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Pierce M, Huang Y, Lin A, Franco Nitta C, Kuksin D, Lin B, Chan LLY. A Multiplex Assay to Simultaneously Monitor Apoptosis and Necrosis Using the Cellaca® PLX Image Cytometer. J Fluoresc 2024:10.1007/s10895-024-03590-3. [PMID: 38294633 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-024-03590-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Apoptosis is the programmed cell death pathway that is critical for maintaining homeostasis, in which cancer cells can evade to ensure survival. For pharmaceutical drug discovery, it is important to characterize and compare different cancer therapeutics (i.e., small molecules, antibody drugs, cell therapies) that can initiate the process of apoptosis, enabling the identification of potential therapeutic candidates. In this work, we developed and demonstrated a multiplex detection method for monitoring apoptosis and necrosis with Annexin V, Caspase-3, and Propidium Iodide (PI) using the Cellaca® PLX Image Cytometer (Revvity Health Sciences, Inc., Lawrence, MA). First, apoptosis was induced in Jurkat and K562 cell lines with staurosporine over the course of 24 h, where apoptosis and necrosis were assessed at 0, 1, 1.5, 2, 4, 20, and 24 h timepoints. Samples were stained with Hoechst 33342 (total dye), Annexin V-APC (early-stage apoptosis), Caspase-3 488 (late-stage apoptosis), and PI (necrosis) at each timepoint and evaluated using image cytometry. Results showed that apoptotic factors and cascades were successfully detected along the pathway from early- to late-stage apoptosis, and ultimately necrosis. A clear trend was observed analyzing apoptotic and necrotic populations during the first 1.5 h, showing differences of up to ~15% in single Annexin V+ and Caspase-3+ populations in treated Jurkat cells, however, a significant increase in double positive apoptotic/necrotic cells for Annexin V+PI+ and Capase-3+PI+ was not observed until 20 h. Upon further analysis between apoptotic populations only, Annexin V+ only populations were higher than Caspase-3+ only populations by up to ~20% between 0 and 1.5 h. Conversely, K562 cells did not exhibit a notable change in apoptotic and necrotic populations due to low sensitivity to staurosporine. The proposed image cytometric detection method may provide an effective and efficient tool for rapid and reliable simultaneous detection of early- late-stage apoptosis, and necrosis. Therefore, allowing researchers to better characterize and screen potential cancer therapeutic drug candidates for their treatment efficacy in a higher throughput manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mackenzie Pierce
- Department of Advanced Technology R&D, Revvity Health Sciences, Inc., 360 Merrimack St., Suite 200, Lawrence, MA, 01843, USA
| | - Yongyang Huang
- Department of Advanced Technology R&D, Revvity Health Sciences, Inc., 360 Merrimack St., Suite 200, Lawrence, MA, 01843, USA
| | - Allen Lin
- Department of Advanced Technology R&D, Revvity Health Sciences, Inc., 360 Merrimack St., Suite 200, Lawrence, MA, 01843, USA
| | - Carolina Franco Nitta
- Department of Advanced Technology R&D, Revvity Health Sciences, Inc., 360 Merrimack St., Suite 200, Lawrence, MA, 01843, USA
| | - Dmitry Kuksin
- Department of Advanced Technology R&D, Revvity Health Sciences, Inc., 360 Merrimack St., Suite 200, Lawrence, MA, 01843, USA
| | - Bo Lin
- Department of Advanced Technology R&D, Revvity Health Sciences, Inc., 360 Merrimack St., Suite 200, Lawrence, MA, 01843, USA
| | - Leo Li-Ying Chan
- Department of Advanced Technology R&D, Revvity Health Sciences, Inc., 360 Merrimack St., Suite 200, Lawrence, MA, 01843, USA.
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Contreras-Ochoa CO, Bahena-Román M, López-Díaz LY, Lagunas-Martínez A, Mojica-Cardoso C, Manzo-Merino J, Torres-Poveda K, Madrid-Marina V. Fas and Fas ligand are highly expressed in lymphocytes from cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and cervical cancer patients: A possible role for immune escaping. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2022; 25:383-389. [PMID: 35656191 PMCID: PMC9148406 DOI: 10.22038/ijbms.2022.61808.13678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Objectives Infection with high-risk human papillomavirus is required to develop cervical cancer. Some viruses modulate the Fas/FasL signaling to evade the immune response; the role of these molecules in cervical cancer is not clear. In this study, we measured the expression levels of Fas and FasL mRNA, soluble proteins, and cell surface proteins in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with low- and high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions and cervical cancer in relation to healthy women, to gain new insights into the role of Fas/FasL in cervical cancer development. Materials and Methods Fas/FasL mRNA expression was measured in cervical tissues and peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients and healthy subjects; serum soluble proteins Fas/FasL were measured by ELISA, and cell-surface protein expression was detected by flow cytometry. Results Varying expression levels were found for both molecules. Cervical Fas and FasL mRNA expression was decreased in low- and high-grade lesions, but it was increased in cervical cancer cases. While, systemic Fas mRNA expression increased as malignity progressed; systemic FasL mRNA expression was increased in low- and high-grade lesions, but it was decreased in cancer patients. Soluble FasL levels decreased as lesions progressed, while soluble Fas levels increased. Finally, overexpression of Fas/FasL on the surface of peripheral blood mononuclear cells was found in patients with low-grade lesion with respect to healthy donors. Conclusion Fas and FasL act as negative modulators of the immune response, probably by removing specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes against papillomavirus -infected cells and tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla O. Contreras-Ochoa
- Centro de Investigación sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública. Av. Universidad 655, Col. Santa María Ahuacatitlán, Cuernavaca, Mor., México
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Margarita Bahena-Román
- Centro de Investigación sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública. Av. Universidad 655, Col. Santa María Ahuacatitlán, Cuernavaca, Mor., México
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Luz Yvette López-Díaz
- Centro de Investigación sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública. Av. Universidad 655, Col. Santa María Ahuacatitlán, Cuernavaca, Mor., México
| | - Alfredo Lagunas-Martínez
- Centro de Investigación sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública. Av. Universidad 655, Col. Santa María Ahuacatitlán, Cuernavaca, Mor., México
| | - Carlos Mojica-Cardoso
- Laboratorio de Patología, Hospital del Niño Morelense. Av. de la Salud 1, Col. Benito Juárez, Emiliano Zapata, Morelos, México
| | - Joaquín Manzo-Merino
- Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACyT)-Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, San Fernando 22, Col. Sección XVI, Tlalpan, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Kirvis Torres-Poveda
- Centro de Investigación sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública. Av. Universidad 655, Col. Santa María Ahuacatitlán, Cuernavaca, Mor., México
- Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACyT)-Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Vicente Madrid-Marina
- Centro de Investigación sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública. Av. Universidad 655, Col. Santa María Ahuacatitlán, Cuernavaca, Mor., México
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Agnihotri SK, Kumar B, Jain A, Anjali A, Negi MPS, Sachan R, Bhatt MLB, Tripathi RK, Sachdev M. Clinical Significance of Circulating Serum Levels of sCD95 and TNF-α in Cytoprotection of Cervical Cancer. Rep Biochem Mol Biol 2022; 10:711-721. [PMID: 35291617 PMCID: PMC8903371 DOI: 10.52547/rbmb.10.4.711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study correlates the serum levels of sCD95 & TNF-α with a simple cell-based assay to evaluate the capacity of the serum sample to induce apoptosis in Jurkat cells. Interlinking of these parameters can be explored to design a minimum invasive diagnostic strategy for cervical cancer (CC). METHODS Sera samples were assessed to induce apoptosis in Jurkat cells through FACS. Serum levels of sCD95 and TNF-α were measured by ELISA. JNK phosphorylation was evaluated in sera incubated Jurkat cells. Data was scrutinized through statistical analysis. RESULTS Significantly higher serum levels of sCD95 and lower TNF-α levels were observed in CC patients; their sera samples inhibited induction of apoptosis in Jurkat cells through reduced JNK phosphorylation. Statistical analysis linked these three parameters for the early screening of CC. CONCLUSION Distinct sera levels of sCD95 & TNF-α in CC patients showed an anti-apoptotic effect, which can be considered for early detection of CC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Kumar Agnihotri
- Department of Radiotherapy, King George’s Medical University, Lucknow 226 003, India.
- Division of Endocrinology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226 031, India.
- The first and the second authors contributed equally to this work.
| | - Balawant Kumar
- Division of Toxicology & Experimental Medicine, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226 031, India.
- The first and the second authors contributed equally to this work.
| | - Ankita Jain
- Division of Endocrinology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226 031, India.
| | - Anjali Anjali
- Division of Toxicology & Experimental Medicine, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226 031, India.
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, King George’s Medical University, Lucknow 226 003, India.
| | - Mahendra Pal Singh Negi
- Division of Toxicology & Experimental Medicine, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226 031, India.
| | - Rekha Sachan
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, King George’s Medical University, Lucknow 226 003, India.
| | | | - Raj Kamal Tripathi
- Division of Toxicology & Experimental Medicine, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226 031, India.
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, King George’s Medical University, Lucknow 226 003, India.
| | - Monika Sachdev
- Division of Endocrinology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226 031, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201 002, India.
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Seok AE, Son BK, Lee J, Chung KH, Lee YR, Kim D, Cha BH, Kang HG. Screening of Sera from Patients with Pancreatitis by an Apoptosis Assay of Skin-derived Cells. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY 2019; 74:219-226. [PMID: 31650798 DOI: 10.4166/kjg.2019.74.4.219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Background/Aims An excessive inflammatory response is typical in acute pancreatitis and a significant cause of early mortality in severe acute pancreatitis. This is believed to be caused by inflammatory molecules or upregulated cytokine levels in the serum of patients. The aim of this study was to identify the serum-mediated apoptosis-inducing effects in acute pancreatitis patients. Methods A skin tissue-derived cell line, BJ, was treated for 24 hours with the sera of 22 healthy volunteers (control) and 71 acute pancreatitis patients (22 with gallstone pancreatitis, 16 with alcoholic pancreatitis, and 11 with pancreatitis with other causes) collected at the time of hospital admission (active) and discharge (resolved). Apoptosis was analyzed by flow cytometry. Results The average percentage of living cells, early apoptotic cells, and late apoptotic cells ranged from 78.8% to 85.0%, 5.5% to 7.3%, and 7.7% to 13.1%, respectively. The number of live cells increased significantly using the serum from the resolved state of gallstone-induced pancreatitis. In addition, the number of early apoptotic cells increased significantly using the serum from the resolved state of pancreatitis with other causes. The number of late apoptotic cells decreased significantly with the serum from the resolved state compared to the active state of gallstone- and alcohol-induced pancreatitis. Conclusions Serum samples from patients with pancreatitis induced a change in the apoptosis profiles of skin-derived cells. These results indicate changes in the serum components in patients with acute pancreatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ae Eun Seok
- Department of Senior Healthcare, BK21 Plus Program, Graduate School, Eulji University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Byoung Kwan Son
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Eulji University Eulji Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jiyeong Lee
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Health Sciences, Eulji University, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Kwang Hyun Chung
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Eulji University Eulji Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - You-Rim Lee
- Department of Senior Healthcare, BK21 Plus Program, Graduate School, Eulji University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Doojin Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seongnam Central Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Byung Heun Cha
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Health Sciences, Eulji University, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Hee-Gyoo Kang
- Department of Senior Healthcare, BK21 Plus Program, Graduate School, Eulji University, Daejeon, Korea.,Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Health Sciences, Eulji University, Seongnam, Korea
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Proapoptotic CD95L levels in normal human serum and sera of breast cancer patients. Tumour Biol 2015; 36:3669-78. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-014-3005-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
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Zhao L, Tyrrell DL. Myeloid dendritic cells can kill T cells during chronic hepatitis C virus infection. Viral Immunol 2013; 26:25-39. [PMID: 23374153 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2012.0058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Myeloid dendritic cells (mDCs) are the most potent professional antigen-presenting cells that regulate specific T-cell responses. Here we studied the ability of mDCs to kill T cells during HCV infection. We found that mDCs from chronic hepatitis C (CHC) patients expressed upregulated levels of two inhibitory ligands, Fas ligand and the ligand 2 of PD-1 (PD-L2), compared to healthy mDCs. However, their expression of the ligand 1 of PD-1 (PD-L1), tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL), and B lymphocyte stimulator (BLyS) on the cell surface was comparable to healthy mDCs. CHC patient mDCs had cytotoxic effects on autologous patient T cells and allogeneic healthy T cells. CHC patient T cells had increased expression of PD-1 compared to healthy T cells. These results indicate that the cytotoxic activity of mDCs is upregulated to kill T cells during chronic HCV infection, which represents a novel mechanism of HCV immune evasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhao
- Li KaShing Institute of Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
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Marín LA, Moya-Quiles MR, Miras M, Minguela A, Bermejo J, Ramírez P, García-Alonso AM, Parrilla P, Alvarez-López MR, Muro M. Evolution of soluble forms of CD86, CD95 and CD95L molecules in liver transplant recipients. Transpl Immunol 2011; 26:94-100. [PMID: 22182632 DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2011.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2011] [Revised: 11/17/2011] [Accepted: 12/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Co-stimulatory factors such as CD86 and apoptotic molecules such as CD95 and CD95L required to start and to turn off the allogenic immune response may also be present as soluble proteins. To determine the role of the soluble forms of CD86 (sCD86), CD95 (sCD95) and CD95L (sCD95L) in the outcome of liver transplants, we analyzed the circulating levels of these molecules in patients subjected to liver transplantation in the pre-operative period and during the first month post-transplantation. Serum samples were obtained from sixty-nine first orthotopic liver transplants (OLT). The patients were classified into acute rejection (AR=24) and not acute rejection (NAR=45), or considering the presence of chronic active hepatitis B or C (VP=30) or other primary liver diseases (VN=39). The levels of sCD86, sCD95 and sCD95L were analyzed by solid phase sandwich enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assays. Our results first showed that the pre-transplantation serum levels of sCD86 in the AR group were significantly higher than in the NAR group (1007±82U/mL vs. 739±46U/mL, p=0.006), and in the post-transplantation period these levels decreased sharply. Second, the levels of sCD95L and sCD95 in the pre-transplantation period did not point to statistically significant differences between the AR and NAR groups. Considering primary liver disease, the pre-transplantation levels of sCD86 and sCD95L in the VP group were significantly higher than those of the VN group (VP, 977±69U/mL vs. VN, 722±51U/mL, p<0.002, and VP, 482±78pg/mL vs. VN, 221±31pg/mL, p=0.002, respectively). Multivariate analysis revealed that only the pre-transplantation levels of sCD86 were independently associated with the development of episodes of acute rejection (p=0.005, OR=2.1, IC 95%=1.27-3.47). In conclusion, the present work shows that primary liver disease could influence the pre-transplantation levels of sCD86 and sCD95L. High pre-transplantation serum levels of sCD86 could favor the development of episodes of acute rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Marín
- Immunology Service, University Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain.
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Tarr JM, Winyard PG, Ryan B, Harries LW, Haigh R, Viner N, Eggleton P. Extracellular calreticulin is present in the joints of patients with rheumatoid arthritis and inhibits FasL (CD95L)-mediated apoptosis of T cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 62:2919-29. [PMID: 20533543 DOI: 10.1002/art.27602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The binding of FasL (CD95L) to its receptor, Fas (CD95), induces apoptosis. Studies have shown that in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), T lymphocytes are resistant to FasL-induced apoptosis in vivo but are susceptible to FasL-induced apoptosis in vitro. Dysfunction in this mechanism may be an important contributor to the pathophysiology of RA. Thus, the present study was undertaken to determine which factors might inhibit FasL-Fas binding in vivo and those that would inhibit apoptosis of T lymphocytes in an in vitro model system. METHODS Human Jurkat T cells rendered apoptotic by FasL exposure were analyzed by flow cytometry. Necrosis was determined according to measurement of lactate dehydrogenase release. Quantification of calreticulin in plasma and synovial fluid and of calreticulin-FasL binding was performed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Measurement of nitrite/nitrate in the plasma and synovial fluid was carried out by chemiluminescence assay. RESULTS Extracellular calreticulin was present at a significantly higher concentration in the plasma (median 10.3 ng/ml, interquartile range [IQR] 14.8 ng/ml) and synovial fluid (median 10.3 ng/ml, IQR 12.0 ng/ml) of RA patients (each P < 0.05) compared with the plasma (median 3.1 ng/ml, IQR 1.3 ng/ml) and synovial fluid (median 2.9 ng/ml, IQR 0.9 ng/ml) of patients with psoriatic arthritis and the plasma of healthy control subjects (median 2.9 ng/ml, IQR 0.9 ng/ml). Calreticulin concentrations in the synovial fluid correlated with the tender and swollen joint counts and the activity scores on the 28-joint Disease Activity Score assessment. Calreticulin also bound directly to FasL. In vitro, calreticulin (2-16 ng/ml) inhibited FasL-induced apoptosis of Jurkat T cells. CONCLUSION Calreticulin was present at higher concentrations in the plasma and synovial fluid of RA patients. Calreticulin had the capacity to bind directly to FasL and to inhibit FasL-mediated apoptosis of Jurkat T cells, and thus might play a role in inhibiting apoptosis of inflammatory T cells in RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna M Tarr
- Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry, and University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
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Estrogen plus progestin treatment: effect of different progestin components on serum markers of apoptosis in healthy postmenopausal women. Fertil Steril 2010; 94:2399-401. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2010.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2009] [Revised: 03/25/2010] [Accepted: 04/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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