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Ho M, Bonavida B. Cross-Talks between Raf Kinase Inhibitor Protein and Programmed Cell Death Ligand 1 Expressions in Cancer: Role in Immune Evasion and Therapeutic Implications. Cells 2024; 13:864. [PMID: 38786085 PMCID: PMC11119125 DOI: 10.3390/cells13100864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2024] [Revised: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Innovations in cancer immunotherapy have resulted in the development of several novel immunotherapeutic strategies that can disrupt immunosuppression. One key advancement lies in immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), which have shown significant clinical efficacy and increased survival rates in patients with various therapy-resistant cancers. This immune intervention consists of monoclonal antibodies directed against inhibitory receptors (e.g., PD-1) on cytotoxic CD8 T cells or against corresponding ligands (e.g., PD-L1/PD-L2) overexpressed on cancer cells and other cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME). However, not all cancer cells respond-there are still poor clinical responses, immune-related adverse effects, adaptive resistance, and vulnerability to ICIs in a subset of patients with cancer. This challenge showcases the heterogeneity of cancer, emphasizing the existence of additional immunoregulatory mechanisms in many patients. Therefore, it is essential to investigate PD-L1's interaction with other oncogenic genes and pathways to further advance targeted therapies and address resistance mechanisms. Accordingly, our aim was to investigate the mechanisms governing PD-L1 expression in tumor cells, given its correlation with immune evasion, to uncover novel mechanisms for decreasing PD-L1 expression and restoring anti-tumor immune responses. Numerous studies have demonstrated that the upregulation of Raf Kinase Inhibitor Protein (RKIP) in many cancers contributes to the suppression of key hyperactive pathways observed in malignant cells, alongside its broadening involvement in immune responses and the modulation of the TME. We, therefore, hypothesized that the role of PD-L1 in cancer immune surveillance may be inversely correlated with the low expression level of the tumor suppressor Raf Kinase Inhibitor Protein (RKIP) expression in cancer cells. This hypothesis was investigated and we found several signaling cross-talk pathways between the regulations of both RKIP and PD-L1 expressions. These pathways and regulatory factors include the MAPK and JAK/STAT pathways, GSK3β, cytokines IFN-γ and IL-1β, Sox2, and transcription factors YY1 and NFκB. The pathways that upregulated PD-L1 were inhibitory for RKIP expression and vice versa. Bioinformatic analyses in various human cancers demonstrated the inverse relationship between PD-L1 and RKIP expressions and their prognostic roles. Therefore, we suspect that the direct upregulation of RKIP and/or the use of targeted RKIP inducers in combination with ICIs could result in a more targeted anti-tumor immune response-addressing the therapeutic challenges related to PD-1/PD-L1 monotherapy alone.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Benjamin Bonavida
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA;
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Campanella NC, Gomes INF, Alves ALV, Leal LF, Evangelista AF, Rosa MN, Melendez ME, Silva VAO, Dias RLK, Abrahão-Machado LF, Santana I, Martinho O, Guimarães DP, Faça VM, Reis RM. Biological and therapeutic implications of RKIP in Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor (GIST): an integrated transcriptomic and proteomic analysis. Cancer Cell Int 2023; 23:256. [PMID: 37907993 PMCID: PMC10619323 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-023-03102-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) represent a significant clinical challenge due to their metastatic potential and limited treatment options. Raf kinase inhibitor protein (RKIP), a suppressor of the MAPK signaling pathway, is downregulated in various cancers and acts as a metastasis suppressor. Our previous studies demonstrated low RKIP expression in GIST and its association with poor outcomes. This study aimed to expand on the previous findings and investigate the biological and therapeutic implications of RKIP loss on GIST. METHODS To validate the RKIP prognostic significance, its expression was evaluated by immunohistochemistry in 142 bona fide GIST cases. The functional role of RKIP was evaluated in vitro, using the GIST-T1 cell line, which was knocked out for RKIP. The biological and therapeutic implications of RKIP were evaluated by invasion, migration, apoptosis, and 2D / 3D viability assays. Additionally, the transcriptome and proteome of RKIP knockout cells were determined by NanoString and mass spectrometry, respectively. RESULTS Immunohistochemical analysis revealed the absence of RKIP in 25.3% of GIST cases, correlating with a tendency toward poor prognosis. Functional assays demonstrated that RKIP knockout increased GIST cells' invasion and migration potential by nearly 60%. Moreover, we found that RKIP knockout cells exhibited reduced responsiveness to Imatinib treatment and higher cellular viability in 2D and 3D in vitro models, as assessed by apoptosis-related protein expression. Through comprehensive genetic and proteomic profiling of RKIP knockout cells, we identified several putative RKIP-regulated proteins in GIST, such as COL3A1. CONCLUSIONS Using a multidimensional integrative analysis, we identified, for the first time in GIST, molecules and pathways modulated by RKIP that may potentially drive metastasis and, consequently, poor prognosis in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathália Cristina Campanella
- Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Rua Antenor Duarte Villela, 1331, CEP 14784 400, Barretos, S. Paulo, 14784-400, Brazil
| | - Izabela Natalia Faria Gomes
- Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Rua Antenor Duarte Villela, 1331, CEP 14784 400, Barretos, S. Paulo, 14784-400, Brazil
| | - Ana Laura Vieira Alves
- Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Rua Antenor Duarte Villela, 1331, CEP 14784 400, Barretos, S. Paulo, 14784-400, Brazil
| | - Leticia Ferro Leal
- Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Rua Antenor Duarte Villela, 1331, CEP 14784 400, Barretos, S. Paulo, 14784-400, Brazil
- School of Health Sciences Dr. Paulo Prata (FACISB), Barretos, 14785-002, Brazil
| | - Adriane Feijó Evangelista
- Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Rua Antenor Duarte Villela, 1331, CEP 14784 400, Barretos, S. Paulo, 14784-400, Brazil
| | - Marcela Nunes Rosa
- Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Rua Antenor Duarte Villela, 1331, CEP 14784 400, Barretos, S. Paulo, 14784-400, Brazil
| | - Matias Eliseo Melendez
- Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Rua Antenor Duarte Villela, 1331, CEP 14784 400, Barretos, S. Paulo, 14784-400, Brazil
- Molecular Carcinogenesis Program, National Cancer Institute, Rio de Janeiro, 20231-050, Brazil
| | - Viviane Aline Oliveira Silva
- Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Rua Antenor Duarte Villela, 1331, CEP 14784 400, Barretos, S. Paulo, 14784-400, Brazil
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, 40110-909, Brazil
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (IGM-FIOCRUZ/BA), Salvador, 40296-710, Brazil
| | - Richard Lucas Konichi Dias
- Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Rua Antenor Duarte Villela, 1331, CEP 14784 400, Barretos, S. Paulo, 14784-400, Brazil
- School of Health Sciences Dr. Paulo Prata (FACISB), Barretos, 14785-002, Brazil
| | | | - Iara Santana
- Department of Pathology, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos, 14784-400, Brazil
| | - Olga Martinho
- ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, 4806-909, Portugal
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, 4710-057, Portugal
| | - Denise Peixoto Guimarães
- Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Rua Antenor Duarte Villela, 1331, CEP 14784 400, Barretos, S. Paulo, 14784-400, Brazil
- Department of Endoscopy, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos, 14784-400, Brazil
| | - Vitor Marcel Faça
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Rui Manuel Reis
- Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Rua Antenor Duarte Villela, 1331, CEP 14784 400, Barretos, S. Paulo, 14784-400, Brazil.
- ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, 4806-909, Portugal.
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, 4710-057, Portugal.
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Lai TH, Ahmed M, Hwang JS, Bahar ME, Pham TM, Yang J, Kim W, Maulidi RF, Lee DK, Kim DH, Kim HJ, Kim DR. Manipulating RKIP reverses the metastatic potential of breast cancer cells. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1189350. [PMID: 37469399 PMCID: PMC10352845 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1189350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is a common tumor type among women, with a high fatality due to metastasis. Metastasis suppressors encode proteins that inhibit the metastatic cascade independent of the primary tumor growth. Raf kinase inhibitory protein (RKIP) is one of the promising metastasis suppressor candidates. RKIP is reduced or lost in aggressive variants of different types of cancer. A few pre-clinical or clinical studies have capitalized on this protein as a possible therapeutic target. In this article, we employed two breast cancer cells to highlight the role of RKIP as an antimetastatic gene. One is the low metastatic MCF-7 with high RKIP expression, and the other is MDA-MB-231 highly metastatic cell with low RKIP expression. We used high-throughput data to explore how RKIP is lost in human tissues and its effect on cell mobility. Based on our previous work recapitulating the links between RKIP and SNAI, we experimentally manipulated RKIP in the cell models through its novel upstream NME1 and investigated the subsequent genotypic and phenotypic changes. We also demonstrated that RKIP explained the uneven migration abilities of the two cell types. Furthermore, we identified the regulatory circuit that might carry the effect of an existing drug, Epirubicin, on activating gene transcription. In conclusion, we propose and test a potential strategy to reverse the metastatic capability of breast cancer cells by chemically manipulating RKIP expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trang Huyen Lai
- Department of Biochemistry and Convergence Medical Sciences and Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Mahmoud Ahmed
- Department of Biochemistry and Convergence Medical Sciences and Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Seok Hwang
- Department of Biochemistry and Convergence Medical Sciences and Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Md Entaz Bahar
- Department of Biochemistry and Convergence Medical Sciences and Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Trang Minh Pham
- Department of Biochemistry and Convergence Medical Sciences and Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinsung Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Convergence Medical Sciences and Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Wanil Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Convergence Medical Sciences and Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Rizi Firman Maulidi
- Department of Biochemistry and Convergence Medical Sciences and Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Kun Lee
- Department of Physiology and Convergence Medical Sciences and Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Hee Kim
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University Hospital, and Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Joon Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Convergence Medical Sciences and Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Deok Ryong Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Convergence Medical Sciences and Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Jinju, Republic of Korea
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Papale M, Netti GS, Stallone G, Ranieri E. Understanding Mechanisms of RKIP Regulation to Improve the Development of New Diagnostic Tools. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14205070. [PMID: 36291854 PMCID: PMC9600137 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14205070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Raf Kinase Inhibitor protein is a protein that governs multiple intracellular signalling involved primarily in the progression of tumours and the development of metastases. In this review, we discussed the main mechanisms that regulate the expression and activity of RKIP with the aim of identifying the link between the transcriptional, post-transcriptional and post-translational events in different tumour settings. We also tried to analyse the studies that have measured the levels of RKIP in biological fluids in order to highlight the possible advantages and potential of RKIP assessment to obtain an accurate diagnosis and prognosis of various tumours. Abstract One of the most dangerous aspects of cancer cell biology is their ability to grow, spread and form metastases in the main vital organs. The identification of dysregulated markers that drive intracellular signalling involved in the malignant transformation of neoplastic cells and the understanding of the mechanisms that regulate these processes is undoubtedly a key objective for the development of new and more targeted therapies. RAF-kinase inhibitor protein (RKIP) is an endogenous tumour suppressor protein that affects tumour cell survival, proliferation, and metastasis. RKIP might serve as an early tumour biomarker since it exhibits significantly different expression levels in various cancer histologies and it is often lost during metastatic progression. In this review, we discuss the specific impact of transcriptional, post-transcriptional and post-translational regulation of expression and activation/inhibition of RKIP and focus on those tumours for which experimental data on all these factors are available. In this way, we could select how these processes cooperate with RKIP expression in (1) Lung cancer; (2) Colon cancer, (3) Breast cancer; (4) myeloid neoplasm and Multiple Myeloma, (5) Melanoma and (6) clear cell Renal Cell Carcinoma. Furthermore, since RKIP seems to be a key marker of the development of several tumours and it may be assessed easily in various biological fluids, here we discuss the potential role of RKIP dosing in more accessible biological matrices other than tissues. Moreover, this objective may intercept the still unmet need to identify new and more accurate markers for the early diagnosis and prognosis of many tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Papale
- Unit of Clinical Pathology, Department of Laboratory Diagnostics, University Hospital “Policlinico Foggia”, 71122 Foggia, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Giuseppe Stefano Netti
- Unit of Clinical Pathology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy
- Unit of Nephology, Dialysis and Transplantation, Advanced Research Center on Kidney Aging (A.R.K.A.), Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy
| | - Giovanni Stallone
- Unit of Nephology, Dialysis and Transplantation, Advanced Research Center on Kidney Aging (A.R.K.A.), Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy
| | - Elena Ranieri
- Unit of Clinical Pathology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy
- Unit of Nephology, Dialysis and Transplantation, Advanced Research Center on Kidney Aging (A.R.K.A.), Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy
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Computational Analyses of YY1 and Its Target RKIP Reveal Their Diagnostic and Prognostic Roles in Lung Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14040922. [PMID: 35205667 PMCID: PMC8869872 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14040922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Lung cancer (LC) is the tumor with the highest global mortality rate. Novel personalized therapies are currently being tested (e.g., targeted inhibitors, the immune-checkpoint inhibitors), but they cannot yet prevent the very frequent relapse and generalized metastases observed in a large population of LC patients. Currently, there is an urgent need for novel reliable biomarkers for the prognosis and diagnosis of LC. Through the systematic analysis of multiple deposited expression datasets, this report aims to explore the role of the Yin-Yang 1 (YY1) transcription factor and its target the Raf Kinase Inhibitory Protein (RKIP) in LC. The computational analysis suggested the predictive diagnostic and prognostic roles for both YY1 and RKIP stimulating further studies for proving their implication as novel biomarkers, as well as therapeutically druggable targets in LC. Abstract Lung cancer (LC) represents a global threat, being the tumor with the highest mortality rate. Despite the introduction of novel therapies (e.g., targeted inhibitors, immune-checkpoint inhibitors), relapses are still very frequent. Accordingly, there is an urgent need for reliable predictive biomarkers and therapeutically druggable targets. Yin-Yang 1 (YY1) is a transcription factor that may work either as an oncogene or a tumor suppressor, depending on the genotype and the phenotype of the tumor. The Raf Kinase Inhibitory Protein (RKIP), is a tumor suppressor and immune enhancer often found downregulated in the majority of the examined cancers. In the present report, the role of both YY1 and RKIP in LC is thoroughly explored through the analysis of several deposited RNA and protein expression datasets. The computational analyses revealed that YY1 negatively regulates RKIP expression in LC, as corroborated by the deposited YY1-ChIP-Seq experiments and validated by their robust negative correlation. Additionally, YY1 expression is significantly higher in LC samples compared to normal matching ones, whereas RKIP expression is lower in LC and high in normal matching tissues. These observed differences, unlike many current biomarkers, bear a diagnostic significance, as proven by the ROC analyses. Finally, the survival data support the notion that both YY1 and RKIP might represent strong prognostic biomarkers. Overall, the reported findings indicate that YY1 and RKIP expression levels may play a role in LC as potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets. However, further studies will be necessary to validate the in silico results.
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RKIP Pleiotropic Activities in Cancer and Inflammatory Diseases: Role in Immunity. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13246247. [PMID: 34944867 PMCID: PMC8699197 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13246247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The human body consists of tissues and organs formed by cells. In each cell there is a switch that allows the cell to divide or not. In contrast, cancer cells have their switch on which allow them to divide and invade other sites leading to death. Over two decades ago, Doctor Kam Yeung, University of Toledo, Ohio, has identified a factor (RKIP) that is responsible for the on/off switch which functions normally in healthy tissues but is inactive or absent in cancers. Since this early discovery, many additional properties have been ascribed to RKIP including its role in inhibiting cancer metastasis and resistance to therapeutics and its role in modulating the normal immune response. This review describes all of the above functions of RKIP and suggesting therapeutics to induce RKIP in cancers to inhibit their growth and metastases as well as inhibit its activity to treat non-cancerous inflammatory diseases. Abstract Several gene products play pivotal roles in the induction of inflammation and the progression of cancer. The Raf kinase inhibitory protein (RKIP) is a cytosolic protein that exerts pleiotropic activities in such conditions, and thus regulates oncogenesis and immune-mediated diseases through its deregulation. Herein, we review the general properties of RKIP, including its: (i) molecular structure; (ii) involvement in various cell signaling pathways (i.e., inhibition of the Raf/MEK/ERK pathway; the NF-kB pathway; GRK-2 or the STAT-3 pathway; as well as regulation of the GSK3Beta signaling; and the spindle checkpoints); (iii) regulation of RKIP expression; (iv) expression’s effects on oncogenesis; (v) role in the regulation of the immune system to diseases (i.e., RKIP regulation of T cell functions; the secretion of cytokines and immune mediators, apoptosis, immune check point inhibitors and RKIP involvement in inflammatory diseases); and (vi) bioinformatic analysis between normal and malignant tissues, as well as across various immune-related cells. Overall, the regulation of RKIP in different cancers and inflammatory diseases suggest that it can be used as a potential therapeutic target in the treatment of these diseases.
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Deleonardis A, Papale M. Methods to Study Posttranslational Modification Patterns in Cytotoxic T-Cells and Cancer. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2325:137-153. [PMID: 34053056 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1507-2_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Protein posttranslational modifications (PTMs) regulate intracellular signaling associated with development and progression of many diseases; thus, they are key to understanding pathological mechanisms and set up more tailored therapies. In addition, many posttranslationally modified proteins are released into biological fluids and can be used as new and more specific biomarkers. Based on this evidence, we analyzed the role of some PTMs in cancer and described the correlation between specific PTMs and T-cells activation/inhibition in cancer microenvironment. In the second part of this chapter, we analyzed the most commonly used approaches for qualitative and quantitative determination of PTMs. The comparison of three distinct but often complementary methodologies such as immunoblotting, mass spectrometry, and ELISA assays has allowed to highlight the pros and cons of each approach with a focus on their current application and their future developments to obtain more confident biomarkers and therapeutic targets useful for diagnosis, prognosis, and monitoring of the response to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annamaria Deleonardis
- R&D Unit, Fluidia srl, Foggia, Italy
- Section of Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation (DETO), University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Massimo Papale
- Clinical Pathology Unit, Department of Laboratory Diagnostics, Policlinic University Hospital "Riuniti", Foggia, Italy.
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Ranjpour M, Wajid S, Jain SK. Elevated Expression of A-Raf and FA2H in Hepatocellular Carcinoma is Associated with Lipid Metabolism Dysregulation and Cancer Progression. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2019; 19:236-247. [PMID: 30324893 DOI: 10.2174/1871520618666181015142810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Identification of events leading to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) progression is essential for understanding its pathophysiology. The aims of this study are to identify and characterize differentially expressed proteins in serum of HCC-bearing rats and the corresponding controls during cancer initiation, progression and tumorigenesis. METHODS Chemical carcinogens, N-Nitrosodiethylamine and 2-aminoacetylfluorine are administered to induce HCC to male Wistar rats. The 2D-Electrophoresis and PD-Quest analyses are performed to identify several differentially expressed proteins in serum of HCC-bearing animals. These proteins are further characterized by MALDI-TOF-MS/MS analyses. Using pathwaylinker a HCC-specific network is analyzed among the MALDITOF- MS/MS characterized proteins and their interactors. RESULTS Carcinogen administration caused inflammation leading to liver injury and HCC development. Liver inflammation was confirmed by increase in the levels of TNF-α and IL-6 in carcinogen treated rats. We report significant increase in expression of two differentially expressed proteins, namely, A-Raf and Fatty Acid 2- Hydroxylase (FA2H), at early stage of HCC initiation, during its progression and at tumor stage. Real-time PCR analysis of mRNA for these proteins confirmed up-regulation of their transcripts. Further, we validated our experimental data with sera of clinically confirmed liver cancer patients. CONCLUSION The study suggests that FA2H and A-Raf play a major role in the progression of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Ranjpour
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Saima Wajid
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Swatantra K Jain
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India.,Department of Medical Biochemistry, HIMSR, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
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Raquel-Cunha A, Cardoso-Carneiro D, Reis RM, Martinho O. Current Status of Raf Kinase Inhibitor Protein (RKIP) in Lung Cancer: Behind RTK Signaling. Cells 2019; 8:cells8050442. [PMID: 31083461 PMCID: PMC6562953 DOI: 10.3390/cells8050442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 05/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is the most deadly neoplasm with the highest incidence in both genders, with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) being the most frequent subtype. Somatic mutations within the tyrosine kinase domain of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene are key drivers of NSCLC progression, with EGFR inhibitors being particularly beneficial for patients carrying the so-called “EGFR-sensitizing mutations”. However, patients eventually acquire resistance to these EGFR inhibitors, and a better knowledge of other driven and targetable proteins will allow the design of increasingly accurate drugs against patients’ specific molecular aberrations. Raf kinase inhibitory protein (RKIP) is an important modulator of relevant intracellular signaling pathways, including those controlled by EGFR, such as MAPK. It has been reported that it has metastasis suppressor activity and a prognostic role in several solid tumors, including lung cancer. In the present review, the potential use of RKIP in the clinic as a prognostic biomarker and predictor of therapy response in lung cancer is addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Raquel-Cunha
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.
- ICVS/3Bs-PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga/4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal.
| | - Diana Cardoso-Carneiro
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.
- ICVS/3Bs-PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga/4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal.
| | - Rui M Reis
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.
- ICVS/3Bs-PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga/4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal.
- Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos, São Paulo 14784 400, Brazil.
| | - Olga Martinho
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.
- ICVS/3Bs-PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga/4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal.
- Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos, São Paulo 14784 400, Brazil.
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RKIP: A Key Regulator in Tumor Metastasis Initiation and Resistance to Apoptosis: Therapeutic Targeting and Impact. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:cancers10090287. [PMID: 30149591 PMCID: PMC6162400 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10090287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 08/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
RAF-kinase inhibitor protein (RKIP) is a well-established tumor suppressor that is frequently downregulated in a plethora of solid and hematological malignancies. RKIP exerts antimetastatic and pro-apoptotic properties in cancer cells, via modulation of signaling pathways and gene products involved in tumor survival and spread. Here we review the contribution of RKIP in the regulation of early metastatic steps such as epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT), migration, and invasion, as well as in tumor sensitivity to conventional therapeutics and immuno-mediated cytotoxicity. We further provide updated justification for targeting RKIP as a strategy to overcome tumor chemo/immuno-resistance and suppress metastasis, through the use of agents able to modulate RKIP expression in cancer cells.
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Guo H, Zhang XY, Peng J, Huang Y, Yang Y, Liu Y, Guo XX, Hao Q, An S, Xu TR. RUVBL1, a novel C-RAF-binding protein, activates the RAF/MEK/ERK pathway to promote lung cancer tumorigenesis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 498:932-939. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.03.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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12
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Xie SY, Li G, Han C, Yu YY, Li N. RKIP reduction enhances radioresistance by activating the Shh signaling pathway in non-small-cell lung cancer. Onco Targets Ther 2017; 10:5605-5619. [PMID: 29200875 PMCID: PMC5703172 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s149200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is exceptionally deadly because the tumors lack sensitive early-stage diagnostic biomarkers and are resistant to radiation and chemotherapy. Here, we investigated the role and mechanism of Raf kinase inhibitory protein (RKIP) in NSCLC radioresistance. The clinical data showed that the RKIP expression level was generally lower in radioresistant NSCLC tissues than in radiosensitive tissues. Reduced RKIP expression was related to NSCLC radioresistance and poor prognosis. In vitro experiments showed that RKIP knockdown increased radioresistance and metastatic ability in NSCLC cell lines. Mechanistically, RKIP reduction activated the Shh signaling pathway by derepressing Smoothened (Smo) and initiating glioma-associated oncogene-1 (Gli1)-mediated transcription in NSCLC. In addition, the inappropriately activated Shh–Gli1 signaling pathway then enhanced cancer stem cell (CSC) expression in the cell lines. The increasing quantity of CSCs in the tumor ultimately promotes the radiation resistance of NSCLC. Together, these results suggest that RKIP plays a vital role in radiation response and metastasis in NSCLC. RKIP reduction enhances radioresistance by activating the Shh signaling pathway and initiating functional CSCs. This role makes it a promising therapeutic target for improving the efficacy of NSCLC radiation treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Yang Xie
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chi Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Guang Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chi Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Chong Han
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chi Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yang-Yang Yu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chi Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Nan Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chi Medical University, Shenyang, China
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13
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Lee S, Wottrich S, Bonavida B. Crosstalks between Raf-kinase inhibitor protein and cancer stem cell transcription factors (Oct4, KLF4, Sox2, Nanog). Tumour Biol 2017; 39:1010428317692253. [PMID: 28378634 DOI: 10.1177/1010428317692253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Raf-kinase inhibitor protein has been reported to inhibit both the Raf/mitogen extracellular signal-regulated kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain of activated B cells pathways. It has also been reported in cancers that Raf-kinase inhibitor protein behaves as a metastatic suppressor as well as a chemo-immunosensitizing factor to drug/immune-mediated apoptosis. The majority of cancers exhibit low or no levels of Raf-kinase inhibitor protein. Hence, the activities of Raf-kinase inhibitor protein contrast, in part, to those mediated by several cancer stem cell transcription factors for their roles in resistance and metastasis. In this review, the existence of crosstalks in the signaling pathways between Raf-kinase inhibitor protein and several cancer stem cell transcription factors (Oct4, KLF4, Sox2 and Nanog) was assembled. Oct4 is induced by Lin28, and Raf-kinase inhibitor protein inhibits the microRNA binding protein Lin28. The expression of Raf-kinase inhibitor protein inversely correlates with the expression of Oct4. KLF4 does not interact directly with Raf-kinase inhibitor protein, but rather interacts indirectly via Raf-kinase inhibitor protein's regulation of the Oct4/Sox2/KLF4 complex through the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. The mechanism by which Raf-kinase inhibitor protein inhibits Sox2 is via the inhibition of the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway by Raf-kinase inhibitor protein. Thus, Raf-kinase inhibitor protein's relationship with Sox2 is via its regulation of Oct4. Inhibition of extracellular signal-regulated kinase by Raf-kinase inhibitor protein results in the upregulation of Nanog. The inhibition of Oct4 by Raf-kinase inhibitor protein results in the failure of the heterodimer formation of Oct4 and Sox2 that is necessary to bind to the Nanog promoter for the transcription of Nanog. The findings revealed that there exists a direct correlation between the expression of Raf-kinase inhibitor protein and the expression of each of the above transcription factors. Based on these analyses, we suggest that the expression level of Raf-kinase inhibitor protein may be involved in the regulation of the cancer stem cell phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- SoHyun Lee
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Stephanie Wottrich
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Benjamin Bonavida
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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14
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Wang A, Duan G, Zhao C, Gao Y, Liu X, Wang Z, Li W, Wang K, Wang W. Reduced RKIP expression levels are associated with frequent non-small cell lung cancer metastasis and STAT3 phosphorylation and activation. Oncol Lett 2017; 13:3039-3045. [PMID: 28521411 PMCID: PMC5431323 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.5846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The current study examined the role of Raf kinase inhibitor protein (RKIP) in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) metastasis. A total of 100 patients with NSCLC were recruited following pathological diagnosis in the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College. The patients were classified and statistically analyzed according to their clinicopathological characteristics and tumor-node-metastasis stage. Paired tumor tissue and adjacent non-tumor tissue samples were subject to pathological diagnosis and western blot analysis. Transient transfection and lentivirus particle vector-mediated RKIP overexpression, small interfering RNA-mediated silencing, Transwell assays and immunocytochemistry methods were employed to elucidate the role and underlying mechanisms of RKIP and the Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT) signaling pathway in NSCLC metastasis. Furthermore, in order to examine the in vivo effects of RKIP, recombinant lentivirus particles containing the RKIP gene were administrated in a mouse NSCLC tumor model via tail vein injection. The results revealed reduced RKIP expression levels in NSCLC tissue compared with corresponding non-cancer tissue. Additionally, RKIP expression levels were inversely associated with NSCLC intra-lung, lymph node and long-distance metastasis. The results also indicated that RKIP was able to block STAT3 activation via phosphorylation and inhibit NSCLC-cell metastasis in vitro. Furthermore, RKIP knockdown was able to promote STAT3 phosphorylation and cell metastasis in NSCLC cell lines. During in vivo experiments, RKIP overexpression was able to suppress xenograft tumor metastasis in nude mice. Therefore, RKIP may be an important factor in cancer cell metastasis in patients with NSCLC, and RKIP may inhibit NSCLC-cell invasion by blocking the activation of the JAK/STAT3 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ansheng Wang
- Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250100, P.R. China.,Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233000, P.R. China
| | - Guixin Duan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233000, P.R. China
| | - Chengling Zhao
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233000, P.R. China
| | - Yuan Gao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233000, P.R. China
| | - Xuegang Liu
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233000, P.R. China
| | - Zuyi Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233000, P.R. China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233000, P.R. China
| | - Kangwu Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233000, P.R. China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233000, P.R. China
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15
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Ye C, Shen Z, Wang B, Li Y, Li T, Yang Y, Jiang K, Ye Y, Wang S. A novel long non-coding RNA lnc-GNAT1-1 is low expressed in colorectal cancer and acts as a tumor suppressor through regulating RKIP-NF-κB-Snail circuit. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2016; 35:187. [PMID: 27912775 PMCID: PMC5135755 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-016-0467-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Background The role of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in colorectal cancer (CRC) progression has not fully been elucidated. This study was designed to report the identification of a novel lncRNA, lnc-GNAT1-1, and its functional role in CRC progression. Methods lncRNA expression profile microarray was performed in three paired primary and liver metastatic tissues of CRC, and a novel lncRNA, lnc-GNAT1-1, was identified to be a potential functional lncRNA. Quantitative real-time PCR was used to detect its expression in CRC tissues, cell lines, and patients’ plasma, cell fractionation was used to evaluate its subcellular location. lnc-GNAT1-1 was knockdown by siRNA or overexpressed by a lentivirus vector, then in vitro an vivo experiments were performed to evaluate its biological role and the underlying mechanisms in CRC. Results Expression of lnc-GNAT1-1 was decreased in liver metastasis than the primary tumor, while the later one is lower than the paired normal mucosa. Decreased lnc-GNAT1-1 expression was associated unfavorable clinicopathological features and a poor prognosis of CRC patients. In multivariate analysis, lnc-GNAT1-1 was proved to be an independent prognostic factor. In plasma, lnc-GNAT1-1 was significant decreased in CRC patients than healthy donors, and with the TNM stages advanced, the plasma lnc-GNAT1-1 level decreased; Receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC curve) showed that plasma lnc-GNAT1-1 had a moderate to well diagnostic efficiency for CRC. In vitro experiments showed that knockdown of lnc-GNAT1-1 could inhibit the aggressive phenotypes of CRC cell lines. In vivo study showed that overexpression of lnc-GNAT1-1 could suppress the liver metastasis of CRC cells. Finally, we explored the underlying mechanism of the role lnc-GNAT1-1 plays in CRC, and found a positive correlation between lnc-GNAT1-1 and Raf kinase inhibitor protein (RKIP) expression both in cells and in patients’ tissues. We further found that lnc-GNAT1-1 could regulate the RKIP-NF-κB-Snail circuit in CRC. Conclusions We have demonstrated in this study that a novel lncRNA, lnc-GNAT1-1, is low expressed in colorectal cancer tissues and plasma, and acts as a tumor suppressor through regulating RKIP-NF-κB-Snail circuit. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13046-016-0467-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunxiang Ye
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, 100044, People's Republic of China.,Laboratory of Surgical Oncology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, 100044, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhanlong Shen
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, 100044, People's Republic of China. .,Laboratory of Surgical Oncology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, 100044, People's Republic of China. .,Peking University People's Hospital, No. 11 Xizhimen South Street Xicheng District, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Bo Wang
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, 100044, People's Republic of China.,Laboratory of Surgical Oncology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, 100044, People's Republic of China
| | - Yansen Li
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, 100044, People's Republic of China.,Laboratory of Surgical Oncology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, 100044, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Li
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, 100044, People's Republic of China.,Laboratory of Surgical Oncology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, 100044, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, 100044, People's Republic of China.,Laboratory of Surgical Oncology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, 100044, People's Republic of China
| | - Kewei Jiang
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, 100044, People's Republic of China.,Laboratory of Surgical Oncology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, 100044, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingjiang Ye
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, 100044, People's Republic of China. .,Laboratory of Surgical Oncology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, 100044, People's Republic of China. .,Peking University People's Hospital, No. 11 Xizhimen South Street Xicheng District, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shan Wang
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, 100044, People's Republic of China. .,Laboratory of Surgical Oncology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, 100044, People's Republic of China. .,Peking University People's Hospital, No. 11 Xizhimen South Street Xicheng District, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
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16
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Li S, Liu T, Mo W, Hou Q, Zhou Y, Liu M, He Z, Liu Z, Chen Q, Wang H, Guo X, Xia W, Zeng M, Zhao H. Prognostic value of phosphorylated Raf kinase inhibitory protein at serine 153 and its predictive effect on the clinical response to radiotherapy in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Radiat Oncol 2016; 11:121. [PMID: 27647315 PMCID: PMC5028990 DOI: 10.1186/s13014-016-0696-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Radiation is an effective treatment against nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). However, radioresistance-induced locoregional recurrence remains as a major cause of treatment failure. Therefore, radiosensitivity indicators prior to treatment should be developed to screen radioresistant patients. Previous studies revealed that RKIP (Raf kinase inhibitor protein) is associated with NPC prognosis and radiosensitivity. However, the relationship of p-Ser153 RKIP (RKIP in a phosphorylated form at residue serine153) expression with the effect of radiation and prognosis of NPC patients is not elucidated. Thus, these clinical implication of the phosphorylated RKIP in NPC has yet to be described. METHODS The effect of p-Ser153 RKIP on locoregional relapse-free survival (LRRFS) was first analyzed in a retrospective cohort of NPC patients without distant metastasis at initial diagnosis. They received radical intensity-modulated radiotherapy alone. Of 180 patients were enrolled in the ongoing matched pair study. The patients were re-classified into radioresistant group or radiosensitive group on the basis of the specified criteria. Patients in the two groups were matched in terms of radiosensitivity-related factors. p-Ser153 RKIP was examined by immunohistochemical staining on a NPC tissue microarray before radiotherapy. The relationship between the expression of p-Ser153 RKIP and the effect of radiotherapy was also analyzed. RESULTS In this study, a retrospective cohort with 733 cases who received radical radiotherapy alone was established. Using the cohort, we validated that the p-Ser153 RKIP expression observed through immunohistochemical staining in a pretreatment NPC tissue microarray was an independent prognostic factor of LRRFS and OS; we also confirmed that endemic patients with a positive p-Ser153 RKIP expression benefited from irradiation alone in terms of locoregional relapse-free survival. A total of 180 patients were enrolled in a matched pair study. Both groups were well matched in terms of radiosensitivity-related factors. On the basis of the p-Ser153 RKIP expression, we predicted the following data: 80.0 % sensitivity, 73.3 % specificity, 76.7 % accuracy, 75.0 % positive predictive value, and 78.6 % negative predictive value. CONCLUSIONS Our results revealed for the first time that positive p-Ser153 RKIP expression was a favorable prognostic factor. It was also positively correlated with the radiosensitivity of NPC. p-Ser153 RKIP could also be used as a biomolecular marker with good availability and authenticity to preliminarily screen NPC-related clinical radiosensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siwei Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, No. 15 Lequn Road, Guilin, 541004, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Taowen Liu
- Department of Oncology, Nanxishan Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, No.46 Chongxin Road, Guilin, 541004, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenfa Mo
- Department of Pathology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, No. 15 Lequn Road, Guilin, 541004, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiaoyan Hou
- Department of Pathology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, No. 15 Lequn Road, Guilin, 541004, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingqiong Zhou
- Department of Pathology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, No. 15 Lequn Road, Guilin, 541004, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Meilian Liu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, No. 15 Lequn Road, Guilin, 541004, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhoukai He
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, No. 15 Lequn Road, Guilin, 541004, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengchun Liu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, No. 15 Lequn Road, Guilin, 541004, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiuqiu Chen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, No. 15 Lequn Road, Guilin, 541004, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Hua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, No.651 Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou, 510060, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, No.651 Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou, 510060, People's Republic of China.,Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, No.651 Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou, 510060, People's Republic of China
| | - Weixiong Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, No.651 Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou, 510060, People's Republic of China.,Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, No.651 Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou, 510060, People's Republic of China
| | - Musheng Zeng
- Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, No.651 Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou, 510060, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiyun Zhao
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Nanxishan Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, No.46 Chongxin Road, Guilin, 541004, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China.
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17
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Alavi M, Mah V, Maresh EL, Bagryanova L, Horvath S, Chia D, Goodglick L, Liu AY. High expression of AGR2 in lung cancer is predictive of poor survival. BMC Cancer 2015; 15:655. [PMID: 26445321 PMCID: PMC4596313 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-1658-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Anterior gradient 2 (AGR2) is a protein disulfide isomerase-like protein widely expressed in many normal tissues as well as cancers. In our study, non-neoplastic bronchial epithelial cells as well as non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells express AGR2 protein. Methods AGR2 expression was analyzed on lung tissue microarrays. Tumor staining was correlated with clinical outcomes. Results On a lung cancer tissue microarray using immunohistochemistry, expression levels in cancer showed generally decreasing intensities in order from adenocarcinomas with mucinous components, other adenocarcinomas, squamous carcinomas, to large cell carcinomas. The study cohort was comprised of 400 cases. As a group, there was a slight trend of lower expression with increasing tumor grade. AGR2 expression level was a significant predictor of overall survival in younger patients only. Patients under 65 with lower levels showed a significantly better survival for both men and women. Patients over 65, in contrast, showed no such trend. Conclusions Nearly all NSCLC tumors show AGR2 expression. Lung cancer expression of AGR2 has prognostic value for younger patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Alavi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, 10833 Le Conte Ave., Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Vei Mah
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, 10833 Le Conte Ave., Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Erin L Maresh
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, 10833 Le Conte Ave., Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Lora Bagryanova
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, 10833 Le Conte Ave., Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Steve Horvath
- Department of Statistics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, 10833 Le Conte Ave., Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - David Chia
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, 10833 Le Conte Ave., Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.,Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, 10833 Le Conte Ave., Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Lee Goodglick
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, 10833 Le Conte Ave., Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.,Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, 10833 Le Conte Ave., Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Alvin Y Liu
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific St., Seattle, WA, 98195, USA. .,Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, 850 Republican St., Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
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18
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Nie F, Cao J, Tong J, Zhu M, Gao Y, Ran Z. Role of Raf-kinase inhibitor protein in colorectal cancer and its regulation by hydroxycamptothecine. J Biomed Sci 2015; 22:56. [PMID: 26177829 PMCID: PMC4502602 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-015-0162-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recently accumulated evidence suggests that Raf kinase inhibitor protein (RKIP) participates in regulation of many signaling pathways and plays an important role in tumorigenesis and tumor metastasis. However, studies investigating the role of RKIP in colorectal cancer have not been reported. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of RKIP on colorectal cancer cell differentiation, progression and its correlation with chemosensitivity. Results Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that RKIP expression was higher in non-neoplastic colorectal tissue (NCRCT) and colorectal cancer tissue (CRCT) than that in metastatic lymph node tissue (MLNT) (P <0.05). P-ERK protein expression was higher in MLNT and CRCT than that in NCRCT (P = 0.02). Immunocytochemical analysis further revealed that RKIP expression was higher in the well differentiated cell line SW1116 as compared to that in the poorly differentiated cell line LoVo. Matrigel invasive assay demonstrated that the inhibition of RKIP by short hairpin RNA (shRNA) 271 transfection significantly increased the number of migrated cells (90.67 ± 4.04 vs. 37.33 ± 2.51, P <0.05), whereas over-expression of RKIP by PEBP-1 plasmid transfection significantly suppressed the number of migrated cells (79.24 ± 5.18 vs. 154.33 ± 7.25, P <0.05). Meanwhile, down-regulation of RKIP induced an increase in the cell survival rate by inhibiting apoptosis induced by hydroxycamptothecine. Conclusions RKIP was also found to be associated with cell differentiation, with a higher activity in well differentiated colorectal cancer cells than in poorly differentiated ones. The upregulated expression of RKIP in colorectal cancer cells inhibited cell invasion and metastasis, while downregulation of RKIP reduced chemosensitivity by inhibiting apoptosis induced by HCPT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Nie
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Jianguo Cao
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Jinlu Tong
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, 145 Middle Shandong Road, Shanghai, 200001, China.
| | - Mingming Zhu
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, 145 Middle Shandong Road, Shanghai, 200001, China.
| | - Yuan Gao
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Zhihua Ran
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, 145 Middle Shandong Road, Shanghai, 200001, China.
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19
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Sun QY, Ding LW, Xiao JF, Chien W, Lim SL, Hattori N, Goodglick L, Chia D, Mah V, Alavi M, Kim SR, Doan NB, Said JW, Loh XY, Xu L, Liu LZ, Yang H, Hayano T, Shi S, Xie D, Lin DC, Koeffler HP. SETDB1 accelerates tumourigenesis by regulating the WNT signalling pathway. J Pathol 2014; 235:559-70. [PMID: 25404354 DOI: 10.1002/path.4482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Revised: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 11/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the oncogenic role of SETDB1, focusing on non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), which has high expression of this protein. A total of 387 lung cancer cases were examined by immunohistochemistry; 72% of NSCLC samples were positive for SETDB1 staining, compared to 46% samples of normal bronchial epithelium (106 cases) (p <0.0001). The percentage of positive cells and the intensity of staining increased significantly with increased grade of disease. Forced expression of SETDB1 in NSCLC cell lines enhanced their clonogenic growth in vitro and markedly increased tumour size in a murine xenograft model, while silencing (shRNA) SETDB1 in NSCLC cells slowed their proliferation. SETDB1 positively stimulated activity of the WNT-β-catenin pathway and diminished P53 expression, resulting in enhanced NSCLC growth in vitro and in vivo. Our finding suggests that therapeutic targeting of SETDB1 may benefit patients whose tumours express high levels of SETDB1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao-Yang Sun
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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20
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Al-Mulla F, Bitar MS, Thiery JP, Zea TT, Chatterjee D, Bennett L, Park S, Edwards J, Yeung KC. Clinical implications for loss or diminution of expression of Raf-1 kinase inhibitory protein and its phosphorylated form in ductal breast cancer. Am J Cancer Res 2013; 3:446-464. [PMID: 24224123 PMCID: PMC3816965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Raf Kinase inhibitory protein (RKIP) is a well-established metastasis suppressor that is frequently downregulated in aggressive cancers. The impact of RKIP and its phosphorylated form on disease-free survival (DFS) and other clinicopathological parameters in breast cancer is yet to be discovered. To this end, we examined RKIP expression in 3 independent breast cancer cohorts. At the Protein level, loss or reduced total RKIP expression was associated with large-sized tumors characterized by high proliferative index, high-grade and diminished estrogen (ER) and progesterone receptor expression. Loss or diminution of RKIP expression was significantly associated with shorter DFS in all cohorts. Moreover, the complete loss of p-RKIP was an independent prognostic factor using multivariate analysis in operable invasive ductal breast cancer. We show for the first time that ER, partly, drives RKIP expression through MTA3-Snail axis. Consistent with this finding, we found that, at the mRNA level, RKIP expression varied significantly across the different molecular subtypes of breast cancer with the Luminal (ER+) subtype expressing high levels of RKIP and the more aggressive Claudin-low (ER-) subtype, which depicted the highest epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) registered the lowest RKIP expression levels. In conclusion, loss of expression/diminution of RKIP or its phosphorylated form is associated with poor diseases-free survival in breast cancer. Determining the expression of RKIP and p-RKIP adds significant prognostic value to the management and subtyping of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahd Al-Mulla
- Department of Pathology, Molecular Pathology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Health Sciences CentreSafat, Kuwait
| | - Milad S Bitar
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Health Sciences CentreSafat, Kuwait
| | - Jean Paul Thiery
- Department of Biochemistry, National University of Singapore#02-03, MD7, 8 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117597
| | - Tan Tuan Zea
- Department of Biochemistry, National University of Singapore#02-03, MD7, 8 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117597
| | - Devasis Chatterjee
- Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and The Alpert Medical School of Brown UniversityProvidence, RI, USA
| | - Lindsay Bennett
- Institute of Cancer, MVLS, McGregor Building, University of GlasgowGlasgow, U.K. G128QQ
| | - Sungdae Park
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, College of Medicine, Health Science Campus, University of ToledoToledo, Ohio, USA
| | - Joanne Edwards
- Institute of Cancer, MVLS, McGregor Building, University of GlasgowGlasgow, U.K. G128QQ
| | - Kam C Yeung
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, College of Medicine, Health Science Campus, University of ToledoToledo, Ohio, USA
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Raf kinase inhibitor protein (RKIP) and phospho-RKIP expression in melanomas. Acta Histochem 2013; 115:795-802. [PMID: 23601922 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2013.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2013] [Accepted: 03/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma, a cancer notorious for its high potential to metastasize, arises from melanocytes, cells dedicated to melanin production and located in the basal layer of the epidermis. Raf-1 kinase inhibitor protein (RKIP) is an inhibitory molecule that down-regulates the effects of the Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK signaling pathway. The aim of this study was to examine the expression of RKIP and pRKIP in melanomas at different stages. We evaluated the RKIP and pRKIP protein by immunohistochemistry in control skin, pigmented nevi and melanomas, and through Western blotting in human normal melanocytes and in four different melanoma-derived cell lines (WM35, A375, M14, and A2058). Our results demonstrated a correlation between the expression of RKIP and pRKIP, and metastatic ability in melanoma cells. This raises the possibility to analyze both RKIP and pRKIP in all melanomas. Down-regulation of both RKIP and pRKIP expression could represent a useful marker of metastatic melanoma. On the contrary for non-metastatic melanoma, especially in Clark I and II, low RKIP and high pRKIP expression could be indicative. In conclusion, the observed negative correlation of the RKIP and pRKIP expression in metastatic melanomas indicates that expression of these proteins may become a prognostic marker for the progression of human cutaneous melanoma. We propose that the investigation of both RKIP and pRKIP may provide a useful tool indicative for metastatic or non-metastatic melanoma in different Clark's level melanomas. Further studies are required to verify the molecular background of the observed RKIP and pRKIP variations.
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22
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Al-Mulla F, Bitar MS, Taqi Z, Yeung KC. RKIP: much more than Raf kinase inhibitory protein. J Cell Physiol 2013; 228:1688-702. [PMID: 23359513 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 01/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
From its discovery as a phosphatidylethanolamine-binding protein in bovine brain to its designation as a physiological inhibitor of Raf kinase protein, RKIP has emerged as a critical molecule for maintaining subdued, well-orchestrated cellular responses to stimuli. The disruption of RKIP in a wide range of pathologies, including cancer, Alzheimer's disease, and pancreatitis, makes it an exciting target for individualized therapy and disease-specific interventions. This review attempts to highlight recent advances in the RKIP field underscoring its potential role as a master modulator of many pivotal intracellular signaling cascades that control cellular growth, motility, apoptosis, genomic integrity, and therapeutic resistance. Specific biological and functional niches are highlighted to focus future research towards an enhanced understanding of the multiple roles of RKIP in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahd Al-Mulla
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Kuwait University Health Sciences Centre, Safat, Kuwait.
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23
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Abstract
Raf kinase inhibitory protein (RKIP) was initially identified as phosphatidylethanolamine binding protein in bovine brain. It was later identified as a protein that inhibits Raf kinase activation of MEK. Further exploration has revealed that RKIP modulates several other signaling pathways including NF-κB and G-protein signaling. A gene array screen revealed that RKIP expression was low in a metastatic compared with non-metastatic prostate cancer cell line. Further experiments revealed that RKIP fits the criteria for a metastasis suppressor gene. RKIP expression has been shown to be downregulated in metastatic tissues, compared with non-metastatic tissue in multiple cancers, suggesting that loss of RKIP metastasis suppressor activity is a broad mechanism leading to metastasis. Additionally, loss of RKIP has been shown to impact therapy through conferring radioresistance and chemoresistance. Taken together, these data indicate understanding RKIP's contributions to cancer may lead to important therapeutic strategies to prevent metastasis and promote therapeutic efficacy.
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Koelzer VH, Karamitopoulou E, Dawson H, Kondi-Pafiti A, Zlobec I, Lugli A. Geographic analysis of RKIP expression and its clinical relevance in colorectal cancer. Br J Cancer 2013; 108:2088-96. [PMID: 23632477 PMCID: PMC3670488 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2013.197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: This study evaluates the geographic expression pattern of Raf-1 Kinase Inhibitor Protein (RKIP) in colorectal cancer (CRC) in correlation with clinicopathological and molecular features, markers of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and survival outcome. Methods: Whole-tissue sections of 220 well-characterised CRCs were immunostained for RKIP. NF-κB and E-Cadherin expression was assessed using a matched multi-punch tissue microarray. Analysis of mismatch repair (MMR) protein expression, B-Raf and KRAS mutations was performed. RKIP expression in normal mucosa, tumour centre, invasion front and tumour buds was each assessed for clinical relevance. Results: RKIP was diffusely expressed in normal mucosa and progressively lost towards tumour centre and front (P<0.0001). Only 0.9% of tumour buds were RKIP-positive. In the tumour centre, RKIP deficiency predicted metastatic disease (P=0.0307), vascular invasion (P=0.0506), tumour budding (P=0.0112) and an invasive border configuration (P=0.0084). Loss of RKIP correlated with NF-κB activation (P=0.0002) and loss of E-Cadherin (P<0.0001). Absence of RKIP was more common in MMR-deficient cancers (P=0.0191), while no impact of KRAS and B-Raf mutation was observed. RKIP in the tumour centre was identified as a strong prognostic indicator (HR (95% CI): 2.13 (1.27–3.56); P=0.0042) independently of TNM classification and therapy (P=0.0474). Conclusion: The clinical relevance of RKIP expression as an independent prognostic factor is restricted to the tumour centre. Loss of RKIP predicts features of EMT and correlates with frequent distant metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- V H Koelzer
- Clinical Pathology Division and Translational Research Unit, Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Murtenstrasse 31, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland.
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25
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Rapozzi V, Della Pietra E, Zorzet S, Zacchigna M, Bonavida B, Xodo LE. Nitric oxide-mediated activity in anti-cancer photodynamic therapy. Nitric Oxide 2013; 30:26-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2013.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2012] [Revised: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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26
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The presence of Merkel cell polyomavirus is associated with deregulated expression ofBRAFandBcl-2genes in non-small cell lung cancer. Int J Cancer 2013; 133:604-11. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2012] [Accepted: 01/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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27
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Yan H, Guoqiang L, Shengxi C, Zhenghao D, Lingjin H. Reduction of Raf Kinase Inhibitor Protein Expression is Associated with Lymph Node Metastasis in Resectable Non-small Cell Lung Cancer. Open Respir Med J 2012; 6:135-8. [PMID: 23248718 PMCID: PMC3520034 DOI: 10.2174/1874306401206010135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2012] [Revised: 11/09/2012] [Accepted: 11/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Raf kinase inhibitor protein (RKIP) had been identified as one of prognostic indictor in various malignant diseases. Association of RKIP expression and the clinical-pathological features were not investigated in patients with resectable non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Materials and Methodology: 159 sectioned samples from surgical NSCLC patients were investigated by immunohistochemistry in order to reveal the associations between RKIP expression and clinical-pathologic features. Results: Statistically, Lower RKIP expression level was found in the group with higher N stage (P<0.01) and higher TNM stage (P<0.05). No significant correlation was observed between RKIP expressions and histologic type (P>0.05) and tumor size (P>0.05). Conclusions: Down expression level of RKIP was found relating to lymph node metastasis in resectable NSCLC patients in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huang Yan
- Department of Infectious Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Xiangya Road, Changsha, China
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28
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Abstract
Massive evidence suggests that genetic abnormalities contribute to the development of lung cancer. These molecular abnormalities may serve as diagnostic, prognostic and predictive biomarkers for this deadly disease. It is imperative to search these biomarkers in different tumorigenesis pathways so as to provide the most appropriate therapy for each individual patient with lung malignancy. Phosphoproteomics is a promising technology for the identification of biomarkers and novel therapeutic targets for cancer. Thousands of proteins interact via physical and chemical association. Moreover, some proteins can covalently modify other proteins post-translationally. These post-translational modifications ultimately give rise to the emergent functions of cells in sequence, space and time. Phosphoproteomics clinical researches imply the comprehensive analysis of the proteins that are expressed in cells or tissues and can be employed at different stages. In addition, understanding the functions of phosphorylated proteins requires the study of proteomes as linked systems rather than collections of individual protein molecules. In fact, proteomics approaches coupled with affinity chromatography strategies followed by mass spectrometry have been used to elucidate relevant biological questions. This article will discuss the relevant clues of post-translational modifications, phosphorylated proteins, and useful proteomics approaches to identify molecular cancer signatures. The recent progress in phosphoproteomics research in lung cancer will be also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena López
- Hospital Universitario Niño Jesús, Department of Oncohematology of Children, Madrid 28009, Spain; E-Mail:
| | - William C. S. Cho
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +852-295-854-41; Fax: +852-295-854-55
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29
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Guo W, Dong Z, Guo Y, Lin X, Chen Z, Kuang G, Yang Z. Aberrant methylation and loss expression of RKIP is associated with tumor progression and poor prognosis in gastric cardia adenocarcinoma. Clin Exp Metastasis 2012; 30:265-75. [PMID: 22983529 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-012-9533-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2012] [Accepted: 09/03/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Raf kinase inhibitory protein (RKIP) has been identified as a member of a novel class of molecules which implicated in cancer progression and suppress the metastatic spread of tumors. The aim of this study was to investigate the promoter methylation and expression of RKIP, determine the prognostic significance of RKIP in gastric cardia adenocarcinoma (GCA). MSP approach and immunohistochemistry methods were used respectively to examine methylation status and protein expression of RKIP in GCA tissues. The frequency of RKIP methylation in GCA tumor tissues (62.1 %) was significantly higher than that in corresponding normal tissues (4.1 %) and was associated with TNM stage, histological differentiation, depth of invasion, LN metastasis, distant metastasis or recurrence, and upper gastrointestinal cancers (UGIC) family history. Positive staining of RKIP in GCA tumor tissues (34.5 %) was significantly decreased than that in corresponding normal tissues (84.1 %) and was associated with RKIP methylation. RKIP may act as a tumor suppressor gene in GCA by regulation of the Raf-1/MEK/ERK signaling pathway. GCA patients in stage III and IV, with positive UGIC family history, and hypermethylation and down-expression of RKIP were most likely to develop metastatic disease and also showed the worse survival. RKIP methylation in GCA was an independent prognostic marker for survival using multivariate Cox regression analysis (P = 0.04). In all, aberrant hypermethylation of RKIP may be one of the mechanisms that lead to loss or down expression of the gene in GCA especially in individuals with UGIC family history. Additionally, hypermethylation and loss of RKIP expression may be used as a marker to predict clinical outcome of GCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Guo
- Department of Pathology, Hebei Cancer Institute, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Jiankanglu 12, Shijiazhuang, 050011, Hebei, China
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30
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Han NK, Kim BC, Lee HC, Lee YJ, Park MJ, Chi SG, Ko YG, Lee JS. Secretome analysis of ionizing radiation-induced senescent cancer cells reveals that secreted RKIP plays a critical role in neighboring cell migration. Proteomics 2012; 12:2822-32. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201100419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Na-Kyung Han
- Divisions of Radiation Cancer Research; Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences; Seoul Korea
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology; Korea University; Seoul Korea
| | - Bong Cho Kim
- Divisions of Radiation Cancer Research; Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences; Seoul Korea
| | - Hyung Chul Lee
- Divisions of Radiation Cancer Research; Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences; Seoul Korea
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology; Korea University; Seoul Korea
| | - Yoon-Jin Lee
- Divisions of Radiation Effects; Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences; Seoul Korea
| | - Myung-Jin Park
- Divisions of Radiation Cancer Research; Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences; Seoul Korea
| | - Sung-Gil Chi
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology; Korea University; Seoul Korea
| | - Young-Gyu Ko
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology; Korea University; Seoul Korea
| | - Jae-Seon Lee
- Divisions of Radiation Cancer Research; Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences; Seoul Korea
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31
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Augustyniak R, Ferrage F, Damblon C, Bodenhausen G, Pelupessy P. Efficient determination of diffusion coefficients by monitoring transport during recovery delays in NMR. Chem Commun (Camb) 2012; 48:5307-9. [PMID: 22510719 DOI: 10.1039/c2cc30578j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A novel NMR approach allows one to efficiently determine translational diffusion coefficients of macromolecules in solution. This method for Signal Optimization with Recovery in Diffusion Delays (SORDID) monitors transport occurring during the recovery times between consecutive scans so that the duration of the measurements can be reduced approximately by a factor two.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafal Augustyniak
- Ecole Normale Supérieure, Département de Chimie, 24 rue Lhomond, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
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