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Miller JL, Reddy A, Harman RM, Van de Walle GR. A xenotransplantation mouse model to study physiology of the mammary gland from large mammals. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0298390. [PMID: 38416747 PMCID: PMC10901318 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0298390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Although highly conserved in structure and function, many (patho)physiological processes of the mammary gland vary drastically between mammals, with mechanisms regulating these differences not well understood. Large mammals display variable lactation strategies and mammary cancer incidence, however, research into these variations is often limited to in vitro analysis due to logistical limitations. Validating a model with functional mammary xenografts from cryopreserved tissue fragments would allow for in vivo comparative analysis of mammary glands from large and/or rare mammals and would improve our understanding of postnatal development, lactation, and premalignancy across mammals. To this end, we generated functional mammary xenografts using mammary tissue fragments containing mammary stroma and parenchyma isolated via an antibody-independent approach from healthy, nulliparous equine and canine donor tissues to study these species in vivo. Cryopreserved mammary tissue fragments were xenotransplanted into de-epithelialized fat pads of immunodeficient mice and resulting xenografts were structurally and functionally assessed. Preimplantation of mammary stromal fibroblasts was performed to promote ductal morphogenesis. Xenografts recapitulated mammary lobule architecture and contained donor-derived stromal components. Mammatropic hormone stimulation resulted in (i) upregulation of lactation-associated genes, (ii) altered proliferation index, and (iii) morphological changes, indicating functionality. Preimplantation of mammary stromal fibroblasts did not promote ductal morphogenesis. This model presents the opportunity to study novel mechanisms regulating unique lactation strategies and mammary cancer induction in vivo. Due to the universal applicability of this approach, this model serves as proof-of-concept for developing mammary xenografts for in vivo analysis of virtually any mammals, including large and rare mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- James L Miller
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Alexandra Reddy
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Rebecca M Harman
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Gerlinde R Van de Walle
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
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2
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Miller JL, Bartlett AP, Harman RM, Majhi PD, Jerry DJ, Van de Walle GR. Induced mammary cancer in rat models: pathogenesis, genetics, and relevance to female breast cancer. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2022; 27:185-210. [PMID: 35904679 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-022-09522-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammary cancer, or breast cancer in women, is a polygenic disease with a complex etiopathogenesis. While much remains elusive regarding its origin, it is well established that chemical carcinogens and endogenous estrogens contribute significantly to the initiation and progression of this disease. Rats have been useful models to study induced mammary cancer. They develop mammary tumors with comparable histopathology to humans and exhibit differences in resistance or susceptibility to mammary cancer depending on strain. While some rat strains (e.g., Sprague-Dawley) readily form mammary tumors following treatment with the chemical carcinogen, 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]-anthracene (DMBA), other strains (e.g., Copenhagen) are resistant to DMBA-induced mammary carcinogenesis. Genetic linkage in inbred strains has identified strain-specific quantitative trait loci (QTLs) affecting mammary tumors, via mechanisms that act together to promote or attenuate, and include 24 QTLs controlling the outcome of chemical induction, 10 QTLs controlling the outcome of estrogen induction, and 4 QTLs controlling the outcome of irradiation induction. Moreover, and based on shared factors affecting mammary cancer etiopathogenesis between rats and humans, including orthologous risk regions between both species, rats have served as useful models for identifying methods for breast cancer prediction and treatment. These studies in rats, combined with alternative animal models that more closely mimic advanced stages of breast cancer and/or human lifestyles, will further improve our understanding of this complex disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- James L Miller
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, 14853, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Arianna P Bartlett
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, 14853, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Rebecca M Harman
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, 14853, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Prabin Dhangada Majhi
- Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, 01003, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - D Joseph Jerry
- Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, 01003, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Gerlinde R Van de Walle
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, 14853, Ithaca, NY, USA.
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3
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Klonos E, Katopodis P, Karteris E, Papanikolaou E, Tarlatzis B, Pados G. Endometrial changes in estrogen and progesterone receptor expression during implantation in an oocyte donation program. Exp Ther Med 2020; 20:178. [PMID: 33101468 PMCID: PMC7579777 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2020.9308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Implantation is the final and most important stage of embryogenesis and is of paramount importance in achieving a successful pregnancy. Progesterone and estrogen are steroid hormones responsible for the regulation of the implantation window and the current study hypothesised that their receptors may be implicated in women undergoing oocyte donation. A total of 15 women aged 25-32 years old (mean ± SD, 28.9±2.89) undergoing oocyte donation were recruited into the present study. Participants underwent ovarian stimulation with gonadotrophin-releasing hormone antagonist and recombinant follicle-stimulating hormone. Endometrial aspiration biopsy was performed on the day of oocyte retrieval and after 5 days (on days 0 and 5, respectively). Endometrial histology and evaluation of estrogen receptor (ER)α and progesterone receptor (PR)-B were performed on days 0 and 5. The ER nodal staining percentage on day 0 was age-associated, with patients aged <30 years demonstrating 100% staining and those aged >30 years exhibiting 90% staining. Pathological staining revealed statistically significant differences between days 0 and 5 following all staining procedures. Wilcoxon signed-rank test resulted in the following P-values, for ER (nodes % and stromal %) day 0/5, P=0.0001; for PR (nodes % and stromal %) day 0/5, P=0.0001 and P=0.035, respectively; for ER (grade nodes and stromal %) day 0/5, P=0.0001; and PR (grade nodes and stromal %) day 0/5 P=0.0001 and P=0.016, respectively. Synchronization between blastocyst development and the acquisition of endometrial receptivity is a prerequisite for the success of in vitro fertilisation (IVF). Aside from the recent discovery of molecules that are considered crucial for successful embryo implantation, assessing the functional characteristics of the endometrium may offer unique insights into this process, thus improving IVF results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleftherios Klonos
- 1st Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, School of Medicine, Thessaloniki 541 24, Greece
| | - Periklis Katopodis
- Division of Biosciences, College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, UK
| | - Emmanouil Karteris
- Division of Biosciences, College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, UK
| | - Evangelos Papanikolaou
- 1st Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, School of Medicine, Thessaloniki 541 24, Greece
| | - Basil Tarlatzis
- Centre for Assisted Reproduction 'Biogenesis', Thessaloniki 555 35, Greece
| | - George Pados
- 1st Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, School of Medicine, Thessaloniki 541 24, Greece.,Centre for Assisted Reproduction 'Biogenesis', Thessaloniki 555 35, Greece
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4
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The ethanol extract of avocado [Persea americana Mill. (Lauraceae)] seeds reduced the hyperplastic effect of tamoxifen on uterine endometrium without changing its effect on the mammary gland. ADVANCES IN TRADITIONAL MEDICINE 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s13596-020-00443-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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5
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Mapping Mammary Tumor Traits in the Rat. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 2018:249-267. [PMID: 31228161 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9581-3_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
For nearly a century, the rat has served as a key model for studying the pathophysiology and genetic risk modifiers of breast cancer. Rat mammary tumors that initiate after exposure to carcinogens or estrogens closely resemble the etiological, histopathological, and genomic features of human breast cancer. Recent developments in genome-editing techniques in the rat have also enabled the development of sophisticated models for identifying the genetic modifiers of the nonmalignant tumor microenvironment that contribute to the formation, progression, and outcome of breast cancer. In this protocol review, we discuss the current methodologies for the three genetic mapping techniques in the rat that are widely used for identifying and testing the heritable genetic modifiers of breast cancer.
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Pemp D, Esch HL, Hauptstein R, Möller FJ, Zierau O, Bosland MC, Geppert LN, Kleider C, Schlereth K, Vollmer G, Lehmann L. Novel insight in estrogen homeostasis and bioactivity in the ACI rat model of estrogen-induced mammary gland carcinogenesis. Arch Toxicol 2019; 93:1979-1992. [PMID: 31119341 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-019-02483-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Despite being widely used to investigate 17β-estradiol (E2)-induced mammary gland (MG) carcinogenesis and prevention thereof, estrogen homeostasis and its significance in the female August Copenhagen Irish (ACI) rat model is unknown. Thus, levels of 12 estrogens including metabolites and conjugates were determined mass spectrometrically in 38 plasmas and 52 tissues exhibiting phenotypes ranging from normal to palpable tumor derived from a representative ACI study using two different diets. In tissues, 40 transcripts encoding proteins involved in estrogen (biotrans)formation, ESR1-mediated signaling, proliferation and oxidative stress were analyzed (TaqMan PCR). Influence of histo(patho)logic phenotypes and diet on estrogen and transcript levels was analyzed by 2-way ANOVA and explanatory variables influencing levels and bioactivity of estrogens in tissues were identified by multiple linear regression models. Estrogen profiles in tissue and plasma and the influence of Hsd17b1 levels on intra-tissue levels of E2 and E1 conclusively indicated intra-mammary formation of E2 in ACI tumors by HSD17B1-mediated conversion of E1. Proliferation in ACI tumors was influenced by Egfr, Igf1r, Hgf and Met levels. 2-MeO-E1, the only oxidative estrogen metabolite detected above 28-42 fmol/g, was predominately observed in hyperplastic tissues and intra-tissue conversion of E1 seemed to contribute to its levels. The association of the occurrence of 2-MeO-E1 with higher levels of oxidative stress observed in hyperplastic and tumor tissues remained equivocal. Thus, the present study provides mechanistic explanation for previous and future results observed in the ACI model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Pemp
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Harald L Esch
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - René Hauptstein
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Frank J Möller
- Chair of Molecular Cell Physiology and Endocrinology, University of Dresden, Zellescher Weg 20b, 01217, Dresden, Germany
| | - Oliver Zierau
- Chair of Molecular Cell Physiology and Endocrinology, University of Dresden, Zellescher Weg 20b, 01217, Dresden, Germany
| | - Maarten C Bosland
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, 840 S. Wood St., Suite 130 CSN, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Leo N Geppert
- Chair of Mathematical Statistics with Applications in Biometrics, TU Dortmund University, Vogelpothsweg 87, 44221, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Carolin Kleider
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Katharina Schlereth
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Günter Vollmer
- Chair of Molecular Cell Physiology and Endocrinology, University of Dresden, Zellescher Weg 20b, 01217, Dresden, Germany
| | - Leane Lehmann
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany.
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Ding L, Shunkwiler LB, Harper NW, Zhao Y, Hinohara K, Huh SJ, Ekram MB, Guz J, Kern MJ, Awgulewitsch A, Shull JD, Smits BMG, Polyak K. Deletion of Cdkn1b in ACI rats leads to increased proliferation and pregnancy-associated changes in the mammary gland due to perturbed systemic endocrine environment. PLoS Genet 2019; 15:e1008002. [PMID: 30893315 PMCID: PMC6443185 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammary epithelial progenitors are the normal cell-of-origin of breast cancer. We previously defined a population of p27+ quiescent hormone-responsive progenitor cells in the normal human breast whose frequency associates with breast cancer risk. Here, we describe that deletion of the Cdkn1b gene encoding the p27 cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor in the estrogen-induced mammary tumor-susceptible ACI rat strain leads to a decrease in the relative frequencies of Cd49b+ mammary luminal epithelial progenitors and pregnancy-related differentiation. We show by comprehensive gene expression profiling of purified progenitor and differentiated mammary epithelial cell populations that p27 deletion has the most pronounced effects on luminal progenitors. Cdkn1b-/- females have decreased fertility, but rats that are able to get pregnant had normal litter size and were able to nurse their pups implying that loss of p27 in ACI rats does not completely abrogate ovarian function and lactation. Reciprocal mammary gland transplantation experiments indicate that the p27-loss-induced changes in mammary epithelial cells are not only caused by alterations in their intrinsic properties, but are likely due to altered hormonal signaling triggered by the perturbed systemic endocrine environment observed in Cdkn1b-/- females. We also observed a decrease in the frequency of mammary epithelial cells positive for progesterone receptor (Pr) and FoxA1, known direct transcriptional targets of the estrogen receptor (Erα), and an increase in phospho-Stat5 positive cells commonly induced by prolactin (Prl). Characterization of genome-wide Pr chromatin binding revealed distinct binding patterns in mammary epithelial cells of Cdkn1b+/+ and Cdkn1b-/- females and enrichment in genes with known roles in Notch, ErbB, leptin, and Erα signaling and regulation of G1-S transition. Our data support a role for p27 in regulating the pool size of hormone-responsive luminal progenitors that could impact breast cancer risk. The frequency and proliferation of tissue-specific stem and progenitor cells is associated with the risk of malignancy. Thus, regulators of the pool size and proliferation of progenitor cells determine cancer risk. p27 is a key regulator of cellular proliferation and is required for the terminal differentiation of a number of cell types. Here we show that genetic deletion of Cdkn1b in ACI rats susceptible to estrogen-induced mammary tumors decreases the relative fraction of Cd49b+ luminal progenitors identifying p27 as a key regulator of the proliferation and pool size of these cells. Progesterone, acting via the progesterone receptor (Pr), is an important regulator of mammary epithelial cell proliferation and differentiation. Based on ChIP-seq we found that Pr targets different sets of genes in Cdkn1b+/+ and Cdkn1b-/- mammary epithelium and that this is associated with differences in proliferation and differentiation states. Thus, p27 regulates breast cancer risk and tumor development via regulating the pool size and hormonal-responsiveness of luminal progenitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Ding
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Lauren B. Shunkwiler
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Nicholas W. Harper
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Yang Zhao
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Kunihiko Hinohara
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Sung Jin Huh
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Muhammad B. Ekram
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jan Guz
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Transgenic and Gene Function Core, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Michael J. Kern
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Transgenic and Gene Function Core, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Alexander Awgulewitsch
- Department of Medicine, Transgenic and Gene Function Core, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - James D. Shull
- Department of Oncology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Bart M. G. Smits
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail: (BMGS); (KP)
| | - Kornelia Polyak
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail: (BMGS); (KP)
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8
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da Costa CS, Miranda-Alves L, La Merrill MA, Silva IV, Graceli JB. The tributyltin leads to obesogenic mammary gland abnormalities in adult female rats. Toxicol Lett 2019; 307:59-71. [PMID: 30831249 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2019.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Tributyltin chloride (TBT) is an obesogen associated with several complications. However, few investigations have evaluated TBT effects on adult mammary glands (MG). In this investigation, we assessed whether TBT's obesogenic effects resulted in abnormal MG fat pad expansion and other irregularities. TBT was administered to female rats (100 ng/kg/day for 15 days via gavage), and their MG morphophysiological development was assessed. We further assessed the MG fat pad for PPARγ, ERα, and aromatase protein expression, as well as inflammation, oxidative stress (OS), apoptosis and fibrosis. Irregular MG morphological development such as lower TEB number, alveolar (AB), lobule and differentiation (DF) score were observed in TBT rats. TBT rats had abnormal MG fat accumulation as evidenced by increased numbers of hypertrophic adipocytes, triglyceride (TG) levels and PPARγ expression. A strong negative correlation between the MG obesogenic makers and TEB number, AB and DF score were observed in TBT rats. MG inflammation was observed in TBT rats. A positive correlation between the MG obesogenic markers and inflammation were observed. High ERα and aromatase expression were observed in MG of TBT rats. MG OS, apoptosis and fibrosis were present in the TBT rats. Additionally, a positive correlation between the MG obesogenic markers and OS were observed in TBT rats. Thus, these data suggest that obesogenic TBT effects led to MG irregularities in the adult female rats.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Leandro Miranda-Alves
- Laboratory of Experimental Endocrinology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine and Postgraduate Program of Pharmacology and Medicinal Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Experimental Endocrinology Research, Development and Innovation Group, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | | | - Ian V Silva
- Dept of Morphology, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Brazil.
| | - Jones B Graceli
- Dept of Morphology, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Brazil.
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9
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Dennison KL, Chack AC, Hickman MP, Harenda QE, Shull JD. Ept7, a quantitative trait locus that controls estrogen-induced pituitary lactotroph hyperplasia in rat, is orthologous to a locus in humans that has been associated with numerous cancer types and common diseases. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0204727. [PMID: 30261014 PMCID: PMC6160183 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0204727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pituitary adenoma is a common intracranial neoplasm that is observed in approximately 10% of unselected individuals at autopsy. Prolactin-producing adenomas, i.e., prolactinomas, comprise approximately 50% of all pituitary adenomas and represent the most common class of pituitary tumor. Multiple observations suggest that estrogens may contribute to development of prolactinoma; however, direct evidence for a causal role of estrogens in prolactinoma etiology is lacking. Rat models of estrogen-induced prolactinoma have been utilized extensively to identify the factors, pathways and processes that are involved in pituitary tumor development. The objective of this study was to localize to high resolution Ept7 (Estrogen-induced pituitary tumor), a quantitative trait locus (QTL) that controls lactotroph responsiveness to estrogens and was mapped to rat chromosome 7 (RNO7) in an intercross between BN and ACI rats. Data presented and discussed herein localize the Ept7 causal variant(s) to a 1.91 Mb interval of RNO7 that contains two protein coding genes, A1bg and Myc, and Pvt1, which yields multiple non-protein coding transcripts of unknown function. The Ept7 orthologous region in humans is located at 8q24.21 and has been linked in genome wide association studies to risk of 8 distinct epithelial cancers, including breast, ovarian, and endometrial cancers; 3 distinct types of B cell lymphoma; multiple inflammatory and autoimmune diseases; and orofacial cleft defects. In addition, the Ept7 locus in humans has been associated with variation in normal hematologic and development phenotypes, including height. Functional characterization of Ept7 should ultimately enhance our understanding of the genetic etiology of prolactinoma and these other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten L. Dennison
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Aaron C. Chack
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Maureen Peters Hickman
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Quincy Eckert Harenda
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - James D. Shull
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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10
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Jerry DJ, Shull JD, Hadsell DL, Rijnkels M, Dunphy KA, Schneider SS, Vandenberg LN, Majhi PD, Byrne C, Trentham-Dietz A. Genetic variation in sensitivity to estrogens and breast cancer risk. Mamm Genome 2018; 29:24-37. [PMID: 29487996 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-018-9741-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer risk is intimately intertwined with exposure to estrogens. While more than 160 breast cancer risk loci have been identified in humans, genetic interactions with estrogen exposure remain to be established. Strains of rodents exhibit striking differences in their responses to endogenous ovarian estrogens (primarily 17β-estradiol). Similar genetic variation has been observed for synthetic estrogen agonists (ethinyl estradiol) and environmental chemicals that mimic the actions of estrogens (xenoestrogens). This review of literature highlights the extent of variation in responses to estrogens among strains of rodents and compiles the genetic loci underlying pathogenic effects of excessive estrogen signaling. Genetic linkage studies have identified a total of the 35 quantitative trait loci (QTL) affecting responses to 17β-estradiol or diethylstilbestrol in five different tissues. However, the QTL appear to act in a tissue-specific manner with 9 QTL affecting the incidence or latency of mammary tumors induced by 17β-estradiol or diethylstilbestrol. Mammary gland development during puberty is also exquisitely sensitive to the actions of endogenous estrogens. Analysis of mammary ductal growth and branching in 43 strains of inbred mice identified 20 QTL. Regions in the human genome orthologous to the mammary development QTL harbor loci associated with breast cancer risk or mammographic density. The data demonstrate extensive genetic variation in regulation of estrogen signaling in rodent mammary tissues that alters susceptibility to tumors. Genetic variants in these pathways may identify a subset of women who are especially sensitive to either endogenous estrogens or environmental xenoestrogens and render them at increased risk of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Joseph Jerry
- Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, 661 North Pleasant Street, Integrated Life Sciences Building, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA. .,Pioneer Valley Life Sciences Institute, Baystate Medical Center, 3601 Main Street, Springfield, MA, 01199, USA.
| | - James D Shull
- Department of Oncology, McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA.,UW Carbone Cancer Center, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Darryl L Hadsell
- Department of Pediatrics, USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Monique Rijnkels
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Karen A Dunphy
- Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, 661 North Pleasant Street, Integrated Life Sciences Building, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Sallie S Schneider
- Pioneer Valley Life Sciences Institute, Baystate Medical Center, 3601 Main Street, Springfield, MA, 01199, USA
| | - Laura N Vandenberg
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, 01003, USA
| | - Prabin Dhangada Majhi
- Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, 661 North Pleasant Street, Integrated Life Sciences Building, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Celia Byrne
- Department of Preventive Medicine, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | - Amy Trentham-Dietz
- Department of Population Health Sciences and the Carbone Cancer Center, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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11
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Shull JD, Dennison KL, Chack AC, Trentham-Dietz A. Rat models of 17β-estradiol-induced mammary cancer reveal novel insights into breast cancer etiology and prevention. Physiol Genomics 2018; 50:215-234. [PMID: 29373076 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00105.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous laboratory and epidemiologic studies strongly implicate endogenous and exogenous estrogens in the etiology of breast cancer. Data summarized herein suggest that the ACI rat model of 17β-estradiol (E2)-induced mammary cancer is unique among rodent models in the extent to which it faithfully reflects the etiology and biology of luminal types of breast cancer, which together constitute ~70% of all breast cancers. E2 drives cancer development in this model through mechanisms that are largely dependent upon estrogen receptors and require progesterone and its receptors. Moreover, mammary cancer development appears to be associated with generation of oxidative stress and can be modified by multiple dietary factors, several of which may attenuate the actions of reactive oxygen species. Studies of susceptible ACI rats and resistant COP or BN rats provide novel insights into the genetic bases of susceptibility and the biological processes regulated by genetic determinants of susceptibility. This review summarizes research progress resulting from use of these physiologically relevant rat models to advance understanding of breast cancer etiology and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- James D Shull
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, Wisconsin.,University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Kirsten L Dennison
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Aaron C Chack
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Amy Trentham-Dietz
- Department of Population Health Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, Wisconsin.,University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, Wisconsin
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12
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Exploring evidence of positive selection signatures in cattle breeds selected for different traits. Mamm Genome 2017; 28:528-541. [PMID: 28905131 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-017-9715-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Since domestication, the genome landscape of cattle has been changing due to natural and artificial selection forces resulting in several general and specialized cattle breeds of the world. Identifying genomic regions affected due to these forces in livestock gives an insight into the history of selection for economically important traits and genetic adaptation to specific environments of the populations under consideration. This study explores the genes/genomic regions under selection in relation to the phenotypes of Holstein, Hanwoo, and N'Dama cattle breeds using Tajima's D, XP-CLR, and XP-EHH population statistical methods. The whole genomes of 10 Holstein (South Korea), 11 Hanwoo (South Korea), and 10 N'Dama (West Africa-Guinea) cattle breeds re-sequenced to ~11x coverage and retained 37 million SNPs were used for the study. Selection signature analysis revealed 441, 512, and 461 genes under selection from Holstein, Hanwoo, and N'Dama cattle breeds, respectively. Among all these, seven genes including ARFGAP3, SNORA70, and other RNA genes were common between the breeds. From each of the gene lists, significant functional annotation cluster terms including milk protein and thyroid hormone signaling pathway (Holstein), histone acetyltransferase activity (Hanwoo), and renin secretion (N'Dama) were enriched. Genes that are related to the phenotypes of the respective breeds were also identified. Moreover, significant breed-specific missense variants were identified in CSN3, PAPPA2 (Holstein), C1orf116 (Hanwoo), and COMMD1 (N'Dama) genes. The genes identified from this study provide an insight into the biological mechanisms and pathways that are important in cattle breeds selected for different traits of economic significance.
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Ganaie IA, Naqvi SH, Jain SK, Wajid S. Reduced expression of SETD2 and SNX9 proteins in chemically induced mammary tumorigenesis in Wistar rats: a prognostic histological and proteomic study. PROTOPLASMA 2017; 254:1451-1466. [PMID: 27766425 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-016-1035-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer is a major global health concern, appealing for precise prognostic approaches. Thus, the need is to have studies focusing on the identification and recognition of preliminary events leading to the disease. The present study reports the tracing of precancerous progression and serum proteomic analysis in a breast cancer model developed as a result of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) administration. Mammary gland histological changes of prime importance were examined by histopathology, and immunohistochemical analysis with Ki-67 was performed to monitor enhanced cell proliferation, right from the onset of hyperplasia till neoplasia. Serum proteomics (one-dimensional (1D) and two-dimensional (2D) electrophoresis, followed by MALDI-TOF MS characterization) was performed to decipher the differentially expressed serum proteins in animals undergoing tumorigenesis vis-à-vis controls. The significance of our study lies in reporting the significantly reduced expression of two proteins: histone-lysine N-methyltransferase (SETD2) and sorting nexin-9 (SNX9) at very early stage (13 weeks) of tumorigenesis, while the full-fledged tumors developed after 6 months. The reduced expression of SETD2 and SNX9 was validated by western blotting and relative expression analysis using quantitative real-time PCR. These proteins may hence prove as potentially useful tools in search for prognostic markers for the early detection of mammary cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishfaq Ahmad Ganaie
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Hamdard University (Jamia Hamdard), New Delhi, 110062, India
| | | | - Swatantra Kumar Jain
- Department of Biochemistry, Hamdard Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Hamdard University (Jamia Hamdard), New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - Saima Wajid
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Hamdard University (Jamia Hamdard), New Delhi, 110062, India.
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14
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Xu C, Zhang L, Li H, Liu Z, Duan L, Lu C. MiRNA-1469 promotes lung cancer cells apoptosis through targeting STAT5a. Am J Cancer Res 2015; 5:1180-1189. [PMID: 26045996 PMCID: PMC4449445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs play key roles in cell growth, differentiation, and apoptosis. In this study, we described the regulation and function of miR-1469 in apoptosis of lung cancer cells (A549 and NCI-H1650). Expression analysis verified that miR-1469 expression significantly increased in apoptotic cells. Overexpression of miR-1469 in lung cancer cells increased cell apoptosis induced by etoposide. Additionally, we identified that Stat5a is a downstream target of miR-1469, which can bind directly to the 3'-untranslated region of the Stat5a, subsequently reducing both the mRNA and protein levels of Stat5a. Finally, co-expression of miR-1469 and Stat5a in A549 and NCI-H1650 cells partially abrogated the effect of miR-1469 on cell apoptosis. Our results show that miR-1469 functions as an apoptosis enhancer to regulate lung cancer apoptosis through targeting Stat5a and may become a critical therapeutic target in lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengshan Xu
- Aviation Medicine Research Laboratory, Air Force General Hospital, PLABeijing 100142, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Aviation Medicine Research Laboratory, Air Force General Hospital, PLABeijing 100142, China
| | - Hengheng Li
- Aviation Medicine Research Laboratory, Air Force General Hospital, PLABeijing 100142, China
| | - Zhihua Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Institute and Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijing, 100021, China
| | - Lianning Duan
- Aviation Medicine Research Laboratory, Air Force General Hospital, PLABeijing 100142, China
| | - Chengrong Lu
- Aviation Medicine Research Laboratory, Air Force General Hospital, PLABeijing 100142, China
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Barreto SC, Hopkins CA, Bhowmick M, Ray A. Extracellular matrix in obesity – cancer interactions. Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig 2015; 22:63-77. [DOI: 10.1515/hmbci-2015-0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
AbstractObesity or overweight is a risk factor for several health disorders such as type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and certain cancers. Furthermore, obesity affects almost all body systems including the extracellular matrix (ECM) by generating a pro-inflammatory environment, which are associated with abnormal secretions of several cytokines or hormonal substances, for example, insulin-like growth factors (IGFs), leptin, and sex hormones. These chemical mediators most likely have a great impact on the ECM. Accumulating evidence suggests that both obesity and ECM can influence tumor growth and progression through a number of chemical mediators. Conversely, cells in the connective tissue, namely fibroblasts and macrophages, support and aggravate the inflammatory situation in obesity by releasing several cytokines or growth factors such as vascular endothelial growth factor, epidermal growth factor, and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β). A wide range of functions are performed by TGF-β in normal health and pathological conditions including tumorigenesis. Breast cancer in postmenopausal women is a classic example of obesity-related cancer wherein several of these conditions, for example, higher levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, impairment in the regulation of estrogen and growth factors, and dysregulation of different ECM components may favor the neoplastic process. Aberrant expressions of ECM components such as matrix metalloproteinases or matricellular proteins in both obesity and cancer have been reported by many studies. Nonstructural matricellular proteins, viz., thrombospondins, secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC), and Cyr61-CTGF-Nov (CCN), which function as modulators of cell-ECM interactions, exhibit protean behavior in cancer. Precise understanding of ECM biology can provide potential therapeutic targets to combat obesity-related pathologies.
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Wieczorek E, Jablonska E, Wasowicz W, Reszka E. Matrix metalloproteinases and genetic mouse models in cancer research: a mini-review. Tumour Biol 2014; 36:163-75. [PMID: 25352026 PMCID: PMC4315474 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-014-2747-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Carcinogenesis is a multistep and also a multifactorial process that involves agents like genetic and environmental factors. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are major proteolytic enzymes which are involved in cancer cell migration, invasion, and metastasis. Genetic variations in genes encoding the MMPs were shown in human studies to influence cancer risk and phenotypic features of a tumor. The complex role of MMPs seems to be important in the mechanism of carcinogenesis, but it is not well recognized. Rodent studies concentrated particularly on the better understanding of the biological functions of the MMPs and their impact on the pathological process, also through the modification of Mmp genes. This review presents current knowledge and the existing evidence on the importance of selected MMPs in genetic mouse models of cancer and human genetic association studies. Further, this work can be useful for scientists studying the role of the genetic impact of MMPs in carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edyta Wieczorek
- Department of Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland
| | - Ewa Jablonska
- Department of Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland
| | - Wojciech Wasowicz
- Department of Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland
| | - Edyta Reszka
- Department of Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland
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Transcriptional regulation of the sodium-coupled neutral amino acid transporter (SNAT2) by 17β-estradiol. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:11443-8. [PMID: 25056967 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1412099111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The sodium-coupled neutral amino acid transporter 2 (SNAT2) translocates small neutral amino acids into the mammary gland to promote cell proliferation during gestation. It is known that SNAT2 expression increases during pregnancy, and in vitro studies indicate that this transporter is induced by 17β-estradiol. In this study, we elucidated the mechanism by which 17β-estradiol regulates the transcription of SNAT2. In silico analysis revealed the presence of a potential estrogen response element (ERE) in the SNAT2 promoter. Reporter assays showed an increase in SNAT2 promoter activity when cotransfected with estrogen receptor alpha (ER-α) after 17β-estradiol stimulation. Deletion of the ERE reduced estradiol-induced promoter activity by 63%. Additionally, EMSAs and supershift assays showed that ER-α binds to the SNAT2 ERE and that this binding competes with the interaction of ER-α with its consensus ERE. An in vivo ChIP assay demonstrated that the binding of ER-α to the SNAT2 promoter gradually increased in the mammary gland during gestation and that maximal binding occurred at the highest 17β-estradiol serum concentration. Liquid chromatography-elevated energy mass spectrometry and Western blot analysis revealed that the SNAT2 ER-α-ERE complex contained poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1, Lupus Ku autoantigen protein p70, and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) proteins and that the silencing of each of these proteins nearly abolished 17β-estradiol-stimulated SNAT2 promoter activity. Nuclear levels of GAPDH increased progressively during gestation in the mammary gland, and GAPDH binding was nucleotide-specific for the SNAT2 ERE. Thus, this study provides new insights into how the mammary epithelium adapts to control amino acid uptake through the transcriptional regulation of the SNAT2 transporter via 17β-estradiol.
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Validation of six genetic determinants of susceptibility to estrogen-induced mammary cancer in the rat and assessment of their relevance to breast cancer risk in humans. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2014; 4:1385-94. [PMID: 24875630 PMCID: PMC4132170 DOI: 10.1534/g3.114.011163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
When treated with 17β-estradiol, female ACI rats (Rattus norvegicus) rapidly develop mammary cancers that share multiple phenotypes with luminal breast cancers. Seven distinct quantitative trait loci that harbor genetic determinants of susceptibility to 17β-estradiol−induced mammary cancer have been mapped in reciprocal intercrosses between susceptible ACI rats and resistant Brown Norway (BN) rats. A panel of unique congenic rat strains has now been generated and characterized to confirm the existence of these quantitative trait loci, designated Emca3 through Emca9, and to quantify their individual effects on susceptibility to 17β-estradiol−induced mammary cancer. Each congenic strain carries BN alleles spanning an individual Emca locus, introgressed onto the ACI genetic background. Data presented herein indicate that BN alleles at Emca3, Emca4, Emca5, Emca6, and Emca9 reduce susceptibility to 17β-estradiol−induced mammary cancer, whereas BN alleles at Emca7 increase susceptibility, thereby confirming the previous interval mapping data. All of these Emca loci are orthologous to regions of the human genome that have been demonstrated in genome-wide association studies to harbor genetic variants that influence breast cancer risk. Moreover, four of the Emca loci are orthologous to loci in humans that have been associated with mammographic breast density, a biomarker of breast cancer risk. This study further establishes the relevance of the ACI and derived congenic rat models of 17β-estradiol−induced mammary cancer for defining the genetic bases of breast cancer susceptibility and elucidating the mechanisms through which 17β-estradiol contributes to breast cancer development.
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