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Petrik J, Lauks S, Garlisi B, Lawler J. Thrombospondins in the tumor microenvironment. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2024; 155:3-11. [PMID: 37286406 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2023.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Many cancers begin with the formation of a small nest of transformed cells that can remain dormant for years. Thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1) initially promotes dormancy by suppressing angiogenesis, a key early step in tumor progression. Over time, increases in drivers of angiogenesis predominate, and vascular cells, immune cells, and fibroblasts are recruited to the tumor mass forming a complex tissue, designated the tumor microenvironment. Numerous factors, including growth factors, chemokine/cytokine, and extracellular matrix, participate in the desmoplastic response that in many ways mimics wound healing. Vascular and lymphatic endothelial cells, and cancer-associated pericytes, fibroblasts, macrophages and immune cells are recruited to the tumor microenvironment, where multiple members of the TSP gene family promote their proliferation, migration and invasion. The TSPs also affect the immune signature of tumor tissue and the phenotype of tumor-associated macrophages. Consistent with these observations, expression of some TSPs has been established to correlate with poor outcomes in specific types of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Petrik
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.
| | - Sylvia Lauks
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Bianca Garlisi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Jack Lawler
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Beth Israel, Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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Biondo-Simões MDELP, Dall'antonia MO, Goehr MP, Biondo-Simões R, Ioshii SO, Robes RR. Valproic acid and bladder healing: an experimental study in rats. Rev Col Bras Cir 2022; 49:e20223399. [PMID: 36449944 PMCID: PMC10578821 DOI: 10.1590/0100-6991e-20223399-en] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE to recognize the effects of valproic acid (VPA), an epigenetic drug, on the bladder healing process, in rats. METHOD twenty male Wistar rats were divided in two groups: experimental (A), treated with VPA (150mg/Kg/day), and control (B) with 0.9% sodium chloridrate. Healing was analyzed on the third and seventh days, evaluating the inflammatory reaction, collagen synthesis and angiogenesis. RESULTS inflammatory reaction on the third day was minimal and acute in both groups. On the seventh day, it was subacute in both groups, moderate intensity in group A and minimal in group B (p=0.0476). Collagen III intensity, marked by immunohistochemistry, was similar in both groups. Collagen I intensity on the third day was similar in both groups, but on the seventh day it was higher in experimental than control (p=0.0476). Collagen evaluation by picrosiriusred allowed to verify that the presence of collagen III was similar in both groups (p=0.3312) on the third day, and it was higher in control on the seventh day (p=0.0015). Collagen I showed similarity on the third day (p=0.3100), and it was higher in control on the seventh day (p=0.0015). Vessel marked with anti-SMA counting showed fewer vessels on the third (p=0.0034) and seventh day (p=0.0087) in experimental group. The lower intensity of angiogenesis was confirmed with anti-CD34, on the third day (p=0,0006) and on the seventh day (p=0,0072). CONCLUSION VPA determined alterations in the bladder healing process, in rats, with lower collagen density and less angiogenic activity, but without compromising the integrity of the organ.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Matheus Prince Goehr
- - Universidade Federal do Paraná, Técnica Cirúrgica e Cirurgia Experimental - Curitiba - PR - Brasil
| | - Rachel Biondo-Simões
- - Universidade Federal do Paraná, Programa de Pós-graduação em Clínica Cirúrgica - Departamento de Cirurgia - Curitiba - PR - Brasil
| | - Sérgio Ossamu Ioshii
- - Universidade Federal do Paraná, Departamento de Patologia da UFPR - Curitiba - PR - Brasil
| | - Rogério Ribeiro Robes
- - Universidade Federal do Paraná, Técnica Cirúrgica e Cirurgia Experimental - Curitiba - PR - Brasil
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Abd El-Azeem MA, Ali MA, El-Shorbagy SH. Expression of GLUT4 and FAP in urothelial bladder carcinoma: correlation with angiogenesis and clinicopathological characteristics. J Egypt Natl Canc Inst 2022; 34:40. [DOI: 10.1186/s43046-022-00145-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Urothelial carcinoma (UC) is the most common type of bladder cancer. Glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) is one of glucose transporter proteins’ family which facilitates glucose transport inside the cells. It was found to be overexpressed in several malignant tumors. Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are heterogeneous stromal cells located adjacent to cancer cells and are considered one of the most important tumor stromal cells. They have been associated with enhancing tumor growth and invasion. GLUT4 expression in malignant epithelial cells and fibroblast activation protein (FAP) expression in CAFs of UC in relation to angiogenesis and clinicopathological characteristics are studied in this work.
Materials and methods
The study was carried out on 72 paraffin blocks of UC (27 radical cystectomies and 45 transurethral resections). Immunohistochemical staining was performed with GLUT4, FAP, and CD34 antibodies. Expression of GLUT4 and FAP was classified according to the staining intensities and percentages into low and high groups. CD34-stained microvessels’ mean count in five microscopic fields (×200) was taken as the microvessel density (MVD).
Results
GLUT4 overexpression was detected in 32 UC. It was significantly associated with high-grade tumors, advanced primary tumor (pT) stage, lymphovascular invasion (LVI), and regional lymph node invasion. High FAP expression was appreciated in 27 UC and was significantly linked to LVI and advanced TNM staging. Intratumor MVD significantly increased in UC with muscle invasion, LVI, and regional lymph node and/or distant metastasis. A significant positive correlation between GLUT4, FAP expression, and MVD was found.
Conclusion
GLUT4 and FAP expression was significantly associated with increased intratumor MVD and adverse clinicopathological factors.
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Chabaud S, Pellerin È, Caneparo C, Ringuette‑goulet C, Pouliot F, Bolduc S. Bladder cancer cell lines adapt their aggressiveness profile to oxygen tension. Oncol Lett 2022; 24:220. [PMID: 35720486 PMCID: PMC9178683 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2022.13341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
During the process of tumor growth, cancer cells will be subjected to intermittent hypoxia. This results from the delay in the development of the vascular network in relation to the proliferation of cancer cells. The hypoxic nature of a tumor has been demonstrated as a negative factor for patient survival. To evaluate the impact of hypoxia on the survival and migration properties of low and high-grade bladder cancer cell lines, two low-grade (MGHU-3 and SW-780) and two high-grade (SW-1710 and T24) bladder cancer cell lines were cultured in normoxic (20% O2) or hypoxic atmospheric conditions (2% O2). The response of bladder cancer cell lines to hypoxic atmospheric cell culture conditions was examined under several parameters, including epithelial-mesenchymal transition, doubling time and metabolic activities, thrombospondin-1 expression, whole Matrix Metallo-Proteinase activity, migration and resistance to oxidative stress. The low-grade cell line response to hypoxia was heterogeneous even if it tended to adopt a more aggressive profile. Hypoxia enhanced migration and pro-survival properties of MGHU-3 cells, whereas these features were reduced for the SW-780 cell line cultured under low oxygen tension. The responses of tested high-grade cell lines were more homogeneous and tended to adopt a less aggressive profile. Hypoxia drastically changed some of the bladder cancer cell line properties, for example matrix metalloproteinases expression for all cancer cells but also switch in glycolytic metabolism of low grade cancer cells. Overall, studying bladder cancer cells in hypoxic environments are relevant for the translation from in vitro findings to in vivo context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Chabaud
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale (Experimental Organogenesis Research Center)/LOEX, Regenerative Medicine Division, CHU de Québec‑Laval University Research Center, Enfant‑Jésus Hospital, Quebec, QC G1J 1Z4, Canada
| | - Ève Pellerin
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale (Experimental Organogenesis Research Center)/LOEX, Regenerative Medicine Division, CHU de Québec‑Laval University Research Center, Enfant‑Jésus Hospital, Quebec, QC G1J 1Z4, Canada
| | - Christophe Caneparo
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale (Experimental Organogenesis Research Center)/LOEX, Regenerative Medicine Division, CHU de Québec‑Laval University Research Center, Enfant‑Jésus Hospital, Quebec, QC G1J 1Z4, Canada
| | - Cassandra Ringuette‑goulet
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale (Experimental Organogenesis Research Center)/LOEX, Regenerative Medicine Division, CHU de Québec‑Laval University Research Center, Enfant‑Jésus Hospital, Quebec, QC G1J 1Z4, Canada
| | - Frédéric Pouliot
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Stéphane Bolduc
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale (Experimental Organogenesis Research Center)/LOEX, Regenerative Medicine Division, CHU de Québec‑Laval University Research Center, Enfant‑Jésus Hospital, Quebec, QC G1J 1Z4, Canada
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BIONDO-SIMÕES MARIADELOURDESPESSOLE, DALL’ANTONIA MOACIROLIVEIRA, GOEHR MATHEUSPRINCE, BIONDO-SIMÕES RACHEL, IOSHII SÉRGIOOSSAMU, ROBES ROGÉRIORIBEIRO. Ácido valpróico e cicatrização em bexiga: estudo experimental em ratos. Rev Col Bras Cir 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/0100-6991e-20223399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
RESUMO Objetivo: reconhecer os efeitos do ácido valpróico (VPA), uma droga epigenética, no processo de cicatrização da bexiga, em ratos. Método: vinte ratos Wistar machos foram divididos em dois grupos: experimental (A), utilizando VPA (150mg/Kg/dia), e controle (B), tratados com cloreto de sódio 0,9% por gavagem. A cicatrização da bexiga foi analisada no terceiro e sétimo dia, estudando-se a reação inflamatória, síntese de colágeno, reepitelização e angiogênese. Resultados: a reação inflamatória no terceiro dia foi mínima e aguda em ambos os grupos. No sétimo dia, foi subaguda em ambos os grupos com intensidade moderada no grupo A e mínima no grupo B (p=0,0476). A intensidade do colágeno III, marcada pela imuno-histoquímica, foi semelhante nos dois grupos, nos dois tempos estudados. A intensidade de colágeno I no terceiro dia foi semelhante nos dois grupos, e maior no sétimo dia no grupo experimental (p=0,0476). A avaliação do colágeno pelo picrosiriusred mostrou que a presença de colágeno III foi semelhante em ambos os grupos (p=0,3312) no terceiro dia, e maior no controle no sétimo dia (p=0,0015). O colágeno I foi semelhante no terceiro dia (p=0,3100), e maior no controle no sétimo dia (p=0,0015). A contagem de vasos marcados pelo anti-SMA mostrou menos vasos no terceiro (p=0,0034) e sétimo dia (p=0,0087) no grupo experimental, confirmado pelo anti-CD34, no terceiro (p=00006) e no sétimo dia (p=0,0072). Conclusão: o VPA determinou alterações no processo de cicatrização da bexiga, em ratos, com menor densidade de colágeno e menor atividade angiogênica, mas sem comprometer a integridade do órgão.
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Hayashi Y, Fujita K. A new era in the detection of urothelial carcinoma by sequencing cell-free DNA. Transl Androl Urol 2019; 8:S497-S501. [PMID: 32042630 PMCID: PMC6989842 DOI: 10.21037/tau.2019.08.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yujiro Hayashi
- Department of Urology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Kazutoshi Fujita
- Department of Urology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
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Shushkova NA, Vavilov NE, Novikova SE, Farafonova TE, Tikhonova OV, Liao PC, Zgoda VG. [Quantitative proteomics of human blood exosomes]. BIOMEDIT︠S︡INSKAI︠A︡ KHIMII︠A︡ 2019; 64:496-504. [PMID: 30632977 DOI: 10.18097/pbmc20186406496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes are extracellular membrane vesicles secreted by cells into biological fluids. The outer membrane of exosomes protects their content from degradation and contains markers of the parent cell. Almost all cells of the body produce exosomes, however, tumor cells secrete them more intensively. Due to fact that exosomes contain proteins of cells secreting them, these vesicles could be a valuable source for biomarkers discovery. Currently, a number of studies prove the participation of exosomes in carcinogenesis. However, there is a problem of isolating pure and characterized exosomes for further use in investigation of functions or identification of tumor protein biomarkers. In this work, we have performed experiments on exosomes isolation from human plasma by three methods: differential ultracentrifugation, ultracentrifugation in sucrose cushion, sedimentation of the exosomal fraction from serum by using a commercial kit. The protein composition of the obtained samples was determined by mass spectrometric methods of selected reactions monitoring (SRM) and shotgun proteomic analysis. The obtained exosomal samples were searched for the presence of exosomal markers (CD9, CD82, HSPA8, CD63). In the samples of exosomes isolated by ultracentrifugation with the sucrose cushion, the content of the above markers was determined as 32.85, 15.59, 6.07 fmol/mg of total protein, correspondently. It was shown that the centrifugation method with the sucrose cushion was optimal for the isolation of exosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - N E Vavilov
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
| | - S E Novikova
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
| | | | | | - P-C Liao
- National Cheng-Kung University, Taiwan
| | - V G Zgoda
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
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8
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Zhao C, Isenberg JS, Popel AS. Human expression patterns: qualitative and quantitative analysis of thrombospondin-1 under physiological and pathological conditions. J Cell Mol Med 2018; 22:2086-2097. [PMID: 29441713 PMCID: PMC5867078 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1), a matricellular protein and one of the first endogenous anti-angiogenic molecules identified, has long been considered a potent modulator of human diseases. While the therapeutic effect of TSP-1 to suppress cancer was investigated in both research and clinical settings, the mechanisms of how TSP-1 is regulated in cancer remain elusive, and the scientific answers to the question of whether TSP-1 expressions can be utilized as diagnostic or prognostic marker for patients with cancer are largely inconsistent. Moreover, TSP-1 plays crucial functions in angiogenesis, inflammation and tissue remodelling, which are essential biological processes in the progression of many cardiovascular diseases, and therefore, its dysregulated expressions in such conditions may have therapeutic significance. Herein, we critically analysed the literature pertaining to TSP-1 expression in circulating blood and pathological tissues in various types of cancer as well as cardiovascular and inflammation-related diseases in humans. We compare the secretion rates of TSP-1 by different cancer and non-cancer cells and discuss the potential connection between the expression changes of TSP-1 and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) observed in patients with cancer. Moreover, the pattern and emerging significance of TSP-1 profiles in cardiovascular disease, such as peripheral arterial disease, diabetes and other related non-cancer disorders, are highlighted. The analysis of published TSP-1 data presented in this review may have implications for the future exploration of novel TSP-1-based treatment strategies for cancer and cardiovascular-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Zhao
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringSchool of MedicineJohns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMDUSA
| | - Jeffrey S. Isenberg
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical CareDepartment of MedicineHeart, Lung, Blood and Vascular Medicine InstituteUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburghPAUSA
| | - Aleksander S. Popel
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringSchool of MedicineJohns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMDUSA
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Gao J, Li H, Liu L, Song L, Lv Y, Han Y. Identification and functional analysis of risk-related microRNAs for the prognosis of patients with bladder urothelial carcinoma. Oncol Lett 2017; 14:7297-7303. [PMID: 29344166 PMCID: PMC5754895 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.7124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate risk-related microRNAs (miRs) for bladder urothelial carcinoma (BUC) prognosis. Clinical and microRNA expression data downloaded from the Cancer Genome Atlas were utilized for survival analysis. Risk factor estimation was performed using Cox's proportional regression analysis. A microRNA-regulated target gene network was constructed and presented using Cytoscape. In addition, the Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery was used for Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment, followed by protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis. Finally, the K-clique method was applied to analyze sub-pathways. A total of 16 significant microRNAs, including hsa-miR-3622a and hsa-miR-29a, were identified (P<0.05). Following Cox's proportional regression analysis, hsa-miR-29a was screened as a prognostic marker of BUC risk (P=0.0449). A regulation network of hsa-miR-29a comprising 417 target genes was constructed. These target genes were primarily enriched in GO terms, including collagen fibril organization, extracellular matrix (ECM) organization and pathways, such as focal adhesion (P<0.05). A PPI network including 197 genes and 510 interactions, was constructed. The top 21 genes in the network module were enriched in GO terms, including collagen fibril organization and pathways, such as ECM receptor interaction (P<0.05). Finally, 4 sub-pathways of cysteine and methionine metabolism, including paths 00270_4, 00270_1, 00270_2 and 00270_5, were obtained (P<0.01) and identified to be enriched through DNA (cytosine-5)-methyltransferase (DNMT)3A, DNMT3B, methionine adenosyltransferase 2α (MAT2A) and spermine synthase (SMS). The identified microRNAs, particularly hsa-miR-29a and its 4 associated target genes DNMT3A, DNMT3B, MAT2A and SMS, may participate in the prognostic risk mechanism of BUC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Gao
- Department of Urology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, P.R. China
| | - Hongyan Li
- Department of Urology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, P.R. China
| | - Lei Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, P.R. China
| | - Lide Song
- Department of Pathology, Zhuji People's Hospital, Zhuji, Zhejiang 311800, P.R. China
| | - Yanting Lv
- Department of Pathology, Zhuji People's Hospital, Zhuji, Zhejiang 311800, P.R. China
| | - Yuping Han
- Department of Urology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, P.R. China
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Duriez E, Masselon CD, Mesmin C, Court M, Demeure K, Allory Y, Malats N, Matondo M, Radvanyi F, Garin J, Domon B. Large-Scale SRM Screen of Urothelial Bladder Cancer Candidate Biomarkers in Urine. J Proteome Res 2017; 16:1617-1631. [PMID: 28287737 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.6b00979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Urothelial bladder cancer is a condition associated with high recurrence and substantial morbidity and mortality. Noninvasive urinary tests that would detect bladder cancer and tumor recurrence are required to significantly improve patient care. Over the past decade, numerous bladder cancer candidate biomarkers have been identified in the context of extensive proteomics or transcriptomics studies. To translate these findings in clinically useful biomarkers, the systematic evaluation of these candidates remains the bottleneck. Such evaluation involves large-scale quantitative LC-SRM (liquid chromatography-selected reaction monitoring) measurements, targeting hundreds of signature peptides by monitoring thousands of transitions in a single analysis. The design of highly multiplexed SRM analyses is driven by several factors: throughput, robustness, selectivity and sensitivity. Because of the complexity of the samples to be analyzed, some measurements (transitions) can be interfered by coeluting isobaric species resulting in biased or inconsistent estimated peptide/protein levels. Thus the assessment of the quality of SRM data is critical to allow flagging these inconsistent data. We describe an efficient and robust method to process large SRM data sets, including the processing of the raw data, the detection of low-quality measurements, the normalization of the signals for each protein, and the estimation of protein levels. Using this methodology, a variety of proteins previously associated with bladder cancer have been assessed through the analysis of urine samples from a large cohort of cancer patients and corresponding controls in an effort to establish a priority list of most promising candidates to guide subsequent clinical validation studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Duriez
- Genomics and Proteomics Research Unit, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health , 1 A-B rue Thomas Edison, L-1445 Strassen, Luxembourg
| | - Christophe D Masselon
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes , BIG-BGE, F-38000 Grenoble, France.,CEA , BIG-BGE, F-38000 Grenoble, France.,INSERM , BGE, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Cédric Mesmin
- Genomics and Proteomics Research Unit, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health , 1 A-B rue Thomas Edison, L-1445 Strassen, Luxembourg
| | - Magali Court
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes , BIG-BGE, F-38000 Grenoble, France.,CEA , BIG-BGE, F-38000 Grenoble, France.,INSERM , BGE, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Kevin Demeure
- NorLux Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH) , Luxembourg L-1526, Luxembourg
| | | | - Núria Malats
- Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO) , Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Mariette Matondo
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETHZ , Zürich 8093, Switzerland
| | - François Radvanyi
- Institut Curie , Centre de Recherche, Paris 75005, France.,CNRS, UMR144, Equipe Oncologie Moléculaire , Paris 75248, France
| | - Jérôme Garin
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes , BIG-BGE, F-38000 Grenoble, France.,CEA , BIG-BGE, F-38000 Grenoble, France.,INSERM , BGE, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Bruno Domon
- Genomics and Proteomics Research Unit, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health , 1 A-B rue Thomas Edison, L-1445 Strassen, Luxembourg
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Teraoku H, Morine Y, Ikemoto T, Saito Y, Yamada S, Yoshikawa M, Takasu C, Higashijima J, Imura S, Shimada M. Role of thrombospondin-1 expression in colorectal liver metastasis and its molecular mechanism. JOURNAL OF HEPATO-BILIARY-PANCREATIC SCIENCES 2016; 23:565-73. [PMID: 27404020 DOI: 10.1002/jhbp.376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thrombospondin-1 (THBS-1), a glycoprotein, is an endogenous inhibitor of angiogenesis and tumor growth. In this study, we investigated the clinical role and mechanism of THBS-1 expression in colorectal liver metastases, focusing on the relationships between its expression and tumor growth, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and expression of other relevant molecules. METHODS Ninety-four patients who initially underwent curative hepatic resection were enrolled in this study and correlations between expression of THBS-1 (THBS-1 high [n = 35] and THBS-1 low [n = 59]) and tumor growth, Ki-67 labeling index (Ki-67 LI), expression of other relevant molecules, and microvessel density (MVD) investigated. RESULTS THBS-1 low expression correlated with more advanced grade of liver and lymph node metastases and significantly worse overall survival than strong THBS-1 expression (3-year survival: 96.7% vs. 65.4%, P < 0.01). Multivariate analysis identified THBS-1 low expression as an independent prognostic factor (HR 2.82, 95% CI 1.21-7.71, P = 0.01). THBS-1 low expression correlated positively with high Ki-67 LI (P < 0.05) and inversely with E-cadherin (P < 0.05) and hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) expression (P < 0.05); THBS-1 expression and MVD were not significantly correlated. CONCLUSIONS Low THBS-1 expression may be an independent poor prognostic factor that affects tumor growth and EMT acquisition. Additionally, THBS-1 may be regulated by the HIF-1 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Teraoku
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Health Biosciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Yuji Morine
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Health Biosciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Ikemoto
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Health Biosciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Yu Saito
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Health Biosciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Yamada
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Health Biosciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Masato Yoshikawa
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Health Biosciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Chie Takasu
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Health Biosciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Jun Higashijima
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Health Biosciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Satoru Imura
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Health Biosciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Mitsuo Shimada
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Health Biosciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan.
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Fus ŁP, Górnicka B. Role of angiogenesis in urothelial bladder carcinoma. Cent European J Urol 2016; 69:258-263. [PMID: 27729991 PMCID: PMC5057050 DOI: 10.5173/ceju.2016.830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Revised: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Bladder cancer is the most common urinary tract malignancy in western countries. In recent years, extensive research has suggested that angiogenesis plays an important role in bladder cancer biology, contributing to tumor growth and progression. Material and methods In this review, we discuss general mechanisms of angiogenesis and highlight the influence of pro- and anti-angiogenic factors, and cancer stem cells on bladder cancer biology, their relation to disease progression, and potential use in novel targeted therapies. Results Expression of a number of proangiogenic factors, including HIF-1, VEGF, bFGF, IL-8 and MMPs, as well as anti-angiogenic factor TSP-1, was found to be altered in bladder tumors. Involvement of cancer stem cells in bladder cancer development was also proposed. Conclusions High expression of most pro-angiogenic factors correlated with disease progression and shorter patient survival, but discrepancies between studies urge us to continue evaluating the significance of angiogenesis in bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Piotr Fus
- Department of Pathology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Barbara Górnicka
- Department of Pathology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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Abstract
Bladder cancer is a heterogeneous disease characterized by complex networks of molecular alterations and gene expression. This review summarizes some of the recent genomic studies that have further advanced the understanding of the pathways driving bladder cancer, highlighting several important biomarkers and potential targeted therapeutic strategies that are now in clinical trials. In addition, noninvasive techniques to evaluate biomarkers in patients' urine and serum for early detection and surveillance are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- George J Netto
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutes, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutes, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Urology, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutes, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Laura J Tafe
- Department of Pathology, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, One Medical Center Drive, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA; Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, 1 Rope Ferry Rd, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
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Buti S, Ciccarese C, Zanoni D, Santoni M, Modena A, Maines F, Gilli A, Bria E, Brunelli M, Rimanti A, Cascinu S, Ardizzoni A, Tortora G, Massari F. Prognostic and predictive factors in patients treated with chemotherapy for advanced urothelial cancer: where do we stand? Future Oncol 2015; 11:107-19. [PMID: 25572786 DOI: 10.2217/fon.14.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The standard of care for patients with local advanced or metastatic urothelial carcinoma is chemotherapy. However, results with this are rather disappointing, and validated prognostic factors and biomarkers of tumor response, which are useful in the decision-making process, are still lacking. PubMed databases were searched for articles published until November 2013. Several promising clinical and biological candidate prognostic factors or markers of tumor response to first- or second-line therapy, such as hemoglobin, performance status, visceral metastasis and ERCC1, hENT1 and EMT markers, have been identified and described in this article. In summary, clinical parameters and molecular profiling could revolutionize the management of local advanced or metastatic urothelial cancer, but an improvement in individualized therapeutic approaches still seems distant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastiano Buti
- Medical Oncology Unit, University Hospital of Parma, Parma, Italy
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Pinessi D, Ostano P, Borsotti P, Bello E, Guffanti F, Bizzaro F, Frapolli R, Bani MR, Chiorino G, Taraboletti G, Resovi A. Expression of thrombospondin-1 by tumor cells in patient-derived ovarian carcinoma xenografts. Connect Tissue Res 2015; 56:355-63. [PMID: 25943461 DOI: 10.3109/03008207.2015.1045065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1), a major regulator of cell interaction with the environment, is often deregulated in cancers, including ovarian carcinoma. Both the tumor and the host cells can release TSP-1 in the tumor microenvironment. The relative contribution of the two sources in determining TSP-1 levels in ovarian cancer remains to be elucidated. This study was designed to investigate the expression of tumor TSP-1 in a panel of 29 patient-derived ovarian adenocarcinoma xenografts (PDX), using analytical tools specific for human (tumor-derived) rather than murine (host-derived) TSP-1. METHODOLOGY Human-specific microarray and ELISA were used to measure tumor TSP-1 expression and plasma levels. RESULTS Tumor-derived TSP-1 was heterogeneously expressed in PDX. Expression was higher in the corresponding original patient's tumor, where stroma-derived TSP-1 is also analyzed, indicating that both the tumor and the host contribute to TSP-1 production. TSP-1 was differentially expressed according to tumor grade, but not affected by p53 expression or mutational status. Findings were confirmed in an external gene expression dataset (101 patients). In a functional enrichment analysis, TSP-1 correlated with genes related to angiogenesis, cell motility, communication and shape. Plasma TSP-1, detectable in 10/11 PDX, was not associated to its expression in the tumor. The possible association of plasma TSP-1 with p53 mutations and response to chemotherapy warrants further investigation. CONCLUSIONS Ovarian carcinoma PDX are a useful tool to investigate the relative contribution of stroma and tumor cells in the production of tumor associated factors, in relation to the tumor behavior, molecular properties and response to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Pinessi
- a Department of Oncology , Tumor Angiogenesis Unit, IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri , Bergamo , Italy
| | - Paola Ostano
- b Fondazione Edo ed Elvo Tempia Valenta, Laboratory of Cancer Genomics , Biella , Italy , and
| | - Patrizia Borsotti
- a Department of Oncology , Tumor Angiogenesis Unit, IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri , Bergamo , Italy
| | - Ezia Bello
- c Department of Oncology , IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri , Milano , Italy
| | - Federica Guffanti
- c Department of Oncology , IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri , Milano , Italy
| | - Francesca Bizzaro
- c Department of Oncology , IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri , Milano , Italy
| | - Roberta Frapolli
- c Department of Oncology , IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri , Milano , Italy
| | - Maria Rosa Bani
- c Department of Oncology , IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri , Milano , Italy
| | - Giovanna Chiorino
- b Fondazione Edo ed Elvo Tempia Valenta, Laboratory of Cancer Genomics , Biella , Italy , and
| | - Giulia Taraboletti
- a Department of Oncology , Tumor Angiogenesis Unit, IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri , Bergamo , Italy
| | - Andrea Resovi
- a Department of Oncology , Tumor Angiogenesis Unit, IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri , Bergamo , Italy
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A contemporary review of management and prognostic factors of upper tract urothelial carcinoma. Cancer Treat Rev 2015; 41:310-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2015.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Revised: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Thrombospondin-1 in urological cancer: pathological role, clinical significance, and therapeutic prospects. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:12249-72. [PMID: 23749112 PMCID: PMC3709784 DOI: 10.3390/ijms140612249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Revised: 06/03/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis is an important process for tumor growth and progression of various solid tumors including urological cancers. Thrombospondins (TSPs), especially TSP-1, are representative “anti”-angiogenic molecules and many studies have clarified their pathological role and clinical significance in vivo and in vitro. In fact, TSP-1 expression is associated with clinicopathological features and prognosis in many types of cancers. However, TSP-1 is a multi-functional protein and its biological activities vary according to the specific tumor environments. Consequently, there is no general agreement on its cancer-related function in urological cancers, and detailed information regarding regulative mechanisms is essential for a better understanding of its therapeutic effects and prognostic values. Various “suppressor genes” and “oncogenes” are known to be regulators and TSP-1-related factors under physiological and pathological conditions. In addition, various types of fragments derived from TSP-1 exist in a given tissue microenvironment and TSP-1 derived-peptides have specific activities. However, a detailed pathological function in human cancer tissues is not still understood. This review will focus on the pathological roles and clinical significance of TSP-1 in urological cancers, including prostate cancer, renal cell carcinoma, and urothelial cancer. In addition, special attention is paid to TSP-1-derived peptide and TSP-1-based therapy for malignancies.
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Clinical applications of recent molecular advances in urologic malignancies: no longer chasing a "mirage"? Adv Anat Pathol 2013; 20:175-203. [PMID: 23574774 DOI: 10.1097/pap.0b013e3182863f80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
As our understanding of the molecular events leading to the development and progression of genitourologic malignancies, new markers of detection, prognostication, and therapy prediction can be exploited in the management of these prevalent tumors. The current review discusses the recent advances in prostate, bladder, renal, and testicular neoplasms that are pertinent to the anatomic pathologist.
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Feng CC, Wang PH, Ding Q, Guan M, Zhang YF, Jiang HW, Wen H, Wu Z. Expression of pigment epithelium-derived factor and tumor necrosis factor-α is correlated in bladder tumor and is related to tumor angiogenesis. Urol Oncol 2013; 31:241-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2010.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2010] [Revised: 12/02/2010] [Accepted: 12/04/2010] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Abstract
This article focuses on several promising candidate biomarkers that may soon make their transition to the realm of clinical management of bladder cancer. Presented are superficial and muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma of the bladder and the genetic tests currently available in testing for diagnosis and prognosis of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- George J Netto
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Urology and Oncology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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22
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Stenzl A, Cowan NC, De Santis M, Kuczyk MA, Merseburger AS, Ribal MJ, Sherif A, Witjes JA. [Treatment of muscle-invasive and metastatic bladder cancer: update of the EAU guidelines]. Actas Urol Esp 2012; 36:449-60. [PMID: 22386114 DOI: 10.1016/j.acuro.2011.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2011] [Accepted: 11/16/2011] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT New data regarding treatment of muscle-invasive and metastatic bladder cancer (MiM-BC) has emerged and led to an update of the European Association of Urology (EAU) guidelines for MiM-BC. OBJECTIVE To review the new EAU guidelines for MiM-BC with a specific focus on treatment. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION New literature published since the last update of the EAU guidelines in 2008 was obtained from Medline, the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, and reference lists in publications and review articles and comprehensively screened by a group of urologists, oncologists, and a radiologist appointed by the EAU Guidelines Office. Previous recommendations based on the older literature on this subject were also taken into account. Levels of evidence (LEs) and grades of recommendations (GRs) were added based on a system modified from the Oxford Centre for Evidence-based Medicine Levels of Evidence. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS Current data demonstrate that neoadjuvant chemotherapy in conjunction with radical cystectomy (RC) is recommended in certain constellations of MiM-BC. RC remains the basic treatment of choice in localised invasive disease for both sexes. An attempt has been made to define the extent of surgery under standard conditions in both sexes. An orthotopic bladder substitute should be offered to both male and female patients lacking any contraindications, such as no tumour at the level of urethral dissection. In contrast to neoadjuvant chemotherapy, current advice recommends the use of adjuvant chemotherapy only within clinical trials. Multimodality bladder-preserving treatment in localised disease is currently regarded only as an alternative in selected, well-informed, and compliant patients for whom cystectomy is not considered for medical or personal reasons. In metastatic disease, the first-line treatment for patients fit enough to sustain cisplatin remains cisplatin-containing combination chemotherapy. With the advent of vinflunine, second-line chemotherapy has become available. CONCLUSIONS In the treatment of localised invasive bladder cancer (BCa), the standard treatment remains radical surgical removal of the bladder within standard limits, including as-yet-unspecified regional lymph nodes. However, the addition of neoadjuvant chemotherapy must be considered for certain specific patient groups. A new drug for second-line chemotherapy (vinflunine) in metastatic disease has been approved and is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Stenzl
- Servicio de Urología, Universidad Eberhard-KarlsTuebingen, Alemania.
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Stenzl A, Cowan N, De Santis M, Kuczyk M, Merseburger A, Ribal M, Sherif A, Witjes J. Treatment of muscle-invasive and metastatic bladder cancer: Update of the EAU guidelines. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.acuroe.2011.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Miyata Y, Watanabe SI, Kanetake H, Sakai H. Thrombospondin-1-derived 4N1K peptide expression is negatively associated with malignant aggressiveness and prognosis in urothelial carcinoma of the upper urinary tract. BMC Cancer 2012; 12:372. [PMID: 22928942 PMCID: PMC3502595 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-12-372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2012] [Accepted: 08/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Thrombospondin (TSP) is a multi-functional protein that appears to have dual roles in cancer, that is, either as a promoter or a suppressor. 4N1K is a TSP-derived peptide that has been reported to be associated with neovascularity, cell survival, and invasion. There is a little information regarding its pathological roles in human cancer tissues. Our aim was to clarify clinical significance and prognostic value of 4N1K expression in patients with urothelial carcinoma of the upper urinary tract (UC-UUT). Methods We investigated 4N1K expression in 97 surgically excised, non-metastasized UC-UUT specimens and five normal tissues via immunohistochemistry. Microvessel density (MVD), lymph vessel density (LVD), cancer cell proliferation (PI), apoptotic index (AI), and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 expression was also determined. The relationships 4N1K expression and pT stage, grade, and prognosis were analysed. In addition, correlations with these cancer-related and TSP-related factors were also investigated. Results Strong and moderate 4N1K expression was found in normal urothelial tissues. Of the 97 specimens, 45 patients were positive for 4N1K expression, which was primarily located in the interstitial areas of the cancer tissue. 4N1K expression was negatively associated with pT stage (p = 0.003) and grade (p = 0.002). Survival analyses revealed that 4N1K is a predictor of metastasis-free (p = 0.036) and cause-specific survival (p = 0.009). 4N1K expression was closely associated with malignant behaviour, specifically MVD (p = 0.001), AI (p = 0.013), and MMP-9 expression (p = 0.036), but not PI and LVD, as determined via multivariate analysis models. Conclusions 4N1K expression appears to be associated with cancer cell progression and survival in UC-UUT patients via the regulation of angiogenesis, apoptosis, and MMP-9 expression. There is a possibility that the 4N1K-peptide may be a useful marker and novel therapeutic target in patients with UC-UUT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuyoshi Miyata
- Department of Nephro-Urology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan.
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Byler TK, Leocadio D, Shapiro O, Bratslavsky G, Stodgell CJ, Wood RW, Messing EM, Reeder JE. Valproic acid decreases urothelial cancer cell proliferation and induces thrombospondin-1 expression. BMC Urol 2012; 12:21. [PMID: 22898175 PMCID: PMC3487994 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2490-12-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2012] [Accepted: 07/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Prevention of bladder cancer recurrence is a central challenge in the management of this highly prevalent disease. The histone deacetylase inhibitor valproic acid (sodium valproate) has anti-angiogenic properties and has been shown to decrease bladder cancer growth in model systems. We have previously shown reduced expression of thrombospondin-1 in a mouse model and in human bladder cancer relative to normal urothelium. We speculated that inhibition of angiogenesis by valproate might be mediated by this anti-angiogenic protein. Methods Bladder cancer cell lines UMUC3 and T24 were treated with valproate or another histone deacetylase inhibitor, vorinostat, in culture for a period of three days. Proliferation was assessed by alamar blue reduction. Gene expression was evaluated by reverse transcription of RNA and quantitative PCR. Results Proliferation assays showed treatment with valproate or vorinostat decreased proliferation in both cell lines. Histone deacetylase inhibition also increased relative expression of thrombospondin-1 up to 8 fold at 5 mM valproate. Conclusions Histone deacetylase inhibitors warrant further study for the prevention or treatment of bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy K Byler
- Department of Urology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, 750 East Adams Street, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
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Lee SJ, Ghosh SC, Han HD, Stone RL, Bottsford-Miller J, Shen DY, Auzenne EJ, Lopez-Araujo A, Lu C, Nishimura M, Pecot CV, Zand B, Thanapprapasr D, Jennings NB, Kang Y, Huang J, Hu W, Klostergaard J, Sood AK. Metronomic activity of CD44-targeted hyaluronic acid-paclitaxel in ovarian carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 2012; 18:4114-21. [PMID: 22693353 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-11-3250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Most primary human ovarian tumors and peritoneal implants, as well as tumor vascular endothelial cells, express the CD44 family of cell surface proteoglycans, the natural ligand for which is hyaluronic acid. Metronomic dosing, the frequent administration of chemotherapeutics at substantially lower than maximum tolerated doses (MTD), has been shown to result in reduced normal tissue toxicity and to minimize "off-treatment" exposure resulting in an improved therapeutic ratio. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We tested the hypothesis that hyaluronic acid (HA) conjugates of paclitaxel (TXL; HA-TXL) would exert strong antitumor effects with metronomic (MET) dosing and induce antiangiogenic effects superior to those achieved with MTD administration or with free TXL. Female nude mice bearing SKOV3ip1 or HeyA8 ovarian cancer cells were treated intraperitoneally (i.p.) with MET HA-TXL regimens (or MTD administration) to determine therapeutic and biologic effects. RESULTS All MET HA-TXL-treated mice and the MTD group revealed significantly reduced tumor weights and nodules compared with controls (all P values < 0.05) in the chemotherapy-sensitive models. However, the MTD HA-TXL-treated mice showed significant weight loss compared with control mice, whereas body weights were not affected in the metronomic groups in HeyA8-MDR model, reflecting reduced toxicity. In the taxane-resistant HeyA8-MDR model, significant reduction in tumor weight and nodule counts was noted in the metronomic groups whereas the response of the MTD group did not achieve significance. While both MTD and metronomic regimens reduced proliferation (Ki-67) and increased apoptosis (TUNEL, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling), only metronomic treatment resulted in significant reductions in angiogenesis (CD31, microvessel density). Moreover, metronomic treatment resulted in substantial increases in thrombospondin-1 (Tsp-1), an inhibitor of angiogenesis. CONCLUSIONS This study showed that MET HA-TXL regimens have substantial antitumor activity in ovarian carcinoma, likely via a predominant antiangiogenic mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Joo Lee
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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Feng C, Wu Z, Guo T, Jiang H, Guan M, Zhang Y, Wen H, Ding Q. BLCA-4 expression is related to MMP-9, VEGF, IL-1α and IL-8 in bladder cancer but not to PEDF, TNF-α or angiogenesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 60:e36-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.patbio.2011.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2011] [Accepted: 11/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Netto GJ, Cheng L. Emerging critical role of molecular testing in diagnostic genitourinary pathology. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2012; 136:372-90. [PMID: 22458900 DOI: 10.5858/arpa.2011-0471-ra] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT The unprecedented advances in cancer genetics and genomics are rapidly affecting clinical management and diagnostics in solid tumor oncology. Molecular diagnostics is now an integral part of routine clinical management in patients with lung, colon, and breast cancer. In sharp contrast, molecular biomarkers have been largely excluded from current management algorithms of urologic malignancies. OBJECTIVE To discuss promising candidate biomarkers that may soon make their transition to the realm of clinical management of genitourologic malignancies. The need for new treatment alternatives that can improve upon the modest outcome so far in patients with several types of urologic cancer is evident. Well-validated prognostic molecular biomarkers that can help clinicians identify patients in need of early aggressive management are lacking. Identifying robust predictive biomarkers that will stratify response to emerging targeted therapeutics is another crucially needed development. A compiled review of salient studies addressing the topic could be helpful in focusing future efforts. DATA SOURCES A PubMed (US National Library of Medicine) search for published studies with the following search terms was conducted: molecular , prognostic , targeted therapy , genomics , theranostics and urinary bladder cancer , prostate adenocarcinoma , and renal cell carcinoma . Articles with large cohorts and multivariate analyses were given preference. CONCLUSIONS Our recent understanding of the complex molecular alterations involved in the development and progression of urologic malignancies is yielding novel diagnostic and prognostic molecular tools and opening the doors for experimental targeted therapies for these prevalent, frequently lethal solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- George J Netto
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, USA.
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Abstract
The unprecedented advances in cancer genetics and genomics are rapidly affecting the clinical management of solid tumors. Molecular diagnostics are now an integral part of routine clinical management for patients with lung, colon, and breast cancer. In sharp contrast, molecular biomarkers have been largely excluded from current management algorithms for urologic malignancies. The need for new treatment options that can improve upon the modest outcomes currently associated with muscle-invasive bladder cancer is evident, and validated prognostic molecular biomarkers that can help clinicians to identify patients in need of early, aggressive management are lacking. Robust predictive biomarkers that are able to forecast and stratify responses to emerging targeted therapies are also needed.
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Henkin J, Volpert OV. Therapies using anti-angiogenic peptide mimetics of thrombospondin-1. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2011; 15:1369-86. [PMID: 22136063 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2011.640319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The role of hrombospondin-1 (TSP1) as a major endogenous angiogenesis inhibitor has been confirmed by numerous studies and subsequent mechanistic discoveries. It has yielded a new class of potential drugs against cancer and other angiogenesis-driven diseases. AREAS COVERED An overview of TSP1 functions and molecular mechanisms, including regulation and signaling. Functions in endothelial and non-endothelial cells, with emphasis on the role of TSP1 in the regulation of angiogenesis and inflammation. The utility of duplicating these activities for drug discovery. Past and current literature on endogenous TSP1 and its role in the progression of cancer and non-cancerous pathological conditions is summarized, as well as the research undertaken to identify and optimize short bioactive peptides derived from the two TSP1 anti-angiogenic domains, which bind CD47 and CD36 cell surface receptors. Lastly, there is an overview of the efficacy of some of these peptides in pre-clinical and clinical models of angiogenesis-dependent disease. EXPERT OPINION It is concluded that TSP1-derived peptides and peptide mimetics hold great promise as future agents for the treatment of cancer and other diseases driven by excessive angiogenesis. They may fulfill unmet medical needs including neovascular ocular disease and the diseases of the female reproductive tract including ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Henkin
- Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
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Abstract
CONTEXT Molecular diagnostic applications are now an integral part of the management algorithms of several solid tumors, such as breast, colon, and lung. In stark contrast, the current clinical management of urologic malignancies is lagging behind. Clinically robust molecular tests that can identify patients who are more likely to respond to a given targeted agent or even those in need of a more aggressive treatment based on well-validated molecular prognosticators are still lacking. Several promising biomarkers for detection, prognosis, and targeted therapeutics are being evaluated. OBJECTIVE To discuss candidate biomarkers that may soon make the transition to clinical assay for patients in urologic oncology. DATA SOURCES Selected original articles published in the PubMed service of the US National Library of Medicine. CONCLUSIONS Recent understanding of the complex molecular alterations involved in the development and progression of urologic malignancies is yielding novel diagnostic and prognostic molecular tools and opening the doors for experimental targeted therapies in these prevalent, frequently lethal solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- George J Netto
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, The Harry and Jeanette Weinberg Building, 401 N Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21231-2410, USA.
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Stenzl A, Cowan NC, De Santis M, Kuczyk MA, Merseburger AS, Ribal MJ, Sherif A, Witjes JA. Treatment of muscle-invasive and metastatic bladder cancer: update of the EAU guidelines. Eur Urol 2011; 59:1009-18. [PMID: 21454009 DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2011.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 453] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2011] [Accepted: 03/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT New data regarding treatment of muscle-invasive and metastatic bladder cancer (MiM-BC) has emerged and led to an update of the European Association of Urology (EAU) guidelines for MiM-BC. OBJECTIVE To review the new EAU guidelines for MiM-BC with a specific focus on treatment. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION New literature published since the last update of the EAU guidelines in 2008 was obtained from Medline, the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, and reference lists in publications and review articles and comprehensively screened by a group of urologists, oncologists, and a radiologist appointed by the EAU Guidelines Office. Previous recommendations based on the older literature on this subject were also taken into account. Levels of evidence (LEs) and grades of recommendations (GRs) were added based on a system modified from the Oxford Centre for Evidence-based Medicine Levels of Evidence. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS Current data demonstrate that neoadjuvant chemotherapy in conjunction with radical cystectomy (RC) is recommended in certain constellations of MiM-BC. RC remains the basic treatment of choice in localised invasive disease for both sexes. An attempt has been made to define the extent of surgery under standard conditions in both sexes. An orthotopic bladder substitute should be offered to both male and female patients lacking any contraindications, such as no tumour at the level of urethral dissection. In contrast to neoadjuvant chemotherapy, current advice recommends the use of adjuvant chemotherapy only within clinical trials. Multimodality bladder-preserving treatment in localised disease is currently regarded only as an alternative in selected, well-informed, and compliant patients for whom cystectomy is not considered for medical or personal reasons. In metastatic disease, the first-line treatment for patients fit enough to sustain cisplatin remains cisplatin-containing combination chemotherapy. With the advent of vinflunine, second-line chemotherapy has become available. CONCLUSIONS In the treatment of localised invasive bladder cancer (BCa), the standard treatment remains radical surgical removal of the bladder within standard limits, including as-yet-unspecified regional lymph nodes. However, the addition of neoadjuvant chemotherapy must be considered for certain specific patient groups. A new drug for second-line chemotherapy (vinflunine) in metastatic disease has been approved and is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnulf Stenzl
- Department of Urology, Eberhard-Karls-University Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.
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Feng C, Guan M, Ding Q, Zhang Y, Jiang H, Wen H, Wang P, Wu Z. Expression of pigment epithelium-derived factor in bladder tumour is correlated with interleukin-8 yet not with interleukin-1α. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 31:21-25. [DOI: 10.1007/s11596-011-0144-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2010] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Papadaki C, Tsaroucha E, Kaklamanis L, Lagoudaki E, Trypaki M, Tryfonidis K, Mavroudis D, Stathopoulos E, Georgoulias V, Souglakos J. Correlation of BRCA1, TXR1 and TSP1 mRNA expression with treatment outcome to docetaxel-based first-line chemotherapy in patients with advanced/metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer. Br J Cancer 2010; 104:316-23. [PMID: 21157449 PMCID: PMC3031890 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6606027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We explored the predictive significance of BRCA1, TXR1 and TSP1 expression in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients treated with docetaxel in association with cisplatin or gemcitabine. METHODS To analyse BRCA1, TXR1 and TSP1 mRNA expression from microdissected primary tumours of 131 patients with stage IIIB (wet) and IV NSCLC, RT-qPCR was used. RESULTS The mRNA levels of TXR1/TSP1 were inversely correlated (Spearman's test: -0.37; P=0.001). Low TXR1 mRNA levels were associated with higher response rate (RR; P=0.018), longer median progression-free survival (PFS; P=0.029) and median overall survival (mOS P=0.003), whereas high TSP1 expression was correlated with higher RR (P=0.035), longer PFS (P<0.001) and mOS (P<0.001). Higher BRCA1 mRNA expression was associated with higher RR (P=0.028) and increased PFS (P=0.021), but not mOS (P=0.4). Multivariate analysis demonstrated that low TXR1/high TSP1 expression was an independent factor for increased PFS (HR 0.49; 95% CI 0.32-0.76; P<0.001) and mOS (HR 0.37; 95% CI 0.2-0.58; P<0.001), whereas high BRCA1 expression was correlated with increased PFS (HR 0.53; 95% CI 0.37-0.78; P=0.001). CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that TXR1/TSP1 and BRCA1 expression could be used for the prediction of taxanes' resistance in the treatment of NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Papadaki
- Laboratory of Tumor Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
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Guerrero D, Guarch R, Ojer A, Casas JM, Méndez-Meca C, Esteller M, Barba-Ramos E, Garcia-Bragado F, Puras A. Differential hypermethylation of genes in vulvar cancer and lichen sclerosus coexisting or not with vulvar cancer. Int J Cancer 2010; 128:2853-64. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.25629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2010] [Accepted: 08/03/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Feng CC, Ding Q, Zhang YF, Jiang HW, Wen H, Wang PH, Wu Z. Pigment epithelium-derived factor expression is down-regulated in bladder tumors and correlates with vascular endothelial growth factor and matrix metalloproteinase-9. Int Urol Nephrol 2010; 43:383-90. [PMID: 20848197 DOI: 10.1007/s11255-010-9834-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2010] [Accepted: 08/24/2010] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Growth of solid tumor depends on angiogenesis, a process regulated by the balance of pro- and anti-angiogenic factors. We investigated the expression of anti-angiogenic factor pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) and proangiogenic factors vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) with immunohistochemistry in 64 bladder tumor samples and 23 normal controls. Compared with normal urothelium, we identified decreased PEDF expression (P = 0.000) whereas increased expression of VEGF (P = 0.000) and MMP-9 (P = 0.000) in tumorous tissue as well as in papillary urothelial neoplasm of low malignant potential (PUNLMP) (P = 0.009 and P = 0.000 accordingly) but MMP-9 (P = 0.704). Decreased PEDF expression was revealed with higher tumor grade (P = 0.014) but stage (P = 0.687). There was no age or gender preference in PEDF, VEGF or MMP-9 expression. Negative correlation of expression in tumorous and cancerous tissue regarding PEDF and VEGF (P = 0.000, r = -0.56, and P = 0.000, r = -0.50, respectively), PEDF and MMP-9 (P = 0.002, r = -0.39, and P = 0.032, r = -0.30, respectively) was identified. There was a negative correlation of expression between PEDF and VEGF (P = 0.016, r = -0.677) and no correlation between PEDF and MMP-9 (P = 0.147, r = -0.45) in PUNLMP. Decreased PEDF and increased VEGF and MMP-9 expression may play considerable roles in differentiation and invasion of bladder tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Chen Feng
- Department of Urology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Central Urumqi Rd, Shanghai 200040, People's Republic of China
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Netto GJ, Epstein JI. Theranostic and prognostic biomarkers: genomic applications in urological malignancies. Pathology 2010; 42:384-94. [PMID: 20438413 DOI: 10.3109/00313021003779145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Compared to other solid tumours such as breast, colon, and lung, the current clinical management of urological malignancies is lagging behind in terms of utilisation of clinically robust molecular tests that can identify patients that are more likely to respond to a given targeted agent, or even those in need of a more aggressive treatment approach based on well-validated molecular prognosticators. Several promising biomarkers for detection, prognosis, and targeted therapeutics are now under evaluation. The following review discusses some of the candidate biomarkers that may soon make their transition into clinically applicable assays in urological oncology patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- George J Netto
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA.
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Hong SB, Oh H, Valera VA, Stull J, Ngo DT, Baba M, Merino MJ, Linehan WM, Schmidt LS. Tumor suppressor FLCN inhibits tumorigenesis of a FLCN-null renal cancer cell line and regulates expression of key molecules in TGF-beta signaling. Mol Cancer 2010; 9:160. [PMID: 20573232 PMCID: PMC2907329 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-9-160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2010] [Accepted: 06/23/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Germline mutations in the FLCN gene are responsible for the development of fibrofolliculomas, lung cysts and renal neoplasia in Birt-Hogg-Dube' (BHD) syndrome. The encoded protein folliculin (FLCN) is conserved across species but contains no classic motifs or domains and its function remains unknown. Somatic mutations or loss of heterozygosity in the remaining wild type copy of the FLCN gene have been found in renal tumors from BHD patients suggesting that FLCN is a classic tumor suppressor gene. Results To examine the tumor suppressor function of FLCN, wild-type or mutant FLCN (H255R) was stably expressed in a FLCN-null renal tumor cell line, UOK257, derived from a BHD patient. When these cells were injected into nude mice, tumor development was inversely dependent upon the level of wild-type FLCN expression. We identified genes that were differentially expressed in the cell lines with or without wild-type FLCN, many of which are involved in TGF-β signaling, including TGF-β2 (TGFB2), inhibin β A chain (INHBA), thrombospondin 1 (THBS1), gremlin (GREM1), and SMAD3. In support of the in vitro data, TGFB2, INHBA, THBS1 and SMAD3 expression levels were significantly lower in BHD-associated renal tumors compared with normal kidney tissue. Although receptor mediated SMAD phosphorylation was not affected, basal and maximal TGF-β-induced levels of TGFB2, INHBA and SMAD7 were dramatically reduced in FLCN-null cells compared with FLCN-restored cells. Secreted TGF-β2 and activin A (homo-dimer of INHBA) protein levels were also lower in FLCN-null cells compared with FLCN-restored cells. Consistent with a growth suppressive function, activin A (but not TGF-β2) completely suppressed anchorage-independent growth of FLCN-null UOK257 cells. Conclusions Our data demonstrate a role for FLCN in the regulation of key molecules in TGF-β signaling and confirm deregulation of their expression in BHD-associated renal tumors. Thus, deregulation of genes involved in TGF-β signaling by FLCN inactivation is likely to be an important step for tumorigenesis in BHD syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Beom Hong
- Urologic Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, 10 Center Drive MSC1107, 10/CRC/1W-5940, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Abstract
From the earliest studies with epithelial cells implanted into detrusor muscle to later experiments on smooth muscle in defined collagen gels, cell niche and extracellular matrix (ECM) have been clearly shown to orchestrate cellular behavior and fate whether quiescent, migratory, or proliferative. Normal matrix can revert transformed cells to quiescence, and damaged matrix can trigger malignancy or dedifferentiation. ECM influence in disease, development, healing and regeneration has been demonstrated in many other fields of study, but a thorough examination of the roles of ECM in bladder cell activity has not yet been undertaken. Structural ECM proteins, in concert with adhesive proteins, provide crucial structural support to the bladder. Both structural and nonstructural components of the bladder have major effects on smooth muscle function, through effects on matrix rigidity and signaling through ECM receptors. While many ECM components and receptors identified in the bladder have specific known functions in the vascular smooth musculature, their function in the bladder is often less well defined. In cancer and obstructive disease, the ECM has a critical role in pathogenesis. The challenge in these settings will be to find therapies that prevent hyperproliferation and encourage proper differentiation, through an understanding of matrix effects on cell biology and susceptibility to therapeutics.
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Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), and thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1) expression in urothelial carcinomas. Pathol Res Pract 2009; 205:854-7. [PMID: 19762163 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2009.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2009] [Revised: 06/21/2009] [Accepted: 07/24/2009] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Angiogenesis is a multistep process that depends on the balance of proangiogenic factors and inhibitors as well as on interactions with the extracellular matrix. We examined the immunohistochemical expression of the defining angiogenic agents, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), and the antiangiogenic agent thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1) in 131 patients with urothelial carcinoma and correlated their expression levels with clinicopathological parameters. VEGF and MMP-9 expression was higher in high-grade tumors than in low-grade tumors (p=0.000 and p=0.001, respectively), whereas the reverse was true for TSP-1 (p=0.000). VEGF and MMP-9 expression was higher in deeper tumors compared to superficial tumors and in invasive tumors compared to non-invasive tumors (p=0.001 and p=0.001, respectively), while TSP-1 was lower (p=0.000). We could differentiate 22 of 41 muscle-invasive (T2) cases as superficial (T2a; n=7) or deep (T2b; n=15), but no difference was found between them regarding VEGF, MMP-9, or TSP-1 expression (p=0.783, p=0.289, and p=0.783, respectively). There was a positive correlation between VEGF and MMP-9 expression (p=0.008, r=0.23) but a negative correlation between MMP-9 and TSP-1 expression (p=0.014, r=-0.21). Increased VEGF and MMP-9 expression as well as decreased TSP-1 expression may play considerable roles in the invasion and differentiation of urothelial carcinoma.
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Johnson AM, O'Connell MJ, Miyamoto H, Huang J, Yao JL, Messing EM, Reeder JE. Androgenic dependence of exophytic tumor growth in a transgenic mouse model of bladder cancer: a role for thrombospondin-1. BMC Urol 2008; 8:7. [PMID: 18433501 PMCID: PMC2374790 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2490-8-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2008] [Accepted: 04/23/2008] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Steroid hormones influence mitogenic signaling pathways, apoptosis, and cell cycle checkpoints, and it has long been known that incidence of bladder cancer (BC) in men is several times greater than in women, a difference that cannot be attributed to environmental or lifestyle factors alone. Castration reduces incidence of chemically-induced BC in rodents. It is unclear if this effect is due to hormonal influences on activation/deactivation of carcinogens or a direct effect on urothelial cell proliferation or other malignant processes. We examined the effect of castration on BC growth in UPII-SV40T transgenic mice, which express SV40 T antigen specifically in urothelium and reliably develop BC. Furthermore, because BC growth in UPII-SV40T mice is exophytic, we speculated BC growth was dependent on angiogenesis and angiogenesis was, in turn, androgen responsive. METHODS Flat panel detector-based cone beam computed tomography (FPDCT) was used to longitudinally measure exophytic BC growth in UPII-SV40T male mice sham-operated, castrated, or castrated and supplemented with dihydrotestosterone (DHT). Human normal bladder and BC biopsies and mouse bladder were examined quantitatively for thrombospondin-1 (TSP1) protein expression. RESULTS Mice castrated at 24 weeks of age had decreased BC volumes at 32 weeks compared to intact mice (p = 0.0071) and castrated mice administered DHT (p = 0.0233; one-way ANOVA, JMP 6.0.3, SAS Institute, Inc.). Bladder cancer cell lines responded to DHT treatment with increased proliferation, regardless of androgen receptor expression levels. TSP1, an anti-angiogenic factor whose expression is inhibited by androgens, had decreased expression in bladders of UPII-SV40T mice compared to wild-type. Castration increased TSP1 levels in UPII-SV40T mice compared to intact mice. TSP1 protein expression was higher in 8 of 10 human bladder biopsies of normal versus malignant tissue from the same patients. CONCLUSION FPDCT allows longitudinal monitoring of exophytic tumor growth in the UPII-SV40T model of BC that bypasses need for chemical carcinogens, which confound analysis of androgen effects. Androgens increase tumor cell growth in vitro and in vivo and decrease TSP1 expression, possibly explaining the therapeutic effect of castration. This effect may, in part, explain gender differences in BC incidence and implies anti-androgenic therapies may be effective in preventing and treating BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimee M Johnson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, New York, USA.
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Guerrero D, Guarch R, Ojer A, Casas JM, Ropero S, Mancha A, Pesce C, Lloveras B, Garcia-Bragado F, Puras A. Hypermethylation of the thrombospondin-1 gene is associated with poor prognosis in penile squamous cell carcinoma. BJU Int 2008; 102:747-55. [PMID: 18336597 DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-410x.2008.07603.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the presence of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, the methylation status in the promoter region of thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1), RAS association domain family 1A (RASSF1-A) and p16 genes, and the expression of TSP-1, CD31, p16 and p53 proteins in patients diagnosed with penile cancer, and the possible associations between these variables and clinical and pathological features. PATIENTS AND METHODS HPV types, gene promoter hypermethylation and protein expression were analysed by reverse line blot, methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction, and immunohistochemistry, respectively, in 24 penile squamous cell carcinomas. RESULTS HPV infection was detected in 11 of 24 cases (46%), and TSP-1, RASSF1-A and p16 genes were hypermethylated in 46%, 42% and 38% of the tumours, respectively. TSP-1 hypermethylation was associated with unfavourable histological grade (grade 3; P = 0.033), vascular invasion (P = 0.023), weak expression of TSP-1 protein (P = 0.041), and shorter overall survival (P = 0.04). TSP-1 expression was not associated with microvessel density. However, RASSF1-A hypermethylation was more frequent in T1 tumours (P = 0.01), and p16 hypermethylation was not associated with any of the tested variables except for absence of p16 expression (P = 0.022). CONCLUSION In summary, the epigenetic inactivation of TSP-1 and RASSF1-A genes is associated with pathological variables and seems to be of prognostic significance in penile cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Guerrero
- Biomedical Research Center, Navarra Health Service, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain.
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Margulis V, Lotan Y, Montorsi F, Shariat SF. Predicting survival after radical cystectomy for bladder cancer. BJU Int 2008; 102:15-22. [PMID: 18325050 DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-410x.2008.07594.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Accurate prediction is essential for patient counselling, appropriate selection of treatments and determination of eligibility for clinical trials. In this review we assess the available determinants of oncological outcome after radical cystectomy (RC) for transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder. We reviewed previous publications to provide guidelines in terms of criteria, limitations and clinical value of available tools for predicting patient outcome after RC. Our findings suggest that while individual surgical, patient and pathological features provide useful estimates of survival outcome, the inherent heterogeneity of tumour biology and patient characteristics leads to significant variation in outcome. By incorporating all relevant continuous predictive factors for individual patients, integrative predictive models, such as nomograms or artificial neural networks, provide more accurate predictions and generally surpass clinical experts at predicting outcomes. Nonetheless, there is a clear need for the development and validation of molecular biomarkers and their incorporation into multivariable predictive tools. Significant progress has been made in identifying important molecular markers of disease and the development of multifactorial tools for predicting the outcome after RC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitaly Margulis
- Department of Urology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 77030, USA.
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Brunner A, Tzankov A. The role of structural extracellular matrix proteins in urothelial bladder cancer (review). Biomark Insights 2007; 2:418-27. [PMID: 19662222 PMCID: PMC2717820 DOI: 10.4137/bmi.s294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) plays a key role in the modulation of cancer cell invasion. In urothelial carcinoma of the bladder (UC) the role of ECM proteins has been widely studied. The mechanisms, which are involved in the development of invasion, progression and generalization, are complex, depending on the interaction of ECM proteins with each other as well as with cancer cells. The following review will focus on the pathogenetic role and prognostic value of structural proteins, such as laminins, collagens, fibronectin (FN), tenascin (Tn-C) and thrombospondin 1 (TSP1) in UC. In addition, the role of integrins mediating the interaction of ECM molecules and cancer cells will be addressed, since integrin-mediated FN, Tn-C and TSP1 interactions seem to play an important role during tumor cell invasion and angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Brunner
- Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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Azuma K, Komohara Y, Sasada T, Terazaki Y, Ikeda J, Hoshino T, Itoh K, Yamada A, Aizawa H. Excision repair cross-complementation group 1 predicts progression-free and overall survival in non-small cell lung cancer patients treated with platinum-based chemotherapy. Cancer Sci 2007; 98:1336-43. [PMID: 17640298 PMCID: PMC11158988 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2007.00557.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2007] [Revised: 05/21/2007] [Accepted: 05/28/2007] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Expression of excision repair cross-complementation group 1 (ERCC1), p53, or thioredoxin (TRX) is reported to be correlated with resistance to platinum-based drugs. The authors evaluated whether ERCC1, p53, or TRX expression could predict progression-free and/or overall survival in relapsed non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients treated with platinum-based chemotherapy. Immunohistochemistry was used to examine the expression of these three proteins in resected lung tumor samples obtained from 67 patients treated with platinum-based chemotherapy against recurrent tumors after curative resection. Immunostaining for ERCC1, p53, and TRX was positive in 29, 35, and 24 patients, respectively. Patients negative for ERCC1 had a significantly longer median progression-free (44 vs 26 weeks, P = 0.0075) and overall (73 vs 44 weeks, P = 0.0006) survival than those positive for ERCC1. Patients negative for p53 expression had a significantly longer median overall (70 vs 62 weeks, P = 0.0289), but not progression-free (37.5 vs 36 weeks, P = 0.2465), survival than those positive for p53 expression. From multivariate analysis, negative ERCC1 expression (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.3740, P = 0.0147) was a significantly favorable factor for progression-free survival, and negative ERCC1 expression (HR = 1.6533, P = 0.0018) and better performance status (HR = 1.9117, P = 0.0017) were significantly favorable factors for overall survival. This retrospective study indicates that immunostaining for ERCC1 may be useful for predicting survival in NSCLC patients receiving platinum-based chemotherapy against recurrent tumors after curative resection and can provide critical information for planning personalized chemotherapy.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Biomarkers, Tumor/analysis
- Biomarkers, Tumor/biosynthesis
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/pathology
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/surgery
- DNA Repair
- DNA-Binding Proteins/analysis
- DNA-Binding Proteins/biosynthesis
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- Disease-Free Survival
- Endonucleases/analysis
- Endonucleases/biosynthesis
- Endonucleases/genetics
- Female
- Humans
- Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/genetics
- Lung Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Lung Neoplasms/metabolism
- Lung Neoplasms/pathology
- Lung Neoplasms/surgery
- Male
- Membrane Proteins
- Middle Aged
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/drug therapy
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/metabolism
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/pathology
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/surgery
- Platinum Compounds/therapeutic use
- Predictive Value of Tests
- Retrospective Studies
- Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/biosynthesis
- Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Azuma
- Division of Respirology, Neurology, and Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume, Fukuoka 830-0011, Japan.
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Co-expression of angiogenic markers and associations with prognosis in advanced epithelial ovarian cancer: a Gynecologic Oncology Group study. Gynecol Oncol 2007; 106:221-32. [PMID: 17481705 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2007.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2007] [Revised: 03/21/2007] [Accepted: 03/23/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to explore the co-expression and prognostic relevance of thrombospondin-1 (THBS-1), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and VEGF receptor 1 (VEGFR-1) in epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC). METHODS Frozen tumor specimens with defined p53 status were obtained from 67 patients with previously untreated advanced-stage EOC who participated in a Gynecologic Oncology Group specimen-banking protocol and a phase III treatment protocol. Relative expression of the angiogenic markers was quantified by immunoblot analysis and categorized at the median angiogenic marker/actin ratio. p-values are provided as an indication of confidence in the results and to prioritize further testing. RESULTS An association was observed between categorized VEGF and p53 overexpression (p=0.022), and between VEGFR-1 and race (p=0.027) or histologic subtype (p=0.007). Unadjusted Cox regression analyses indicated that high compared with low THBS-1, but not VEGF or VEGFR-1, was associated with an increased risk of disease progression (hazard ratio [HR]=2.19; 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.29-3.71; p=0.004) and death (HR=1.93; 95% CI=1.12-3.32; p=0.018) whereas bFGF was associated with a reduced risk of disease progression (HR=0.60; 95% CI=0.36-0.99; p=0.046) and death (HR=0.54; 95% CI=0.32-0.93; p=0.026). After adjusting for prognostic factors including clinical characteristics and p53 overexpression, THBS-1 but not bFGF, VEGF or VEGFR-1 was associated with progression-free and overall survival. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that high THBS-1 is an independent predictor of worse progression-free and overall survival in women with advanced-stage EOC. A larger prospective study is warranted for validation of these findings.
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