1
|
Obermayr E, Koppensteiner N, Heinzl N, Schuster E, Holzer B, Fabikan H, Weinlinger C, Illini O, Hochmair M, Zeillinger R. Cancer Stem Cell-Like Circulating Tumor Cells Are Prognostic in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. J Pers Med 2021; 11:jpm11111225. [PMID: 34834576 PMCID: PMC8620949 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11111225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite recent advances in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), less than 10% of patients survive the first five years when the disease has already spread at primary diagnosis. Methods: Blood samples were taken from 118 NSCLC patients at primary diagnosis or at progression of the disease before the start of a new treatment line and enriched for circulating tumor cells (CTCs) by microfluidic Parsortix™ (Angle plc, Guildford GU2 7AF, UK) technology. The gene expression of epithelial cancer stem cell (CSC), epithelial to mesenchymal (EMT), and lung-related markers was assessed by qPCR, and the association of each marker with overall survival (OS) was evaluated using log-rank tests. Results: EpCAM was the most prevalent transcript, with 53.7% positive samples at primary diagnosis and 25.6% at recurrence. EpCAM and CK19, as well as NANOG, PROM1, TERT, CDH5, FAM83A, and PTHLH transcripts, were associated with worse OS. However, only the CSC-specific NANOG and PROM1 were related to the outcome both at primary diagnosis (NANOG: HR 3.21, 95%CI 1.02–10.14, p = 0.016; PROM1: HR 4.23, 95% CI 0.65–27.56, p = 0.007) and disease progression (NANOG: HR 4.17, 95%CI 0.72–24.14, p = 0.025; PROM1: HR 4.77, 95% CI 0.29–78.94, p = 0.032). Conclusions: The present study further underlines the relevance of the molecular characterization of CTCs. Our multi-marker analysis highlighted the prognostic value of cancer stem cell-related transcripts at primary diagnosis and disease progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Obermayr
- Molecular Oncology Group, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18–20, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (N.K.); (N.H.); (E.S.); (B.H.); (R.Z.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +43-14-0400-78270
| | - Nina Koppensteiner
- Molecular Oncology Group, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18–20, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (N.K.); (N.H.); (E.S.); (B.H.); (R.Z.)
| | - Nicole Heinzl
- Molecular Oncology Group, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18–20, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (N.K.); (N.H.); (E.S.); (B.H.); (R.Z.)
| | - Eva Schuster
- Molecular Oncology Group, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18–20, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (N.K.); (N.H.); (E.S.); (B.H.); (R.Z.)
| | - Barbara Holzer
- Molecular Oncology Group, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18–20, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (N.K.); (N.H.); (E.S.); (B.H.); (R.Z.)
| | - Hannah Fabikan
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Karl Landsteiner Institute of Lung Research and Pulmonary Oncology, Klinik Floridsdorf, Bruenner Strasse 68, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (H.F.); (C.W.); (O.I.); (M.H.)
| | - Christoph Weinlinger
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Karl Landsteiner Institute of Lung Research and Pulmonary Oncology, Klinik Floridsdorf, Bruenner Strasse 68, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (H.F.); (C.W.); (O.I.); (M.H.)
| | - Oliver Illini
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Karl Landsteiner Institute of Lung Research and Pulmonary Oncology, Klinik Floridsdorf, Bruenner Strasse 68, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (H.F.); (C.W.); (O.I.); (M.H.)
| | - Maximilian Hochmair
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Karl Landsteiner Institute of Lung Research and Pulmonary Oncology, Klinik Floridsdorf, Bruenner Strasse 68, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (H.F.); (C.W.); (O.I.); (M.H.)
| | - Robert Zeillinger
- Molecular Oncology Group, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18–20, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (N.K.); (N.H.); (E.S.); (B.H.); (R.Z.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Meijer SE, Klebanov-Akopyn O, Pavlov V, Laks S, Hazzan D, Nissan A, Zippel D. Detection of Minimal Residual Disease in the Peripheral Blood of Breast Cancer Patients, with a Multi Marker (MGB-1, MGB-2, CK-19 and NY-BR-1) Assay. BREAST CANCER: TARGETS AND THERAPY 2021; 13:617-624. [PMID: 34815711 PMCID: PMC8605792 DOI: 10.2147/bctt.s337075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Minimal residual disease (MRD) refers to micrometastases that are undetectable by conventional means and is a potential source of disease relapse. This study aimed to detect the presence of breast cancer (BC) biomarkers (MGB-1, MGB-2, CK-19, NY-BR-1) using real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of BC patients and the impact of a positive assay on clinical outcome. Patients and Methods Patients in the analysis included females >18 years of age with biopsy-proven carcinoma of the breast. A 10 mL sample of venous blood was obtained from 10 healthy controls and 25 breast cancer patients. Comparisons of peripheral blood markers were made with clinicopathological variables. Results High-quality RNA was extracted from all samples with a mean RNA concentration of 224.8±155.3 ng/µL. Each of the molecular markers examined was highly expressed in the primary breast tumors (n = 3, positive controls) with none of the markers detected in healthy negative controls. The NY-BR-1 marker was expressed in one (4%) patient with metastatic disease with no MGB-1 and MGB-2 detected in any sample derived from the study patients. The CK-19 marker was detected in 16 (64%) of the BC cases. No correlation was found between CK-19 expression and tumor stage (P = 0.07) or nodal status (P = 0.32). No correlation was identified in the BC patients between CK-19 expression and receptor status in the BC primary tumor. Conclusion This study showed high expression of all 4 markers NY-BR-1, MGB-1, MGB-2 and CK-19 in the PBMCs derived from breast cancer patients. CK-19 was detected in 64% of the stage I–III cases operated with curative intent, the only recurrent events occurring in the CK-19-positive cases. Our data confirm the need to enhance techniques for detection of MRD, which may better predict patients at risk for relapse.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suzy E Meijer
- Department of Infectious Disease, Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
- The Surgical Oncology Laboratory, Hadassah-Hebrew University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Olga Klebanov-Akopyn
- The Surgical Oncology Laboratory, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Vera Pavlov
- The Surgical Oncology Laboratory, Hadassah-Hebrew University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
- The Surgical Oncology Laboratory, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Shachar Laks
- Department of General and Oncological Surgery – Surgery C, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - David Hazzan
- Department of General and Oncological Surgery – Surgery C, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Aviram Nissan
- The Surgical Oncology Laboratory, Hadassah-Hebrew University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
- The Surgical Oncology Laboratory, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
- Department of General and Oncological Surgery – Surgery C, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Douglas Zippel
- The Surgical Oncology Laboratory, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
- Department of General and Oncological Surgery – Surgery C, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
- Correspondence: Douglas Zippel Department of General & Oncological Surgery-Surgery C, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, IsraelTel +972-3-530-2714Fax +972-3-5341562 Email
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Soares CD, de Lima Morais TM, Carlos R, Martins MD, de Almeida OP, Mariano FV, Altemani A. Immunohistochemical expression of mammaglobin in salivary duct carcinomas de novo and salivary duct carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma. Hum Pathol 2019; 92:59-66. [PMID: 31400353 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2019.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mammaglobin is expressed in breast and salivary gland secretory carcinomas; however, its expression in salivary duct carcinomas (SDCs) still not well established. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the presence and distribution of mammaglobin immunoexpression in SDC ex-PA in different phases of the adenoma to carcinoma sequence evaluating its possible involvement in carcinogenesis and tumor progression, as well as to determine its expression in SDC de novo. Mammaglobin immunohistochemistry was performed in 84 SG tumors, including 41 pleomorphic adenomas (PA) without malignant transformation, 13 intracapsular SDC ex-PA, 5 frankly invasive SDC ex-PA, 25 SDC de novo and 10 secretory carcinomas. The reactions were qualitatively analyzed and digitally scored. Positive immunostaining for mammaglobin was observed in 37 out of 84 SG tumors evaluated (44.1%), but strong staining was consistently seen only in secretory carcinomas, SDC de novo and frankly invasive SDC ex-PA, while it was weaker in intracapsular SDC ex-PA and PA. In PA, mammaglobin expression was significantly associated with recurrence. This study has confirmed that the mammaglobin is commonly expressed in SDC de novo and secretory carcinomas. Its expression was higher in SDC ex-PA than in PA, suggesting that mammaglobin may play a role in its malignant transformation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ciro Dantas Soares
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Pathology Department, Dental School of Piracicaba, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Thayná Melo de Lima Morais
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Pathology Department, Dental School of Piracicaba, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Roman Carlos
- Pathology Division, Centro Clínico de Cabeza y Cuello/Hospital Herrera Llerandi, Guatemala City, Guatemala
| | - Manoela Domingues Martins
- Department of Pathology, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Oslei Paes de Almeida
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Pathology Department, Dental School of Piracicaba, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Viviane Mariano
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Albina Altemani
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wei XQ, Ma Y, Chen Y, Liu X, Zhao M, Zhou LW. Laparoscopic surgery for early cervical squamous cell carcinoma and its effect on the micrometastasis of cancer cells. Medicine (Baltimore) 2018; 97:e11921. [PMID: 30142804 PMCID: PMC6112876 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000011921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of laparoscopic radical hysterectomy on expressions of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) of cytokeratin 19 (CK19), cytokeratin 20 (CK20), and squamous cell carcinoma antigen (SCC-Ag) mRNA.We collect 78 patients with stage IA2-IIA1 cervical cancer who underwent radical hysterectomy by laparotomy or laparoscopy in our study, and 34 uterine fibroids patients and 32 healthy subjects were recruited as the positive control group and negative control group, respectively. Blood samples were taken from early-stage primary cervical squamous cell carcinoma patients. Real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to amplify peripheral blood CK19, CK20 and SCC-Ag from total RNA. We measured the expression of CK19, CK20, and SCC-Ag before laparoscopic radical hysterectomy, 24 hours and 30 days after surgery. Meanwhile, the expression of these markers was compared between laparoscopic and laparotomy groups.The expressions of CK19, CK20, and SCC-Ag in the experimental group before surgery were (0.0035 ± 0.0018), (1.06 ± 0.49), and (1.48 ± 0.46), respectively, and the positive rates were 32.1%, 33.3%, and 35.9%, respectively. The expression levels of CK19, CK20, and SCC-Ag in the experimental group before surgery was significantly higher than the positive and negative control groups, and there were no significant differences between the positive and negative control groups. The expressions and positive rates of CK19, CK20, and SCC-Ag before laparoscopic radical hysterectomy were significantly lower than the stage at 24 hours after surgery (P < .05), but higher than the stage at 30 days after surgery (P > .05). There were no significant differences in CK19, CK20, and SCC-Ag expressions before surgery, 24 hours and 30 days after surgery between laparoscopic group and laparotomy group (P > .05).Both laparotomy and laparoscopic radical mastectomy tend to increase the expression of CTCs in peripheral blood, and the expressions have no differences between these 2 groups. So, the use of CK19, CK20, and SCC-Ag expression levels from peripheral blood from early stage cervical cancer radical patients before hysterectomy can aid to overcome the lack of radiographic examination and tumor markers measurement, and provide clues for postoperative treatment and prognosis determination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Qun Wei
- Department of Gynecology, The Second People's Hospital of Yunnan Province (Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University), 176 Qingnian Road, Kunming, Yunnan Province
| | - Yuan Ma
- Department of Gynecology, Hospital of Maternal and Child Health of Tangshan, Tangshan, Hebei Province, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Yunnan Tumor Institute, Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University (Tumor Hospital of Yunnan Province), Kunming, Yunnan Province
| | - Xin Liu
- Yunnan Tumor Institute, Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University (Tumor Hospital of Yunnan Province), Kunming, Yunnan Province
| | - Min Zhao
- Yunnan Tumor Institute, Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University (Tumor Hospital of Yunnan Province), Kunming, Yunnan Province
| | - Li-Wen Zhou
- Gansu Provincial Maternity and Child-care Hospital, Lanzhou Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Xue D, Xia T, Wang J, Chong M, Wang S, Zhang C. Role of regulatory T cells and CD8 + T lymphocytes in the dissemination of circulating tumor cells in primary invasive breast cancer. Oncol Lett 2018; 16:3045-3053. [PMID: 30127895 PMCID: PMC6096088 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.8993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) dissemination is involved in tumor metastasis and is an independent prognostic factor in patients with primary and metastatic breast cancer. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) and cluster of differentiation (CD)8+ T lymphocytes are the main types of immune cells in the tumor microenvironment and exert opposite roles on the progression and outcome of breast cancer. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the associations between CTCs and intratumoral/peritumoral Tregs and CD8+ T lymphocytes in breast cancer. Peripheral CTCs were detected by a multi-marker quantitative polymerase chain reaction platform in 167 patients with invasive breast cancer. Intratumoral/peritumoral Tregs and CD8+ T lymphocytes were assessed by immunohistochemistry in 167 patients with invasive breast cancer to establish an association between these cell types and detection of peripheral CTCs. CTCs were detected in 55% of the patients with breast cancer. The prevalence of CTCs was positively associated with the number of intratumoral (P=0.002) and peritumoral Tregs (P=0.045), and the primary tumor size (P=0.012). This result was verified by analyzing intratumoral Tregs (P=0.044) and primary tumor size (P=0.044) with multivariate analysis, which indicated that the CTC-positive rate increased with an increasing number of intratumoral Tregs and a larger tumor size In the multivariate analysis, other variables including menopause, tumor-node-metastasis stage and peritumoral Tregs were not associated with the prevalence of CTCs. The prevalence of CTCs was inversely and weakly associated with the number of peritumoral CD8+ T lymphocytes using the univariate analysis, however this result was not statistically significant (P=0.470). In conclusion, regulatory T cells and CD8+ T lymphocytes may be involved, at least in part, in the CTCs dissemination of breast cancer, whereby Tregs appear to exert the dominant effect. Furthermore, the role of Tregs in the progression of breast cancer may be mediated by suppressing the dissemination of CTCs, which is primarily determined by intratumoral Tregs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Xue
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, P.R. China
| | - Tiansong Xia
- Breast Disease Center, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, P.R. China
| | - Jue Wang
- Breast Disease Center, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, P.R. China
| | - Meihong Chong
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225001, P.R. China
| | - Shui Wang
- Breast Disease Center, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, P.R. China
| | - Chunhui Zhang
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Hu Y, Liu P, Wu D, Jiang Y. Prognostic role of plasma mammaglobin A expression in breast carcinoma patients: a meta-analysis. Onco Targets Ther 2018; 11:3245-3255. [PMID: 29881297 PMCID: PMC5985781 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s156556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammaglobin A expression in peripheral blood (PB) of breast carcinoma patients has been evaluated by various studies, but the findings have been inconsistent. This meta-analysis aimed to clarify the prognostic value of mammaglobin A in the PB of breast carcinoma patients and define its relationships with clinicopathological features. PubMed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library databases were systematically searched for eligible studies through September 26, 2017. A total of 20 studies involving 2,323 patients were analyzed, and the data were independently extracted by two researchers. The combined hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% CI was used to assess the association between survival data and plasma mammaglobin A expression, and odds ratios (ORs) and 95% CIs were used to assess the associations between clinicopathological parameters and plasma mammaglobin A expression. The results indicated that plasma mammaglobin A expression was a predictor of poor prognosis for breast carcinoma patients, with an HR of 2.08 (95% CI=1.48–2.91; P<0.0001) for overall survival. Moreover, plasma mammaglobin A was significantly associated with lymph node metastasis (OR=2.00; 95% CI=1.17–3.45; P=0.01) and advanced tumor stage (OR=3.01; 95% CI=1.57–5.77; P=0.0009) in breast carcinoma patients. However, the results revealed that plasma mammaglobin A was not significantly associated with tumor size (OR=1.29; 95% CI=0.46–3.66; P=0.63), tumor differentiation (OR=0.99; 95% CI=0.63–1.57; P=0.97), menopausal status (OR=0.75; 95% CI=0.48–1.18; P=0.22), estrogen receptor status (OR=0.78; 95% CI=0.44–1.36; P=0.38), progesterone receptor status (OR=0.76; 95% CI=0.57–1.02; P=0.07), or human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 status (OR=1.12; 95% CI=0.78–1.59; P=0.54). In conclusion, the results demonstrate that positive plasma mammaglobin A expression might serve as a biomarker of poor prognosis for breast carcinoma patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Hu
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory of Cancer Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Peipei Liu
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory of Cancer Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Di Wu
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory of Cancer Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Youhong Jiang
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory of Cancer Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Tunca B, Egeli U, Cecener G, Tezcan G, Gokgoz S, Tasdelen I, Bayram N, Tolunay S, Umut G, Demirdogen E, Erturk E, Ak S, Cetintas S, Evrensel T. CK19, CK20, EGFR and HER2 Status of Circulating Tumor Cells in Patients with Breast Cancer. TUMORI JOURNAL 2018; 98:243-51. [DOI: 10.1177/030089161209800211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Aims and background The major cause of death in breast cancer patients is metastasis. Various biomarkers have been used for the early detection of circulating tumor cells in the peripheral blood of breast cancer patients. The aims of the current study were to analyze circulating tumor cells in the blood of breast cancer patients by investigating EGFR, CK19, CK20 and HER2 expression profiles and to evaluate their prognostic importance. Methods CK19, CK20 and EGFR gene expression profiles were evaluated in the blood samples of 84 female patients with primary invasive ductal breast cancer and 20 healthy female volunteers using SYBR green-based real-time qPCR assays. HER2 expression analyses were conducted in 46 patients who had an HER2-positive primary tumor and in 30 healthy women to determine the cutoff level of positivity. Results The positive rates of CK20, EGFR, CK19 and HER2 mRNA expression in the peripheral blood were 28.57% (24/84), 20.23% (17/84), 5.95% (5/84) and 2.17% (1/46), respectively. The high positive ratio of CK20 mRNA expression in the peripheral blood of breast cancer was identified for the first time in the current study. Significant differences were identified in CK20 expression status and several clinical parameters related with aggressiveness of tumors using a binary logistic regression analysis. Higher CK20-positive levels were observed in patients who had lymph node metastasis and advanced-grade primary tumors, which were estrogen receptor-negative. We have demonstrated that CK20 may be a novel biomarker that is useful to identify circulating tumor cells and predict breast cancer progression. Conclusions The results suggest that the investigation of CK20 mRNA with other biomarkers in the peripheral blood of breast cancer patients may be useful to monitor the presence of disseminated tumor cells in the blood circulation and to predict the prognosis of breast cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Berrin Tunca
- Department of Medical Biology, Medical
Faculty, Medical Faculty, Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Unal Egeli
- Department of Medical Biology, Medical
Faculty, Medical Faculty, Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Gulsah Cecener
- Department of Medical Biology, Medical
Faculty, Medical Faculty, Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Gulcin Tezcan
- Department of Medical Biology, Medical
Faculty, Medical Faculty, Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Sehsuvar Gokgoz
- Department of General Surgery, Medical
Faculty, Medical Faculty, Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Ismet Tasdelen
- Department of General Surgery, Medical
Faculty, Medical Faculty, Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Nuran Bayram
- Department of Econometrics, Faculty of
Economics and Administrative, Medical Faculty, Uludag University, Bursa,
Turkey
| | - Sahsine Tolunay
- Department of Pathology, Medical
Faculty, Medical Faculty, Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Gorkem Umut
- Department of Medical Biology, Medical
Faculty, Medical Faculty, Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Elif Demirdogen
- Department of Medical Biology, Medical
Faculty, Medical Faculty, Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Elif Erturk
- Department of Medical Biology, Medical
Faculty, Medical Faculty, Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Secil Ak
- Department of Medical Biology, Medical
Faculty, Medical Faculty, Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Sibel Cetintas
- Department of Radiation Oncology,
Medical Faculty, Medical Faculty, Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Turkkan Evrensel
- Department of Medical Oncology,
Medical Faculty, Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Efficient leukocyte depletion by a novel microfluidic platform enables the molecular detection and characterization of circulating tumor cells. Oncotarget 2017; 9:812-823. [PMID: 29416657 PMCID: PMC5787513 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.22549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
RT-qPCR is a highly sensitive approach to detect rare transcripts, as derived from circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in the blood of cancer patients. However, the presence of unwanted leukocytes often leads to false positive results. Here, we evaluated whether the micro-fluidic Parsortix™ technology is appropriate to remove these leukocytes and thereby finally to improve the overall approach. In this study, we established a workflow including the micro-fluidic Parsortix™ technology for the molecular detection of CTC related transcripts. Background levels of EpCAM, PPIC, TUSC3, and MAL2 were efficiently removed due to an up to 106-fold depletion of leukocytes. The presence of these gene markers was observed in Parsortix™-enriched blood samples from patients with primary and recurrent gynecological cancer (32% and 14%), as well as in 86% of the metastatic breast cancer samples, at a very high specificity. In the ovarian cancer samples, PPIC was the most prominent gene marker, contributing to all positive cases and at least to 70% of the positive cases after pre-amplification of the respective target genes. Expanding the analytical panel up to 29 gene markers further increased the positivity rate (primary gynecological cancer: 95%, recurrent gynecological cancer: 100%, metastatic breast cancer: 92%). The established workflow strongly improved the overall molecular analysis of the target cells by the efficient removal of contaminating cells, and, thereby offers great promise for the molecular characterization of CTCs.
Collapse
|
9
|
Jablonska K, Grzegrzolka J, Podhorska-Okolow M, Stasiolek M, Pula B, Olbromski M, Gomulkiewicz A, Piotrowska A, Rys J, Ambicka A, Ong SH, Zabel M, Dziegiel P. Prolactin-induced protein as a potential therapy response marker of adjuvant chemotherapy in breast cancer patients. Am J Cancer Res 2016; 6:878-893. [PMID: 27293986 PMCID: PMC4889707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Many studies are dedicated to exploring the molecular mechanisms of chemotherapy-resistance in breast cancer (BC). Some of them are focused on searching for candidate genes responsible for this process. The aim of this study was typing the candidate genes associated with the response to standard chemotherapy in the case of invasive ductal carcinoma. Frozen material from 28 biopsies obtained from IDC patients with different responses to chemotherapy were examined using gene expression microarray, Real-Time PCR (RT-PCR) and Western blot (WB). Based on the microarray results, further analysis of candidate gene expression was evaluated in 120 IDC cases by RT-PCR and in 224 IDC cases by immunohistochemistry (IHC). The results were correlated with clinical outcome and molecular subtype of the BC. Gene expression microarray revealed Prolactin-Induced Peptide (PIP) as a single gene differentially expressed in BC therapy responder or non-responder patients (p <0.05). The level of PIP expression was significantly higher in the BC therapy responder group than in the non-responder group at mRNA (p=0.0092) and protein level (p=0.0256). Expression of PIP mRNA was the highest in estrogen receptor positive (ER+) BC cases (p=0.0254) and it was the lowest in triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) (p=0.0336). Higher PIP mRNA expression was characterized by significantly longer disease free survival (DFS, p=0.0093), as well as metastasis free survival (MFS, p=0.0144). Additionally, PIP mRNA and PIP protein expression levels were significantly higher in luminal A than in other molecular subtypes and TNBC. Moreover significantly higher PIP expression was observed in G1, G2 vs. G3 cases (p=0.0027 and p=0.0013, respectively). Microarray analysis characterized PIP gene as a candidate for BC standard chemotherapy response marker. Analysis of clinical data suggests that PIP may be a good prognostic and predictive marker in IDC patients. Higher levels of PIP were related to longer DFS and MFS but not with OS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Jablonska
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Wroclaw Medical UniversityWroclaw, Poland
| | - Jedrzej Grzegrzolka
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Wroclaw Medical UniversityWroclaw, Poland
| | | | - Mariusz Stasiolek
- Department of Neurology, Polish Mother’s Memorial Hospital-Research InstituteLodz, Poland
| | - Bartosz Pula
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Wroclaw Medical UniversityWroclaw, Poland
| | - Mateusz Olbromski
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Wroclaw Medical UniversityWroclaw, Poland
| | | | | | - Janusz Rys
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Centre of Oncology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial InstituteCracow Branch, Cracow, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Ambicka
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Centre of Oncology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial InstituteCracow Branch, Cracow, Poland
| | - Siew Hwa Ong
- Acumen Research Laboratories, National University of SingaporeSingapore
| | - Maciej Zabel
- Department of Histology and EmbryologyPoznan, Poland
| | - Piotr Dziegiel
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Wroclaw Medical UniversityWroclaw, Poland
- Department of Physiotherapy, University School of Physical EducationWroclaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Al Joudi FS. Human mammaglobin in breast cancer: a brief review of its clinical utility. Indian J Med Res 2014; 139:675-85. [PMID: 25027076 PMCID: PMC4140031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Human mammaglobin is a member of the uteroglobin proteins family that has recently been tested as a specific marker for breast cancer. While low levels may be seen in normal breast tissue, expression is increased dramatically in breast cancer and is correlated with higher grade. Detection in blood and body fluids is also correlated with cancer metastasis, and its levels with prognosis. This promises to be a useful screen for early detection of breast cancer, especially in high risk individuals. Mammoglobin has also been used for immunotherapeutic targeting of breast cancer cells. However, there are some controversies regarding its diagnostic efficacy and prognostic value, which warrant further study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fawwaz Shakir Al Joudi
- Royal College of Medicine Perak, University of Kuala Lumpur, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
|
12
|
Cui H, Zhang W, Hu W, Liu K, Wang T, Ma N, Liu X, Liu Y, Jiang Y. Recombinant mammaglobin A adenovirus-infected dendritic cells induce mammaglobin A-specific CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes against breast cancer cells in vitro. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63055. [PMID: 23650543 PMCID: PMC3641140 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2012] [Accepted: 03/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammaglobin A (MGBA) is a novel breast cancer-associated antigen almost exclusively over-expressed in primary and metastatic human breast cancers, making it a potential therapeutic target for breast cancer. The development of dendritic cell (DC)-induced tumor antigen specific CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) may hold promise in cancer immunotherapy. In this study we constructed recombinant replication-defective adenoviral (Ad) vectors encoding MGBA and evaluated their ability to trigger anti-tumor immunity in vitro. DCs were isolated from the human peripheral blood monocyte cells (PBMCs) of two HLA-A33+ healthy female volunteers, and infected with adenovirus carrying MGBA cDNA (Ad-MGBA). After that, the Ad-MGBA-infected DCs were used to stimulate CD8+ CTLs in vitro and the latter was used for co-culture with breast cancer cell lines. The data revealed that infection with Ad-MGBA improved DC maturation and up-regulated the expression of co-stimulatory molecules and the secretion of interleukin-12 (IL-12), but down-regulated interleukin-10 (IL-10) secretion from DCs. Ad-MGBA-infected DC-stimulated CD8+CTLs displayed the highest cytotoxicity towards HLA-A33+/MGBA+ breast cancer MDA-MB-415 cells compared with other CD8+CTL populations, and compared with the cytotoxicity towards HLA-A33−/MGBA+ breast cancer HBL-100 cells and HLA-A33−/MGBA− breast cancer MDA-MB 231 cells. In addition, Ad-MGBA-infected DC-stimulated CD8+ CTLs showed a high level of IFNγ secretion when stimulated with HLA-A33+/MGBA+ breast cancer MDA-MB-415 cells, but not when stimulated with HLA-A33−/MGBA+ HBL-100 and HLA-A33−/MGBA−MDA-MB-231 cells. In addition, killing of CD8+CTLs against breast cancer was in a major histocompability complex (MHC)-limited pattern. Finally, the data also determined the importance of TNF-α in activating DCs and T cells. These data together suggest that MGBA recombinant adenovirus-infected DCs could induce specific anti-tumor immunity against MGBA+ breast cancers, which could provide a novel strategy in the immunotherapy of breast cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huixia Cui
- Cancer Research Institute, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- College of Nursing, Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Wenlu Zhang
- Department of Oncology, The First Hospital of Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Wei Hu
- Cancer Research Institute, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Kun Liu
- College of Nursing, Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Tong Wang
- Cancer Research Institute, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Nan Ma
- Cancer Research Institute, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaohui Liu
- Cancer Research Institute, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yunpeng Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Youhong Jiang
- Cancer Research Institute, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Molecular characterization of circulating tumor cells in patients with ovarian cancer improves their prognostic significance -- a study of the OVCAD consortium. Gynecol Oncol 2012; 128:15-21. [PMID: 23017820 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2012.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2012] [Revised: 09/03/2012] [Accepted: 09/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The study aims at identifying novel markers for circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in patients with epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC), and at evaluating their impact on outcome. METHODS Microarray analysis comparing matched EOC tissues and peripheral blood leucocytes (N=35) was performed to identify novel CTC markers. Gene expression of these novel markers and of EpCAM was analyzed using RT-qPCR in blood samples taken from healthy females (N=39) and from EOC patients (N=216) before primary treatment and six months after adjuvant chemotherapy. All samples were enriched by density gradient centrifugation. CTC positivity was defined by over-expression of at least one gene as compared to the healthy control group. RESULTS CTC were detected in 24.5% of the baseline and 20.4% of the follow-up samples, of which two thirds were identified by overexpression of the cyclophilin C gene (PPIC), and just a few by EpCAM overexpression. The presence of CTCs at baseline correlated with the presence of ascites, sub-optimal debulking, and elevated CA-125 and HE-4 levels, whereas CTC during follow-up occurred more often in older and platinum resistant patients. PPIC positive CTCs during follow-up were significantly more often detected in the platinum resistant than in the platinum sensitive patient group, and indicated poor outcome independent from classical prognostic parameters. CONCLUSIONS Molecular characterization of CTC is superior to a mere CTC enumeration or even be the rationale for CTC diagnostics at all. Ultimately CTC diagnostics may lead to more personalized treatment of EOC, especially in the recurrent situation.
Collapse
|
14
|
Zhao S, Yang H, Zhang M, Zhang D, Liu Y, Liu Y, Song Y, Zhang X, Li H, Ma W, Zhang Q. Circulating Tumor Cells (CTCs) Detected by Triple-Marker EpCAM, CK19, and hMAM RT-PCR and Their Relation to Clinical Outcome in Metastatic Breast Cancer Patients. Cell Biochem Biophys 2012; 65:263-73. [DOI: 10.1007/s12013-012-9426-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
15
|
RADWAN WM, MOUSSA HS, ESSA ES, KANDIL SH, KAMEL AM. Peripheral blood mammaglobin gene expression for diagnosis and prediction of metastasis in breast cancer patients. Asia Pac J Clin Oncol 2012; 9:66-70. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1743-7563.2012.01556.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|
16
|
Ryu DW, Lee CH. Circulating Tumor Cells and Extracellular Nucleic Acids in Breast Cancer. KOSIN MEDICAL JOURNAL 2012. [DOI: 10.7180/kmj.2012.27.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are defined as tumor cells circulating in the peripheral blood of patients, shed from either the primary tumor or from its metastases. The detection of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in the peripheral blood of breast cancer patients may account for the different steps in the biologic progression of the disease. The detection of microscopic disease in patients with breast cancer is imperative to prognosis and can predict the efficacy of targeted treatments. In general, there are two main methods for their detection. These are based on cytometric and nucleic acid manipulation. Both methods generally require an enrichment step to increase sensitivity of the assay. This step is based on either detection of specific surface markers using immuno-selection and/or on morphological features, such as cell size or density. We review the methods of detecting CTCs, their prognostic implications, and opportunities to exploit the properties of CTCs to develop personalized therapy.
Collapse
|
17
|
Chong MH, Zhao Y, Wang J, Zha XM, Liu XA, Ling LJ, Du Q, Wang S. The dynamic change of circulating tumour cells in patients with operable breast cancer before and after chemotherapy based on a multimarker QPCR platform. Br J Cancer 2012; 106:1605-10. [PMID: 22516945 PMCID: PMC3349184 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2012.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The possible presence of early tumour dissemination is the rationale behind the use of systemic adjuvant chemotherapy in patients with operable breast cancer. Circulating tumour cells (CTC) in peripheral blood may represent the possible presence of early tumour dissemination. However, relatively few studies were designed to investigate the relationship between the change of CTC status and the efficacy of adjuvant chemotherapy in operable breast cancer patients. Methods: In a prospective study, we established a multimarker real-time quantitative PCR platform to detect CTC in peripheral blood of breast cancer patients. By using this platform, we detected CTC in peripheral blood of 94 operable breast cancer patients. Control group consisted of 20 patients with benign breast disease and 20 healthy volunteers. For 72 patients who underwent systemic adjuvant chemotherapy, the dynamic CTC status at three different time points (1 day before initiation of chemotherapy, 1 week after three cycles of chemotherapy and 1 week after all cycles of chemotherapy) was observed. Results: Circulating tumour cells were detected in 56% (53 out of 94) of patients with operable breast cancer. The specificity was 95%. Seventy-two patients who received systemic adjuvant chemotherapy were followed up. After three cycles of chemotherapy, 47% (18 out of 38) of patients who were CTC-positive before chemotherapy changed into negative status. In addition, another 5% (2 out of 38) of patients had changed into negative status after all cycles of chemotherapy. Conclusion: Systemic adjuvant chemotherapy had a significant impact on CTC status, and this effect could be observed after three cycles of chemotherapy. Circulating tumour cells detection had the potential to be used to evaluate the efficacy of systemic adjuvant chemotherapy immediately after the chemotherapy was finished in operable breast cancer patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M-h Chong
- Department of Breast Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing 210029, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Ceballos MP, Zumoffen C, Massa E, Cipulli G, Funes CC, Gil AB, Morales C, Tozzini R, Ghersevich S. Detection of mammaglogin A in blood from breast cancer patients, before and after treatment, using a one-tube nested PCR protocol. Association with the absence of tumor estrogen receptors. Clin Biochem 2011; 44:1429-33. [PMID: 21939647 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2011.08.1140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2011] [Revised: 08/11/2011] [Accepted: 08/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A one-tube nested RT-PCR protocol was set up and used to detect mammaglobin A (MGA) expression in blood samples from breast cancer patients. The correlation of MGA detection with prognostic factors was analyzed. DESIGN AND METHODS Total RNA from nucleated blood cells was extracted from 65 breast cancer patients (before surgery and after the treatments) and 18 healthy subjects and used to detect MGA expression by a modified nested RT-PCR. RESULTS MGA expression was detected in 38.4% of patients before surgery, and in 50% and 36.8% of post-treatment samples from patients that expressed MGA or were MGA negative before surgery, respectively. MGA detection was associated with the absence of tumor estrogen receptors (p=0.004). CONCLUSIONS MGA detection by the modified nested RT-PCR is a specific marker for circulating tumor cells in patients with breast carcinoma and a negative prognostic factor for the disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María P Ceballos
- Area of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Biochemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, National University of Rosario, Argentina
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Li G, Zhang J, Jin K, He K, Wang H, Lu H, Teng L. Human mammaglobin: a superior marker for reverse-transcriptase PCR in detecting circulating tumor cells in breast cancer patients. Biomark Med 2011; 5:249-60. [PMID: 21473729 DOI: 10.2217/bmm.11.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most frequent cancer in women in the USA and the second most common cause of death in females who develop cancer. Recently, the detection of circulating tumor cells has emerged as a promising tool for monitoring the progression of clinically occult micrometastases in breast cancer patients. Sensitive molecular techniques, primarily based upon the reverse-transcriptase PCR, using various molecules as markers, have been developed to detect circulating tumor cells. Among those molecules, human mammaglobin mRNA has been found to be the most specific marker for the hematogenous spread of breast cancer cells. In this article, we review the current knowledge regarding the use of reverse-transcriptase PCR for detecting human mammaglobin mRNA as a biomarker for circulating tumor cells in breast cancer patients, and evaluate the clinical implications of human mammaglobin since it was first isolated in 1996.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- GuangLiang Li
- Department of Surgical Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Zhao S, Liu Y, Zhang Q, Li H, Zhang M, Ma W, Zhao W, Wang J, Yang M. The prognostic role of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) detected by RT-PCR in breast cancer: a meta-analysis of published literature. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2011; 130:809-16. [PMID: 21311967 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-011-1379-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2011] [Accepted: 01/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The prognostic significance of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in patients with breast cancer is controversial. We performed a meta-analysis of published literature to assess whether the detection of CTCs in patients diagnosed with primary breast cancer can be used as a prognostic factor. We searched Medline, Science Citation Index, and Embase databases as well as reference lists of relevant articles (including review articles) for studies that assessed the prognostic relevance of tumor cell detection in the peripheral blood (PB). A total of 24 eligible studies with 4,013 cases and 1,333 controls were included. Meta-analyses were performed using a random-effects model, using the hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) as effect measures. The positive detection of CTCs in patients was significantly associated with poor overall survival (OS) (HR = 3.00 [95% CI 2.29-3.94], n = 17, P < 0.0001) and recurrence-free survival (RFS) (HR = 2.67 [95% CI 2.09-3.42], n = 22, P < 0.0001). CTC-positive breast cancers were significantly associated with high histological grade (HR = 1.21 [95% CI 1.09-1.35], n = 34, P < 0.0001), tumor size (>2 cm) (HR = 1.12 [95% CI 1.02-1.22], n = 31, P = 0.01). and nodal status (≥1) (HR = 1.10 [95% CI 1.00-1.21], n = 32, P = 0.037), but cytokeratin-19 (CK-19) mRNA-positive CTCs were not associated with these clinicopathological parameters of breast cancer. Furthermore, the presence of CTCs was not associated with estrogen receptor (ER) negativity, progesterone receptor (PR) negativity, or human epidermal growth factor receptor type 2 (HER2) positivity. Detection of CTCs in the PB indicates poor prognosis in patients with primary breast cancer. Larger clinical studies are required to further evaluate the role of these markers in clinical practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shu Zhao
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Haping Road 150 of Nangang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province 150081, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Lowes LE, Goodale D, Keeney M, Allan AL. Image Cytometry Analysis of Circulating Tumor Cells. Methods Cell Biol 2011; 102:261-90. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-374912-3.00010-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|
22
|
Obermayr E, Sanchez-Cabo F, Tea MKM, Singer CF, Krainer M, Fischer MB, Sehouli J, Reinthaller A, Horvat R, Heinze G, Tong D, Zeillinger R. Assessment of a six gene panel for the molecular detection of circulating tumor cells in the blood of female cancer patients. BMC Cancer 2010; 10:666. [PMID: 21129172 PMCID: PMC3013085 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-10-666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2010] [Accepted: 12/03/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The presence of circulating tumor cells (CTC) in the peripheral blood of cancer patients has been described for various solid tumors and their clinical relevance has been shown. CTC detection based on the analysis of epithelial antigens might be hampered by the genetic heterogeneity of the primary tumor and loss of epithelial antigens. Therefore, we aimed to identify new gene markers for the PCR-based detection of CTC in female cancer patients. Methods Gene expression of 38 cancer cell lines (breast, ovarian, cervical and endometrial) and of 10 peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) samples from healthy female donors was measured using microarray technology (Applied Biosystems). Differentially expressed genes were identified using the maxT test and the 50% one-sided trimmed maxT-test. Confirmatory RT-qPCR was performed for 380 gene targets using the AB TaqMan® Low Density Arrays. Then, 93 gene targets were analyzed using the same RT-qPCR platform in tumor tissues of 126 patients with primary breast, ovarian or endometrial cancer. Finally, blood samples from 26 healthy women and from 125 patients (primary breast, ovarian, cervical, or endometrial cancer, and advanced breast cancer) were analyzed following OncoQuick enrichment and RNA pre-amplification. Likewise, hMAM and EpCAM gene expression was analyzed in the blood of breast and ovarian cancer patients. For each gene, a cut-off threshold value was set at three standard deviations from the mean expression level of the healthy controls to identify potential markers for CTC detection. Results Six genes were over-expressed in blood samples from 81% of patients with advanced and 29% of patients with primary breast cancer. EpCAM gene expression was detected in 19% and 5% of patients, respectively, whereas hMAM gene expression was observed in the advanced group (39%) only. Multimarker analysis using the new six gene panel positively identified 44% of the cervical, 64% of the endometrial and 19% of the ovarian cancer patients. Conclusions The panel of six genes was found superior to EpCAM and hMAM for the detection of circulating tumor cells in the blood of breast cancer, and they may serve as potential markers for CTC derived from endometrial, cervical, and ovarian cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Obermayr
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Liu YH, Xu FP, Liao N, Li L, Zhang GC, Zhuang HG. Reply to Span et al.: Mammaglobin RT-qPCR for breast cancer metastasis detection in sentinel lymph nodes. Cancer Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2010.01716.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
|
24
|
Kowalewska M, Nowak R, Chechlinska M. Implications of cancer-associated systemic inflammation for biomarker studies. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2010; 1806:163-71. [PMID: 20600631 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2010.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2010] [Revised: 06/16/2010] [Accepted: 06/17/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Highly sensitive molecular technologies provide new capacities for cancer biomarker research, but with sensitivity improvements marker specificity is significantly decreased, and too many false-positive results should disqualify the measurement from clinical use. Hence, of the thousands of potential cancer biomarkers only a few have found their way to clinical application. Differentiating false-positive results from true-positive (cancer-specific) results can indeed be difficult, if validation of a marker is performed against inadequate controls. We present examples of accumulating evidence that not only local but also systemic inflammatory reactions are implicated in cancer development and progression and interfere with the molecular image of cancer disease. We analyze several modern strategies of tumor marker discovery, namely, proteomics, metabonomics, studies on circulating tumor cells and circulating free nucleic acids, or their methylation degree, and provide examples of scarce, methodologically correct biomarker studies as opposed to numerous methodologically flawed biomarker studies, that examine cancer patients' samples against those of healthy, inflammation-free persons and present many inflammation-related biomarker alterations in cancer patients as cancer-specific. Inflammation as a cancer-associated condition should always be considered in cancer biomarker studies, and biomarkers should be validated against their expression in inflammatory conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Kowalewska
- Department of Molecular Biology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Centre and Institute of Oncology, Roentgena 5, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Friel AM, Corcoran C, Crown J, O'Driscoll L. Relevance of circulating tumor cells, extracellular nucleic acids, and exosomes in breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2010; 123:613-25. [PMID: 20549336 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-010-0980-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2009] [Accepted: 06/02/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Early detection of cancer is vital to improved overall survival rates. At present, evidence is accumulating for the clinical value of detecting occult tumor cells in peripheral blood, plasma, and serum specimens from cancer patients. Both molecular and cellular approaches, which differ in sensitivity and specificity, have been used for such means. Circulating tumor cells and extracellular nucleic acids have been detected within blood, plasma, and sera of cancer patients. As the presence of malignant tumors are clinically determined and/or confirmed upon biopsy procurement-which in itself may have detrimental effects in terms of stimulating cancer progression/metastases-minimally invasive methods would be highly advantageous to the diagnosis and prognosis of breast cancer and the subsequent tailoring of targeted treatments for individuals, if reliable panels of biomarkers suitable for such an approach exist. Herein, we review the current advances made in the detection of such circulating tumor cells and nucleic acids, with particular emphasis on extracellular nucleic acids, specifically extracellular mRNAs and discuss their clinical relevance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne M Friel
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences & Molecular Therapeutics for Cancer Ireland, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Lönneborg A, Aarøe J, Dumeaux V, Børresen-Dale AL. Found in transcription: gene expression and other novel blood biomarkers for the early detection of breast cancer. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2009; 9:1115-23. [PMID: 19671031 DOI: 10.1586/era.09.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Early detection of a growing breast tumor is of key importance for patient survival. Despite limitations, mammography screening has improved the detection of breast tumors, however many tumors are not detected. This is especially true for younger women and women with high breast density. Novel diagnostic blood biomarkers either generated by the tumor and released into the blood, or generated by nontumor cells as a response to the tumor presence, can now potentially help improve the accuracy of early-stage breast cancer detection. They include multicomponent biomarkers, circulating tumor cells and RNA expression of peripheral blood. These novel biomarkers and their potential use will be presented and discussed in this review, with special emphasis on gene expression-based markers.
Collapse
|
27
|
Ignatiadis M, Georgoulias V, Mavroudis D. Micrometastatic disease in breast cancer: clinical implications. Eur J Cancer 2009; 44:2726-36. [PMID: 19056036 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2008.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2008] [Accepted: 09/23/2008] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The presence of bone marrow disseminated tumour cells (DTCs) was shown to predict poor clinical outcome in early breast cancer. However, peripheral blood is easier to obtain and allows for serial monitoring of minimal residual disease. Towards this aim, circulating tumour cells (CTCs) in the blood are detected using either direct methods, mainly antibody-based assays (immunocytochemistry, immunofluorescence and flow cytometry), or indirect methods, mainly nucleic acid-based assays (detection of mRNA transcripts by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, RT-PCR). The detection of CTCs using RT-PCR for CK19 was shown to be an independent prognostic factor in women with early breast cancer. Furthermore, considerable progress has been accomplished in genotyping, phenotyping and profiling micrometastatic cells. The challenge now is to integrate minimal residual disease as a prognostic and predictive tool in the management of breast cancer. This requires the standardisation of micrometastatic cell detection and characterisation, which will allow the incorporation of CTCs/DTCs into prospective clinical trials testing their clinical utility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michail Ignatiadis
- Department of Medical Oncology, Jules Bordet Institute, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
A small subgroup of operable breast cancer patients with poor prognosis identified by quantitative real-time RT-PCR detection of mammaglobin A and trefoil factor 1 mRNA expression in bone marrow. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2008; 116:329-38. [DOI: 10.1007/s10549-008-0204-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2008] [Accepted: 09/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
29
|
Molecular detection of human mammaglobin in cerebrospinal fluid from breast cancer patient with leptomeningeal carcinomatosis. J Neurooncol 2008; 91:295-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s11060-008-9711-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2008] [Accepted: 09/24/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
30
|
Riethdorf S, Wikman H, Pantel K. Review: Biological relevance of disseminated tumor cells in cancer patients. Int J Cancer 2008; 123:1991-2006. [PMID: 18712708 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.23825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The prognosis of cancer patients is largely determined by the occurrence of distant metastases. In patients with primary tumors, this relapse is mainly due to clinically occult micrometastasis present in secondary organs at primary diagnosis but not detectable even with high resolution imaging procedures. Sensitive and specific immunocytochemical and molecular assays enable the detection and characterization of disseminated tumor cells (DTC) at the single cell level in bone marrow (BM) as the common homing site of DTC and circulating tumor cells (CTC) in peripheral blood. Because of the high variability of results in DTC and CTC detection, there is an urgent need for standardized methods. In this review, we will focus on BM and present currently available methods for the detection and characterization of DTC. Furthermore, we will discuss data on the biology of DTC and the clinical relevance of DTC detection. While the prognostic impact of DTC in BM has clearly been shown for primary breast cancer patients, less is known about the clinical relevance of DTC in patients with other carcinomas. Current findings suggest that DTC are capable to survive chemotherapy and persist in a dormant nonproliferating state over years. To what extent these DTC have stem cell properties is subject of ongoing investigations. Further characterization is required to understand the biology of DTC and to identify new targets for improved risk prevention and tailoring of therapy. Our review will focus on breast, colon, lung, and prostate cancer as the main tumor entities in Europe and the United States.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Riethdorf
- Institute of Tumor Biology, Center of Experimental Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Detection of human mammaglobin mRNA in serial peripheral blood samples from patients with non-metastatic breast cancer is not predictive of disease recurrence. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2008; 114:223-32. [DOI: 10.1007/s10549-008-0002-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2008] [Accepted: 04/01/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|