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Wang Z, Zou J, Zhang L, Liu H, Jiang B, Liang Y, Zhang Y. Comprehensive analysis of the progression mechanisms of CRPC and its inhibitor discovery based on machine learning algorithms. Front Genet 2023; 14:1184704. [PMID: 37476415 PMCID: PMC10354439 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1184704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Almost all patients treated with androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) eventually develop castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Our research aims to elucidate the potential biomarkers and molecular mechanisms that underlie the transformation of primary prostate cancer into CRPC. Methods: We collected three microarray datasets (GSE32269, GSE74367, and GSE66187) from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database for CRPC. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in CRPC were identified for further analyses, including Gene Ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), and gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA). Weighted gene coexpression network analysis (WGCNA) and two machine learning algorithms were employed to identify potential biomarkers for CRPC. The diagnostic efficiency of the selected biomarkers was evaluated based on gene expression level and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analyses. We conducted virtual screening of drugs using AutoDock Vina. In vitro experiments were performed using the Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay to evaluate the inhibitory effects of the drugs on CRPC cell viability. Scratch and transwell invasion assays were employed to assess the effects of the drugs on the migration and invasion abilities of prostate cancer cells. Results: Overall, a total of 719 DEGs, consisting of 513 upregulated and 206 downregulated genes, were identified. The biological functional enrichment analysis indicated that DEGs were mainly enriched in pathways related to the cell cycle and metabolism. CCNA2 and CKS2 were identified as promising biomarkers using a combination of WGCNA, LASSO logistic regression, SVM-RFE, and Venn diagram analyses. These potential biomarkers were further validated and exhibited a strong predictive ability. The results of the virtual screening revealed Aprepitant and Dolutegravir as the optimal targeted drugs for CCNA2 and CKS2, respectively. In vitro experiments demonstrated that both Aprepitant and Dolutegravir exerted significant inhibitory effects on CRPC cells (p < 0.05), with Aprepitant displaying a superior inhibitory effect compared to Dolutegravir. Discussion: The expression of CCNA2 and CKS2 increases with the progression of prostate cancer, which may be one of the driving factors for the progression of prostate cancer and can serve as diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets for CRPC. Additionally, Aprepitant and Dolutegravir show potential as anti-tumor drugs for CRPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Wang
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dali University, Dali, Yunnan, China
| | - Jing Zou
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Dali University, Dali, Yunnan, China
| | - Le Zhang
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dali University, Dali, Yunnan, China
| | - Hongru Liu
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dali University, Dali, Yunnan, China
| | - Bei Jiang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Screening and Research on Anti-pathogenic Plant Resources from West Yunnan (Cultivation), Dali, Yunnan, China
| | - Yi Liang
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, TMDT-MaRS Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Yuzhe Zhang
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dali University, Dali, Yunnan, China
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Nepali PR, Kyprianou N. Anoikis in phenotypic reprogramming of the prostate tumor microenvironment. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1160267. [PMID: 37091854 PMCID: PMC10113530 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1160267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is one of the most common malignancies in males wherein 1 in 8 men are diagnosed with this disease in their lifetime. The urgency to find novel therapeutic interventions is associated with high treatment resistance and mortality rates associated with castration-resistant prostate cancer. Anoikis is an apoptotic phenomenon for normal epithelial or endothelial cells that have lost their attachment to the extracellular matrix (ECM). Tumor cells that lose their connection to the ECM can die via apoptosis or survive via anoikis resistance and thus escaping to distant organs for metastatic progression. This review discusses the recent advances made in our understanding of the signaling effectors of anoikis in prostate cancer and the approaches to translate these mechanistic insights into therapeutic benefits for reducing lethal disease outcomes (by overcoming anoikis resistance). The prostate tumor microenvironment is a highly dynamic landscape wherein the balance between androgen signaling, cell lineage changes, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), extracellular matrix interactions, actin cytoskeleton remodeling as well as metabolic changes, confer anoikis resistance and metastatic spread. Thus, these mechanisms also offer unique molecular treatment signatures, exploitation of which can prime prostate tumors to anoikis induction with a high translational significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prerna R. Nepali
- Department of Urology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Natasha Kyprianou
- Department of Urology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Pathology and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
- *Correspondence: Natasha Kyprianou,
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Connective Tissue Growth Factor in Digestive System Cancers: A Review and Meta-Analysis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2020:8489093. [PMID: 33426067 PMCID: PMC7781715 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8489093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Aim A meta-analysis was conducted to estimate the impact of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) on outcomes in patients with digestive system cancers. Methods A systemic literature survey was performed by searching the Cochrane Library and PubMed databases for articles that evaluated the impact of CTGF on outcomes in patients with digestive system cancers. Hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals were calculated for prognostic factors, overall and recurrence-free survival using RevMan 5.3 software. Results This meta-analysis was conducted to evaluate a total of 11 studies that included 1730 patients. The results showed that elevated CTGF expression was significantly correlated with advanced age, larger tumor size, multiple tumors, and vascular invasion. Subgroup analysis by cancer type revealed increased risk for lymph node metastasis and advanced tumor node metastasis (TNM) stage in gastric cancer, compared with colorectal cancer. An unfavorable effect of elevated CTGF levels on overall survival was found in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma and patients with gastric cancer, while survival was improved in colorectal cancer patients with high CTGF expression, compared to those with normal levels of CTGF. Conclusions Elevated CTGF expression may be a novel biomarker for disease status and predicted survival outcomes in patients with specific digestive system cancers.
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Li XT, Li JY, Zeng GC, Lu L, Jarrett MJ, Zhao Y, Yao QZ, Chen X, Yu KJ. Overexpression of connective tissue growth factor is associated with tumor progression and unfavorable prognosis in endometrial cancer. Cancer Biomark 2020; 25:295-302. [PMID: 31306107 DOI: 10.3233/cbm-190099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study was to explore the prognostic value of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) expression in endometrial cancer (EC). METHODS We compared CTGF expression in 198 samples from patients with endometrial cancer and 50 samples from patients with healthy endometrial tissues as determined by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Expression of CTGF was significantly higher in endometrial cancers as compared to normal endometrial tissues. Positive CTGF expression displayed a strong association with CA125 level, histological grade, depth of myometrial invasion and the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) stage. Our findings revealed histological grade, depth of myometrial invasion, FIGO stage, vascular/lymphatic invasion, and the CTGF expression are related to 5-year survival in patients with endometrial cancer. Positive CTGF expression, lymph node status, as well as vascular/lymphatic invasion, were identified as independent prognostic factors in endometrial cancer. CONCLUTIONS Over-expression of CTGF is an independent prognostic factor that will allow the successful differentiation of high-risk population from the group of patients with stage III-IV endometrial cancer. The up-regulation of CTGF may contribute to the progression of endometrial cancer and serve as a new prognostic biomarker in patients with endometrial cancer survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Ting Li
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, China
| | - Jia-Yu Li
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, China
| | - Guang-Chun Zeng
- Department of Pathology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, China
| | - Li Lu
- Department of Urology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Michael J Jarrett
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO 80045, USA
| | - Ye Zhao
- Department of Pathology, Zhuhai Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Zhuhai, Guangdong, 519020, China
| | - Qing-Zhou Yao
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO 80045, USA
| | - Xiuwei Chen
- Department of Gynecology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150081, China
| | - Kai-Jiang Yu
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, China
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5
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Yumimoto K, Sugiyama S, Mimori K, Nakayama KI. Potentials of C-C motif chemokine 2-C-C chemokine receptor type 2 blockers including propagermanium as anticancer agents. Cancer Sci 2019; 110:2090-2099. [PMID: 31111571 PMCID: PMC6609805 DOI: 10.1111/cas.14075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation plays an essential role in the development and progression of most cancers. Chemokine C‐C motif chemokine 2 (CCL2) and its receptor C‐C chemokine receptor type 2 (CCR2) constitute a key signaling axis in inflammation that has recently attracted much interest on the basis of evidence showing its association with cancer progression. Propagermanium (3‐oxygermylpropionic acid polymer) is an organogermanium compound that is given for the treatment of hepatitis B in Japan and which inhibits the CCL2‐CCR2 signaling pathway. Herein, we review the importance of the CCL2‐CCR2 axis as a target in cancer treatment as shown by studies in mice and humans with pharmacological agents including propagermanium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanae Yumimoto
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shigeaki Sugiyama
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Koshi Mimori
- Department of Surgery, Kyushu University Beppu Hospital, Beppu, Japan
| | - Keiichi I Nakayama
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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6
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Zhang S, Li B, Tang W, Ni L, Ma H, Lu M, Meng Q. Effects of connective tissue growth factor on prostate cancer bone metastasis and osteoblast differentiation. Oncol Lett 2018; 16:2305-2311. [PMID: 30008933 PMCID: PMC6036428 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.8960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) is expressed at increased levels in prostate cancer bone metastasis mouse models and patients with prostate cancer which metastasizes to the bone; however, the underlying molecular mechanism(s) remain unknown. The present study investigated the function of CTGF in osteoblast differentiation and its effect on prostate cancer bone metastasis by analyzing CTGF gene expression and transcription at different levels of invasion, metastasis of prostate cancer cells, and the influence of CTGF on proliferation and xenotransplantation. A mouse model demonstrating bone metastasis was used to investigate the function(s) of CTGF in bone metastasis and osteoblast differentiation. Results demonstrated that CTGF expression was increased in association with high bone metastasis in prostate cancer cells, and its expression was significantly decreased in whole cell lysates. CTGF expression in prostate cancer cells with high levels of bone metastasis was increased 1.9-fold compared with prostate cancer cells with low levels of bone metastasis. The expression of CTGF in mesenchymal cells was markedly increased compared with epithelial cells. Results indicated that the increased expression of CTGF does not affect the proliferation of tumor cells and possesses no influence on tumor volume. Control and CTGF plasmids were transfected into RM1 cells and led to 4 and 17% bone lesions, respectively. Increased expression of CTGF significantly enlarged the tumor area in the bone metastatic position compared with the control. Positive areas of alkaline phosphatase were significantly decreased as the concentration of CTGF increased. The results of the present study demonstrated that CTGF promotes prostate carcinoma to metastasize in the bone by dysregulating osteoblast differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangli Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Fourth Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P.R. China
| | - Baolin Li
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Harbin The First Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150010, P.R. China
| | - Wei Tang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Second People's Hospital of Rizhao, Rizhao, Shandong 276807, P.R. China
| | - Linying Ni
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P.R. China
| | - Huili Ma
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, Shandong 256603, P.R. China
| | - Ming Lu
- Department of Oncological Surgery, The First Hospital of Qiqihaer City, Qiqihaer, Heilongjiang 161005, P.R. China
| | - Qinggang Meng
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Harbin The First Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150010, P.R. China
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Tremble LF, Forde PF, Soden DM. Clinical evaluation of macrophages in cancer: role in treatment, modulation and challenges. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2017; 66:1509-1527. [PMID: 28948324 PMCID: PMC11028704 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-017-2065-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The focus of immunotherapeutics has been placed firmly on anti-tumour T cell responses. Significant progress has been made in the treatment of both local and systemic malignancies, but low response rates and rising toxicities are limiting this approach. Advancements in the understanding of tumour immunology are opening up a new range of therapeutic targets, including immunosuppressive factors in the tumour microenvironment. Macrophages are a heterogeneous group of cells that have roles in innate and adaptive immunity and tissue repair, but become co-opted by tumours to support tumour growth, survival, metastasis and immunosuppression. Macrophages also support tumour resistance to conventional therapy. In preclinical models, interference with macrophage migration, macrophage depletion and macrophage re-education have all been shown to reduce tumour growth and support anti-tumour immune responses. Here we discuss the role of macrophages in prognosis and sensitivity to therapy, while examining the significant progress which has been made in modulating the behaviour of these cells in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam Friel Tremble
- Cork Cancer Research Centre, Western Gateway Building, University College Cork, Western Road, Cork, Ireland.
| | - Patrick F Forde
- Cork Cancer Research Centre, Western Gateway Building, University College Cork, Western Road, Cork, Ireland
| | - Declan M Soden
- Cork Cancer Research Centre, Western Gateway Building, University College Cork, Western Road, Cork, Ireland
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8
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Raza S, Meyer M, Goodyear C, Hammer KDP, Guo B, Ghribi O. The cholesterol metabolite 27-hydroxycholesterol stimulates cell proliferation via ERβ in prostate cancer cells. Cancer Cell Int 2017; 17:52. [PMID: 28503095 PMCID: PMC5425984 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-017-0422-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND For every six men, one will be diagnosed with prostate cancer (PCa) in their lifetime. Estrogen receptors (ERs) are known to play a role in prostate carcinogenesis. However, it is unclear whether the estrogenic effects are mediated by estrogen receptor α (ERα) or estrogen receptor β (ERβ). Although it is speculated that ERα is associated with harmful effects on PCa, the role of ERβ in PCa is still ill-defined. The cholesterol oxidized metabolite 27-hydroxycholesterol (27-OHC) has been found to bind to ERs and act as a selective ER modulator (SERM). Increased 27-OHC levels are found in individuals with hypercholesterolemia, a condition that is suggested to be a risk factor for PCa. METHODS In the present study, we determined the extent to which 27-OHC causes deleterious effects in the non-tumorigenic RWPE-1, the low tumorigenic LNCaP, and the highly tumorigenic PC3 prostate cancer cells. We conducted cell metabolic activity and proliferation assays using MTS and CyQUANT dyes, protein expression analyses via immunoblots and gene expression analyses via RT-PCR. Additionally, immunocytochemistry and invasion assays were performed to analyze intracellular protein distribution and quantify transepithelial cell motility. RESULTS We found that incubation of LNCaP and PC3 cells with 27-OHC significantly increased cell proliferation. We also demonstrate that the ER inhibitor ICI 182,780 (fulvestrant) significantly reduced 27-OH-induced cell proliferation, indicating the involvement of ERs in proliferation. Interestingly, ERβ levels, and to a lesser extent ERα, were significantly increased following incubation of PCa cells with 27-OHC. Furthermore, in the presence of the ERβ specific inhibitor, PHTPP, 27-OHC-induced proliferation is attenuated. CONCLUSIONS Altogether, our results show for the first time that 27-OHC, through ER activation, triggers deleterious effect in prostate cancer cell lines. We propose that dysregulated levels of 27-OHC may trigger or exacerbate prostate cancer via acting on ERβ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaneabbas Raza
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, 501 North Columbia Road, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA
| | - Megan Meyer
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, 501 North Columbia Road, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA
| | - Casey Goodyear
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, 501 North Columbia Road, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA
| | - Kimberly D P Hammer
- Department of Veteran Affairs, Fargo VA Health Care System, Fargo, ND 58102 USA
| | - Bin Guo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108 USA
| | - Othman Ghribi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, 501 North Columbia Road, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA
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Chen Z, Gerke T, Bird V, Prosperi M. Trends in Gene Expression Profiling for Prostate Cancer Risk Assessment: A Systematic Review. Biomed Hub 2017; 2:1-15. [PMID: 31988908 PMCID: PMC6945900 DOI: 10.1159/000472146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of the study is to review biotechnology advances in gene expression profiling on prostate cancer (PCa), focusing on experimental platform development and gene discovery, in relation to different study designs and outcomes in order to understand how they can be exploited to improve PCa diagnosis and clinical management. METHODS We conducted a systematic literature review on gene expression profiling studies through PubMed/MEDLINE and Web of Science between 2000 and 2016. Tissue biopsy and clinical gene profiling studies with different outcomes (e.g., recurrence, survival) were included. RESULTS Over 3,000 papers were screened and 137 full-text articles were selected. In terms of technology used, microarray is still the most popular technique, increasing from 50 to 70% between 2010 and 2015, but there has been a rise in the number of studies using RNA sequencing (13% in 2015). Sample sizes have increased, as well as the number of genes that can be screened all at once, but we have also observed more focused targeting in more recent studies. Qualitative analysis on the specific genes found associated with PCa risk or clinical outcomes revealed a large variety of gene candidates, with a few consistent cross-studies. CONCLUSIONS The last 15 years of research in gene expression in PCa have brought a large volume of data and information that has been decoded only in part, but advancements in high-throughput sequencing technology are increasing the amount of data that can be generated. The variety of findings warrants the execution of both validation studies and meta-analyses. Genetic biomarkers have tremendous potential for early diagnosis of PCa and, if coupled with other diagnostics (e.g., imaging), can effectively be used to concretize less-invasive, personalized prediction of PCa risk and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoyi Chen
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health and Health Professions, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | | | - Victoria Bird
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Mattia Prosperi
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health and Health Professions, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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Lundon DJ, Boland A, Prencipe M, Hurley G, O'Neill A, Kay E, Aherne ST, Doolan P, Madden SF, Clynes M, Morrissey C, Fitzpatrick JM, Watson RW. The prognostic utility of the transcription factor SRF in docetaxel-resistant prostate cancer: in-vitro discovery and in-vivo validation. BMC Cancer 2017; 17:163. [PMID: 28249598 PMCID: PMC5333466 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-017-3100-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Docetaxel based therapy is one of the first line chemotherapeutic agents for the treatment of metastatic castrate-resistant prostate cancer. However, one of the major obstacles in the treatment of these patients is docetaxel-resistance. Defining the mechanisms of resistance so as to inform subsequent treatment options and combinations represents a challenge for clinicians and scientists. Previous work by our group has shown complex changes in pro and anti-apoptotic proteins in the development of resistance to docetaxel. Targeting these changes individually does not significantly impact on the resistant phenotype but understanding the central signalling pathways and transcription factors (TFs) which control these could represent a more appropriate therapeutic targeting approach. Methods Using a number of docetaxel-resistant sublines of PC-3 cells, we have undertaken a transcriptomic analysis by expression microarray using the Affymetrix Human Gene 1.0 ST Array and in conjunction with bioinformatic analyses undertook to predict dysregulated TFs in docetaxel resistant prostate cancer. The clinical significance of this prediction was ascertained by performing immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis of an identified TF (SRF) in the metastatic sites from men who died of advanced CRPC. Investigation of the functional role of SRF was examined by manipulating SRF using SiRNA in a docetaxel-resistant PC-3 cell line model. Results The transcription factors identified include serum response factor (SRF), nuclear factor kappa-B (NFκB), heat shock factor protein 1 (HSF1), testicular receptor 2 & 4 (TR2 &4), vitamin-D and retinoid x receptor (VDR-RXR) and oestrogen-receptor 1 (ESR1), which are predicted to be responsible for the differential gene expression observed in docetaxel-resistance. IHC analysis to quantify nuclear expression of the identified TF SRF correlates with both survival from date of bone metastasis (p = 0.003), survival from androgen independence (p = 0.00002), and overall survival from prostate cancer (p = 0.0044). Functional knockdown of SRF by siRNA demonstrated a reversal of apoptotic resistance to docetaxel treatment in the docetaxel-resistant PC-3 cell line model. Conclusions Our results suggest that SRF could aid in treatment stratification of prostate cancer, and may also represent a therapeutic target in the treatment of men afflicted with advanced prostate cancer. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12885-017-3100-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Lundon
- UCD School of Medicine, Conway Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Sciences, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - A Boland
- UCD School of Mathematical Sciences and Insight, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - M Prencipe
- UCD School of Medicine, Conway Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Sciences, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - G Hurley
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - A O'Neill
- UCD School of Medicine, Conway Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Sciences, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - E Kay
- Department of Pathology, Beaumont Hospital & Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - S T Aherne
- National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland Non-US/Non-Canadian, Ireland
| | - P Doolan
- National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland Non-US/Non-Canadian, Ireland
| | - S F Madden
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - M Clynes
- National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland Non-US/Non-Canadian, Ireland
| | - C Morrissey
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - J M Fitzpatrick
- UCD School of Medicine, Conway Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Sciences, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - R W Watson
- UCD School of Medicine, Conway Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Sciences, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
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11
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Lim SY, Yuzhalin AE, Gordon-Weeks AN, Muschel RJ. Targeting the CCL2-CCR2 signaling axis in cancer metastasis. Oncotarget 2016; 7:28697-710. [PMID: 26885690 PMCID: PMC5053756 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 349] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 01/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The CCL2-CCR2 signaling axis has generated increasing interest in recent years due to its association with the progression of cancer. Although first described as a chemotactic molecule with physiological roles in regulating inflammation, recent studies have revealed a pro-tumorigenic function for CCL2 in favoring cancer development and subsequent metastasis. CCL2 binds the cognate receptor CCR2, and together this signaling pair has been shown to have multiple pro-tumorigenic roles, from mediating tumor growth and angiogenesis to recruiting and usurping host stromal cells to support tumor progression. The importance of CCL2-CCR2 signaling has been further championed by the establishment of clinical trials targeting this signaling pair in solid and metastatic cancers. Here we review the roles of CCL2-CCR2 signaling in the development and progression of cancer metastasis. We further evaluate the outcome of several clinical trials targeting either CCL2 or CCR2, and discuss the prospects and challenges of manipulating CCL2-CCR2 interaction as a potential approach for combating metastatic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Yin Lim
- CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Arseniy E. Yuzhalin
- CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Alex N. Gordon-Weeks
- CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ruth J. Muschel
- CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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12
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Tsaur I, Noack A, Makarevic J, Oppermann E, Waaga-Gasser AM, Gasser M, Borgmann H, Huesch T, Gust KM, Reiter M, Schilling D, Bartsch G, Haferkamp A, Blaheta RA. CCL2 Chemokine as a Potential Biomarker for Prostate Cancer: A Pilot Study. Cancer Res Treat 2014; 47:306-12. [PMID: 25483747 PMCID: PMC4398105 DOI: 10.4143/crt.2014.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Prostate specific antigen is not reliable in diagnosing prostate cancer (PCa), making the identification of novel, precise diagnostic biomarkers important. Since chemokines are associated with more aggressive disease and poor prognosis in diverse malignancies, we aimed to investigate the diagnostic relevance of chemokines in PCa. Materials and Methods Preoperative and early postoperative serum samples were obtained from 39 consecutive PCa patients undergoing radical prostatectomy. Serum from 15 healthy volunteers served as controls. Concentrations of CXCL12, CXCL13, CX3CL1, CCL2, CCL5, and CCL20 were measured in serum by Luminex. The expression activity of CXCR3, CXCR4, CXCR5, CXCR7, CXCL12, CXCL13, CX3CR1, CXCL1, CCR2, CCR5, CCR6, CCR7, CCL2, and CCL5 mRNA was assessed in tumor and adjacent normal tissue of prostatectomy specimens by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. The associations of these chemokines with clinical and histological parameters were tested. Results The gene expression activity of CCL2 and CCR6 was significantly higher in tumor tissue compared to adjacent normal tissue. CCL2 was also significantly higher in the blood samples of PCa patients, compared to controls. CCL5, CCL20, and CX3CL1 were lower in patient serum, compared to controls. CCR2 tissue mRNA was negatively correlated with the Gleason score and grading. Conclusion Chemokines are significantly modified during tumorigenesis of PCa, and CCL2 is a promising diagnostic biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Tsaur
- Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Anika Noack
- Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jasmina Makarevic
- Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Elsie Oppermann
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Ana Maria Waaga-Gasser
- Department of Surgery I, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Julius-Maximilians-University, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Martin Gasser
- Department of Surgery I, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Julius-Maximilians-University, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Hendrik Borgmann
- Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Tanja Huesch
- Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Kilian M Gust
- Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Michael Reiter
- Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - David Schilling
- Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Georg Bartsch
- Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Axel Haferkamp
- Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Roman A Blaheta
- Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Identification of proteomic biomarkers predicting prostate cancer aggressiveness and lethality despite biopsy-sampling error. Br J Cancer 2014; 111:1201-12. [PMID: 25032733 PMCID: PMC4453845 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2014.396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Revised: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Key challenges of biopsy-based determination of prostate cancer aggressiveness include tumour heterogeneity, biopsy-sampling error, and variations in biopsy interpretation. The resulting uncertainty in risk assessment leads to significant overtreatment, with associated costs and morbidity. We developed a performance-based strategy to identify protein biomarkers predictive of prostate cancer aggressiveness and lethality regardless of biopsy-sampling variation. Methods: Prostatectomy samples from a large patient cohort with long follow-up were blindly assessed by expert pathologists who identified the tissue regions with the highest and lowest Gleason grade from each patient. To simulate biopsy-sampling error, a core from a high- and a low-Gleason area from each patient sample was used to generate a ‘high' and a ‘low' tumour microarray, respectively. Results: Using a quantitative proteomics approach, we identified from 160 candidates 12 biomarkers that predicted prostate cancer aggressiveness (surgical Gleason and TNM stage) and lethal outcome robustly in both high- and low-Gleason areas. Conversely, a previously reported lethal outcome-predictive marker signature for prostatectomy tissue was unable to perform under circumstances of maximal sampling error. Conclusions: Our results have important implications for cancer biomarker discovery in general and development of a sampling error-resistant clinical biopsy test for prediction of prostate cancer aggressiveness.
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14
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Wells JE, Howlett M, Cole CH, Kees UR. Deregulated expression of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF/CCN2) is linked to poor outcome in human cancer. Int J Cancer 2014; 137:504-11. [PMID: 24832082 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Revised: 04/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF/CCN2) has long been associated with human cancers. The role it plays in these neoplasms is diverse and tumour specific. Recurring patterns in clinical outcome, histological desmoplasia and mechanisms of action have been found. When CTGF is overexpressed compared to low-expressing normal tissue or is underexpressed compared to high-expressing normal tissue, the functional outcome favours tumour survival and disease progression. CTGF acts by altering proliferation, drug resistance, angiogenesis, adhesion and migration contributing to metastasis. The pattern of CTGF expression and tumour response helps to clarify the role of this matricellular protein across a multitude of human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia E Wells
- Leukaemia and Cancer Division, Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.,School of Paediatrics and Child Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Meegan Howlett
- Leukaemia and Cancer Division, Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Catherine H Cole
- School of Paediatrics and Child Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Ursula R Kees
- Leukaemia and Cancer Division, Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
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15
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Rizzardi AE, Rosener NK, Koopmeiners JS, Isaksson Vogel R, Metzger GJ, Forster CL, Marston LO, Tiffany JR, McCarthy JB, Turley EA, Warlick CA, Henriksen JC, Schmechel SC. Evaluation of protein biomarkers of prostate cancer aggressiveness. BMC Cancer 2014; 14:244. [PMID: 24708576 PMCID: PMC4101830 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-14-244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prognostic multibiomarker signatures in prostate cancer (PCa) may improve patient management and provide a bridge for developing novel therapeutics and imaging methods. Our objective was to evaluate the association between expression of 33 candidate protein biomarkers and time to biochemical failure (BF) after prostatectomy. METHODS PCa tissue microarrays were constructed representing 160 patients for whom clinicopathologic features and follow-up data after surgery were available. Immunohistochemistry for each of 33 proteins was quantified using automated digital pathology techniques. Relationships between clinicopathologic features, staining intensity, and time to BF were assessed. Predictive modeling using multiple imputed datasets was performed to identify the top biomarker candidates. RESULTS In univariate analyses, lymph node positivity, surgical margin positivity, non-localized tumor, age at prostatectomy, and biomarkers CCND1, HMMR, IGF1, MKI67, SIAH2, and SMAD4 in malignant epithelium were significantly associated with time to BF. HMMR, IGF1, and SMAD4 remained significantly associated with BF after adjusting for clinicopathologic features while additional associations were observed for HOXC6 and MAP4K4 following adjustment. In multibiomarker predictive models, 3 proteins including HMMR, SIAH2, and SMAD4 were consistently represented among the top 2, 3, 4, and 5 most predictive biomarkers, and a signature comprised of these proteins best predicted BF at 3 and 5 years. CONCLUSIONS This study provides rationale for investigation of HMMR, HOXC6, IGF1, MAP4K4, SIAH2, and SMAD4 as biomarkers of PCa aggressiveness in larger cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Stephen C Schmechel
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Mailcode 359791, 908 Jefferson St, Seattle, WA 98104, USA.
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16
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Fitzgerald KA, Evans JC, McCarthy J, Guo J, Prencipe M, Kearney M, Watson WR, O'Driscoll CM. The role of transcription factors in prostate cancer and potential for future RNA interference therapy. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2014; 18:633-49. [DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2014.896904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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17
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Tarapore P, Ying J, Ouyang B, Burke B, Bracken B, Ho SM. Exposure to bisphenol A correlates with early-onset prostate cancer and promotes centrosome amplification and anchorage-independent growth in vitro. PLoS One 2014; 9:e90332. [PMID: 24594937 PMCID: PMC3940879 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Human exposure to bisphenol A (BPA) is ubiquitous. Animal studies found that BPA contributes to development of prostate cancer, but human data are scarce. Our study examined the association between urinary BPA levels and Prostate cancer and assessed the effects of BPA on induction of centrosome abnormalities as an underlying mechanism promoting prostate carcinogenesis. The study, involving 60 urology patients, found higher levels of urinary BPA (creatinine-adjusted) in Prostate cancer patients (5.74 µg/g [95% CI; 2.63, 12.51]) than in non-Prostate cancer patients (1.43 µg/g [95% CI; 0.70, 2.88]) (p = 0.012). The difference was even more significant in patients <65 years old. A trend toward a negative association between urinary BPA and serum PSA was observed in Prostate cancer patients but not in non-Prostate cancer patients. In vitro studies examined centrosomal abnormalities, microtubule nucleation, and anchorage-independent growth in four Prostate cancer cell lines (LNCaP, C4-2, 22Rv1, PC-3) and two immortalized normal prostate epithelial cell lines (NPrEC and RWPE-1). Exposure to low doses (0.01–100 nM) of BPA increased the percentage of cells with centrosome amplification two- to eight-fold. Dose responses either peaked or reached the plateaus with 0.1 nM BPA exposure. This low dose also promoted microtubule nucleation and regrowth at centrosomes in RWPE-1 and enhanced anchorage-independent growth in C4-2. These findings suggest that urinary BPA level is an independent prognostic marker in Prostate cancer and that BPA exposure may lower serum PSA levels in Prostate cancer patients. Moreover, disruption of the centrosome duplication cycle by low-dose BPA may contribute to neoplastic transformation of the prostate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pheruza Tarapore
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- Center for Environmental Genetics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- Cincinnati Cancer Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Jun Ying
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- Center for Environmental Genetics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Bin Ouyang
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- Center for Environmental Genetics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- Cincinnati Cancer Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Barbara Burke
- Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Bruce Bracken
- Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Shuk-Mei Ho
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- Center for Environmental Genetics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- Cincinnati Cancer Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- Cincinnati Veteran Affairs Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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18
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Jiang W, Zheng Y, Huang Z, Wang M, Zhang Y, Wang Z, Jin X, Xia Q. Role of SMAD4 in the mechanism of valproic acid’s inhibitory effect on prostate cancer cell invasiveness. Int Urol Nephrol 2013; 46:941-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s11255-013-0609-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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19
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Lewis H, Lance R, Troyer D, Beydoun H, Hadley M, Orians J, Benzine T, Madric K, Semmes OJ, Drake R, Esquela-Kerscher A. miR-888 is an expressed prostatic secretions-derived microRNA that promotes prostate cell growth and migration. Cell Cycle 2013; 13:227-39. [PMID: 24200968 DOI: 10.4161/cc.26984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (MiRNAs) are a growing class of small non-coding RNAs that exhibit widespread dysregulation in prostate cancer. We profiled miRNA expression in syngeneic human prostate cancer cell lines that differed in their metastatic potential in order to determine their role in aggressive prostate cancer. miR-888 was the most differentially expressed miRNA observed in human metastatic PC3-ML cells relative to non-invasive PC3-N cells, and its levels were higher in primary prostate tumors from cancer patients, particularly those with seminal vesicle invasion. We also examined a novel miRNA-based biomarker source called expressed prostatic secretions in urine (EPS urine) for miR-888 expression and found that its levels were preferentially elevated in prostate cancer patients with high-grade disease. These expression studies indicated a correlation for miR-888 in disease progression. We next tested how miR-888 regulated cancer-related pathways in vitro using human prostate cancer cell lines. Overexpression of miR-888 increased proliferation and migration, and conversely inhibition of miR-888 activity blocked these processes. miR-888 also increased colony formation in PC3-N and LNCaP cells, supporting an oncogenic role for this miRNA in the prostate. Our data indicates that miR-888 functions to promote prostate cancer progression and can suppress protein levels of the tumor suppressor genes RBL1 and SMAD4. This miRNA holds promise as a diagnostic tool using an innovative prostatic fluid source as well as a therapeutic target for aggressive prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly Lewis
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Cell Biology; Leroy T. Canoles Jr. Cancer Research Center; Eastern Virginia Medical School; Norfolk, VA USA
| | - Raymond Lance
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Cell Biology; Leroy T. Canoles Jr. Cancer Research Center; Eastern Virginia Medical School; Norfolk, VA USA; Department of Urology; Eastern Virginia Medical School and Urology of Virginia; Norfolk, VA USA
| | - Dean Troyer
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Cell Biology; Leroy T. Canoles Jr. Cancer Research Center; Eastern Virginia Medical School; Norfolk, VA USA
| | - Hind Beydoun
- Graduate Program in Public Health; Eastern Virginia Medical School; Norfolk, VA USA
| | - Melissa Hadley
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Cell Biology; Leroy T. Canoles Jr. Cancer Research Center; Eastern Virginia Medical School; Norfolk, VA USA
| | - Joseph Orians
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Cell Biology; Leroy T. Canoles Jr. Cancer Research Center; Eastern Virginia Medical School; Norfolk, VA USA
| | - Tiffany Benzine
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Cell Biology; Leroy T. Canoles Jr. Cancer Research Center; Eastern Virginia Medical School; Norfolk, VA USA
| | - Kenya Madric
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Cell Biology; Leroy T. Canoles Jr. Cancer Research Center; Eastern Virginia Medical School; Norfolk, VA USA
| | - O John Semmes
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Cell Biology; Leroy T. Canoles Jr. Cancer Research Center; Eastern Virginia Medical School; Norfolk, VA USA
| | - Richard Drake
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Cell Biology; Leroy T. Canoles Jr. Cancer Research Center; Eastern Virginia Medical School; Norfolk, VA USA
| | - Aurora Esquela-Kerscher
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Cell Biology; Leroy T. Canoles Jr. Cancer Research Center; Eastern Virginia Medical School; Norfolk, VA USA
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20
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Rigau M, Olivan M, Garcia M, Sequeiros T, Montes M, Colás E, Llauradó M, Planas J, de Torres I, Morote J, Cooper C, Reventós J, Clark J, Doll A. The present and future of prostate cancer urine biomarkers. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:12620-49. [PMID: 23774836 PMCID: PMC3709804 DOI: 10.3390/ijms140612620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Revised: 05/27/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to successfully cure patients with prostate cancer (PCa), it is important to detect the disease at an early stage. The existing clinical biomarkers for PCa are not ideal, since they cannot specifically differentiate between those patients who should be treated immediately and those who should avoid over-treatment. Current screening techniques lack specificity, and a decisive diagnosis of PCa is based on prostate biopsy. Although PCa screening is widely utilized nowadays, two thirds of the biopsies performed are still unnecessary. Thus the discovery of non-invasive PCa biomarkers remains urgent. In recent years, the utilization of urine has emerged as an attractive option for the non-invasive detection of PCa. Moreover, a great improvement in high-throughput “omic” techniques has presented considerable opportunities for the identification of new biomarkers. Herein, we will review the most significant urine biomarkers described in recent years, as well as some future prospects in that field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Rigau
- Research Unit in Biomedicine and Translational Oncology, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute and Hospital and Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; E-Mails: (M.R.); (M.O.); (M.G.); (T.S.); (M.M.); (E.C.); (M.L.); (J.R.)
| | - Mireia Olivan
- Research Unit in Biomedicine and Translational Oncology, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute and Hospital and Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; E-Mails: (M.R.); (M.O.); (M.G.); (T.S.); (M.M.); (E.C.); (M.L.); (J.R.)
| | - Marta Garcia
- Research Unit in Biomedicine and Translational Oncology, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute and Hospital and Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; E-Mails: (M.R.); (M.O.); (M.G.); (T.S.); (M.M.); (E.C.); (M.L.); (J.R.)
| | - Tamara Sequeiros
- Research Unit in Biomedicine and Translational Oncology, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute and Hospital and Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; E-Mails: (M.R.); (M.O.); (M.G.); (T.S.); (M.M.); (E.C.); (M.L.); (J.R.)
| | - Melania Montes
- Research Unit in Biomedicine and Translational Oncology, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute and Hospital and Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; E-Mails: (M.R.); (M.O.); (M.G.); (T.S.); (M.M.); (E.C.); (M.L.); (J.R.)
| | - Eva Colás
- Research Unit in Biomedicine and Translational Oncology, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute and Hospital and Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; E-Mails: (M.R.); (M.O.); (M.G.); (T.S.); (M.M.); (E.C.); (M.L.); (J.R.)
| | - Marta Llauradó
- Research Unit in Biomedicine and Translational Oncology, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute and Hospital and Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; E-Mails: (M.R.); (M.O.); (M.G.); (T.S.); (M.M.); (E.C.); (M.L.); (J.R.)
| | - Jacques Planas
- Department of Urology, Vall d’Hebron University Hospital and Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; E-Mails: (J.P.); (J.M.)
| | - Inés de Torres
- Department of Pathology, Vall d’Hebron University Hospital Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; E-Mail:
| | - Juan Morote
- Department of Urology, Vall d’Hebron University Hospital and Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; E-Mails: (J.P.); (J.M.)
| | - Colin Cooper
- Cancer Genetics, University of East Anglia, Norwich Norfolk, NR4 7TJ, UK; E-Mails: (C.C.); (J.C.)
| | - Jaume Reventós
- Research Unit in Biomedicine and Translational Oncology, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute and Hospital and Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; E-Mails: (M.R.); (M.O.); (M.G.); (T.S.); (M.M.); (E.C.); (M.L.); (J.R.)
- Department of Basic Sciences, International University of Catalonia, 08017 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jeremy Clark
- Cancer Genetics, University of East Anglia, Norwich Norfolk, NR4 7TJ, UK; E-Mails: (C.C.); (J.C.)
| | - Andreas Doll
- Research Unit in Biomedicine and Translational Oncology, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute and Hospital and Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; E-Mails: (M.R.); (M.O.); (M.G.); (T.S.); (M.M.); (E.C.); (M.L.); (J.R.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +34-93-489-4067; Fax: +34-93-274-6708
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Prencipe M, Madden SF, O'Neill A, O'Hurley G, Culhane A, O'Connor D, Klocker H, Kay EW, Gallagher WM, Watson WR. Identification of transcription factors associated with castration-resistance: is the serum responsive factor a potential therapeutic target? Prostate 2013; 73:743-53. [PMID: 23359479 DOI: 10.1002/pros.22618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2012] [Accepted: 10/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Advanced prostate cancer is treated by hormone ablation therapy. However, despite an initial response, the majority of men relapse to develop castration-resistant disease for which there are no effective treatments. We have previously shown that manipulating individual proteins has only minor alterations on the resistant phenotype so we hypothesize that targeting the central transcription factors (TFs) would represent a better therapeutic approach. METHODS We have undertaken a transcriptomic analysis of gene expression differences between the androgen-dependent LNCaP parental cells and its castration-resistant Abl and Hof sublines, revealing 1,660 genes associated with castration-resistance. Using effective bioinformatic techniques, these transcriptomic data were integrated with TF binding sites resulting in a list of TFs associated with the differential gene expression observed. RESULTS Following validation of the gene-chip results, the serum response factor (SRF) was chosen for clinical validation and functional analysis due to its recent association with prostate cancer progression. SRF immunoreactivity in prostate tumor samples was shown for the first time to be associated with castration-resistance. SRF inhibition by siRNA and the small molecule inhibitor CCG-1423 resulted in decreased proliferation. CONCLUSION SRF is a key TF by which resistant cells survive with depleted levels of androgens representing a target for therapeutic manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Prencipe
- UCD School of Medicine and Medical Science, Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland.
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Verone AR, Duncan K, Godoy A, Yadav N, Bakin A, Koochekpour S, Jin JP, Heemers HV. Androgen-responsive serum response factor target genes regulate prostate cancer cell migration. Carcinogenesis 2013; 34:1737-46. [PMID: 23576568 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgt126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Progression of prostate cancer (CaP) relies on androgen receptor (AR) signaling, but AR-dependent events that underlie the lethal phenotype remain unknown. Recently, an indirect mechanism of androgen action in which effects of AR on CaP cells are mediated by Serum Response Factor (SRF) has been identified. This is the first mode of androgen action to be associated with aggressive CaP and disease recurrence. The manner in which androgen-responsive SRF activity controls aggressive CaP cell behavior is unknown. Here, the contribution of two representative SRF effector genes that are underexpressed, calponin 2 (CNN2), or overexpressed, sidekick-homolog 1 (SDK1), in clinical CaP specimens is studied. AR- and SRF- dependency of CNN2 and SDK1 expression was verified using synthetic and natural androgens, antiandrogens, and small interfering RNAs targeting AR or SRF, and evaluating the kinetics of androgen induction and SRF binding to endogenously and exogenously expressed regulatory gene regions in AR-positive CaP model systems that mimic the transition from androgen-stimulated to castration-recurrent disease. Small interfering RNA-mediated deregulation of CNN2 or SDK1 expression did not affect CaP cell proliferation or apoptosis but had marked effects on CaP cell morphology and actin cytoskeleton organization. Loss of CNN2 induced cellular protrusions and increased CaP cell migration, whereas silencing of SDK1 led to cell rounding and blunted CaP cell migration. Changes in cell migration did not involve epithelial-mesenchymal transition but correlated with altered β1-integrin expression. Taken together, individual androgen-responsive SRF target genes affect CaP cell behavior by modulating cell migration, which may have implications for therapeutic intervention downstream of AR and SRF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alissa R Verone
- Department of Urology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
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Molecular profiling of prostatic acinar morphogenesis identifies PDCD4 and KLF6 as tissue architecture-specific prognostic markers in prostate cancer. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2012; 182:363-74. [PMID: 23219426 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2012.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2012] [Revised: 10/07/2012] [Accepted: 10/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Histopathological classification of human prostate cancer (PCA) relies on the morphological assessment of tissue specimens but has limited prognostic value. To address this deficiency, we performed comparative transcriptome analysis of human prostatic acini generated in a three-dimensional basement membrane that recapitulates the differentiated morphological characteristics and gene expression profile of a human prostate glandular epithelial tissue. We then applied an acinar morphogenesis-specific gene profile to two independent cohorts of patients with PCA (total n = 79) and found that those with tumors expressing this profile, which we designated acini-like tumors, had a significantly lower risk of postoperative relapse compared with those tumors with a lower correlation (hazard ratio, 0.078; log-rank test P = 0.009). Multivariate analyses showed superior prognostic prediction performance using this classification system compared with clinical criteria and Gleason scores. We prioritized the genes in this profile and identified programmed cell death protein 4 (PDCD4) and Kruppel-like factor 6 (KLF6) as critical regulators and surrogate markers of prostatic tissue architectures, which form a gene signature that robustly predicts clinical prognosis with a remarkable accuracy in several large series of PCA tumors (total n = 161; concordance index, 0.913 to 0.951). Thus, by exploiting the genomic program associated with prostate glandular differentiation, we identified acini-like PCA and related molecular markers that significantly enhance prognostic prediction of human PCA.
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Germann M, Wetterwald A, Guzmán-Ramirez N, van der Pluijm G, Culig Z, Cecchini MG, Williams ED, Thalmann GN. Stem-like cells with luminal progenitor phenotype survive castration in human prostate cancer. Stem Cells 2012; 30:1076-86. [PMID: 22438320 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Castration is the standard therapy for advanced prostate cancer (PC). Although this treatment is initially effective, tumors invariably relapse as incurable, castration-resistant PC (CRPC). Adaptation of androgen-dependent PC cells to an androgen-depleted environment or selection of pre-existing, CRPC cells have been proposed as mechanisms of CRPC development. Stem cell (SC)-like PC cells have been implicated not only as tumor initiating/maintaining in PC but also as tumor-reinitiating cells in CRPC. Recently, castration-resistant cells expressing the NK3 homeobox 1 (Nkx3-1) (CARNs), the other luminal markers cytokeratin 18 (CK18) and androgen receptor (AR), and possessing SC properties, have been found in castrated mouse prostate and proposed as the cell-of-origin of CRPC. However, the human counterpart of CARNs has not been identified yet. Here, we demonstrate that in the human PC xenograft BM18, pre-existing SC-like and neuroendocrine (NE) PC cells are selected by castration and survive as totally quiescent. SC-like BM18 cells, displaying the SC markers aldehyde dehydrogenase 1A1 or NANOG, coexpress the luminal markers NKX3-1, CK18, and a low level of AR (AR(low)) but not basal or NE markers. These CR luminal SC-like cells, but not NE cells, reinitiate BM18 tumor growth after androgen replacement. The AR(low) seems to mediate directly both castration survival and tumor reinitiation. This study identifies for the first time in human PC SC-/CARN-like cells that may represent the cell-of-origin of tumor reinitiation as CRPC. This finding will be fundamental for refining the hierarchy among human PC cancer cells and may have important clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Germann
- Department of Urology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Gorlov IP, Logothetis CJ, Fang S, Gorlova OY, Amos C. Building a statistical model for predicting cancer genes. PLoS One 2012; 7:e49175. [PMID: 23166609 PMCID: PMC3499550 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2012] [Accepted: 10/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
More than 400 cancer genes have been identified in the human genome. The list is not yet complete. Statistical models predicting cancer genes may help with identification of novel cancer gene candidates. We used known prostate cancer (PCa) genes (identified through KnowledgeNet) as a training set to build a binary logistic regression model identifying PCa genes. Internal and external validation of the model was conducted using a validation set (also from KnowledgeNet), permutations, and external data on genes with recurrent prostate tumor mutations. We evaluated a set of 33 gene characteristics as predictors. Sixteen of the original 33 predictors were significant in the model. We found that a typical PCa gene is a prostate-specific transcription factor, kinase, or phosphatase with high interindividual variance of the expression level in adjacent normal prostate tissue and differential expression between normal prostate tissue and primary tumor. PCa genes are likely to have an antiapoptotic effect and to play a role in cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and cell adhesion. Their proteins are likely to be ubiquitinated or sumoylated but not acetylated. A number of novel PCa candidates have been proposed. Functional annotations of novel candidates identified antiapoptosis, regulation of cell proliferation, positive regulation of kinase activity, positive regulation of transferase activity, angiogenesis, positive regulation of cell division, and cell adhesion as top functions. We provide the list of the top 200 predicted PCa genes, which can be used as candidates for experimental validation. The model may be modified to predict genes for other cancer sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan P Gorlov
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
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Gorlov IP, Byun J, Zhao H, Logothetis CJ, Gorlova OY. Beyond comparing means: the usefulness of analyzing interindividual variation in gene expression for identifying genes associated with cancer development. J Bioinform Comput Biol 2012; 10:1241013. [PMID: 22809348 DOI: 10.1142/s0219720012410132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Identifying genes associated with cancer development is typically accomplished by comparing mean expression values in normal and tumor tissues, which identifies differentially expressed (DE) genes. Interindividual variation (IV) in gene expression is indirectly included in DE gene identification because given the same absolute differences in means, genes with lower variance tend to have lower p-values. We explored the direct use of IV in gene expression to identify candidate genes associated with cancer development. We focused on prostate (PCa) and lung (LC) cancers and compared IV in the expression level of genes shown to be cancer related with that in all other genes in the human genome. Compared with all those other genes, cancer-related genes tended to have greater IV in normal tissues and a greater increase in IV during the transition from normal to tumorous tissue. Genes without significantly different mean expression values between tumor and normal tissues but with greater IV in tumor than in normal tissue (note: the DE-based approach completely ignores those genes) had stronger associations with clinically important features like Gleason score in PCa or tumor histology in LC than all other genes were. Our results suggest that analyzing IV in gene expression level is useful in identifying novel candidate genes associated with cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan P Gorlov
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030-3721, USA.
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Henke A, Grace OC, Ashley GR, Stewart GD, Riddick ACP, Yeun H, O’Donnell M, Anderson RA, Thomson AA. Stromal expression of decorin, Semaphorin6D, SPARC, Sprouty1 and Tsukushi in developing prostate and decreased levels of decorin in prostate cancer. PLoS One 2012; 7:e42516. [PMID: 22880013 PMCID: PMC3411755 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2011] [Accepted: 07/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim During prostate development, mesenchymal-epithelial interactions regulate organ growth and differentiation. In adult prostate, stromal-epithelial interactions are important for tissue homeostasis and also play a significant role in prostate cancer. In this study we have identified molecules that show a mesenchymal expression pattern in the developing prostate, and one of these showed reduced expression in prostate cancer stroma. Methodology and Principal Findings Five candidate molecules identified by transcript profiling of developmental prostate mesenchyme were selected using a wholemount in situ hybridisation screen and studied Decorin (Dcn), Semaphorin6D (Sema6D), SPARC/Osteonectin (SPARC), Sprouty1 (Spry-1) and Tsukushi (Tsku). Expression in rat tissues was evaluated using wholemount in situ hybridisation (postnatal day (P) 0.5) and immunohistochemistry (embryonic day (E) E17.5, E19.5; P0.5; P6; 28 & adult). Four candidates (Decorin, SPARC, Spry-1, Tsukushi) were immunolocalised in human foetal prostate (weeks 14, 16, 19) and expression of Decorin was evaluated on a human prostate cancer tissue microarray. In embryonic and perinatal rats Decorin, Semaphorin6D, SPARC, Spry-1 and Tsukushi were expressed with varying distribution patterns throughout the mesenchyme at E17.5, E19.5, P0.5 and P6.5. In P28 and adult prostates there was either a decrease in the expression (Semaphorin6D) or a switch to epithelial expression of SPARC, and Spry-1, whereas Decorin and Tsukushi were specific to mesenchyme/stroma at all ages. Expression of Decorin, SPARC, Spry-1 and Tsukushi in human foetal prostates paralleled that in rat. Decorin showed mesenchymal and stromal-specific expression at all ages and was further examined in prostate cancer, where stromal expression was significantly reduced compared with non-malignant prostate. Conclusion and Significance We describe the spatio-temporal expression of Decorin, Semaphorin6D, SPARC, Spry-1 and Tsukushi in developing prostate and observed similar mesenchymal expression patterns in rat and human. Additionally, Decorin showed reduced expression in prostate cancer stroma compared to non-malignant prostate stroma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Henke
- Medical Research Council, Centre for Reproductive Health, The Queens’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (AH); (AAT)
| | - O. Cathal Grace
- Medical Research Council, Centre for Reproductive Health, The Queens’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - George R. Ashley
- Medical Research Council, Centre for Reproductive Health, The Queens’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Grant D. Stewart
- Edinburgh Urological Cancer Group, Division of Pathology, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Antony C. P. Riddick
- Edinburgh Urological Cancer Group, Division of Pathology, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Henry Yeun
- Edinburgh Urological Cancer Group, Division of Pathology, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Marie O’Donnell
- Edinburgh Urological Cancer Group, Division of Pathology, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Richard A. Anderson
- Medical Research Council, Centre for Reproductive Health, The Queens’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Axel A. Thomson
- Medical Research Council, Centre for Reproductive Health, The Queens’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (AH); (AAT)
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