1
|
Penco-Campillo M, Pages G, Martial S. Angiogenesis and Lymphangiogenesis in Medulloblastoma Development. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:1028. [PMID: 37508458 PMCID: PMC10376362 DOI: 10.3390/biology12071028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Medulloblastoma (MB) is the most prevalent brain tumor in children. Although the current cure rate stands at approximately 70%, the existing treatments that involve a combination of radio- and chemotherapy are highly detrimental to the patients' quality of life. These aggressive therapies often result in a significant reduction in the overall well-being of the patients. Moreover, the most aggressive forms of MB frequently relapse, leading to a fatal outcome in a majority of cases. However, MB is highly vascularized, and both angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis are believed to play crucial roles in tumor development and spread. In this context, our objective is to provide a comprehensive overview of the current research progress in elucidating the functions of these two pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manon Penco-Campillo
- Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging (IRCAN), Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS UMR 7284 and INSERM U1081, 33 Avenue de Valombrose, 06107 Nice, France
| | - Gilles Pages
- Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging (IRCAN), Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS UMR 7284 and INSERM U1081, 33 Avenue de Valombrose, 06107 Nice, France
| | - Sonia Martial
- Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging (IRCAN), Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS UMR 7284 and INSERM U1081, 33 Avenue de Valombrose, 06107 Nice, France
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ottolino-Perry K, Mealiea D, Sellers C, Acuna SA, Angarita FA, Okamoto L, Scollard D, Ginj M, Reilly R, McCart JA. Vaccinia virus and peptide-receptor radiotherapy synergize to improve treatment of peritoneal carcinomatosis. Mol Ther Oncolytics 2023; 29:44-58. [PMID: 37180034 PMCID: PMC10173076 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2023.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor-specific overexpression of receptors enables a variety of targeted cancer therapies, exemplified by peptide-receptor radiotherapy (PRRT) for somatostatin receptor (SSTR)-positive neuroendocrine tumors. While effective, PRRT is restricted to tumors with SSTR overexpression. To overcome this limitation, we propose using oncolytic vaccinia virus (vvDD)-mediated receptor gene transfer to permit molecular imaging and PRRT in tumors without endogenous SSTR overexpression, a strategy termed radiovirotherapy. We hypothesized that vvDD-SSTR combined with a radiolabeled somatostatin analog could be deployed as radiovirotherapy in a colorectal cancer peritoneal carcinomatosis model, producing tumor-specific radiopeptide accumulation. Following vvDD-SSTR and 177Lu-DOTATOC treatment, viral replication and cytotoxicity, as well as biodistribution, tumor uptake, and survival, were evaluated. Radiovirotherapy did not alter virus replication or biodistribution, but synergistically improved vvDD-SSTR-induced cell killing in a receptor-dependent manner and significantly increased the tumor-specific accumulation and tumor-to-blood ratio of 177Lu-DOTATOC, making tumors imageable by microSPECT/CT and causing no significant toxicity. 177Lu-DOTATOC significantly improved survival over virus alone when combined with vvDD-SSTR but not control virus. We have therefore demonstrated that vvDD-SSTR can convert receptor-negative tumors into receptor-positive tumors and facilitate molecular imaging and PRRT using radiolabeled somatostatin analogs. Radiovirotherapy represents a promising treatment strategy with potential applications in a wide range of cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Ottolino-Perry
- Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, 200 Elizabeth Street, M5G 2C4 Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, 1 King’s College Circle, M5S 1A8 Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - David Mealiea
- Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, 200 Elizabeth Street, M5G 2C4 Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, 1 King’s College Circle, M5S 1A8 Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Clara Sellers
- Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, 200 Elizabeth Street, M5G 2C4 Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sergio A. Acuna
- Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, 200 Elizabeth Street, M5G 2C4 Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Fernando A. Angarita
- Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, 200 Elizabeth Street, M5G 2C4 Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, 1 King’s College Circle, M5S 1A8 Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Lili Okamoto
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, 1 King’s College Circle, M5S 1A8 Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Deborah Scollard
- STTARR, Radiation Medicine Program, Princess Margaret Hospital, UHN, 610 University Avenue, M5G 2C1 Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mihaela Ginj
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, 1 King’s College Circle, M5S 1A8 Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Raymond Reilly
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, 144 College Street, M5S 3M2 Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - J. Andrea McCart
- Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, 200 Elizabeth Street, M5G 2C4 Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, 1 King’s College Circle, M5S 1A8 Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Surgery, Mount Sinai Hospital and University of Toronto, 600 University Avenue, M5G 1X5 Toronto, ON, Canada
- Corresponding author: Dave Mealiea, Room 1225, Mount Sinai Hospital, 600 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Saini U, Smith BQ, Dorayappan KDP, Yoo JY, Maxwell GL, Kaur B, Konishi I, O’Malley D, Cohn DE, Selvendiran K. Targeting TMEM205 mediated drug resistance in ovarian clear cell carcinoma using oncolytic virus. J Ovarian Res 2022; 15:130. [PMID: 36476493 PMCID: PMC9730683 DOI: 10.1186/s13048-022-01054-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ovarian clear cell carcinoma (OCCC) accounts for approximately 8-10% of epithelial ovarian cancers in the United States. Although it is rare, OCCC usually presents with treatment challenges and the overall prognosis is far worse than high grade serous ovarian cancer HGSOC. The objective of this study was to examine the therapeutic relevance of combining oncolytic virus with cisplatin for ovarian cancer clear cell carcinoma (OCCC). RESULTS We identified that TMEM205, a recently discovered transmembrane protein, contributes to chemoresistance in OCCC cells via the exosomal pathway. Mechanistically, TMEM205 undergoes ligand-independent constitutive endocytosis and co-localizes with Rab11 to contribute to the late recycling endosomes in a clathrin-independent manner. Further, we observed that oncolytic virus (oHSV) pretreatment followed by treatment with cisplatin decreases TMEM205 expression and sensitizes cells to cisplatin in a synergistic manner in OCCC cells. TMEM205 interacts with glycoprotein-C of oHSV post-infection; both of these proteins undergo ubiquitination and ultimately get shuttled outside the cell via exosomes. Thus, we demonstrate the mechanotransduction pathway of TMEM205-mediated chemoresistance along with targeting this pathway using oHSV and cisplatin as a powerful therapeutic strategy for OCCC. oHSV combination with cisplatin inhibits OCCC tumor growth in vivo in immunodeficient and immunocompetent mice models. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that the combination of oHSV and cisplatin in immunocompetent as well as immune deficient OCCC tumor bearing mice reduces overall tumor burden as well as metastatic disease thereby providing survival benefit. Additionally, the detection of TMEM205 in exosomal cargo early in OCCC development has potential to be exploited as a biomarker.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Uksha Saini
- grid.412332.50000 0001 1545 0811Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
| | - Brentley Q. Smith
- grid.412332.50000 0001 1545 0811Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
| | - Kalpana Deepa Priya Dorayappan
- grid.412332.50000 0001 1545 0811Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
| | - Ji Young Yoo
- grid.267308.80000 0000 9206 2401Department of Neurosurgery, University of Texas, Health Science Center, Houston, USA
| | - G. Larry Maxwell
- grid.414629.c0000 0004 0401 0871Inova Women’s Service Line and the Inova Schar Cancer Institute, Falls Church, VA USA
| | - Balveen Kaur
- grid.267308.80000 0000 9206 2401Department of Neurosurgery, University of Texas, Health Science Center, Houston, USA
| | - Ikuo Konishi
- grid.258799.80000 0004 0372 2033Division of GYN/ONC, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - David O’Malley
- grid.412332.50000 0001 1545 0811Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
| | - David E. Cohn
- grid.412332.50000 0001 1545 0811Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
| | - Karuppaiyah Selvendiran
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ghajar-Rahimi G, Kang KD, Totsch SK, Gary S, Rocco A, Blitz S, Kachurak K, Chambers MR, Li R, Beierle EA, Bag A, Johnston JM, Markert JM, Bernstock JD, Friedman GK. Clinical advances in oncolytic virotherapy for pediatric brain tumors. Pharmacol Ther 2022; 239:108193. [PMID: 35487285 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Malignant brain tumors constitute nearly one-third of cancer diagnoses in children and have recently surpassed hematologic malignancies as the most lethal neoplasm in the pediatric population. Outcomes for children with brain tumors are unacceptably poor and current standards of care-surgical resection, chemotherapy, and radiation-are associated with significant long-term morbidity. Oncolytic virotherapy has emerged as a promising immunotherapy for the treatment of brain tumors. While the majority of brain tumor clinical trials utilizing oncolytic virotherapy have been in adults, five viruses are being tested in pediatric brain tumor clinical trials: herpes simplex virus (G207), reovirus (pelareorep/Reolysin), measles virus (MV-NIS), poliovirus (PVSRIPO), and adenovirus (DNX-2401, AloCELYVIR). Herein, we review past and current pediatric immunovirotherapy brain tumor trials including the relevant preclinical and clinical research that contributed to their development. We describe mechanisms by which the viruses may overcome barriers in treating pediatric brain tumors, examine challenges associated with achieving effective, durable responses, highlight unique aspects and successes of the trials, and discuss future directions of immunovirotherapy research for the treatment of pediatric brain tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gelare Ghajar-Rahimi
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Kyung-Don Kang
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Stacie K Totsch
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Sam Gary
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Abbey Rocco
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | | | - Kara Kachurak
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - M R Chambers
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Rong Li
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Children's of Alabama, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Beierle
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Asim Bag
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - James M Johnston
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - James M Markert
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Joshua D Bernstock
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Gregory K Friedman
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
The Current Landscape of Targeted Clinical Trials in Non-WNT/Non-SHH Medulloblastoma. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14030679. [PMID: 35158947 PMCID: PMC8833659 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14030679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Medulloblastoma is a form of malignant brain tumor that arises predominantly in infants and young children and can be divided into different groups based on molecular markers. The group of non-WNT/non-SHH medulloblastoma includes a spectrum of heterogeneous subgroups that differ in their biological characteristics, genetic underpinnings, and clinical course of disease. Non-WNT/non-SHH medulloblastoma is currently treated with surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy; however, new drugs are needed to treat patients who are not yet curable and to reduce treatment-related toxicity and side effects. We here review which new treatment options for non-WNT/non-SHH medulloblastoma are currently clinically tested. Furthermore, we illustrate the challenges that have to be overcome to reach a new therapeutic standard for non-WNT/non-SHH medulloblastoma, for instance the current lack of good preclinical models, and the necessity to conduct trials in a comparably small patient collective. Abstract Medulloblastoma is an embryonal pediatric brain tumor and can be divided into at least four molecularly defined groups. The category non-WNT/non-SHH medulloblastoma summarizes medulloblastoma groups 3 and 4 and is characterized by considerable genetic and clinical heterogeneity. New therapeutic strategies are needed to increase survival rates and to reduce treatment-related toxicity. We performed a noncomprehensive targeted review of the current clinical trial landscape and literature to summarize innovative treatment options for non-WNT/non-SHH medulloblastoma. A multitude of new drugs is currently evaluated in trials for which non-WNT/non-SHH patients are eligible, for instance immunotherapy, kinase inhibitors, and drugs targeting the epigenome. However, the majority of these trials is not restricted to medulloblastoma and lacks molecular classification. Whereas many new molecular targets have been identified in the last decade, which are currently tested in clinical trials, several challenges remain on the way to reach a new therapeutic strategy for non-WNT/non-SHH medulloblastoma. These include the severe lack of faithful preclinical models and predictive biomarkers, the question on how to stratify patients for clinical trials, and the relative lack of studies that recruit large, homogeneous patient collectives. Innovative trial designs and international collaboration will be a key to eventually overcome these obstacles.
Collapse
|
6
|
Kemler I, Karamched B, Neuhauser C, Dingli D. Quantitative imaging and dynamics of tumor therapy with viruses. FEBS J 2021; 288:6273-6285. [PMID: 34213827 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Cancer therapy remains challenging due to the myriad presentations of the disease and the vast genetic diversity of tumors that continuously evolve and often become resistant to therapy. Viruses can be engineered to specifically infect, replicate, and kill tumor cells (tumor virotherapy). Moreover, the viruses can be "armed" with therapeutic genes to enhance their oncolytic effect. Using viruses to treat cancer is exciting and novel and in principle can be used for a broad variety of tumors. However, the approach is distinctly different from other cancer therapies since success depends on establishment of an infection within the tumor and ongoing propagation of the oncolytic virus within the tumor itself. Therefore, the target itself amplifies the therapy. This introduces complex dynamics especially when the immune system is taken into consideration as well as the physical and other biological barriers to virus growth. Understanding these dynamics not only requires mathematical and computational models but also approaches for the noninvasive monitoring of the virus and tumor populations. In this perspective, we discuss strategies and current results to achieve this important goal of understanding these dynamics in pursuit of optimization of oncolytic virotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iris Kemler
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Bhargav Karamched
- Department of Mathematics and Institute of Molecular Biophysics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | | | - David Dingli
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.,Division of Hematology and Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Qiu B, Kline C, Mueller S. Radiation in Combination With Targeted Agents and Immunotherapies for Pediatric Central Nervous System Tumors - Progress, Opportunities, and Challenges. Front Oncol 2021; 11:674596. [PMID: 34277419 PMCID: PMC8278144 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.674596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pediatric brain tumors are the most common solid tumors in children and represent a heterogenous group of diagnoses. While some are treatable with current standard of care, relapsed/refractory disease is common and some high-risk diagnoses remain incurable. A growing number of therapy options are under development for treatment of CNS tumors, including targeted therapies that disrupt key tumor promoting processes and immunotherapies that promote anti-tumor immune function. While these therapies hold promise, it is likely that single agent treatments will not be sufficient for most high-risk patients and combination strategies will be necessary. Given the central role for radiotherapy for many pediatric CNS tumors, we review current strategies that combine radiation with targeted therapies or immunotherapies. To promote the ongoing development of rational combination treatments, we highlight 1) mechanistic connections between molecular drivers of tumorigenesis and radiation response, 2) ways in which molecular alterations in tumor cells shape the immune microenvironment, and 3) how radiotherapy affects the host immune system. In addition to discussing strategies to maximize efficacy, we review principles that inform safety of combination therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Qiu
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Cassie Kline
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Division of Oncology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Sabine Mueller
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States.,Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States.,Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Concilio SC, Russell SJ, Peng KW. A brief review of reporter gene imaging in oncolytic virotherapy and gene therapy. Mol Ther Oncolytics 2021; 21:98-109. [PMID: 33981826 PMCID: PMC8065251 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2021.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Reporter gene imaging (RGI) can accelerate development timelines for gene and viral therapies by facilitating rapid and noninvasive in vivo studies to determine the biodistribution, magnitude, and durability of viral gene expression and/or virus infection. Functional molecular imaging systems used for this purpose can be divided broadly into deep-tissue and optical modalities. Deep-tissue modalities, which can be used in animals of any size as well as in human subjects, encompass single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), positron emission tomography (PET), and functional/molecular magnetic resonance imaging (f/mMRI). Optical modalities encompass fluorescence, bioluminescence, Cerenkov luminescence, and photoacoustic imaging and are suitable only for small animal imaging. Here we discuss the mechanisms of action and relative merits of currently available reporter gene systems, highlighting the strengths and weaknesses of deep tissue versus optical imaging systems and the hardware/reagents that are used for data capture and processing. In light of recent technological advances, falling costs of imaging instruments, better availability of novel radioactive and optical tracers, and a growing realization that RGI can give invaluable insights across the entire in vivo translational spectrum, the approach is becoming increasingly essential to facilitate the competitive development of new virus- and gene-based drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kah-Whye Peng
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Sunami Y, Böker V, Kleeff J. Targeting and Reprograming Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts and the Tumor Microenvironment in Pancreatic Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:697. [PMID: 33572223 PMCID: PMC7915918 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13040697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is the fourth leading cause of cancer deaths in the United States both in female and male, and is projected to become the second deadliest cancer by 2030. The overall five-year survival rate remains at around 10%. Pancreatic cancer exhibits a remarkable resistance to established therapeutic options such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy, due to dense stromal tumor microenvironment. Cancer-associated fibroblasts are the major stromal cell type and source of extracellular matrix proteins shaping a physical and metabolic barrier thereby reducing therapeutic efficacy. Targeting cancer-associated fibroblasts has been considered a promising therapeutic strategy. However, depleting cancer-associated fibroblasts may also have tumor-promoting effects due to their functional heterogeneity. Several subtypes of cancer-associated fibroblasts have been suggested to exhibit tumor-restraining function. This review article summarizes recent preclinical and clinical investigations addressing pancreatic cancer therapy through targeting specific subtypes of cancer-associated fibroblasts, deprogramming activated fibroblasts, administration of mesenchymal stem cells, as well as reprogramming tumor-promoting cancer-associated fibroblasts to tumor-restraining cancer-associated fibroblasts. Further, inter-cellular mediators between cancer-associated fibroblasts and the surrounding tissue microenvironment are discussed. It is important to increase our understanding of cancer-associated fibroblast heterogeneity and the tumor microenvironment for more specific and personalized therapies for pancreatic cancer patients in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiaki Sunami
- Department of Visceral, Vascular and Endocrine Surgery, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, University Medical Center Halle, 06120 Halle, Germany; (V.B.); (J.K.)
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Leber MF, Neault S, Jirovec E, Barkley R, Said A, Bell JC, Ungerechts G. Engineering and combining oncolytic measles virus for cancer therapy. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2020; 56:39-48. [PMID: 32718830 PMCID: PMC7333629 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2020.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy using tumor-selective, oncolytic viruses is an emerging therapeutic option for solid and hematologic malignancies. A considerable variety of viruses ranging from small picornaviruses to large poxviruses are currently being investigated as potential candidates. In the early days of virotherapy, non-engineered wild-type or vaccine-strain viruses were employed. However, these viruses often did not fully satisfy the major criteria of safety and efficacy. Since the advent of reverse genetics systems for manipulating various classes of viruses, the field has shifted to developing genetically engineered viruses with an improved therapeutic index. In this review, we will summarize the concepts and strategies of multi-level genetic engineering of oncolytic measles virus, a prime candidate for cancer immunovirotherapy. Furthermore, we will provide a brief overview of measles virus-based multimodal combination therapies for improved tumor control and clinical efficacy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mathias F Leber
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Clinical Cooperation Unit Virotherapy, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Heidelberg University Hospital, Department of Medical Oncology, Im Neuenheimer Feld 460, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Cancer Therapeutics Program, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L6, Canada.
| | - Serge Neault
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Cancer Therapeutics Program, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L6, Canada
| | - Elise Jirovec
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Cancer Therapeutics Program, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L6, Canada
| | - Russell Barkley
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Cancer Therapeutics Program, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L6, Canada
| | - Aida Said
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, 401 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L1, Canada; University of Ottawa, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - John C Bell
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Cancer Therapeutics Program, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L6, Canada
| | - Guy Ungerechts
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Clinical Cooperation Unit Virotherapy, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Heidelberg University Hospital, Department of Medical Oncology, Im Neuenheimer Feld 460, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Cancer Therapeutics Program, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L6, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Concilio SC, Suksanpaisan L, Pham L, Peng KW, Russell SJ. Improved Noninvasive In Vivo Tracking of AAV-9 Gene Therapy Using the Perchlorate-Resistant Sodium Iodide Symporter from Minke Whale. Mol Ther 2020; 29:236-243. [PMID: 33038323 PMCID: PMC7791078 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2020.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The sodium iodide symporter (NIS) is widely used as a reporter gene to noninvasively monitor the biodistribution and durability of vector-mediated gene expression via gamma scintigraphy, single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), and positron-emission tomography (PET). However, the approach is limited by background signal due to radiotracer uptake by endogenous NIS-expressing tissues. In this study, using the SPECT tracer pertechnetate (99mTcO4) and the PET tracer tetrafluoroborate (B18F4), in combination with the NIS inhibitor perchlorate, we compared the transport properties of human NIS and minke whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata scammoni) NIS in vitro and in vivo. Based on its relative resistance to perchlorate, the NIS protein from minke whale appeared to be the superior candidate reporter gene. SPECT and PET imaging studies in nude mice challenged with NIS-encoding adeno-associated virus (AAV)-9 vectors confirmed that minke whale NIS, in contrast to human and endogenous mouse NIS, continues to function as a reliable reporter even when background radiotracer uptake by endogenous NIS is blocked by perchlorate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susanna C Concilio
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | | | - Linh Pham
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Kah-Whye Peng
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Imanis Life Sciences, LLC, Rochester, MN 55901, USA
| | - Stephen J Russell
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Imanis Life Sciences, LLC, Rochester, MN 55901, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Wijaya J, Gose T, Schuetz JD. Using Pharmacology to Squeeze the Life Out of Childhood Leukemia, and Potential Strategies to Achieve Breakthroughs in Medulloblastoma Treatment. Pharmacol Rev 2020; 72:668-691. [PMID: 32571983 PMCID: PMC7312347 DOI: 10.1124/pr.118.016824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Eliminating cancer was once thought of as a war. This analogy is still apt today; however, we now realize that cancer is a much more formidable enemy than scientists originally perceived, and in some cases, it harbors a profound ability to thwart our best efforts to defeat it. However, before we were aware of the complexity of cancer, chemotherapy against childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) was successful because it applied the principles of pharmacology. Herein, we provide a historic perspective of the experience at St. Jude Children's Research Hospital. In 1962, when the hospital opened, fewer than 3% of patients experienced durable cure. Through judicious application of pharmacologic principles (e.g., combination therapy with agents using different mechanisms of action) plus appropriate drug scheduling, dosing, and pharmacodynamics, the survival of patients with ALL now exceeds 90%. We contrast this approach to treating ALL with the contemporary approach to treating medulloblastoma, in which genetics and molecular signatures are being used to guide the development of more-efficacious treatment strategies with minimal toxicity. Finally, we highlight the emerging technologies that can sustain and propel the collaborative efforts to squeeze the life out of these cancers. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Up until the early 1960s, chemotherapy for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia was mostly ineffective. This changed with the knowledge and implementation of rational approaches to combination therapy. Although the therapeutics of brain cancers such as medulloblastoma are not as refined (in part because of the blood-brain barrier obstacle), recent extraordinary advances in knowledge of medulloblastoma pathobiology has led to innovations in disease classification accompanied with strategies to improve therapeutic outcomes. Undoubtedly, additional novel approaches, such as immunological therapeutics, will open new avenues to further the goal of taming cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juwina Wijaya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Tomoka Gose
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - John D Schuetz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Keshavarz M, Sabbaghi A, Miri SM, Rezaeyan A, Arjeini Y, Ghaemi A. Virotheranostics, a double-barreled viral gun pointed toward cancer; ready to shoot? Cancer Cell Int 2020; 20:131. [PMID: 32336951 PMCID: PMC7178751 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-020-01219-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Compared with conventional cancer treatments, the main advantage of oncolytic virotherapy is its tumor-selective replication followed by the destruction of malignant cells without damaging healthy cells. Accordingly, this kind of biological therapy can potentially be used as a promising approach in the field of cancer management. Given the failure of traditional monitoring strategies (such as immunohistochemical analysis (in providing sufficient safety and efficacy necessary for virotherapy and continual pharmacologic monitoring to track pharmacokinetics in real-time, the development of alternative strategies for ongoing monitoring of oncolytic treatment in a live animal model seems inevitable. Three-dimensional molecular imaging methods have recently been considered as an attractive approach to overcome the limitations of oncolytic therapy. These noninvasive visualization systems provide real-time follow-up of viral progression within the cancer tissue by the ability of engineered oncolytic viruses (OVs) to encode reporter transgenes based on recombinant technology. Human sodium/iodide symporter (hNIS) is considered as one of the most prevalent nuclear imaging reporter transgenes that provides precise information regarding the kinetics of gene expression, viral biodistribution, toxicity, and therapeutic outcomes using the accumulation of radiotracers at the site of transgene expression. Here, we provide an overview of pre-clinical and clinical applications of hNIS-based molecular imaging to evaluate virotherapy efficacy. Moreover, we describe different types of reporter genes and their potency in the clinical trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Keshavarz
- 1The Persian Gulf Tropical Medicine Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Ailar Sabbaghi
- 2Department of Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Abolhasan Rezaeyan
- 4Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yaser Arjeini
- 5Virology Department, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Ghaemi
- 6Department of Virology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Concilio SC, Zhekova HR, Noskov SY, Russell SJ. Inter-species variation in monovalent anion substrate selectivity and inhibitor sensitivity in the sodium iodide symporter (NIS). PLoS One 2020; 15:e0229085. [PMID: 32084174 PMCID: PMC7034854 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0229085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The sodium iodide symporter (NIS) transports iodide, which is necessary for thyroid hormone production. NIS also transports other monovalent anions such as tetrafluoroborate (BF4-), pertechnetate (TcO4-), and thiocyanate (SCN-), and is competitively inhibited by perchlorate (ClO4-). However, the mechanisms of substrate selectivity and inhibitor sensitivity are poorly understood. Here, a comparative approach was taken to determine whether naturally evolved NIS proteins exhibit variability in their substrate transport properties. The NIS proteins of thirteen animal species were initially assessed, and three species from environments with differing iodide availability, freshwater species Danio rerio (zebrafish), saltwater species Balaenoptera acutorostrata scammoni (minke whale), and non-aquatic mammalian species Homo sapiens (human) were studied in detail. NIS genes from each of these species were lentivirally transduced into HeLa cells, which were then characterized using radioisotope uptake assays, 125I- competitive substrate uptake assays, and kinetic assays. Homology models of human, minke whale and zebrafish NIS were used to evaluate sequence-dependent impact on the organization of Na+ and I- binding pockets. Whereas each of the three proteins that were analyzed in detail concentrated iodide to a similar degree, their sensitivity to perchlorate inhibition varied significantly: minke whale NIS was the least impacted by perchlorate inhibition (IC50 = 4.599 μM), zebrafish NIS was highly sensitive (IC50 = 0.081 μM), and human NIS showed intermediate sensitivity (IC50 = 1.566 μM). Further studies with fifteen additional substrates and inhibitors revealed similar patterns of iodide uptake inhibition, though the degree of 125I- uptake inhibition varied with each compound. Kinetic analysis revealed whale NIS had the lowest Km-I and the highest Vmax-I. Conversely, zebrafish NIS had the highest Km and lowest Vmax. Again, human NIS was intermediate. Molecular modeling revealed a high degree of conservation in the putative ion binding pockets of NIS proteins from different species, which suggests the residues responsible for the observed differences in substrate selectivity lie elsewhere in the protein. Ongoing studies are focusing on residues in the extracellular loops of NIS as determinants of anion specificity. These data demonstrate significant transport differences between the NIS proteins of different species, which may be influenced by the unique physiological needs of each organism. Our results also identify naturally-existing NIS proteins with significant variability in substrate transport kinetics and inhibitor sensitivity, which suggest that the affinity and selectivity of NIS for certain substrates can be altered for biotechnological and clinical applications. Further examination of interspecies differences may improve understanding of the substrate transport mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susanna C. Concilio
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Hristina R. Zhekova
- Centre for Molecular Simulation, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Sergei Y. Noskov
- Centre for Molecular Simulation, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Stephen J. Russell
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Enhanced noninvasive imaging of oncology models using the NIS reporter gene and bioluminescence imaging. Cancer Gene Ther 2019; 27:179-188. [PMID: 30674994 PMCID: PMC7170803 DOI: 10.1038/s41417-019-0081-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Noninvasive bioluminescence imaging (BLI) of luciferase-expressing tumor cells has advanced pre-clinical evaluation of cancer therapies. Yet despite its successes, BLI is limited by poor spatial resolution and signal penetration, making it unusable for deep tissue or large animal imaging and preventing precise anatomical localization or signal quantification. To refine pre-clinical BLI methods and circumvent these limitations, we compared and ultimately combined BLI with tomographic, quantitative imaging of the sodium iodide symporter (NIS). To this end, we generated tumor cell lines expressing luciferase, NIS, or both reporters, and established tumor models in mice. BLI provided sensitive early detection of tumors and relatively easy monitoring of disease progression. However, spatial resolution was poor, and as the tumors grew, deep thoracic tumor signals were massked by overwhelming surface signals from superficial tumors. In contrast, NIS-expressing tumors were readily distinguished and precisely localized at all tissue depths by positron emission tomography (PET) or single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) imaging. Furthermore, radiotracer uptake for each tumor could be quantitated noninvasively. Ultimately, combining BLI and NIS imaging represented a significant enhancement over traditional BLI, providing more information about tumor size and location. This combined imaging approach should facilitate comprehensive evaluation of tumor responses to given therapies.
Collapse
|
16
|
Renier C, Do J, Reyna-Neyra A, Foster D, De A, Vogel H, Jeffrey SS, Tse V, Carrasco N, Wapnir I. Regression of experimental NIS-expressing breast cancer brain metastases in response to radioiodide/gemcitabine dual therapy. Oncotarget 2018; 7:54811-54824. [PMID: 27363025 PMCID: PMC5342383 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Treating breast cancer brain metastases (BCBMs) is challenging. Na+/I− symporter (NIS) expression in BCBMs would permit their selective targeting with radioiodide (131I−). We show impressive enhancement of tumor response by combining131I− with gemcitabine (GEM), a cytotoxic radiosensitizer. Nude mice mammary fat-pad (MFP) tumors and BCBMs were generated with braintropic MDA-MB-231Br cells transduced with bicistronically-linked NIS and firefly luciferase cDNAs. Response was monitored in vivo via bioluminescent imaging and NIS tumor expression.131I−/GEM therapy inhibited MFP tumor growth more effectively than either agent alone. BCBMs were treated with: high or low-dose GEM (58 or 14.5 mg/Kg×4); 131I− (1mCi or 2×0.5 mCi 7 days apart); and 131I−/GEM therapy. By post-injection day (PID) 25, 82-86% of controls and 78-83% of 131I−-treated BCBM grew, whereas 17% low-dose and 36% high-dose GEM regressed. The latter tumors were smaller than the controls with comparable NIS expression (~20% of cells). High and low-dose 131I−/GEM combinations caused 89% and 57% tumor regression, respectively. High-dose GEM/131I− delayed tumor growth: tumors increased 5-fold in size by PID45 (controls by PID18). Although fewer than 25% of cells expressed NIS, GEM/131I− caused dramatic tumor regression in NIS-transduced BCBMs. This effect was synergistic, and supports the hypothesis that GEM radiosensitizes cells to 131I−.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Corinne Renier
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - John Do
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Andrea Reyna-Neyra
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Deshka Foster
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Abhijit De
- Department of Radiology and Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford, CA, USA.,Molecular Functional Imaging Laboratory, ACTREC Tata Memorial Centre, Navi Mumbai, India
| | - Hannes Vogel
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Stefanie S Jeffrey
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Victor Tse
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Nancy Carrasco
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Irene Wapnir
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Lal S, Raffel C. Using Cystine Knot Proteins as a Novel Approach to Retarget Oncolytic Measles Virus. MOLECULAR THERAPY-ONCOLYTICS 2017; 7:57-66. [PMID: 29367943 PMCID: PMC5771132 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2017.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Modified measles virus (MV) has effective oncolytic activity preclinically and is currently being investigated in clinical trials for various types of cancer. We investigated the use of cystine knot proteins (CKPs) to direct MV activity. CKPs are short polypeptides that bind their targets with high affinity. We used a CKP that binds αvβ3, αvβ5, and α5β1 integrins with single-digit nanomolar affinity to retarget MV to the integrins (MV-CKPint). MV-CKPint infected, replicated in, and killed human glioblastoma, medulloblastoma, diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG), and melanoma cancer cells in vitro, all of which express the target integrins. MV-CKPint activity was competitively blocked by echistatin, an integrin binding peptide. When the CKP was cleaved from the viral H protein at an included protease site, virus activity was abrogated. When delivered intravenously (i.v.), the retargeted virus reached a subcutaneous glioblastoma tumor bed and produced cytopathic effects similar to that shown by intratumoral injection of the virus. Because these target integrins are overexpressed by tumor vascular endothelium, MV-CKPint may allow for effective therapy with i.v. injection. These results indicate for the first time that CKPs can be used to retarget MV for a receptor of choice. In addition, MV-CKPint provides proof of principle for the use of a CKP of interest to retarget any enveloped virus for both oncolytic and gene therapy purposes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sangeet Lal
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Corey Raffel
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Oncolytic viruses represent a novel treatment modality that is unencumbered by the standard resistance mechanisms limiting the therapeutic efficacy of conventional antineoplastic agents. Attenuated engineered measles virus strains derived from the Edmonston vaccine lineage have undergone extensive preclinical evaluation with significant antitumor activity observed in a broad range of preclinical tumoral models. These have laid the foundation for several clinical trials in both solid and hematologic malignancies, which have demonstrated safety, biologic activity and the ability to elicit antitumor immune responses. Areas covered: This review examines the published preclinical data which supported the clinical translation of this therapeutic platform, reviews the available clinical trial data and expands on ongoing phase II testing. It also looks at approaches to optimize clinical applicability and offers future perspectives. Expert opinion: Reverse genetic engineering has allowed the generation of oncolytic MV strains retargeted to increase viral tumor specificity, or armed with therapeutic and immunomodulatory genes in order to enhance anti-tumor efficacy. Continuous efforts focusing on exploring methods to overcome resistance pathways and determining optimal combinatorial strategies will facilitate further development of this encouraging antitumor strategy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven Robinson
- a Division of Medical Oncology , Mayo Clinic , Rochester , MN , USA
| | - Evanthia Galanis
- a Division of Medical Oncology , Mayo Clinic , Rochester , MN , USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
A novel, polymer-coated oncolytic measles virus overcomes immune suppression and induces robust antitumor activity. MOLECULAR THERAPY-ONCOLYTICS 2016; 3:16022. [PMID: 27847861 PMCID: PMC5091787 DOI: 10.1038/mto.2016.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Revised: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Although various therapies are available to treat cancers, including surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy, cancer has been the leading cause of death in Japan for the last 30 years, and new therapeutic modalities are urgently needed. As a new modality, there has recently been great interest in oncolytic virotherapy, with measles virus being a candidate virus expected to show strong antitumor effects. The efficacy of virotherapy, however, was strongly limited by the host immune response in previous clinical trials. To enhance and prolong the antitumor activity of virotherapy, we combined the use of two newly developed tools: the genetically engineered measles virus (MV-NPL) and the multilayer virus-coating method of layer-by-layer deposition of ionic polymers. We compared the oncolytic effects of this polymer-coated MV-NPL with the naked MV-NPL, both in vitro and in vivo. In the presence of anti-MV neutralizing antibodies, the polymer-coated virus showed more enhanced oncolytic activity than did the naked MV-NPL in vitro. We also examined antitumor activities in virus-treated mice. Complement-dependent cytotoxicity and antitumor activities were higher in mice treated with polymer-coated MV-NPL than in mice treated with the naked virus. This novel, polymer-coated MV-NPL is promising for clinical cancer therapy in the future.
Collapse
|
20
|
Measles to the Rescue: A Review of Oncolytic Measles Virus. Viruses 2016; 8:v8100294. [PMID: 27782084 PMCID: PMC5086626 DOI: 10.3390/v8100294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2016] [Revised: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic virotherapeutic agents are likely to become serious contenders in cancer treatment. The vaccine strain of measles virus is an agent with an impressive range of oncolytic activity in pre-clinical trials with increasing evidence of safety and efficacy in early clinical trials. This paramyxovirus vaccine has a proven safety record and is amenable to careful genetic modification in the laboratory. Overexpression of the measles virus (MV) receptor CD46 in many tumour cells may direct the virus to preferentially enter transformed cells and there is increasing awareness of the importance of nectin-4 and signaling lymphocytic activation molecule (SLAM) in oncolysis. Successful attempts to retarget MV by inserting genes for tumour-specific ligands to antigens such as carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), CD20, CD38, and by engineering the virus to express synthetic microRNA targeting sequences, and "blinding" the virus to the natural viral receptors are exciting measures to increase viral specificity and enhance the oncolytic effect. Sodium iodine symporter (NIS) can also be expressed by MV, which enables in vivo tracking of MV infection. Radiovirotherapy using MV-NIS, chemo-virotherapy to convert prodrugs to their toxic metabolites, and immune-virotherapy including incorporating antibodies against immune checkpoint inhibitors can also increase the oncolytic potential. Anti-viral host immune responses are a recognized barrier to the success of MV, and approaches such as transporting MV to the tumour sites by carrier cells, are showing promise. MV Clinical trials are producing encouraging preliminary results in ovarian cancer, myeloma and cutaneous non-Hodgkin lymphoma, and the outcome of currently open trials in glioblastoma multiforme, mesothelioma and squamous cell carcinoma are eagerly anticipated.
Collapse
|
21
|
Lal S, Peng KW, Steele MB, Jenks N, Ma H, Kohanbash G, Phillips JJ, Raffel C. Safety Study: Intraventricular Injection of a Modified Oncolytic Measles Virus into Measles-Immune, hCD46-Transgenic, IFNαRko Mice. HUM GENE THER CL DEV 2016; 27:145-151. [PMID: 27604429 DOI: 10.1089/humc.2016.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The modified Edmonston vaccine strain of measles virus (MV) has shown potent oncolytic efficacy against various tumor types and is being investigated in clinical trials. Our laboratory showed that MV effectively kills medulloblastoma tumor cells in both localized disease and when tumor cells are disseminated through cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Although the safety of repeated intracerebral injection of modified MV in rhesus macaques has been established, the safety of administering MV into CSF has not been adequately investigated. In this study, we assessed the safety of MV-NIS (MV modified to express the human sodium iodide symporter protein) injected into the CSF of measles-immunized and measles virus-susceptible transgenic (CD46, IFNαRko) mice. Treated animals were administered a single intraventricular injection of 1 × 105 or 1 × 106 TCID50 (50% tissue culture infective dose) of MV-NIS. Detailed clinical observation was performed over a 90-day period. Clinically, we did not observe any measles-related toxic effects or behavioral abnormality in animals of any treated cohort. The complete blood count and blood chemistry analysis results were found to be within normal range for all the cohorts. Histologic examination of brains and spinal cords revealed inflammatory changes, mostly related to the needle track; these resolved by day 21 postinjection. To assess viral biodistribution, quantitative RT-PCR to detect the measles virus N-protein was performed on blood and brain samples. Viral RNA was not detectable in the blood as soon as 2 days after injection, and virus cleared from the brain by 45 days postadministration in all treatment cohorts. In conclusion, our data suggest that a single injection of modified MV into the CSF is safe and can be used in future therapeutic applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sangeet Lal
- 1 Department of Neurological Surgery, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California , San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Kah-Whye Peng
- 2 Department of Molecular Medicine, Toxicology and Pharmacology Laboratory, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Michael B Steele
- 2 Department of Molecular Medicine, Toxicology and Pharmacology Laboratory, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Nathan Jenks
- 2 Department of Molecular Medicine, Toxicology and Pharmacology Laboratory, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Hong Ma
- 1 Department of Neurological Surgery, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California , San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Gary Kohanbash
- 1 Department of Neurological Surgery, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California , San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Joanna J Phillips
- 1 Department of Neurological Surgery, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California , San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Corey Raffel
- 1 Department of Neurological Surgery, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California , San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Abstract
Introduction: Oncolytic viruses are experimental cancer therapies being translated to the clinic. They are unique in their ability to amplify within the body, therefore requiring careful monitoring of viral replication and biodistribution. Traditional monitoring strategies fail to recapitulate the dynamic nature of oncolytic virotherapy. Consequently, clinically relevant, noninvasive, high resolution strategies are needed to effectively track virotherapy in real time. Areas covered: The expression of the sodium iodide symporter (NIS) reporter gene is tightly coupled to viral genome replication and mediates radioisotope concentration, allowing noninvasive molecular nuclear imaging of active viral infection with high resolution. This provides insight into replication kinetics, biodistribution, the impact of vector design, administration, and dosing on therapeutic outcomes, and highlights the heterogeneity of spatial distribution and temporal evolution of infection. NIS-mediated imaging in clinical trials confirms the feasibility of this technology to noninvasively and longitudinally observe oncolytic virus infection, replication, and distribution. Expert opinion: NIS-mediated imaging provides detailed functional and molecular information on the evolution of oncolytic virus infection in living animals. The use of NIS reporter gene imaging has rapidly advanced to provide unparalleled insight into the spatial and temporal context of oncolytic infection which will be integral to optimization of oncolytic treatment strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amber Miller
- a Mayo Clinic, Department of Molecular Medicine , Rochester , MN 55905 , USA.,b Mayo Graduate School, Center for Clinical and Translational Science , Rochester , MN 55905 , USA
| | - Stephen J Russell
- a Mayo Clinic, Department of Molecular Medicine , Rochester , MN 55905 , USA.,c Mayo Clinic, Division of Hematology , Rochester , MN 55905 , USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Hutzen B, Raffel C, Studebaker AW. Advances in the design and development of oncolytic measles viruses. Oncolytic Virother 2015; 4:109-18. [PMID: 27512675 PMCID: PMC4918395 DOI: 10.2147/ov.s66078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A successful oncolytic virus is one that selectively propagates and destroys cancerous tissue without causing excessive damage to the normal surrounding tissue. Oncolytic measles virus (MV) is one such virus that exhibits this characteristic and thus has rapidly emerged as a potentially useful anticancer modality. Derivatives of the Edmonston MV vaccine strain possess a remarkable safety record in humans. Promising results in preclinical animal models and evidence of biological activity in early phase trials contribute to the enthusiasm. Genetic modifications have enabled MV to evolve from a vaccine agent to a potential anticancer therapy. Specifically, alterations of the MV genome have led to improved tumor selectivity and delivery, therapeutic potency, and immune system modulation. In this article, we will review the advancements that have been made in the design and development of MV that have led to its use as a cancer therapy. In addition, we will discuss the evidence supporting its use, as well as the challenges associated with MV as a potential cancer therapeutic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian Hutzen
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Corey Raffel
- Department of Neurological Surgery and Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Adam W Studebaker
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Deyle DR, Escobar DZ, Peng KW, Babovic-Vuksanovic D. Oncolytic measles virus as a novel therapy for malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors. Gene 2015; 565:140-5. [PMID: 25843626 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2015.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Revised: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNSTs) are devastating soft tissue sarcomas that can arise sporadically or in association with neurofibromatosis type I, have a poor prognosis, and have limited treatment options. Oncolytic measles virus therapy has been demonstrated to have significant antitumor properties in a number of different cancers, but the oncolytic potential of a MV Edmonston (MVEdm) vaccine strain engineered to express the human sodium iodide symporter (MV-NIS) on MPNST has not previously been evaluated. MPNST cell lines were found to highly express CD46, a cellular receptor required for measles viral entry, on their cell surface. After in vitro MV-NIS infection, MPNST cell lines showed significant cytopathic effect (CPE), while normal Schwann cells were less susceptible to CPE. Virus localization and distribution could be monitored by imaging of I-125 uptake. Local administration of MV-NIS into MPNST-derived tumors resulted in significant regression of tumor and improved survival. These results demonstrate feasibility of oncolytic measles virus therapy for MPNST patients and the possibility of a novel treatment for patients with NF1 tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David R Deyle
- Department of Medical Genetics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
| | | | - Kah-Whye Peng
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Viral oncolysis - can insights from measles be transferred to canine distemper virus? Viruses 2014; 6:2340-75. [PMID: 24921409 PMCID: PMC4074931 DOI: 10.3390/v6062340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Revised: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neoplastic diseases represent one of the most common causes of death among humans and animals. Currently available and applied therapeutic options often remain insufficient and unsatisfactory, therefore new and innovative strategies and approaches are highly needed. Periodically, oncolytic viruses have been in the center of interest since the first anecdotal description of their potential usefulness as an anti-tumor treatment concept. Though first reports referred to an incidental measles virus infection causing tumor regression in a patient suffering from lymphoma several decades ago, no final treatment concept has been developed since then. However, numerous viruses, such as herpes-, adeno- and paramyxoviruses, have been investigated, characterized, and modified with the aim to generate a new anti-cancer treatment option. Among the different viruses, measles virus still represents a highly interesting candidate for such an approach. Numerous different tumors of humans including malignant lymphoma, lung and colorectal adenocarcinoma, mesothelioma, and ovarian cancer, have been studied in vitro and in vivo as potential targets. Moreover, several concepts using different virus preparations are now in clinical trials in humans and may proceed to a new treatment option. Surprisingly, only few studies have investigated viral oncolysis in veterinary medicine. The close relationship between measles virus (MV) and canine distemper virus (CDV), both are morbilliviruses, and the fact that numerous tumors in dogs exhibit similarities to their human counterpart, indicates that both the virus and species dog represent a highly interesting translational model for future research in viral oncolysis. Several recent studies support such an assumption. It is therefore the aim of the present communication to outline the mechanisms of morbillivirus-mediated oncolysis and to stimulate further research in this potentially expanding field of viral oncolysis in a highly suitable translational animal model for the benefit of humans and dogs.
Collapse
|
26
|
Micali S, Bulotta S, Puppin C, Territo A, Navarra M, Bianchi G, Damante G, Filetti S, Russo D. Sodium iodide symporter (NIS) in extrathyroidal malignancies: focus on breast and urological cancer. BMC Cancer 2014; 14:303. [PMID: 24884806 PMCID: PMC4019362 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-14-303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Expression and function of sodium iodide symporter (NIS) is requisite for efficient iodide transport in thyrocytes, and its presence in cancer cells allows the use of radioiodine as a diagnostic and therapeutic tool in thyroid neoplasia. Discovery of NIS expression in extrathyroidal tissues, including transformed cells, has opened a novel field of research regarding NIS-expressing extrathyroidal neoplasia. Indeed, expression of NIS may be used as a biomarker for diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic purposes. Moreover, stimulation of endogenous NIS expression may permit the radioiodine treatment of extrathyroidal lesions by concentrating this radioisotope. Results This review describes recent findings in NIS research in extrathyroidal malignancies, focusing on breast and urological cancer, emphasizing the most relevant developments that may have clinical impact. Conclusions Given the recent progress in the study of NIS regulation as molecular basis for new therapeutic approaches in extrathyroidal cancers, particular attention is given to studies regarding the relationship between NIS and clinical-pathological aspects of the tumors and the regulation of NIS expression in the experimental models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Angelo Territo
- Department of Urology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Largo del Pozzo, 71, Modena 41100, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Antitumor Virotherapy by Attenuated Measles Virus (MV). BIOLOGY 2013; 2:587-602. [PMID: 24832799 PMCID: PMC3960896 DOI: 10.3390/biology2020587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Revised: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 03/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Antitumor virotherapy consists of the use of replication-competent viruses to infect and kill tumor cells preferentially, without damaging healthy cells. Vaccine-attenuated strains of measles virus (MV) are good candidates for this approach. Attenuated MV uses the CD46 molecule as a major entry receptor into cells. This molecule negatively regulates the complement system and is frequently overexpressed by cancer cells to escape lysis by the complement system. MV exhibits oncolytic properties in many cancer types in vitro, and in mouse models. Phase I clinical trials using MV are currently underway. Here, we review the state of this therapeutic approach, with a focus on the effects of MV on the antitumor immune response.
Collapse
|