice in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Walton
- Oxford e-Research Centre, Oxford University, 7 Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3QG, UK.
| | - Kai Berger
- INRIA Bretagne-Atlantique, Campus universitaire de Beaulieu, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France
| | | | - Brian Duffy
- Oxford e-Research Centre, Oxford University, 7 Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3QG, UK
| | - Hui Fang
- Oxford e-Research Centre, Oxford University, 7 Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3QG, UK
| | - Cameron Holloway
- St Vincent's Hospital, 390 Victoria St, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Anne E Trefethen
- Oxford e-Research Centre, Oxford University, 7 Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3QG, UK
| | - Min Chen
- Oxford e-Research Centre, Oxford University, 7 Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3QG, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Bermejo J, Benito Y, Alhama M, Yotti R, Martínez-Legazpi P, Del Villar CP, Pérez-David E, González-Mansilla A, Santa-Marta C, Barrio A, Fernández-Avilés F, Del Álamo JC. Intraventricular vortex properties in nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2014; 306:H718-29. [PMID: 24414062 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00697.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Vortices may have a role in optimizing the mechanical efficiency and blood mixing of the left ventricle (LV). We aimed to characterize the size, position, circulation, and kinetic energy (KE) of LV main vortex cores in patients with nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy (NIDCM) and analyze their physiological correlates. We used digital processing of color-Doppler images to study flow evolution in 61 patients with NIDCM and 61 age-matched control subjects. Vortex features showed a characteristic biphasic temporal course during diastole. Because late filling contributed significantly to flow entrainment, vortex KE reached its maximum at the time of the peak A wave, storing 26 ± 20% of total KE delivered by inflow (range: 1-74%). Patients with NIDCM showed larger and stronger vortices than control subjects (circulation: 0.008 ± 0.007 vs. 0.006 ± 0.005 m(2)/s, respectively, P = 0.02; KE: 7 ± 8 vs. 5 ± 5 mJ/m, P = 0.04), even when corrected for LV size. This helped confining the filling jet in the dilated ventricle. The vortex Reynolds number was also higher in the NIDCM group. By multivariate analysis, vortex KE was related to the KE generated by inflow and to chamber short-axis diameter. In 21 patients studied head to head, Doppler measurements of circulation and KE closely correlated with phase-contract magnetic resonance values (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.82 and 0.76, respectively). Thus, the biphasic nature of filling determines normal vortex physiology. Vortex formation is exaggerated in patients with NIDCM due to chamber remodeling, and enlarged vortices are helpful for ameliorating convective pressure losses and facilitating transport. These findings can be accurately studied using ultrasound.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Javier Bermejo
- Department of Cardiology, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Abstract
Traditionally, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of flow using phase contrast (PC) methods is accomplished using methods that resolve single-directional flow in two spatial dimensions (2D) of an individual slice. More recently, three-dimensional (3D) spatial encoding combined with three-directional velocity-encoded phase contrast MRI (here termed 4D flow MRI) has drawn increased attention. 4D flow MRI offers the ability to measure and to visualize the temporal evolution of complex blood flow patterns within an acquired 3D volume. Various methodological improvements permit the acquisition of 4D flow MRI data encompassing individual vascular structures and entire vascular territories such as the heart, the adjacent aorta, the carotid arteries, abdominal, or peripheral vessels within reasonable scan times. To subsequently analyze the flow data by quantitative means and visualization of complex, three-directional blood flow patterns, various tools have been proposed. This review intends to introduce currently used 4D flow MRI methods, including Cartesian and radial data acquisition, approaches for accelerated data acquisition, cardiac gating, and respiration control. Based on these developments, an overview is provided over the potential this new imaging technique has in different parts of the body from the head to the peripheral arteries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Markl
- Department of Radiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Ghosh E, Kovács SJ. Early Left Ventricular Diastolic Function Quantitation Using Directional Impedances. Ann Biomed Eng 2013; 41:1269-78. [DOI: 10.1007/s10439-013-0756-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2012] [Accepted: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
18
|
Le TB, Sotiropoulos F. On the three-dimensional vortical structure of early diastolic flow in a patient-specific left ventricle. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MECHANICS. B, FLUIDS 2012; 35:20-24. [PMID: 22773898 PMCID: PMC3388554 DOI: 10.1016/j.euromechflu.2012.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
We study the formation of the mitral vortex ring during early diastolic filling in a patient-specific left ventricle using direct numerical simulation. The geometry of the left ventricle is reconstructed from Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). The heart wall motion is modeled by a cell-based activation methodology, which yields physiologic kinematics with heart rate equal to 52 beats per minute. We show that the structure of the mitral vortex ring consists of the main vortex ring and trailing vortex tubes, which originate at the heart wall. The trailing vortex tubes play an important role in exciting twisting circumferential instability modes of the mitral vortex ring. At the end of diastole, the vortex ring impinges on the wall and the intraventricular flow transitions to a weak turbulent state. Our results can be used to help interprete and analyze three-dimensional in-vivo flow measurements obtained with MRI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Trung Bao Le
- St. Anthony Falls Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Fotis Sotiropoulos
- St. Anthony Falls Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Corresponding author at: Saint Anthony Falls Lab., Dept. Civil Engineering, University of Minnesota, 2 Third Ave SE, Minneapolis, MN 55414. Tel: +1 612 624 2022
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Magnetic resonance velocity mapping of 3D cerebrospinal fluid flow dynamics in hydrocephalus: preliminary results. Eur Radiol 2011; 22:232-42. [DOI: 10.1007/s00330-011-2247-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2011] [Revised: 06/21/2011] [Accepted: 07/08/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
|