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MAPK Pathways in Ocular Pathophysiology: Potential Therapeutic Drugs and Challenges. Cells 2023; 12:cells12040617. [PMID: 36831285 PMCID: PMC9954064 DOI: 10.3390/cells12040617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways represent ubiquitous cellular signal transduction pathways that regulate all aspects of life and are frequently altered in disease. Once activated through phosphorylation, these MAPKs in turn phosphorylate and activate transcription factors present either in the cytoplasm or in the nucleus, leading to the expression of target genes and, as a consequence, they elicit various biological responses. The aim of this work is to provide a comprehensive review focusing on the roles of MAPK signaling pathways in ocular pathophysiology and the potential to influence these for the treatment of eye diseases. We summarize the current knowledge of identified MAPK-targeting compounds in the context of ocular diseases such as macular degeneration, cataract, glaucoma and keratopathy, but also in rare ocular diseases where the cell differentiation, proliferation or migration are defective. Potential therapeutic interventions are also discussed. Additionally, we discuss challenges in overcoming the reported eye toxicity of some MAPK inhibitors.
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Network Pharmacology-Based Strategy to Reveal the Mechanism of Cassiae Semen against Cataracts. COMPUTATIONAL AND MATHEMATICAL METHODS IN MEDICINE 2022; 2022:5654120. [PMID: 35860180 PMCID: PMC9293494 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5654120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Cassiae semen (CS) is one of the most well-known herbs used in the treatment of cataracts in China. However, the potential mechanisms of its anticataract effects have not been fully explored. In this study, network pharmacology was used to investigate the potential mechanism underlying the actions of CS against cataracts, and molecular docking was performed to analyze the binding activity of proteins and compounds. qPCR was performed to detect the mRNA level of genes, and the cell apoptotic rate was measured using flow cytometry. We identified 13 active compounds from CS and 105 targets, as well as 238 cataract-related targets. PPI networks were constructed, and fifty key targets were obtained. These key targets were enriched in the regulation of transcription, apoptotic process, and signal transduction pathways. Molecular docking demonstrated that the compounds of CS exhibited good affinity to some critical targets. Furthermore, CS prevented the apoptosis of human lens epithelial cells induced by UVB lights by decreasing the gene expression of CASP3, ESR1, and TP53 and increasing the CRYAB gene expression. The present study attempted to explain the mechanisms for the effects of CS in the prevention and treatment of cataracts and provided an effective strategy to investigate active ingredients from natural medicines. Further studies are required to verify these findings via in vivo and in vitro experiments.
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Christou EE, Zafeiropoulos P, Rallis D, Baltogianni M, Asproudis C, Stefaniotou M, Giapros V, Asproudis I. A Narrative Review of the Ocular Manifestations in Noonan Syndrome. Semin Ophthalmol 2021; 37:215-221. [PMID: 34280068 DOI: 10.1080/08820538.2021.1955134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this review is to provide an update on ophthalmological manifestations of Noonan Syndrome (NS). Emerging evidence has suggested that NS patients may present with a wide spectrum of ocular characteristics. Detailed investigation of genotype has revealed the diversity of related gene mutations. The potential association of genetic basis with clinical expressivity of phenotype remains a challenging aspect of this issue. METHODS A literature search was performed in PubMed; we have analyzed prospective and retrospective cohort studies, case reports, and reference lists of retrieved articles until February 2021. We identified all papers referring to NS ocular manifestations referring to genotype and phenotype characteristics. RESULTS A comprehensive update on ocular manifestations of NS patients indicates significant evidence for variability of genotype and phenotype features. Ophthalmologic features of NS are characterized by a wide spectrum of abnormalities; external ocular malformations, distortions of refraction, alignment, motilily, anterior and posterior ocular segment and visual impairment. Currently, a variety of pathogenic mutations in patients with NS have been investigated, while the nature of the genetic variants may determine expressivity. Albeit it remains a clinical diagnosis with variation in the progress of each NS phenotype. Although the available evidence that is needed to establish genotype-phenotype correlation as predicting factor in clinical practice is limited, it could aid risk assessment and patient management. CONCLUSION A review of the existing literature sheds light on the ocular characteristics of NS. The current article discusses notable aspects of key publications on the topic, highlights the importance of the potential genotype-phenotype correlation in clinical practice, and proposes the need for further future research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Dimitrios Rallis
- Faculty of Medicine, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Maria Baltogianni
- Faculty of Medicine, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Christoforos Asproudis
- Faculty of Medicine, University Ophthalmology Clinic, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Maria Stefaniotou
- Faculty of Medicine, University Ophthalmology Clinic, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Vasileios Giapros
- Faculty of Medicine, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Ioannis Asproudis
- Faculty of Medicine, University Ophthalmology Clinic, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
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Therapeutic potential of targeting SHP2 in human developmental disorders and cancers. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 190:112117. [PMID: 32061959 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Src homology 2 (SH2)-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase 2 (SHP2), encoded by PTPN11, regulates cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis and survival via releasing intramolecular autoinhibition and modulating various signaling pathways, such as mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. Mutations and aberrant expression of SHP2 are implicated in human developmental disorders, leukemias and several solid tumors. As an oncoprotein in some cancers, SHP2 represents a rational target for inhibitors to interfere. Nevertheless, its tumor suppressive effect has also been uncovered, indicating the context-specificity. Even so, two types of SHP2 inhibitors including targeting catalytic pocket and allosteric sites have been developed associated with resolved cocrystal complexes. Herein, we describe its structure, biological function, deregulation in human diseases and summarize recent advance in development of SHP2 inhibitors, trying to give an insight into the therapeutic potential in future.
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van Trier DC, van der Burgt I, Draaijer RW, Cruysberg JRM, Noordam C, Draaisma JM. Ocular findings in Noonan syndrome: a retrospective cohort study of 105 patients. Eur J Pediatr 2018; 177:1293-1298. [PMID: 29948256 PMCID: PMC6061046 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-018-3183-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 05/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The aim of this retrospective study is to describe ocular findings in a large Noonan syndrome cohort and to detect associations between ocular features and genetic mutations that were not found in earlier studies. We collected ophthalmological and genetic data of 105 patients (median age, 12 years; range, 0-60 years) clinically diagnosed as Noonan syndrome. The ocular findings were linked to the genotypes. All patients with Noonan syndrome showed multiple abnormalities in the categories of vision and refraction, external ocular features, ocular alignment and motility, anterior ocular segment, and posterior ocular segment. In total, 50 patients have NS due to a mutation in PTPN11. Permanent visual impairment (bilateral best-corrected visual acuity < 0.3) was found in 7 patients, including patients with a mutation in RAF1, SHOC2, and KRAS. Keratoconus was found in 2 PTPN11 positive patients, and prominent corneal nerves were observed in a patient with a SOS1 mutation. CONCLUSIONS This study shows an overview of ocular abnormalities in Noonan syndrome, including permanent visual impairment caused by binocular optic nerve abnormalities and nystagmus. Delay in ophthalmological diagnosis is still present, also in patients with visual impairment. All Noonan syndrome patients should have a complete ophthalmological examination at the time of diagnosis. What is Known: • Although we discover more pathogenic mutations in patients with Noonan syndrome, Noonan syndrome still is a clinical diagnosis • Ocular features of Noonan syndrome are characterized by developmental anomalies of the eyelids and associated with other ocular abnormalities in childhood (including refractive errors, strabismus and amblyopia). What is New: • There seems to be a delay in the ophthalmological diagnosis and awareness of the broad variety ofophthalmological features including refractive errors and visual impairment in Noonan syndrome is needed. All children should have a full ophthalmological examination at the time of diagnosis. • Permanent visual impairment (best-corrected visual acuity < 0.3) is found in patients with mutations in RAF1, SHOC2, and KRAS and the cause is probably a developmental disorder of the optic nerves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothée C. van Trier
- Department of Pediatrics, Radboud University Medical Center Amalia Children’s hospital, P.O. Box, 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ineke van der Burgt
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Renske W. Draaijer
- Department of Ophthalmology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Cees Noordam
- Department of Pediatrics, Radboud University Medical Center Amalia Children’s hospital, P.O. Box, 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jos M. Draaisma
- Department of Pediatrics, Radboud University Medical Center Amalia Children’s hospital, P.O. Box, 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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van Trier DC, Vos AM, Draaijer RW, van der Burgt I, Draaisma JM, Cruysberg JR. Ocular Manifestations of Noonan Syndrome. Ophthalmology 2016; 123:2137-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2016.06.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2016] [Revised: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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Hwang HB, Yim HB, Cho YK, Choi JA. The Association Between Aqueous Connective Tissue Growth Factor and the Severity of Age-related Cataracts as Graded by the Lens Opacities Classification System III. Curr Eye Res 2015; 41:350-6. [PMID: 26301961 DOI: 10.3109/02713683.2015.1082601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the relationship between aqueous humor concentrations of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) and the severity of age-related cataracts. MATERIALS AND METHODS We conducted a prospective clinical study on 43 eyes of 43 patients with senile cataracts scheduled to undergo routine phacoemulsification surgery. Before surgery, all patients were graded for cataract severity using the Lens Opacities Classification System III in terms of four features: nuclear opalescence (NO), nuclear color (NC), cortical cataracts (C), and posterior sub-capsular cataracts (P). During surgery, aqueous humor samples were obtained from all patients, and sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) were used to determine CTGF concentrations. To assess any relationship between cataract severity and CTGF levels of the aqueous humor, various correlation analyses and multiple linear regression were used. RESULTS We found a positive correlation between the overall cataract grade and aqueous CTGF level (p < 0.05). In addition, four features of the cataract grade (nuclear opalescence, nuclear color, cortical cataract and posterior sub-capsular cataract) were positively correlated with the aqueous CTGF concentration (p < 0.05). The final regression model identified overall cataract grade as an independent predictor of increased CTGF levels in the aqueous humor (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS CTGF tends to increase in the aqueous humor as the severity of age-related cataracts increases. Therefore, this cytokine may play an important role in the pathogenesis of age-related cataracts. Additional studies are required for clarification of this finding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung Bin Hwang
- a Department of Ophthalmology , Incheon St. Mary's Hospital and
| | - Hye Bin Yim
- a Department of Ophthalmology , Incheon St. Mary's Hospital and
| | - Yang Kyung Cho
- b Department of Ophthalmology , St. Vincent's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea , Seoul , Korea
| | - Jin A Choi
- b Department of Ophthalmology , St. Vincent's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea , Seoul , Korea
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Guerin A, So J, Mireskandari K, Jougeh-Doust S, Chisholm C, Klatt R, Richer J. Expanding the clinical spectrum of ocular anomalies in Noonan syndrome: Axenfeld-anomaly in a child withPTPN11mutation. Am J Med Genet A 2014; 167A:403-6. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.36841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Guerin
- The Hospital for Sick Children; Department of Pediatrics; Division of Clinical and Metabolic Genetics; Toronto Ontario Canada
- Kingston General Hospital; Department of Pediatrics; Division of Medical Genetics; Kingston Ontario Canada
| | - Joyce So
- The Hospital for Sick Children; Department of Pediatrics; Division of Clinical and Metabolic Genetics; Toronto Ontario Canada
- The Centre for Addiction and Mental Health; Toronto; Ontario Canada
| | - Kamiar Mireskandari
- The Hospital for Sick Children; Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences; Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Soghra Jougeh-Doust
- The Hospital for Sick Children; Department of Pediatrics; Division of Clinical and Metabolic Genetics; Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Caitlin Chisholm
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario; Department of Medical Genetics; Ottawa Ontario Canada
| | - Regan Klatt
- The Hospital for Sick Children; Department of Pediatrics; Division of Clinical and Metabolic Genetics; Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Julie Richer
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario; Department of Medical Genetics; Ottawa Ontario Canada
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Liao J, Su X, Chen P, Wang X, Xu L, Li X, Thean L, Tan C, Tan AG, Tay WT, Jun G, Zheng Y, Chew M, Wang YX, Tan QS, Barathi VA, Klein BE, Saw SM, Vithana EN, Tai ES, Iyengar SK, Mitchell P, Khor CC, Aung T, Wang JJ, Jonas JB, Teo YY, Wong TY, Cheng CY. Meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies in multiethnic Asians identifies two loci for age-related nuclear cataract. Hum Mol Genet 2014; 23:6119-28. [DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddu315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
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Nicole Weaver K, Wang D, Cnota J, Gardner N, Stabley D, Sol-Church K, Gripp KW, Witte DP, Bove KE, Hopkin RJ. Early-lethal Costello syndrome due to rare HRAS Tandem Base substitution (c.35_36GC>AA; p.G12E)-associated pulmonary vascular disease. Pediatr Dev Pathol 2014; 17:421-30. [PMID: 25133308 PMCID: PMC4294968 DOI: 10.2350/14-05-1488-oa.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Costello syndrome is a rare, autosomal-dominant syndrome caused by activating missense mutations in the Harvey rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (HRAS), most often p.G12S. Several rare mutations have consistently been associated with a more severe phenotype that is often lethal in infancy. Cause of death is most often respiratory failure, with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy playing a significant role in morbidity. Impaired fibroblast elastogenesis is thought to contribute to the Costello phenotype, but reports of histologic evidence of disordered elastogenesis at autopsy are limited. We report a patient with Costello syndrome due to a rare tandem base substitution (c.35_36GC>AA) resulting in the p.G12E missense change. The proband died at the age of 3 months from respiratory failure, with minimal evidence of cardiomyopathy. The autopsy disclosed pulmonary vascular dysplasia affecting small arteries and veins associated with abnormal elastin distribution in tortuous dilated arteries and veins, with nonuniform wall thickness and semiobstructive lesions at artery branch points typical of early pulmonary hypertensive vascular disease. Elastic fibers in the dermis were abnormally short and fragmented. This case suggests that disordered elastogenesis in the pulmonary vasculature and undiagnosed (or underdiagnosed) pulmonary hypertension may contribute to morbidity in patients with Costello syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Nicole Weaver
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Dehua Wang
- Division of Pathology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - James Cnota
- The Heart Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Nicholas Gardner
- Biomedical Research, A. I. duPont Hospital for Children, 1600 Rockland Road, Wilmington, Delaware, 19803
| | - Deborah Stabley
- Biomedical Research, A. I. duPont Hospital for Children, 1600 Rockland Road, Wilmington, Delaware, 19803
| | - Katia Sol-Church
- Biomedical Research, A. I. duPont Hospital for Children, 1600 Rockland Road, Wilmington, Delaware, 19803
| | - Karen W. Gripp
- Division of Medical Genetics, A. I. duPont Hospital for Children, 1600 Rockland Road, Wilmington, Delaware, 19803
| | - David P. Witte
- Division of Pathology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Kevin E. Bove
- Division of Pathology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Robert J. Hopkin
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
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