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Sui L, Cong Y, Liu M, Liu X, Xu Y, Jiang WG, Ye L. Upregulated bone morphogenetic protein 8A (BMP8A) in triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) and its involvement in the bone metastasis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1374269. [PMID: 39100096 PMCID: PMC11294076 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1374269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective The present study aimed to investigate the involvement of aberrant BMP8A expression in TNBC and bone metastasis. Methods Aberrant expression of BMP8A in breast cancer was first determined by analyzing The Cancer Genome Atlas breast cancer cohort (TCGA-BRCA) and an immunohistochemical (IHC) staining of BMP8A in a breast cancer tissue microarray (TMA). Clinical relevance of deregulated BMP8A in breast cancer was assessed using Kaplan-Meier online analysis. The influence of BMP8A on cellular functions of two TNBC cell lines was assessed using in vitro assays. Conditional medium (CM) collected from the supernatant of hFOB cells and bone matrix extract (BME) was applied to mimic the bone micro-environment to evaluate the role played by BMP8A in bone metastasis. Correlations with both osteolytic and osteoblastic markers were evaluated in the TCGA-BRCA cohort. Expression of certain responsive genes was quantified in the BMP8A overexpression cell lines. Additionally, signal transduction through both Smad-dependent and independent pathways was evaluated using Western blot assay. Results Compared to the adjacent normal tissues, BMP8A expression was significantly increased in primary tumors (p < 0.05) which was associated with shorter distant metastasis free survival (DMFS) in TNBC (p < 0.05). BMP8A was observed to enhance cell invasion and migration within TNBC cells. In the simulated bone milieu, both MDA-MB-231BMP8Aexp and BT549BMP8Aexp cells presented enhanced invasiveness. BMP8A level was strongly correlated with most osteolytic and osteoblastic markers, suggesting the potential involvement of BMP8A in bone metastasis in TNBC. Receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL) expression was significantly increased in BMP8A overexpressed triple-negative cell lines (MDA-MB-231 and BT549). Furthermore, enhanced phosphorylation of Smad3 and increased expression of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) were observed in MDA-MB-231 cells overexpressing BMP8A. Conclusion BMP8A was upregulated in TNBC which was associated with poorer DMFS. BMP8A overexpression enhanced the invasion and migration of TNBC cells. With a putative role in osteolytic bone metastasis in TNBC, BMP8A represents a promising candidate for further investigation into its therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laijian Sui
- Cardiff China Medical Research Collaborative, Division of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Department of Orthopedics, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Yizi Cong
- Department of Breast Surgery, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Qingdao University, Yantai, China
| | - Ming Liu
- Cardiff China Medical Research Collaborative, Division of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Xiangyi Liu
- Cardiff China Medical Research Collaborative, Division of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Yali Xu
- Cardiff China Medical Research Collaborative, Division of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Wen G. Jiang
- Cardiff China Medical Research Collaborative, Division of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Lin Ye
- Cardiff China Medical Research Collaborative, Division of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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Muraki N, Kawabe N, Ohashi A, Umeda K, Katsuda M, Tomatsu A, Yoshida M, Komeda K, Minna JD, Tanaka I, Morise M, Matsushima M, Matsui Y, Kawabe T, Sato M. BRAF V600E promotes anchorage-independent growth but inhibits anchorage-dependent growth in hTERT/Cdk4-Immortalized normal human bronchial epithelial cells. Exp Cell Res 2024; 439:114057. [PMID: 38679315 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2024.114057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Certain oncogenes, including mutant RAS and BRAF, induce a type of senescence known as oncogene-induced senescence (OIS) in normal cells in a cell-type-specific manner. OIS serves as a barrier to transformation by activated oncogenes. Our previous studies showed that mutant KRASV12 did not efficiently induce OIS in an hTERT/Cdk4-immortalized normal human bronchial epithelial cell line (HBEC3), but it did enhance both anchorage-dependent and anchorage-independent growth. In this study, we investigated whether mutant BRAF, a well-known inducer of OIS, could trigger OIS in HBEC3 cells. We also assessed the impact of mutant BRAF on the growth of HBEC3 cells, as no previous studies have examined this using a normal bronchial epithelial cell line model. We established an HBEC3 cell line, designated as HBEC3-BIN, that expresses mutant BRAFV600E in a doxycycline-regulated manner. Unlike our previous finding that KRASV12 upregulated both pERK and pAKT, mutant BRAFV600E upregulated pERK but not pAKT in HBEC3-BIN cells. Similar to KRASV12, BRAFV600E did not efficiently induce OIS. Interestingly, while BRAFV600E inhibited colony formation in anchorage-dependent conditions, it dramatically enhanced colony formation in anchorage-independent conditions in HBEC3-BIN. In HBEC3 cells without BRAFV600E or KRASV12 expression, p21 was only detected in the cytoplasm, and its localization was not altered by the expression of BRAFV600E or KRASV12. Next-generation sequencing analysis revealed an enrichment of gene sets known to be involved in carcinogenesis, including IL3/JAK/STAT3, IL2, STAT5, and the EMT pathway. Our results indicate that, unlike KRASV12, which promoted both, BRAFV600E enhances anchorage-independent growth but inhibits anchorage-dependent growth of HBEC3. This contrast may result from differences in activation signaling in the downstream pathways. Furthermore, HBEC3 cells appear to be inherently resistant to OIS, which may be partly due to the fact that p21 remains localized in the cytoplasm upon expression of BRAFV600E or KRASV12.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nao Muraki
- Division of Host Defense Sciences, Dept. of Integrated Health Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 461-8673, Japan
| | - Nozomi Kawabe
- Division of Host Defense Sciences, Dept. of Integrated Health Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 461-8673, Japan
| | - Ayano Ohashi
- Division of Host Defense Sciences, Dept. of Integrated Health Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 461-8673, Japan
| | - Kanna Umeda
- Division of Host Defense Sciences, Dept. of Integrated Health Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 461-8673, Japan
| | - Masahito Katsuda
- Division of Host Defense Sciences, Dept. of Integrated Health Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 461-8673, Japan
| | - Aya Tomatsu
- Division of Host Defense Sciences, Dept. of Integrated Health Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 461-8673, Japan
| | - Mikina Yoshida
- Division of Host Defense Sciences, Dept. of Integrated Health Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 461-8673, Japan
| | - Kazuki Komeda
- Dept. of Respiratory Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 466-8550, Japan
| | - John D Minna
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research and the Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX, 75230-8593, USA
| | - Ichidai Tanaka
- Dept. of Respiratory Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Masahiro Morise
- Dept. of Respiratory Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Miyoko Matsushima
- Division of Host Defense Sciences, Dept. of Integrated Health Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 461-8673, Japan
| | - Yusuke Matsui
- . Biomedical and Health Informatics Unit, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 461-8673, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Kawabe
- Division of Host Defense Sciences, Dept. of Integrated Health Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 461-8673, Japan
| | - Mitsuo Sato
- Division of Host Defense Sciences, Dept. of Integrated Health Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 461-8673, Japan.
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Ilhan M, Hastar N, Kampfrath B, Spierling DN, Jatzlau J, Knaus P. BMP Stimulation Differentially Affects Phosphorylation and Protein Stability of β-Catenin in Breast Cancer Cell Lines. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4593. [PMID: 38731813 PMCID: PMC11083028 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25094593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Increased expression and nuclear translocation of β-CATENIN is frequently observed in breast cancer, and it correlates with poor prognosis. Current treatment strategies targeting β-CATENIN are not as efficient as desired. Therefore, detailed understanding of β-CATENIN regulation is crucial. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP) and Wingless/Integrated (WNT) pathway crosstalk is well-studied for many cancer types including colorectal cancer, whereas it is still poorly understood for breast cancer. Analysis of breast cancer patient data revealed that BMP2 and BMP6 were significantly downregulated in tumors. Since mutation frequency in genes enhancing β-CATENIN protein stability is relatively low in breast cancer, we aimed to investigate whether decreased BMP ligand expression could contribute to a high protein level of β-CATENIN in breast cancer cells. We demonstrated that downstream of BMP stimulation, SMAD4 is required to reduce β-CATENIN protein stability through the phosphorylation in MCF7 and T47D cells. Consequently, BMP stimulation reduces β-CATENIN levels and prevents its nuclear translocation and target gene expression in MCF7 cells. Conversely, BMP stimulation has no effect on β-CATENIN phosphorylation or stability in MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-468 cells. Likewise, SMAD4 modulation does not alter the response of those cells, indicating that SMAD4 alone is insufficient for BMP-induced β-CATENIN phosphorylation. While our data suggest that considering BMP activity may serve as a prognostic marker for understanding β-CATENIN accumulation risk, further investigation is needed to elucidate the differential responsiveness of breast cancer cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Ilhan
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany; (M.I.); (N.H.); (B.K.); (D.N.S.)
- Berlin School of Integrative Oncology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Nurcan Hastar
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany; (M.I.); (N.H.); (B.K.); (D.N.S.)
- Brandenburg School for Regenerative Therapies, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Branka Kampfrath
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany; (M.I.); (N.H.); (B.K.); (D.N.S.)
| | - Deniz Neslihan Spierling
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany; (M.I.); (N.H.); (B.K.); (D.N.S.)
| | - Jerome Jatzlau
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany; (M.I.); (N.H.); (B.K.); (D.N.S.)
- Brandenburg School for Regenerative Therapies, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Petra Knaus
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany; (M.I.); (N.H.); (B.K.); (D.N.S.)
- Berlin School of Integrative Oncology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
- Brandenburg School for Regenerative Therapies, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
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Liu M, Sui L, Fang Z, Jiang WG, Ye L. Aberrant expression of bone morphogenetic proteins in the disease progression and metastasis of breast cancer. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1166955. [PMID: 37333824 PMCID: PMC10272747 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1166955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) play crucial roles in the tumorigenesis and metastasis of cancers. Controversy remains about the exact implications of BMPs and their antagonists in breast cancer (BC), due to their diverse and complex biological functions and signalling. A comprehensive study of the whole family and their signalling in breast cancer is provoked. Methods Aberrant expression of BMP, BMP receptors and antagonists in primary tumours in breast cancer were analysed by using TCGA-BRCA and E-MTAB-6703 cohorts. Related biomarkers including ER, HER, proliferation, invasion, angiogenesis, lymphangiogenesis and bone metastasis were involved to identify the relationship with BMPs in breast cancer. Results The present study showed BMP8B was significantly increased in breast tumours, while BMP6 and ACVRL1 were decreased in breast cancer tissues. The expressions of BMP2, BMP6, TGFBR1 and GREM1 were significantly correlated with BC patients' poor overall survival. Aberrant expression of BMPs, together with BMP receptors, were explored in different subtypes of breast cancer according to ER, PR and HER2 status. Furthermore, higher levels of BMP2, BMP6 and GDF5 were revealed in triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) whilst BMP4, GDF15, ACVR1B, ACVR2B and BMPR1B were relatively higher in Luminal type BC. ACVR1B and BMPR1B were positively correlated with ERα but were inversely correlated with ERβ. High expression of GDF15, BMP4 and ACVR1B were associated with poorer overall survival in HER2 positive BC. BMPs also play dual roles in tumour growth and metastasis of BC. Conclusion A shift pattern of BMPs was showed in different subtypes of breast cancer suggesting a subtype specific involvement. It provokes more research to shed light on the exact role of these BMPs and receptors in the disease progression and distant metastasis through a regulation of proliferation, invasion and EMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Liu
- Cardiff China Medical Research Collaborative, Division of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Department of Surgery, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Laijian Sui
- Cardiff China Medical Research Collaborative, Division of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Ziqian Fang
- Cardiff China Medical Research Collaborative, Division of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Wen G. Jiang
- Cardiff China Medical Research Collaborative, Division of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Lin Ye
- Cardiff China Medical Research Collaborative, Division of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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Hu F, Chen J, Zhang Y, Xu K, Sun Y, Liu Y, Cai H. MiR-219a-5p Inhibits Michigan Cancer Foundation-7 (MCF-7) Cell Migration by Regulating Zinc Finger E-Box Binding Homeobox 1 (ZEB1) Expression. J BIOMATER TISS ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1166/jbt.2022.3135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The potential role of miR-219a-5p in the migration of breast cancer has not been fully elucidated. In this study, bioinformatic analysis revealed that high miR-219a-5p expression in breast cancer tissue was associated with good survival of breast cancer patients. RT-qPCR analysis indicated
that miR-219a-5p expression is significantly lower in MDA-MB-231 triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells. In addition, pre-miR-219a overexpression inhibited MCF-7 cell migration and inhibited ZEB1, Twist1 and vimentin expression but promoted the expression of E-cadherin. Moreover, miR-219a-5p
mimics inhibited MCF-7 cell migration, whereas MCF-7 cell migration was promoted by the miR-219a-5p inhibitor. Furthermore, miR-219a-5p was found to inhibit the translation of ZEB1 expression by targeting the 5′-ACAAUCA-3′ motif of the ZEB1 3′UTR, and the binding motif is
conserved in multiple species. ZEB1 overexpression rescued the inhibition of cell migration induced by miR-219a-5p. Finally, an inverse correlation of miR-219a-5p and ZEB1 expression was observed in four breast cancer cell lines. Thus, miR-219a-5p inhibits MCF-7 cell migration by regulating
ZEB1 expression, and ZEB1 is the target gene of miR-219a-5p.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fen Hu
- College of Life Sciences, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei 063210, P. R. China
| | - Jiaxin Chen
- College of Life Sciences, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei 063210, P. R. China
| | - Yunfeng Zhang
- Department of Life Sciences, Tangshan Normal University, Tangshan, Hebei 063000, P. R. China
| | - Ke Xu
- Department of Life Sciences, Tangshan Normal University, Tangshan, Hebei 063000, P. R. China
| | - Yuxi Sun
- College of Life Sciences, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei 063210, P. R. China
| | - Yan Liu
- College of Life Sciences, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei 063210, P. R. China
| | - Haifeng Cai
- The Second Department of Breast Surgery, Tangshan People’s Hospital, Tangshan, Hebei 063000, P. R. China
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Jdeed S, Lengyel M, Uray IP. Redistribution of the SWI/SNF Complex Dictates Coordinated Transcriptional Control over Epithelial–Mesenchymal Transition of Normal Breast Cells through TGF-β Signaling. Cells 2022; 11:cells11172633. [PMID: 36078038 PMCID: PMC9454592 DOI: 10.3390/cells11172633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic targets in cancer cells defective for the tumor suppressor ARID1A are fundamentals of synthetic lethal strategies. However, whether modulating ARID1A function in premalignant breast epithelial cells could be exploited to reduce carcinogenic potential remains to be elucidated. In search of chromatin-modulating mechanisms activated by anti-proliferative agents in normal breast epithelial (HME-hTert) cells, we identified a distinct pattern of genome-wide H3K27 histone acetylation marks characteristic for the combined treatment by the cancer preventive rexinoid bexarotene (Bex) and carvedilol (Carv). Among these marks, several enhancers functionally linked to TGF-β signaling were enriched for ARID1A and Brg1, subunits within the SWI/SNF chromatin-remodeling complex. The recruitment of ARID1A and Brg1 was associated with the suppression of TGFBR2, KLF4, and FoxQ1, and the induction of BMP6, while the inverse pattern ensued upon the knock-down of ARID1A. Bex+Carv treatment resulted in fewer cells expressing N-cadherin and dictated a more epithelial phenotype. However, the silencing of ARID1A expression reversed the ability of Bex and Carv to limit epithelial–mesenchymal transition. The nuclear levels of SMAD4, a canonical mediator of TGF-β action, were more effectively suppressed by the combination than by TGF-β. In contrast, TGF-β treatment exceeded the ability of Bex+Carv to lower nuclear FoxQ1 levels and induced markedly higher E-cadherin positivity, indicating a target-selective antagonism of Bex+Carv to TGF-β action. In summary, the chromatin-wide redistribution of ARID1A by Bex and Carv treatment is instrumental in the suppression of genes mediating TGF-β signaling, and, thus, the morphologic reprogramming of normal breast epithelial cells. The concerted engagement of functionally linked targets using low toxicity clinical agents represents an attractive new approach for cancer interception.
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7
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Sharma T, Kapoor A, Mandal CC. Duality of bone morphogenetic proteins in cancer: A comprehensive analysis. J Cell Physiol 2022; 237:3127-3163. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tanu Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences Central University of Rajasthan Ajmer Rajasthan India
| | - Anmol Kapoor
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences Central University of Rajasthan Ajmer Rajasthan India
| | - Chandi C. Mandal
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences Central University of Rajasthan Ajmer Rajasthan India
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Oncogenic Mutation BRAF V600E Changes Phenotypic Behavior of THLE-2 Liver Cells through Alteration of Gene Expression. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031548. [PMID: 35163468 PMCID: PMC8836259 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The accumulation of mutations in cancer driver genes, such as tumor suppressors or proto-oncogenes, affects cellular homeostasis. Disturbances in the mechanism controlling proliferation cause significant augmentation of cell growth and division due to the loss of sensitivity to the regulatory signals. Nowadays, an increasing number of cases of liver cancer are observed worldwide. Data provided by the International Cancer Genome Consortium (ICGC) have indicated many alterations within gene sequences, whose roles in tumor development are not well understood. A comprehensive analysis of liver cancer (virus-associated hepatocellular carcinoma) samples has identified new and rare mutations in B-Raf proto-oncogene (BRAF) in Japanese HCC patients, as well as BRAF V600E mutations in French HCC patients. However, their function in liver cancer has never been investigated. Here, using functional analysis and next generation sequencing, we demonstrate the tumorigenic effect of BRAF V600E on hepatocytes (THLE-2 cell line). Moreover, we identified genes such as BMP6, CXCL11, IL1B, TBX21, RSAD2, MMP10, and SERPIND1, which are possibly regulated by the BRAF V600E-mediated, mitogen-activated protein kinases/extracellular signal-regulated kinases (MAPK/ERK) signaling pathway. Through several functional assays, we demonstrate that BRAF L537M, D594A, and E648G mutations alone are not pathogenic in liver cancer. The investigation of genome mutations and the determination of their impact on cellular processes and functions is crucial to unraveling the molecular mechanisms of liver cancer development.
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Chang SF, Yang WH, Cheng CY, Luo SJ, Wang TC. γ-secretase inhibitors, DAPT and RO4929097, promote the migration of Human Glioma Cells via Smad5-downregulated E-cadherin Expression. Int J Med Sci 2021; 18:2551-2560. [PMID: 34104086 PMCID: PMC8176174 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.50484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant gliomas are a type of central nervous system cancer with extremely high mortality rates in humans. γ-secretase has been becoming a potential target for cancer therapy, including glioma, because of the involvement of its enzymatic activity in regulating the proliferation and metastasis of cancer cells. In this study, we attempted to determine whether γ-secretase activity regulates E-cadherin to affect glioma cell migration. The human glioma cell lines, including LN18 and LN229, and the γ-secretase inhibitors, including N-[N-(3,5-difluorophenacetyl)-L-alanyl]-S-phenylglycine t-butyl ester (DAPT) and RO4929097, were used in this study. It was shown that γ-secretase activity inhibition by DAPT and RO4929097 could promote LN18 and LN229 glioma cell migration via downregulating E-cadherin mRNA and protein expressions, but not via affecting E-cadherin protein processing. In addition, γ-secretase activity inhibition was regulated by bone morphogenetic proteins-independent Smad5 activation in glioma cells. Moreover, endogenous Smad1 in glioma cells was found to play an important role in regulating E-cadherin expression and subsequent cell migration but did not affect DAPT-stimulated effects. These results help further elucidate the molecular mechanisms of γ-secretase activity regulation involved in controlling glioma cell malignancy. Information about a potential role for Smad1/5 activity upregulation and subsequent E-cadherin downregulation during inhibition of γ-secretase activity in the development of gliomas is therefore relevant for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun-Fu Chang
- Department of Medical Research and Development, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Chiayi Branch, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Hsun Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Yu Cheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan.,Department of Biomedical Sciences and Institute of Molecular Biology, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Jie Luo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Chung Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan.,College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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10
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Jiang H, Zhou C, Zhang Z, Wang Q, Wei H, Shi W, Li J, Wang Z, Ou Y, Wang W, Wang H, Zhang Q, Sun W, Sun P, Yang S. Jagged1-Notch1-deployed tumor perivascular niche promotes breast cancer stem cell phenotype through Zeb1. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5129. [PMID: 33046710 PMCID: PMC7552407 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18860-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Zinc finger E-box binding homeobox 1 (Zeb1) has been demonstrated to participate in the acquisition of the properties of cancer stem cells (CSCs). However, it is largely unknown how signals from the tumor microenvironment (TME) contribute to aberrant Zeb1 expression. Here, we show that Zeb1 depletion suppresses stemness, colonization and the phenotypic plasticity of breast cancer. Moreover, we demonstrate that, with direct cell-cell contact, TME-derived endothelial cells provide the Notch ligand Jagged1 (Jag1) to neighboring breast CSCs, leading to Notch1-dependent upregulation of Zeb1. In turn, ectopic Zeb1 in tumor cells increases VEGFA production and reciprocally induces endothelial Jag1 in a paracrine manner. Depletion of Zeb1 disrupts this positive feedback loop in the tumor perivascular niche, which eventually lessens tumor initiation and progression in vivo and in vitro. In this work, we highlight that targeting the angiocrine Jag1-Notch1-Zeb1-VEGFA loop decreases breast cancer aggressiveness and thus enhances the efficacy of antiangiogenic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Jiang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Neurovascular Regulation, Medical College of Nankai University, 300071, Tianjin, China
| | - Chen Zhou
- Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, 100053, Beijing, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Neurovascular Regulation, Medical College of Nankai University, 300071, Tianjin, China
| | - Qiong Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Neurovascular Regulation, Medical College of Nankai University, 300071, Tianjin, China
| | - Huimin Wei
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Neurovascular Regulation, Medical College of Nankai University, 300071, Tianjin, China
| | - Wen Shi
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Neurovascular Regulation, Medical College of Nankai University, 300071, Tianjin, China
| | - Jianjun Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Neurovascular Regulation, Medical College of Nankai University, 300071, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhaoyang Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Neurovascular Regulation, Medical College of Nankai University, 300071, Tianjin, China
| | - Yang Ou
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Neurovascular Regulation, Medical College of Nankai University, 300071, Tianjin, China
| | - Wenhao Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Neurovascular Regulation, Medical College of Nankai University, 300071, Tianjin, China
| | - Hang Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Neurovascular Regulation, Medical College of Nankai University, 300071, Tianjin, China
| | - Quansheng Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Tianjin First Center Hospital, 300192, Tianjin, China
| | - Wei Sun
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Neurovascular Regulation, Medical College of Nankai University, 300071, Tianjin, China
| | - Peiqing Sun
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - Shuang Yang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Neurovascular Regulation, Medical College of Nankai University, 300071, Tianjin, China.
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11
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Sun Z, Cai S, Liu C, Cui Y, Ji J, Jiang WG, Ye L. Increased Expression of Gremlin1 Promotes Proliferation and Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition in Gastric Cancer Cells and Correlates With Poor Prognosis of Patients With Gastric Cancer. Cancer Genomics Proteomics 2020; 17:49-60. [PMID: 31882551 DOI: 10.21873/cgp.20167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Gremlin1 (GREM1) plays an important role in certain malignancies by antagonising bone morphogenetic proteins and regulating angiogenesis directly/indirectly. The present study aimed to investigate the role of Gremlin1 in the development and progression of gastric cancer (GC). MATERIALS AND METHODS Expression of GREM1 in GCs was examined using quantitative real time PCR and The Cancer Genomic Atlas (TCGA) data. Influence on cellular functions was determined in both Gremlin1 knockdown and overexpression cell line models. RESULTS GREM1 expression was up-regulated in GCs, which was correlated with poorer survival. Increased GREM1 expression was significantly correlated with tumour growth/invasion and lymphatic metastasis. Gremlin1 promoted proliferation and tumourigenic capacity of GC cells in vitro. GREM1 expression was associated with epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT), angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis in GC. CONCLUSION Increased GREM1 expression in GCs is associated with disease progression and poor prognosis in which EMT, angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis are likely involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Sun
- Cardiff China Medical Research Collaborative, Division of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, U.K.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), The VIP-II Gastrointestinal Cancer Division of Medical Department, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Shuo Cai
- Cardiff China Medical Research Collaborative, Division of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, U.K
| | - Chang Liu
- Cardiff China Medical Research Collaborative, Division of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, U.K
| | - Yuxin Cui
- Cardiff China Medical Research Collaborative, Division of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, U.K
| | - Jiafu Ji
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), The VIP-II Gastrointestinal Cancer Division of Medical Department, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Wen G Jiang
- Cardiff China Medical Research Collaborative, Division of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, U.K
| | - Lin Ye
- Cardiff China Medical Research Collaborative, Division of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, U.K.
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12
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An investigation of the relationship between TMPRSS6 gene expression, genetic variants and clinical findings in breast cancer. Mol Biol Rep 2020; 47:4225-4231. [PMID: 32385772 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-05498-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer is one of the most common types of cancer among women worldwide. The TMPRSS6 (Transmembrane Serine Protease 6) gene encodes matriptase-2, which plays an important role in iron hemostasis as the hepcidin regulator and may play a role in breast cancer susceptibility. In this study, we examined the expression levels of the TMPRSS6 gene in healthy tissues and tumor tissues of breast cancer patients; and the relationship between these levels and pathological findings. The relationship between TMPRSS6 polymorphisms (rs733655, rs5756506, rs2413450, rs855791, rs2235324, rs4820268) and patients' hematological parameters. The gene expression study encompassed 47 breast cancer patients and the gene polymorphism study consisted of 181 breast cancer patients and 100 healthy controls. Gene expression analysis was performed by qRT-PCR. The genotyping of TMPRSS6 polymorphisms was performed by RT-PCR. TMPRSS6 gene expression levels in tumor tissues were found to be 1.88 times higher than the expression levels in the control tissues. We examined the relationship between TMPRSS6 gene expression levels and pathological data, statistically significant relationship was found between patient's estrogen receptor (ER) and HER2 findings and TMPRSS6 gene expression (respectively p = 0.02, p = 0.002). When the relationship between TMPRSS6 gene polymorphisms related genotypes distributions and hematological findings was investigated, a significant relationship was identified between mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) parameter and the polymorphism of only the rs733655. According to our findings, the increase in TMPRSS6 gene expression in cancerous tissues shows that matriptase-2 may be effective in the cancer process. Thus TMPRSS6 gene polymorphisms may affect the disease process by affecting the blood parameters of patients.
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13
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Sun Z, Cai S, Zabkiewicz C, Liu C, Ye L. Bone morphogenetic proteins mediate crosstalk between cancer cells and the tumour microenvironment at primary tumours and metastases (Review). Int J Oncol 2020; 56:1335-1351. [PMID: 32236571 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2020.5030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP) are pluripotent molecules, co‑ordinating cellular functions from early embryonic and postnatal development to tissue repair, regeneration and homeostasis. They are also involved in tumourigenesis, disease progression and the metastasis of various solid tumours. Emerging evidence has indicated that BMPs are able to promote disease progression and metastasis by orchestrating communication between cancer cells and the surrounding microenvironment. The interactions occur between BMPs and epidermal growth factor receptor, hepatocyte growth factor, fibroblast growth factor, vascular endothelial growth factor and extracellular matrix components. Overall, these interactions co‑ordinate the cellular functions of tumour cells and other types of cell in the tumour to promote the growth of the primary tumour, local invasion, angiogenesis and metastasis, and the establishment and survival of cancer cells in the metastatic niche. Therefore, the present study aimed to provide an informative summary of the involvement of BMPs in the tumour microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Sun
- VIP‑II Division of Medical Department, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education, Beijing), Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing 100142, P.R. China
| | - Shuo Cai
- Cardiff China Medical Research Collaborative, Division of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine Zabkiewicz
- Cardiff China Medical Research Collaborative, Division of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Chang Liu
- Cardiff China Medical Research Collaborative, Division of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Lin Ye
- Cardiff China Medical Research Collaborative, Division of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
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14
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Sun Z, Liu C, Jiang WG, Ye L. Deregulated bone morphogenetic proteins and their receptors are associated with disease progression of gastric cancer. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2020; 18:177-188. [PMID: 31988704 PMCID: PMC6965205 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2019.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP) are members of the transforming growth factor β superfamily (TGF-β). BMPs are involved in tumourigenesis and disease progression of certain malignancies. To date, the role played by BMPs in gastric cancer (GC) remains largely unknown. In the present study, we systematically analysed the expression and clinical significance of BMP and BMP receptors (BMPR) in TCGA gastric cancer database and GEO database and explored the possible mechanism of action. BMP5 is reduced in gastric cancer tissues, while ACVRL1, ACVR1, TGFBR1, and BMPR2 were significantly increased in the gastric tumours. BMP3, ACVR1, TGFBR1, BMPR1B (also known as ALK6), TGFBR2 and BMPR2 were significantly associated with poorer overall survival of GC patients. A negative correlation was seen between BMP/BMPR and proliferation markers which was supported by their correlation with the cell cycle promoters and inhibitors. More interestingly, further analyses showed that BMPs and their receptors are positively correlated with matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers and stemness in GC. Furthermore, positive correlations were also frequently seen between BMP receptors and markers/regulators of angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis in the gastric tumours. Taken together, these findings suggest that BMPs play dual roles in GC. They may inhibit proliferation of GC cells. On the other hand, they can also promote disease progression through a promotion of invasion, EMT and stemness. The elevated expression of BMP receptors in GC were also highly associated with tumour associated angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis which facilitate tumour growth, expansion and spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Sun
- Cardiff China Medical Research Collaborative, Division of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK.,VIP-II Division of Medical Department, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education, Beijing), Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing 100142, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Cardiff China Medical Research Collaborative, Division of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Wen G Jiang
- Cardiff China Medical Research Collaborative, Division of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Lin Ye
- Cardiff China Medical Research Collaborative, Division of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
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15
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Guan H, Li J, Sun R, Liu W, Feng M, Ma H, Li C. Expression Of BMP7 In Ovarian Cancer And Biological Effect Of BMP7 Knockdown On Ovarian Cancer Cells. Onco Targets Ther 2019; 12:7897-7909. [PMID: 31576147 PMCID: PMC6769165 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s217975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The aim of our research was to investigate the expression of BMP7 in ovarian cancer (OC) and the biological effect of knocking down BMP7 on ovarian cancer A2780 cells. Methods We detected BMP7 expression in ovarian cancer and normal ovarian tissue by immunohistochemistry (IHC). We downregulated BMP7 expression using lentivirus-mediated RNAi and then examined the effects of knocking down BMP7 on the cell growth and invasion, cell cycle and paclitaxel sensitivity of A2780 cells. The mRNA and protein levels were detected by total RNA extraction and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and Western blotting, respectively. Cell proliferation was measured by CCK-8 and colony formation assays. The number of cells in each cell cycle stage and those undergoing apoptosis were measured by flow cytometry. Results BMP7 expression was significantly higher in the ovarian cancer tissues than it was in the normal ovarian tissues. Knocking down BMP7 in ovarian cancer A2780 cells inhibited cell proliferation, migration and invasion; led to G1 cell cycle arrest; and reversed the epithelial-mesenchymal transformation (EMT) process. In addition, downregulating BMP7 increased the sensitivity of the A2780 cells to paclitaxel. Moreover, BMP7 downregulation resulted in decreased expression of Smad1/5/9, p-Smad1/5/9, ID2 and cyclin D1 protein. Conclusion The results presented here are expected to contribute to the development of possible therapeutic targets for patients with ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Guan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Juan Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Sun
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Mei Feng
- Central Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Ma
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Changzhong Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
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16
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Maturi V, Morén A, Enroth S, Heldin CH, Moustakas A. Genomewide binding of transcription factor Snail1 in triple-negative breast cancer cells. Mol Oncol 2018; 12:1153-1174. [PMID: 29729076 PMCID: PMC6026864 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcriptional regulation mediated by the zinc finger protein Snail1 controls early embryogenesis. By binding to the epithelial tumor suppressor CDH1 gene, Snail1 initiates the epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT). The EMT generates stem‐like cells and promotes invasiveness during cancer progression. Accordingly, Snail1 mRNA and protein is abundantly expressed in triple‐negative breast cancers with enhanced metastatic potential and phenotypic signs of the EMT. Such high endogenous Snail1 protein levels permit quantitative chromatin immunoprecipitation‐sequencing (ChIP‐seq) analysis. Snail1 associated with 185 genes at cis regulatory regions in the Hs578T triple‐negative breast cancer cell model. These genes include morphogenetic regulators and signaling components that control polarized differentiation. Using the CRISPR/Cas9 system in Hs578T cells, a double deletion of 10 bp each was engineered into the first exon and into the second exon–intron junction of Snail1, suppressing Snail1 expression and causing misregulation of several hundred genes. Specific attention to regulators of chromatin organization provides a possible link to new phenotypes uncovered by the Snail1 loss‐of‐function mutation. On the other hand, genetic inactivation of Snail1 was not sufficient to establish a full epithelial transition to these tumor cells. Thus, Snail1 contributes to the malignant phenotype of breast cancer cells via diverse new mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varun Maturi
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Anita Morén
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Stefan Enroth
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Carl-Henrik Heldin
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Aristidis Moustakas
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Uppsala University, Sweden
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17
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Zhang X, Zhang Z, Zhang Q, Zhang Q, Sun P, Xiang R, Ren G, Yang S. ZEB1 confers chemotherapeutic resistance to breast cancer by activating ATM. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:57. [PMID: 29352223 PMCID: PMC5833408 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-017-0087-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2017] [Revised: 10/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Although zinc finger E-box binding homeobox 1 (ZEB1) has been identified as a key factor in the regulation of breast cancer differentiation and metastasis, its potential role in modulating tumor chemoresistance has not been fully understood. Here, through the study of specimens from a large cohort of human breast cancer subjects, we showed that patients with tumors that expressed high levels of ZEB1 responded poorly to chemotherapy. Moreover, ZEB1 expression was positively correlated with expression of B-cell lymphoma-extra large (Bcl-xL) and cyclin D1, which are key components of tumor chemoresistant mechanisms. At the molecular level, ectopic expression of ZEB1 impaired the responsiveness of breast cancer cells to genotoxic drug treatment, such as epirubicin (EPI). During this process, ZEB1 transcriptionally activated the expression of ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) kinase by forming a ZEB1/p300/PCAF complex on its promoter, leading to increased homologous recombination (HR)-mediated DNA damage repair and the clearance of DNA breaks. Using a nude mouse xenograft model, we further confirmed that ectopic expression of ZEB1 decreased breast cancer responsiveness to EPI treatment in vivo. Collectively, our findings suggest that ZEB1 is a crucial determinant of chemotherapeutic resistance in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Zhang
- Department of Endocrine and Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Neurovascular Regulation, Medical College of Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Neurovascular Regulation, Medical College of Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Quansheng Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Tianjin First Center Hospital, Tianjin, 300192, China
| | - Peiqing Sun
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - Rong Xiang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Neurovascular Regulation, Medical College of Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Guosheng Ren
- Department of Endocrine and Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Shuang Yang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Neurovascular Regulation, Medical College of Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China.
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18
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Zabkiewicz C, Resaul J, Hargest R, Jiang WG, Ye L. Bone morphogenetic proteins, breast cancer, and bone metastases: striking the right balance. Endocr Relat Cancer 2017; 24:R349-R366. [PMID: 28733469 PMCID: PMC5574206 DOI: 10.1530/erc-17-0139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) belong to the TGF-β super family, and are essential for the regulation of foetal development, tissue differentiation and homeostasis and a multitude of cellular functions. Naturally, this has led to the exploration of aberrance in this highly regulated system as a key factor in tumourigenesis. Originally identified for their role in osteogenesis and bone turnover, attention has been turned to the potential role of BMPs in tumour metastases to, and progression within, the bone niche. This is particularly pertinent to breast cancer, which commonly metastasises to bone, and in which studies have revealed aberrations of both BMP expression and signalling, which correlate clinically with breast cancer progression. Ultimately a BMP profile could provide new prognostic disease markers. As the evidence suggests a role for BMPs in regulating breast tumour cellular function, in particular interactions with tumour stroma and the bone metastatic microenvironment, there may be novel therapeutic potential in targeting BMP signalling in breast cancer. This review provides an update on the current knowledge of BMP abnormalities and their implication in the development and progression of breast cancer, particularly in the disease-specific bone metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Zabkiewicz
- Cardiff China Medical Research CollaborativeCardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - Jeyna Resaul
- Cardiff China Medical Research CollaborativeCardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - Rachel Hargest
- Cardiff China Medical Research CollaborativeCardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - Wen Guo Jiang
- Cardiff China Medical Research CollaborativeCardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - Lin Ye
- Cardiff China Medical Research CollaborativeCardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
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19
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Zhou C, Jiang H, Zhang Z, Zhang G, Wang H, Zhang Q, Sun P, Xiang R, Yang S. ZEB1 confers stem cell-like properties in breast cancer by targeting neurogenin-3. Oncotarget 2017; 8:54388-54401. [PMID: 28903350 PMCID: PMC5589589 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a subpopulation of cancer cells believed to be implicated in cancer initiation, progression, and recurrence. Here, we report that ectopic expression of zinc finger E-box binding homeobox 1 protein (ZEB1) results in the acquisition of CSC properties by breast cancer cells, leading to tumor initiation and progression in vitro and in vivo. The neurogenin 3 gene (Ngn3) is a bona fide target of ZEB1, and its repression is a key factor contributing to ZEB1-induced cancer cell stemness. ZEB1 suppressed Ngn3 transcription by forming a ZEB1/DNA methyltransferase (DNMT)3B/histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1) complex on the Ngn3 promoter, leading to promoter hypermethylation and gene silencing. The rescue of Ngn3 expression attenuated ZEB1-induced cancer stemness and symmetric CSC division. Immunohistological analysis of human breast cancer specimens revealed a strong inverse relationship between ZEB1 and NGN3 protein expression. Thus, our findings suggest ZEB1-mediated silencing of Ngn3 is required for breast tumor initiation and maintenance. Targeted therapies against the ZEB1/Ngn3 axis may be highly valuable for the prevention and treatment of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Zhou
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Neurovascular Regulation, Medical School of Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Huimin Jiang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Neurovascular Regulation, Medical School of Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Neurovascular Regulation, Medical School of Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Guomin Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Neurovascular Regulation, Medical School of Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Hang Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Neurovascular Regulation, Medical School of Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Quansheng Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Tianjin First Center Hospital, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Peiqing Sun
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Rong Xiang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Neurovascular Regulation, Medical School of Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Shuang Yang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Neurovascular Regulation, Medical School of Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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20
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Zhang J, Zhou C, Jiang H, Liang L, Shi W, Zhang Q, Sun P, Xiang R, Wang Y, Yang S. ZEB1 induces ER-α promoter hypermethylation and confers antiestrogen resistance in breast cancer. Cell Death Dis 2017; 8:e2732. [PMID: 28383555 PMCID: PMC5477580 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2017.154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Antiestrogen resistance is a major obstacle to endocrine therapy for breast cancers. Although reduced estrogen receptor-α (ER-α) expression is a known contributing factor to antiestrogen resistance, the mechanisms of ER-α downregulation in antiestrogen resistance are not fully understood. Here, we report that ectopic zinc-finger E-box binding homeobox 1 (ZEB1) is associated with ER-α deficiency in breast cancer cells and thus confers antiestrogen resistance. Mechanistically, ZEB1 represses ER-α transcription by forming a ZEB1/DNA methyltransferase (DNMT)3B/histone deacetylase (HDAC)1 complex on the ER-α promoter, leading to DNA hypermethylation and the silencing of ER-α. Thus, ectopic ZEB1 downregulates ER-α expression and subsequently attenuates cell growth inhibition by antiestrogens, such as tamoxifen and fulvestrant. Notably, the depletion of ZEB1 by RNA interference causes ER-α promoter demethylation, restores ER-α expression, and increases the responsiveness of breast cancer cells to antiestrogen treatment. By studying specimens from a large cohort of subjects with breast cancer, we found a strong inverse correlation between ZEB1 and ER-α protein expression. Moreover, breast tumors that highly express ZEB1 exhibit ER-α promoter hypermethylation. Using a nude mouse xenograft model, we further confirmed that the downregulation of ZEB1 expression restores the responsiveness of breast cancer cells to antiestrogen therapy in vivo. Therefore, our findings suggest that ZEB1 is a crucial determinant of resistance to antiestrogen therapies in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbo Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, China
| | - Chen Zhou
- Department of Medical Genetics, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Neurovascular Regulation, Medical College of Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.,2011 Project Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy of Ministry of Education, Medical College of Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Huimin Jiang
- Department of Medical Genetics, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Neurovascular Regulation, Medical College of Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.,2011 Project Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy of Ministry of Education, Medical College of Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Lin Liang
- Department of Medical Genetics, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Neurovascular Regulation, Medical College of Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.,2011 Project Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy of Ministry of Education, Medical College of Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Wen Shi
- Department of Medical Genetics, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Neurovascular Regulation, Medical College of Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.,2011 Project Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy of Ministry of Education, Medical College of Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Quansheng Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Tianjin First Center Hospital, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Peiqing Sun
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Rong Xiang
- Department of Medical Genetics, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Neurovascular Regulation, Medical College of Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.,2011 Project Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy of Ministry of Education, Medical College of Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Department of Medical Genetics, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Neurovascular Regulation, Medical College of Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Shuang Yang
- Department of Medical Genetics, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Neurovascular Regulation, Medical College of Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.,2011 Project Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy of Ministry of Education, Medical College of Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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Hu M, Cui F, Liu F, Wang J, Wei X, Li Y. BMP signaling pathways affect differently migration and invasion of esophageal squamous cancer cells. Int J Oncol 2016; 50:193-202. [DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2016.3802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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22
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Smad6 determines BMP-regulated invasive behaviour of breast cancer cells in a zebrafish xenograft model. Sci Rep 2016; 6:24968. [PMID: 27113436 PMCID: PMC4844967 DOI: 10.1038/srep24968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) family is known to play critical roles in cancer progression. While the dual role of TGF-β is well described, the function of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) is unclear. In this study, we established the involvement of Smad6, a BMP-specific inhibitory Smad, in breast cancer cell invasion. We show that stable overexpression of Smad6 in breast cancer MCF10A M2 cells inhibits BMP signalling, thereby mitigating BMP6-induced suppression of mesenchymal marker expression. Using a zebrafish xenograft model, we demonstrate that overexpression of Smad6 potentiates invasion of MCF10A M2 cells and enhances the aggressiveness of breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells in vivo, whereas a reversed phenotype is observed after Smad6 knockdown. Interestingly, BMP6 pre-treatment of MDA-MB-231 cells induced cluster formation at the invasive site in the zebrafish. BMP6 also stimulated cluster formation of MDA-MB-231 cells co-cultured on Human Microvascular Endothelial Cells (HMEC)-1 in vitro. Electron microscopy illustrated an induction of cell-cell contact by BMP6. The clinical relevance of our findings is highlighted by a correlation of high Smad6 expression with poor distant metastasis free survival in ER-negative cancer patients. Collectively, our data strongly indicates the involvement of Smad6 and BMP signalling in breast cancer cell invasion in vivo.
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Liu L, Tong Q, Liu S, Cui J, Zhang Q, Sun W, Yang S. ZEB1 Upregulates VEGF Expression and Stimulates Angiogenesis in Breast Cancer. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0148774. [PMID: 26882471 PMCID: PMC4755590 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Although zinc finger E-box binding homeobox 1 (ZEB1) has been identified as a key factor in the regulation of breast cancer differentiation and metastasis, its potential role in modulating tumor angiogenesis has not been fully examined. Here, we present the novel finding that conditioned medium derived from ZEB1-expressing MDA-MB-231 cells significantly increased the capillary tube formation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), whereas ZEB1 knockdown by RNA interference had the opposite effect. ZEB1 caused marked upregulation of the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) at both mRNA and protein levels. Pre-incubation of HUVECs with anti-VEGFA neutralized antibody attenuated ZEB1-mediated tube formation of HUVECs. In breast cancer tissues, expression of ZEB1 was positively correlated with those of VEGFA and CD31. At the molecular level, ZEB1 activated VEGFA transcription by increasing SP1 recruitment to its promoter, which was mediated via the activation of PI3K and p38 pathways. Using a nude mouse xenograft model, we demonstrated that elevated expression of ZEB1 promotes in vivo tumorigenesis and angiogenesis in breast cancer. Collectively, we found that ZEB1-expressing breast cancer cells increase VEGFA production and thus stimulate tumor growth and angiogenesis via a paracrine mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingjia Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Neurovascular Regulation, Medical College of Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Qi Tong
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Neurovascular Regulation, Medical College of Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Shuo Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Neurovascular Regulation, Medical College of Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Jianlin Cui
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Neurovascular Regulation, Medical College of Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Quansheng Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Tianjin First Center Hospital, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Wei Sun
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Neurovascular Regulation, Medical College of Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
- * E-mail: (SY); (WS)
| | - Shuang Yang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Neurovascular Regulation, Medical College of Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
- * E-mail: (SY); (WS)
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Zhang S, Wu X, Pan C, Lei C, Dang R, Chen H, Lan X. Identification of novel isoforms of dairy goat EEF1D and their mRNA expression characterization. Gene 2016; 581:14-20. [PMID: 26794801 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2016.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2015] [Revised: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1 delta (EEF1D) gene encodes guanine nucleotide exchange protein eEF1Bδ, which participates in the eukaryotic protein synthesis, and plays important roles in regulating cell cycling and milk production. This study firstly focused on detecting the isoforms of dairy goat EEF1D gene and their mRNA expression characterization. Herein, two novel isoforms, EEF1Da and EEF1Dc, were identified in dairy goat. The entire coding sequences of EEF1Da and EEF1Dc isoforms were 843bp and 267bp in length, respectively. Goat EEF1Da had complete conserved domains of elongation factor 1 (EF1) family, and the evolution of goat EEF1Da isoform was agreed with the evolution of species. Expression pattern analysis of different isoforms revealed relatively ubiquitous expression of EEF1D and EEF1Da. While EEF1Dc only expressed in heart, lung, kidney, adipose and muscle. Combining with the analysis results of cloning, qRT-PCR and bioinformatics, EEF1Da is the major alternative splicing form of EEF1D gene. Interestingly, qRT-PCR result showed that the highest expression of EEF1D was in adipose, which is the major component of mammary. This result was consistent with the early research that EEF1D expressed highly in the mammary, which indicated that EEF1D played a potential key role in regulating adipose development and milk production. All these findings would provide a foundation for the further research of EEF1D gene and development of dairy goat industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sihuan Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China.
| | - Xianfeng Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China.
| | - Chuanying Pan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Chuzhao Lei
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Ruihua Dang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Hong Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Xianyong Lan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China.
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HU FEN, ZHANG YUNFENG, LI MI, ZHAO LINA, CHEN JING, YANG SHUANG, ZHANG XIUJUN. BMP-6 inhibits the metastasis of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells by regulating MMP-1 expression. Oncol Rep 2015; 35:1823-30. [DOI: 10.3892/or.2015.4540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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The integrative epigenomic-transcriptomic landscape of ER positive breast cancer. Clin Epigenetics 2015; 7:126. [PMID: 26664652 PMCID: PMC4673726 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-015-0159-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background While recent integrative analyses of copy number and gene expression data in breast cancer have revealed a complex molecular landscape with multiple subtypes and many oncogenic/tumour suppressor driver events, much less is known about the role of DNA methylation in shaping breast cancer taxonomy and defining driver events. Results Here, we applied a powerful integrative network algorithm to matched DNA methylation and RNA-Seq data for 724 estrogen receptor (ER)-positive (ER+) breast cancers and 111 normal adjacent tissue specimens from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) project, in order to identify putative epigenetic driver events and to explore the resulting molecular taxonomy. This revealed the existence of nine functionally deregulated epigenetic hotspots encompassing a total of 146 genes, which we were able to validate in independent data sets encompassing over 1000 ER+ breast cancers. Integrative clustering of the matched messenger RNA (mRNA) and DNA methylation data over these genes resulted in only two clusters, which correlated very strongly with the luminal-A and luminal B subtypes. Overall, luminal-A and luminal-B breast cancers shared the same epigenetically deregulated hotspots but with luminal-B cancers exhibiting increased aberrant DNA methylation patterns relative to normal tissue. We show that increased levels of DNA methylation and mRNA expression deviation from the normal state define a marker of poor prognosis. Our data further implicates epigenetic silencing of WNT signalling antagonists and bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP) as key events underlying both luminal subtypes but specially of luminal-B breast cancer. Finally, we show that DNA methylation changes within the identified epigenetic interactome hotspots do not exhibit mutually exclusive patterns within the same cancer sample, instead exhibiting coordinated changes within the sample. Conclusions Our results indicate that the integrative DNA methylation and transcriptomic landscape of ER+ breast cancer is surprisingly homogeneous, defining two main subtypes which strongly correlate with luminal-A/B subtype status. In particular, we identify WNT and BMP signalling as key epigenetically deregulated tumour suppressor pathways in luminal ER+ breast cancer, with increased deregulation seen in luminal-B breast cancer. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13148-015-0159-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Ye L, Jiang WG. Bone morphogenetic proteins in tumour associated angiogenesis and implication in cancer therapies. Cancer Lett 2015; 380:586-597. [PMID: 26639195 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2015.10.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Revised: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) belongs to transforming growth factor-β superfamily. To date, more than 20 BMPs have been identified in humans. BMPs play a critical role in embryonic and postnatal development, and also in maintaining homeostasis in different organs and tissues by regulating cell differentiation, proliferation, survival and motility. They play important roles in the development and progression of certain malignancies, including prostate cancer, breast cancer, lung cancer, etc. Recently, more evidence shows that BMPs are also involved in tumour associated angiogenesis. For example BMP can either directly regulate the functions of vascular endothelial cells or indirectly influence the angiogenesis via regulation of angiogenic factors, such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Such crosstalk can also be reflected in the interaction with other angiogenic factors, like hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF). All these factors are involved in the orchestration of the angiogenic process during tumour development and progression. Review of the relevant studies will provide a comprehensive prospective on current understanding and shed light on the corresponding therapeutic opportunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Ye
- Metastasis & Angiogenesis Research Group, Cardiff University-Peking University Cancer Institute, Institute of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK.
| | - Wen G Jiang
- Metastasis & Angiogenesis Research Group, Cardiff University-Peking University Cancer Institute, Institute of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
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28
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Mechanisms of action of bone morphogenetic proteins in cancer. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2015; 27:81-92. [PMID: 26678814 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2015.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) play fundamental roles in embryonic development and control differentiation of a diverse set of cell types. It is therefore of no surprise that the BMPs also contribute to the process of tumourigenesis and regulate cancer progression through various stages. We summarise here key roles of BMP ligands, receptors, their signalling mediators, mainly focusing on proteins of the Smad family, and extracellular antagonists, that contribute to the onset of tumourigenesis and to cancer progression in diverse tissues. Overall, the BMP pathways seem to act as tumour suppressors that maintain physiological tissue homeostasis and which are perturbed in cancer either via genetic mutation or via epigenetic misregulation of key gene components. BMPs also control the self-renewal and fate choices made by stem cells in several tissues. By promoting cell differentiation, including inhibition of the process of epithelial-mesenchymal transition, BMPs contribute to the malignant progression of cancer at advanced stages. It is therefore reasonable that pharmaceutical industries continuously develop biological agents and chemical modulators of BMP signalling with the aim to improve therapeutic regimes against several types of cancer.
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29
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Cheng CW, Hsiao JR, Fan CC, Lo YK, Tzen CY, Wu LW, Fang WY, Cheng AJ, Chen CH, Chang IS, Jiang SS, Chang JY, Lee AYL. Loss of GDF10/BMP3b as a prognostic marker collaborates with TGFBR3 to enhance chemotherapy resistance and epithelial-mesenchymal transition in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Mol Carcinog 2015; 55:499-513. [PMID: 25728212 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Revised: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Growth differentiation factor-10 (GDF10), commonly referred as BMP3b, is a member of the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) superfamily. GDF10/BMP3b has been considered as a tumor suppressor, however, little is known about the molecular mechanism of its roles in tumor suppression in oral cancer. Clinical significance of GDF10 downregulation in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) was evaluated using three independent cohorts of OSCC patients. The molecular mechanisms of GDF10 in the suppression of cell survival, cell migration/invasion and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) were investigated by using oral cancer cell lines. The present study shows that GDF10 is downregulated during oral carcinogenesis, and GDF10 expression is also an independent risk factor for overall survival of OSCC patients. Overexpression of GDF10 attenuates cell proliferation, transformation, migration/invasion, and EMT. GDF10-inhibited EMT is mediated by ERK signaling but not by typical TGF-β signaling. In addition, overexpression of GDF10 promotes DNA damage-induced apoptosis and sensitizes the response to all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) and camptothecin (CPT). Intriguingly, the expression of GDF10 is induced by type III TGF-β receptor (TGFBR3) through TGF-β-SMAD2/3 signaling. Our findings suggest that TGFBR3 is an upstream activator of GDF10 expression and they share the same signaling to inhibit EMT and migration/invasion. These results support that GDF10 acts as a hinge to collaborate with TGFBR3 in the transition of EMT-MET program. Taken together, we illustrated the clinical significance and the molecular mechanisms of tumor-suppressive GDF10 in OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chieh-Wen Cheng
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Jenn-Ren Hsiao
- Department of Otolaryngology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Chen Fan
- Department of Physiology, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Yuanpei University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Kang Lo
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Yuan Tzen
- Department of Pathology, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Li-Wha Wu
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Yu Fang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ann-Joy Cheng
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Hsing Chen
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - I-Shou Chang
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Shih Sheng Jiang
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Jang-Yang Chang
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli, Taiwan.,Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Alan Yueh-Luen Lee
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Yang S, Liu L, Xu P, Yang Z. MKL1 inhibits cell cycle progression through p21 in podocytes. BMC Mol Biol 2015; 16:1. [PMID: 25888165 PMCID: PMC4330937 DOI: 10.1186/s12867-015-0029-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The glomerular podocyte is a highly specialized cell type with the ability to ultrafilter blood and support glomerular capillary pressure. However, little is known about the genetic programs leading to this functionality or the final phenotype. RESULTS In the current study, we found that the expression of a myocardin/MKL family member, MKL1, was significantly upregulated during cell cycle arrest induced by a temperature switch in murine podocyte clone 5 (MPC5) cells. Further investigation demonstrated that overexpression of MKL1 led to inhibition of cell proliferation by decreasing the number of cells in S phase of the cell cycle. In contrast, MKL1 knockdown by RNA interference had the opposite effect, highlighting a potential role of MKL1 in blocking G1/S transition of the cell cycle in MPC5 cells. Additionally, using an RT(2) Profiler PCR Array, p21 was identified as a direct target of MKL1. We further revealed that MKL1 activated p21 transcription by recruitment to the CArG element in its promoter, thus resulting in cell cycle arrest. In addition, the expression of MKL1 is positively correlated with that of p21 in podocytes in postnatal mouse kidney and significantly upregulated during the morphological switch of podocytes from proliferation to differentiation. CONCLUSIONS Our observations demonstrate that MKL1 has physiological roles in the maturation and development of podocytes, and thus its misregulation might lead to glomerular and renal dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Yang
- Medical School, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Neurovascular Regulation, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China.
| | - Lingjia Liu
- Medical School, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Neurovascular Regulation, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China.
| | - Pengjuan Xu
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China.
| | - Zhuo Yang
- Medical School, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Neurovascular Regulation, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China.
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31
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Reza AMMT, Lee S, Shiwani S, Singh NK. KGF and BMP-6 intervene in cellular reprogramming and in mesenchymal-epithelial transition (MET) of 3T3L1 mouse adipose cells. Cell Biol Int 2015; 39:400-10. [PMID: 25492426 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal-epithelial transition (MET) is an inevitable process for cellular reprogramming. MET could be induced by suppressing epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) signaling and activating an epithelial program within the cells. Aiming at MET, we investigated the potential of keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-6 separately for the induction of MET in 3T3L1 mouse adipose cells and to trace the molecular events that probably upregulate during MET induction. KGF successfully induced MET through upregulation of epithelial related genes and transcript expression on 3T3L1 cells. In contrast, BMP-6 plays completely the reverse role through downregulation of all epithelial related genes and transcript expression. In KGF based treatment, seven genes (K8, K18, EpCAM, K5, K14, SMN1 and α-SMA) out of a total of eight genes were significantly (P < 0.05/P < 0.01) upregulated. Immunostaining and immunoblotting also revealed significant (P < 0.05/P < 0.01) expression of several epithelial-specific surface antigens and transcripts. Moreover, Ayoub Shaklar staining (specific to keratin) of KGF treated cells showed formation of keratin (reddish brown color) within cytoplasm of the cells, whereas control and BMP-6 treated cells did not. Conclusively, KGF was observed to have the potential to enhance MET and these clues could be used in future research into cellular reprogramming and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abu M M T Reza
- Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Animal Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do, Republic of Korea
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Sun GG, Wei CD, Jing SW, Hu WN. Interactions between Filamin A and MMP-9 Regulate Proliferation and Invasion in Renal Cell Carcinoma. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2014; 15:3789-95. [DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2014.15.8.3789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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33
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Fang WT, Fan CC, Li SM, Jang TH, Lin HP, Shih NY, Chen CH, Wang TY, Huang SF, Lee AYL, Liu YL, Tsai FY, Huang CT, Yang SJ, Yen LJ, Chuu CP, Chen CY, Hsiung CA, Chang JY, Wang LH, Chang IS, Jiang SS. Downregulation of a putative tumor suppressor BMP4 by SOX2 promotes growth of lung squamous cell carcinoma. Int J Cancer 2014; 135:809-19. [PMID: 24477565 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
SOX2 is a transcription factor essential for self-renewal and pluripotency of embryonic stem cells. Recently, SOX2 was found overexpressed in the majority of the lung squamous cell carcinoma (SQC), in which it acts as a lineage-survival oncogene. However, downstream targets/pathways of SOX2 in lung SQC cells remain to be identified. Here, we show that BMP4 is a downstream target of SOX2 in lung SQC. We found that SOX2-silencing-mediated inhibition of cell growth was accompanied by upregulation of BMP4 mRNA and its protein expression. Meta-analysis with 293 samples and qRT-PCR validation with 73 clinical samples revealed an inversely correlated relationship between levels of SOX2 and BMP4 mRNA, and significantly lower mRNA levels in tumor than in adjacent normal tissues. This was corroborated by immunohistochemistry analysis of 35 lung SQC samples showing lower BMP4 protein expression in tumor tissues. Cell-based experiments including siRNA transfection, growth assay and flow cytometry assay, further combined with a xenograft tumor model in mice, revealed that reactivation of BMP4 signaling could partially account for growth inhibition and cell cycle arrest in lung SQC cells upon silencing SOX2. Finally, chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis and luciferase reporter assay revealed that SOX2 could negatively regulate BMP4 promoter activity, possibly through binding to the promoter located in the first intron region of BMP4. Collectively, our findings suggest that BMP4 could act as a tumor suppressor and its downregulation by elevated SOX2 resulting in enhanced growth of lung SQC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Tsen Fang
- National Institute of Cancer Research, NHRI, Zhunan, Taiwan
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Sun GG, Lu YF, Zhang J, Hu WN. Filamin A regulates MMP-9 expression and suppresses prostate cancer cell migration and invasion. Tumour Biol 2014; 35:3819-26. [PMID: 24390612 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-013-1504-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aims to analyze the expression and clinical significance of Filamin A (FLNA) in prostate carcinoma and the biological effect in its cell line by FLNA overexpression. Immunohistochemistry and Western blot were used to analyze FLNA protein expression in 68 cases of prostate cancer and 37 cases of normal tissues to study the influence of the upregulated expression of FLNA that might be found on PC-3 cell biological effect. In the immunohistochemical analysis, the level of FLNA protein expression was found to be significantly lower in prostate cancer tissue than in normal tissues (P < 0.05). In the Western blot analysis, the relative amount of FLNA protein in prostate cancer tissue was found to be significantly lower than in normal tissues (P < 0.05). The level of FLNA protein expression was not correlated with age and PSA concentration (P > 0.05), but it was correlated with T stages, lymph node metastasis, clinic stage, and Gleason score (P < 0.05). The result of biological function showed that PC-3 cell transfected FLNA had a lower survival fraction, a significant decrease in migration and invasion, and a lower matrix metallopeptidase 9 (MMP-9) protein expression compared with PC-3 cell untransfected FLNA (P < 0.05). FLNA expression decreased in prostate cancer and correlated significantly with T stages, lymph node metastasis, clinic stage, and Gleason score, suggesting that FLNA may play important roles as a negative regulator to prostate cancer PC-3 cell by promoting the degradation of MMP-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- G G Sun
- Department of Chemoradiotherapy, Tangshan People's Hospital, No. 65, Shengli Road, Lunan District, Tangshan, 063000, China
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Stewart PA, Luks J, Roycik MD, Sang QXA, Zhang J. Differentially expressed transcripts and dysregulated signaling pathways and networks in African American breast cancer. PLoS One 2013; 8:e82460. [PMID: 24324792 PMCID: PMC3853650 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
African Americans (AAs) have higher mortality rate from breast cancer than that of Caucasian Americans (CAs) even when socioeconomic factors are accounted for. To better understand the driving biological factors of this health disparity, we performed a comprehensive differential gene expression analysis, including subtype- and stage-specific analysis, using the breast cancer data in the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). In total, 674 unique genes and other transcripts were found differentially expressed between these two populations. The numbers of differentially expressed genes between AA and CA patients increased in each stage of tumor progression: there were 26 in stage I, 161 in stage II, and 223 in stage III. Resistin, a gene that is linked to obesity, insulin resistance, and breast cancer, was expressed more than four times higher in AA tumors. An uncharacterized, long, non-coding RNA, LOC90784, was down-regulated in AA tumors, and its expression was inversely related to cancer stage and was the lowest in triple negative AA breast tumors. Network analysis showed increased expression of a majority of components in p53 and BRCA1 subnetworks in AA breast tumor samples, and members of the aurora B and polo-like kinase signaling pathways were also highly expressed. Higher gene expression diversity was observed in more advanced stage breast tumors suggesting increased genomic instability during tumor progression. Amplified resistin expression may indicate insulin-resistant type II diabetes and obesity are associated with AA breast cancer. Expression of LOC90784 may have a protective effect on breast cancer patients, and its loss, particularly in triple negative breast cancer, could be having detrimental effects. This work helps elucidate molecular mechanisms of breast cancer health disparity and identifies putative biomarkers and therapeutic targets such as resistin, and the aurora B and polo-like kinase signaling pathways for treating AA breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A. Stewart
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States of America
| | - Jennifer Luks
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States of America
| | - Mark D. Roycik
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States of America
| | - Qing-Xiang Amy Sang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States of America
- Institute of Molecular Biophysics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail: (QXS); (JZ)
| | - Jinfeng Zhang
- Department of Statistics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail: (QXS); (JZ)
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An antiproliferative gene FLNA regulates migration and invasion of gastric carcinoma cell in vitro and its clinical significance. Tumour Biol 2013; 35:2641-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-013-1347-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
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Absent expression of FLNA is correlated with poor prognosis of nasopharyngeal cancer. Tumour Biol 2013; 35:2967-74. [PMID: 24218340 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-013-1381-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to analyze the expression, clinical significance of filamin A (FLNA) in nasopharyngeal carcinoma, and the biological effect in its cell line by FLNA overexpression. Immunohistochemistry and western blot were used to analyze FLNA protein expression in 63 cases of nasopharyngeal cancer and 21 cases of normal tissues to study the relationship between FLNA expression and clinical factors. FLNA lentiviral vector and empty vector were respectively transfected into nasopharyngeal cancer CNE2 cell line. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and western blot were used to detect the mRNA level and protein of FLNA. 3-[4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide, migration, and invasion assays were also conducted as to the influence of the upregulated expression of FLNA that might be found on CNE2 cell biological effect. Immunohistochemistry: the level of FLNA protein expression was found to be significantly lower in nasopharyngeal cancer tissue than normal tissues (P < 0.05). Western blot: the relative amount of FLNA protein in nasopharyngeal cancer tissue was found to be significantly lower than in normal tissues (P < 0.05). The level of FLNA protein expression was correlated with T stages, lymph node metastasis, clinic stage, and histological grade (P < 0.05). Loss of FLNA expression correlated significantly with poor overall survival time by Kaplan-Meier analysis (P < 0.05). The result of biological function has shown that CNE2 cell-transfected FLNA had a lower survival fraction, significant decrease in migration and invasion, and lower matrix metallopeptidase 9 (MMP-9) protein expression compared with CNE2 cell-untransfected FLNA (P < 0.05). FLNA expression decreased in nasopharyngeal cancer and correlated significantly lymph node metastasis, clinic stage, histological grade, and poor overall survival, suggesting that FLNA may play important roles as a negative regulator to nasopharyngeal cancer CNE2 cell by promoting degradation of MMP-9.
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Hu F, Wang K, Zhang Y, Gou L, Luo M, Zhang X, Yang S. δEF1 upregulates CDK4 transcription via the E2-box element on the CDK4 promoter. Exp Ther Med 2013; 7:161-164. [PMID: 24348783 PMCID: PMC3861495 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2013.1376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 10/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The zinc finger-homeodomain transcription factor, δ-crystallin enhancer factor 1 (δEF1) has been identified as a regulatory factor involved in the promotion of breast cancer cell proliferation via the downregulation of p21 and the upregulation of cyclin-dependent kinase-2 (CDK2) and CDK4 expression. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation of CDK4 expression by δEF1 have not yet been elucidated. The present study demonstrated that the ectopic expression of δEF1 in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells significantly increased the activity of the CDK4 promoter. Deletion of the E2-box (CACGTG), which is located at position -197/-191 on the human CDK4 promoter, significantly attenuated the activation of CDK4 transcription by δEF1. In addition, a CDK4 promoter-M construct was generated via site-directed mutagenesis of the E2-box on the human CDK4 promoter. Luciferase assay showed that the activation of CDK4 promoter-M activity by δEF1 was markedly decreased compared with the CDK4-promoter-0.4k promoter. Knockdown of δEF1 using RNA interference resulted in the inhibition of CDK4 promoter activity. These observations suggest that δEF1 upregulates CDK4 transcription via the E2-box element on the CDK4 promoter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fen Hu
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei United University, Tangshan, Hebei 063000, P.R. China
| | - Kai Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei United University, Tangshan, Hebei 063000, P.R. China
| | - Yunfeng Zhang
- Department of Life Sciences, Tangshan Normal University, Tangshan, Hebei 063000, P.R. China
| | - Lixia Gou
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei United University, Tangshan, Hebei 063000, P.R. China
| | - Mengmeng Luo
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei United University, Tangshan, Hebei 063000, P.R. China
| | - Xiujun Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei United University, Tangshan, Hebei 063000, P.R. China
| | - Shuang Yang
- Medical College of Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P.R. China
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Hu F, Meng X, Tong Q, Liang L, Xiang R, Zhu T, Yang S. BMP-6 inhibits cell proliferation by targeting microRNA-192 in breast cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2013; 1832:2379-90. [PMID: 24012720 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2013.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Revised: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 08/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Although bone morphogenetic protein-6 (BMP-6) has been identified as a tumor suppressor associated with breast cancer differentiation and metastasis, the potential roles of BMP-6 in regulating cell cycle progression have not been fully examined. In the present study, we provide the novel finding that induction of BMP-6 in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells significantly inhibits cell proliferation by decreasing the number of cells in S phase of the cell cycle, resulting in inhibition of tumorigenesis in a nude mouse xenograft model. Further investigation indicated that BMP-6 up-regulates the expression of microRNA-192 (miR-192) in MDA-MB-231 cells. Elevated expression of miR-192 caused cell growth arrest, which is similar to the effect of BMP-6 induction. Importantly, depletion of endogenous miR-192 by miRNA inhibition significantly attenuated BMP-6-mediated repression of cell cycle progression. In breast cancer tissue, miR-192 expression is significantly down-regulated in tumor samples and positively correlates with the expression of BMP-6, demonstrating the inhibitory effect of BMP-6 on cell proliferation through miR-192 regulation. Additionally, using the RT(2) Profiler PCR Array, retinoblastoma 1 (RB1) was identified as a direct target of the BMP-6/miR-192 pathway in regulating cell proliferation in breast cancer. In conclusion, we have identified an important role for BMP-6/miR-192 signaling in the regulation of cell cycle progression in breast cancer. Furthermore, BMP-6/miR-192 was expressed at low levels in breast cancer specimens, indicating that this pathway might represent a promising therapeutic target for breast cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fen Hu
- Medical College of Nankai University, Tianjin, China; College of Life Sciences, Hebei United University, Tangshan, Hebei, China
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Yuan YL, Wang YM, Liu H, Qin GF, Tang AG, Duan Y. Aberrant expression of E-cadherin in lung tissues of patients with probable lung cancer. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2013; 13:5149-53. [PMID: 23244126 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2012.13.10.5149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study assessed the relationship of E-cadherin mRNA and protein expression with the diagnosis of lung cancer with the aim of providing an auxiliary diagnostic method. METHODS Semi-quantitative nested RT-PCR and western blotting were applied to detect E-cadherin mRNA transcripts and protein, respectively, in 30 cases of diagnostic lung cancer, 30 cases of clinically suspected patients with lung cancer and 30 cases of other disease. Immunohistochemical staining was also used to detect E-cadherin. RESULTS Remarkably decreased levels of relative E-cadherin mRNA value and increased E-cadherin protein negativity were observed in probable lung cancer, when compared with possible lung cancer and others. With a threshold of 1.45, relative E-cadherin mRNA value showed a sensitivity of 90% and a specificity of 83% for the diagnosis of lung cancer. The combination of decreased relative E-cadherin mRNA value and negative E-cadherin protein increased the specificity and sensitivity. CONCLUSION These data suggest that Chinese patients with diagnostic lung cancer have similar decreased levels of relative E-cadherin mRNA and E-cadherin protein value in the lung cancer tissues as in lung cancer patients in other countries. Measurement of relative E-cadherin mRNA and protein values in lung cancer tissues has potential for lung cancer diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Lin Yuan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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41
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Lian WJ, Liu G, Liu YJ, Zhao ZW, Yi T, Zhou HY. Downregulation of BMP6 enhances cell proliferation and chemoresistance via activation of the ERK signaling pathway in breast cancer. Oncol Rep 2013; 30:193-200. [PMID: 23674072 DOI: 10.3892/or.2013.2462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies indicate that bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) 6 is involved in breast cancer development and progression. However, the mechanism underlying the role of BMP6 in breast cancer cell proliferation, differentiation and chemoresistance remains unknown. In this study, we confirmed that BMP6 expression was downregulated in breast cancer tissues compared with the adjacent normal breast tissues. We further demonstrated that the downregulation of BMP6 was correlated with the estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) status, tumor grade and enhanced proliferation (Ki67 proliferation index). In vitro functional experiments showed that the suppression of BMP6 expression by a specific small hairpin (sh)RNA vector led to increased proliferation in the MCF7 breast cancer cell line. Furthermore, knockdown of BMP6 in MCF7 cells enhanced the chemoresistance to doxorubicin by upregulation of mdr-1/P-gp expression and activation of the ERK signaling pathway. Taken together, our data suggest that BMP6 plays a critical role in breast cancer cell aberrant proliferation and chemoresistance and may serve as a novel diagnostic biomarker or therapeutic target for breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Jing Lian
- Department of Human Anatomy, West China School of Preclinical and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
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Guo S, Li Y, Tong Q, Gu F, Zhu T, Fu L, Yang S. δEF1 down-regulates ER-α expression and confers tamoxifen resistance in breast cancer. PLoS One 2012; 7:e52380. [PMID: 23285017 PMCID: PMC3528679 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2012] [Accepted: 11/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistance to tamoxifen therapy represents a major barrier to the successful treatment of breast cancer, where a loss of or reduced ER-α level is considered a primary mechanism. Understanding how ER-α expression is regulated would provide insights into new intervention points to overcome tamoxifen resistance. In this study, we report that the expression of δEF1 is up-regulated by 17β-estradiol (E2) in MCF-7 cells in an ER-α-dependent manner, through either PI3K or NF-κB pathway. Ectopic expression of δEF1 in turn repressed ER-α transcription by binding to the E(2)-box on the ER-α promoter. At the tissue level of breast cancer, there is a strong and inverse correlation between the expression levels of δEF1 and ER-α. In MCF-7 cells, an elevated expression of δEF1 made the cells less sensitive to tamoxifen treatment, whereas overexpression of ER-α compromised the effects of δEF1 and restored the sensitivity. Also, depletion of δEF1 by RNA interference in MDA-MB-231 cells restored the expression of ER-α and tamoxifen sensitivity. In conclusion, we have identified an important role of δEF1 in the development of tamoxifen resistance in breast cancer. Inhibiting δEF1 to restore ER-α expression might represent a potential therapeutic strategy for overcoming endocrine resistance in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaocong Guo
- Medical College of Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yaqing Li
- Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Qi Tong
- Medical College of Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Feng Gu
- Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Tianhui Zhu
- Medical College of Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Li Fu
- Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Shuang Yang
- Medical College of Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- * E-mail:
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Liu Y, Zhang N, Wang Y, Xu M, Liu N, Pang X, Cao J, Ma N, Pang H, Liu L, Zhang H. Zinc finger E-box binding homeobox 1 promotes invasion and bone metastasis of small cell lung cancer in vitro and in vivo. Cancer Sci 2012; 103:1420-8. [PMID: 22632166 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2012.02347.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2011] [Revised: 03/26/2012] [Accepted: 04/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone is one of the most frequent targets of small cell lung cancer (SCLC) metastasis and is closely associated with a poor prognosis, but the specific cellular gene alterations responsible for SCLC with bone metastasis are unclear. Zinc finger E-box binding homeobox 1 (ZEB1) as an E-box transcriptional repressor has been suggested that an important inducer of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and a promoter of tumor metastasis in colon, breast and lung cancers. However, the relationship between ZEB1 and SCLC with bone metastasis is unclear. In this study, ZEB1 was found to be highly expressed in bone-metastatic SCLC tissues and cell lines as compared with those that were non-metastatic (P < 0.05). Using a lentivirus RNA interference technique to knockdown ZEB1 expression in bone-metastatic SCLC cells (SBC-5 cell line), we found that ZEB1 siRNA could inhibit the invasive and migratory ability and decrease parathyroid hormone-related protein expression, as determined by invasion assays and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Besides, ZEB1 siRNA significantly inhibited the bone metastasis of SBC-5 cells in vivo. Furthermore, overexpression of ZEB1 in SBC-3 cells, which demonstrate promoted bone-metastatic potential, dramatically promoted their invasive and migratory ability and parathyroid hormone-related protein expression as well as increased the number and sites of bone metastases in vivo compare to the control group. We also found that SBC-3 cells underwent EMT, as indicated by decreased epithelial markers and increased mesenchymal marker expression. Taken together, these results indicate that ZEB1 promoted the invasive ability and bone metastasis of SCLC cells, and that this was partially mediated via the EMT pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Liu
- Department of Oncology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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Lentivirus-delivered ZEB-1 small interfering RNA inhibits lung adenocarcinoma cell growth in vitro and in vivo. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2012; 138:1329-38. [PMID: 22481253 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-012-1206-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Accepted: 03/14/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To explore the relationship between the expression of ZEB1 gene and the proliferation ability of lung adenocarcinoma cells. METHODS Immunohistochemistry, Western blot and Real-time PCR were used to detect the expression of ZEB1 gene in lung adenocarcinoma tissue and cell lines compared with adjacent noncancerous region and the human lung fibroblast cell HLF cells. The lentivirus RNA interference technique was used to knock down the expression of ZEB1 in lung adenocarcinoma A549 and H1299 cell lines. Cell cycle and cell apoptosis were measured by FCM assay. In vivo, four groups of 4-week-old nude mice were subcutaneously injected with the stably transfected (ZEB-si, scr-si) cells at a single site to investigate the effect of ZEB1-siRNA in the nude mice tumor growth. In situ apoptosis was detection by TUNEL assay. RESULTS ZEB-1 was highly expressed in lung adenocarcinoma tissue and cell lines compared with adjacent noncancerous region and the human lung fibroblast cell HLF cells. ZEB1-siRNA could decrease lung adenocarcinoma cell proliferation by delaying S-phase entry and induce cell apoptosis, which led to the inhibition of the tumorigenicity of A549 and H1299 cell lines. Further investigation showed that injecting the ZEB1-siRNA cells into the nude mice could significantly decrease the tumor growth. CONCLUSION Knockdown of ZEB-1 expression by lentivirus-delivered siRNA may provide a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of lung cancer.
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Alcohol Activates TGF-Beta but Inhibits BMP Receptor-Mediated Smad Signaling and Smad4 Binding to Hepcidin Promoter in the Liver. Int J Hepatol 2012; 2012:459278. [PMID: 22121494 PMCID: PMC3202137 DOI: 10.1155/2012/459278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2011] [Accepted: 08/07/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepcidin, a key regulator of iron metabolism, is activated by bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs). Mice pair-fed with regular and ethanol-containing L. De Carli diets were employed to study the effect of alcohol on BMP signaling and hepcidin transcription in the liver. Alcohol induced steatosis and TGF-beta expression. Liver BMP2, but not BMP4 or BMP6, expression was significantly elevated. Despite increased BMP expression, the BMP receptor, and transcription factors, Smad1 and Smad5, were not activated. In contrast, alcohol stimulated Smad2 phosphorylation. However, Smad4 DNA-binding activity and the binding of Smad4 to hepcidin promoter were attenuated. In summary, alcohol stimulates TGF-beta and BMP2 expression, and Smad2 phosphorylation but inhibits BMP receptor, and Smad1 and Smad5 activation. Smad signaling pathway in the liver may therefore be involved in the regulation of hepcidin transcription and iron metabolism by alcohol. These findings may help to further understand the mechanisms of alcohol and iron-induced liver injury.
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Guo D, Huang J, Gong J. Bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) is required for migration and invasion of breast cancer. Mol Cell Biochem 2011; 363:179-90. [PMID: 22167620 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-011-1170-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2011] [Accepted: 11/23/2011] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Bone-morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) play an important role in development and many cellular processes. However, their functional role in the development and progression of breast cancer is not clearly understood. In the present study, we performed a systematic expression analysis of the 14 types of BMPs in 10 human breast cancer cell lines. We found that bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) was one of the most frequently expressed BMPs. Furthermore, the expression level of BMP4 was maybe correlated with the metastatic potential of the cancer lines. Accordingly, overexpression of BMP4 in the breast cancer cell lines MCF-7 and MBA-MD-231 promoted the migration and invasion phenotypes of the cancer cells, whereas RNAi-mediated knockdown of BMP4 expression inhibited the migration and invasion activities of the cancer cells. To identify the important factors that may mediate the BMP4 functions in breast cancer cells, we analyzed a panel of cancer-related genes, and found that the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) and C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4) sharply increased at both the mRNA and protein levels in the breast cancer cells overexpressing BMP4. Interestingly, when breast cancer cells MDA-MB-231 or MCF-7 were co-cultured with the osteoblast-like cells MG63 to mimic a bone metastasis microenvironment, BMP4 did not exhibit any significant effect on the expression of OPG or RANKL, two important factors in bone remodeling. BMPs antagonists, Noggin, parallel inhibited breast cancer cell migration and invasion and induced bone remodeling. Taken together, our results strongly suggest that BMP4 may promote the migration and invasion of breast cancer cells, at least in part by up-regulating the expressions of MMP-1 and CXCR4. It is conceivable that novel therapeutics for breast cancer may be developed by targeting BMP4 signaling pathway and/or its important downstream mediators in breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Guo
- Department of Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Gyenis L, Duncan JS, Turowec JP, Bretner M, Litchfield DW. Unbiased functional proteomics strategy for protein kinase inhibitor validation and identification of bona fide protein kinase substrates: application to identification of EEF1D as a substrate for CK2. J Proteome Res 2011; 10:4887-901. [PMID: 21936567 PMCID: PMC3208357 DOI: 10.1021/pr2008994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Protein kinases have emerged as attractive targets for treatment of several diseases prompting large-scale phosphoproteomics studies to elucidate their cellular actions and the design of novel inhibitory compounds. Current limitations include extensive reliance on consensus predictions to derive kinase-substrate relationships from phosphoproteomics data and incomplete experimental validation of inhibitors. To overcome these limitations in the case of protein kinase CK2, we employed functional proteomics and chemical genetics to enable identification of physiological CK2 substrates and validation of CK2 inhibitors including TBB and derivatives. By 2D electrophoresis and mass spectrometry, we identified the translational elongation factor EEF1D as a protein exhibiting CK2 inhibitor-dependent decreases in phosphorylation in (32)P-labeled HeLa cells. Direct phosphorylation of EEF1D by CK2 was shown by performing CK2 assays with EEF1D -FLAG from HeLa cells. Dramatic increases in EEF1D phosphorylation following λ-phosphatase treatment and phospho- EEF1D antibody recognizing EEF1D pS162 indicated phosphorylation at the CK2 site in cells. Furthermore, phosphorylation of EEF1D in the presence of TBB or TBBz is restored using CK2 inhibitor-resistant mutants. Collectively, our results demonstrate that EEF1D is a bona fide physiological CK2 substrate for CK2 phosphorylation. Furthermore, this validation strategy could be adaptable to other protein kinases and readily combined with other phosphoproteomic methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laszlo Gyenis
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Western Ontario , London, Ontario, N6A 5C1, Canada
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Hu F, Wang C, Guo S, Sun W, Mi D, Gao Y, Zhang J, Zhu T, Yang S. δEF1 promotes osteolytic metastasis of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells by regulating MMP-1 expression. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2011; 1809:200-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2011.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2010] [Revised: 01/07/2011] [Accepted: 01/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Sun W, Yang S, Shen W, Li H, Gao Y, Zhu TH. Identification of DeltaEF1 as a novel target that is negatively regulated by LMO2 in T-cell leukemia. Eur J Haematol 2010; 85:508-19. [PMID: 20731704 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0609.2010.01519.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The lmo2 gene is a specific oncogene in T-cell leukemia, for its ectopic expression causes both increased pro-T-cell proliferation and differentiation arrest, leading to the onset of leukemia. Notably, DeltaEF1 (also known as ZEB1), a member of zinc finger-homeodomain family transcription factor, also exhibits crucial function in promoting T-cell differentiation. In this study, we found that DeltaEF1 was positively regulated by T-lineage-specific transcriptional regulator GATA3, while ectopically expressed LMO2 targeted to DeltaEF1 promoter by interaction with GATA3 and inhibited DeltaEF1 expression in transcriptional level. Moreover, LMO2 interacted with the N-terminal zinc finger domain of DeltaEF1 protein and inhibited its positive transcriptional regulatory function by this interaction. Taken together, our findings revealed that ectopically expressed LMO2 impaired the function of DeltaEF1 in both transcriptional and protein levels and identified DeltaEF1 as a novel pathogenic target of LMO2 in T-cell leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Sun
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, College of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
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50
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BMP-6 inhibits MMP-9 expression by regulating heme oxygenase-1 in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2010; 137:985-95. [PMID: 21136273 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-010-0963-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2010] [Accepted: 11/16/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE BMP-6, which belongs to the TGF-β superfamily, is a multifunctional molecule with distinct abilities in embryogenesis and organogenesis. Our recent research has implied that BMP-6 may suppress breast cancer metastasis. In the present study, we extended to elucidate the molecular mechanism by which BMP-6 exerts its anti-tumorigenic effect. METHODS The Boyden chamber assay was used to examine the ability of BMP-6 and HO-1 in MCF-7 malignant progress. RT-PCR, western blot, luciferase assay, and quantitative CHIP were used to determine the potential mechanism and signaling pathways by which BMP-6 and HO-1 function as anti-metastatic factors in MCF-7 cells. RESULTS The Boyden chamber assay showed that BMP-6 inhibited the migration and invasion of MCF-7 cells, which effect was significantly deprived by knockdown of HO-1. We further demonstrated that BMP-6 treatment resulted in an activation of HO-1 transcription through the recruitment of Smad1/5 to the Smad-responsive element on its promoter. In addition, BMP-6-induced up-regulation of HO-1 exhibited an inhibitory effect on MMP-9 secretion in a paracrine action in MCF-7 cells. Overexpression of BMP-6 and HO-1 synergistically suppressed MMP-9 transcription, which effect was specifically mediated via the MAPK/p38/AP-1 signaling. However, blockade of HO-1 using ZnPPIX totally abolished BMP-6-regulated MMP-9 activation in MCF-7 cells. CONCLUSIONS These observations suggest a novel role of BMP-6/HO-1 cascade to relieve breast cancer metastasis by regulating the secretion of growth factors in tumor microenvironment.
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