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Fenner A, Huber M, Gotta V, Jaeggi V, Schlapbach LJ, Baumann P. Antibiotic Exposure of Critically Ill Children at a Tertiary Care Paediatric Intensive Care Unit in Switzerland. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 11:731. [PMID: 38929310 PMCID: PMC11201616 DOI: 10.3390/children11060731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Antibiotic overtreatment fosters multidrug-resistance that threatens healthcare systems worldwide as it increases patient morbidity and mortality. Contemporary data on antibiotic usage on tertiary care paediatric intensive care units for in- and external benchmarking are scarce. This was a single-centre retrospective quality control study including all patients with antibiotic treatment during their hospitalization at a paediatric intensive care unit in the time period 2019-2021. Antibiotic treatment was calculated as days of therapy (DOT) per 100 patient days (DOT/100pd). Further, the variables PIM II score, length of stay in intensive care (LOS), gender, age, treatment year, reason for intensive care unit admission, and death were assessed. Two thousand and forty-one cases with a median age of 10 months [IQR 0-64] were included; 53.4% were male, and 4.5% of the included patients died. Median LOS was 2.73 days [0.07-5.90], and PIM II score was 1.98% [0.02-4.86]. Overall, the antibiotic exposure of critically ill children and adolescents was 59.8 DOT/100pd. During the study period, the antibiotic usage continuously increased (2019: 55.2 DOT/100pd; 2020: 59.8 DOT/100pd (+8.2%); 2021: 64.5 DOT/100pd (+8.0%)). The highest antibiotic exposure was found in the youngest patients (0-1 month old (72.7 DOT/100pd)), in patients who had a LOS of >2-7 days (65.1 DOT/100pd), those who had a renal diagnosis (98 DOT/100pd), and in case of death (91.5 DOT/100pd). Critically ill paediatric patients were moderately exposed to antibiotics compared to data from the previously published literature. The current underreporting of antimicrobial prescription data in this cohort calls for future studies for better internal and external benchmarking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anica Fenner
- Department of Intensive Care and Neonatology, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland; (A.F.); (M.H.); (L.J.S.)
- Children’s Research Centre, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Melanie Huber
- Department of Intensive Care and Neonatology, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland; (A.F.); (M.H.); (L.J.S.)
- Children’s Research Centre, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Verena Gotta
- Department of Paediatric Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics/Paediatric Clinical Pharmacy, University of Basel Children’s Hospital, 4056 Basel, Switzerland;
| | - Vera Jaeggi
- Department of Data Intelligence, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland;
| | - Luregn J. Schlapbach
- Department of Intensive Care and Neonatology, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland; (A.F.); (M.H.); (L.J.S.)
- Children’s Research Centre, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Philipp Baumann
- Department of Intensive Care and Neonatology, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland; (A.F.); (M.H.); (L.J.S.)
- Children’s Research Centre, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
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Freudenhammer M, Hufnagel M, Steib-Bauert M, Mansmann U, de With K, Fellhauer M, Kern WV. Antibiotic use in pediatric acute care hospitals: an analysis of antibiotic consumption data from Germany, 2013-2020. Infection 2024; 52:825-837. [PMID: 37917396 PMCID: PMC11143023 DOI: 10.1007/s15010-023-02112-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) programs are effective tools for improving antibiotic prescription quality. Their implementation requires the regular surveillance of antibiotic consumption at the patient and institutional level. Our study captured and analyzed antibiotic consumption density (ACD) for hospitalized pediatric patients. METHOD We collected antibacterial drug consumption data for 2020 from hospital pharmacies at 113 pediatric departments of acute care hospitals in Germany. ACD was calculated as defined daily dose (DDD, WHO/ATC Index 2019) per 100 patient days (pd). In addition, we analyzed the trends in antibiotic use during 2013-2020. RESULTS In 2020, median ACD across all participating hospitals was 26.7 DDD/100 pd, (range: 10.1-79.2 DDD/100 pd). It was higher at university vs. non-university hospitals (38.6 vs. 25.2 DDD/100 pd, p < 0.0001). The highest use densities were seen on oncology wards and intensive care units at university hospitals (67.3 vs. 38.4 DDD/100 pd). During 2013-2020, overall ACD declined (- 10%) and cephalosporin prescriptions also decreased (- 36%). In 2020, cephalosporins nevertheless remained the most commonly dispensed class of antibiotics. Interhospital variability in cephalosporin/penicillin ratio was substantial. Antibiotics belonging to WHO AWaRe "Watch" and "Reserve" categories, including broad-spectrum penicillins (+ 31%), linezolid (+ 121%), and glycopeptides (+ 43%), increased over time. CONCLUSION Significant heterogeneity in ACD and prescription of different antibiotic classes as well as high prescription rates for cephalosporins and an increased use of reserve antibiotics indicate improvable antibiotic prescribing quality. AMS programs should urgently prioritize these issues to reduce antimicrobial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjam Freudenhammer
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Institute for Immunodeficiency, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Markus Hufnagel
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michaela Steib-Bauert
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine II, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ulrich Mansmann
- Institute for Medical Information Processing, Biometry and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Katja de With
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus Dresden at the TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Matthias Fellhauer
- Pharmacy/Institute for Clinical Pharmacy, Schwarzwald-Baar Hospital, Villingen-Schwenningen, Germany
| | - Winfried V Kern
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine II, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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Martin L, Pecar A, Baltaci Y, Simon A, Kohl S, Müller D, Forster J. [Potential Nephrotoxicity of Combination of Vancomycin and Piperacillin-Tazobactam: Recommendations from the AG ABS of the DGPI supported by experts of the GPN]. KLINISCHE PADIATRIE 2024. [PMID: 38458232 DOI: 10.1055/a-2244-7698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
The combination of vancomycin and piperacillin/tazobactam (V+P/T) is used for empirical antibiotic treatment of severe infections, especially in immunocompromised patients and those colonized with multidrug-resistant bacteria. Nephrotoxicity is a frequently observed adverse effect of vancomycin. Its risk can be reduced by therapeutic drug monitoring and adjusted dosing. Piperacillin/tazobactam (P/T) rarely causes interstitial nephritis. The results of retrospective cohort studies in children predominantly show a low, clinically irrelevant, additive nephrotoxicity (defined as an increase in creatinine in the serum) of both substances. Due to the limitations of the existing publications, the ABS working group of the DGPI and experts of the GPN do not recommend against the use of P/T plus vancomycin. Preclinical studies and a prospective study with adult patients, which evaluated different renal function tests as well as clinical outcomes, do not support previous findings of additive nephrotoxicity. Time-restricted use of V+P/T can minimize exposure and the potential risk of nephrotoxicity. Local guidelines, developed in collaboration with the antibiotic stewardship team, should define the indications for empirical and targeted use of P/T and V+P/T. When using combination therapy with V+P/T, kidney function should be monitored through clinical parameters (volume status, balancing, blood pressure) as well as additional laboratory tests such as serum creatinine and cystatin C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luise Martin
- Klinik für Pädiatrie m.S. Pneumologie, Immunologie und Intensivmedizin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt- Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alenka Pecar
- Kinderklinik und Kinderpoliklinik im Dr. von Haunerschen Kinderspital, Klinikum der Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Yeliz Baltaci
- Klinik für Pädiatrische Onkologie und Hämatologie, Universitätsklinikum des Saarlandes und Medizinische Fakultät der Universität des Saarlandes, Homburg, Germany
| | - Arne Simon
- Klinik für Pädiatrische Onkologie und Hämatologie, Universitätsklinikum des Saarlandes und Medizinische Fakultät der Universität des Saarlandes, Homburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Kohl
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Kinder- und Jugendmedizin, Abteilung für Kindernephrologie, Uniklinik Köln, Köln, Germany
| | - Dominik Müller
- Klinik für Pädiatrie m. S. Gastroenterologie, Nephrologie und Stoffwechselmedizin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt- Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Johannes Forster
- Institut für Hygiene und Mikrobiologie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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Kushala, Pemde H, Kumar V, Datta V, Saxena S. Quality improvement initiative improves the empiric antibiotic prescribing practices in a tertiary care children's hospital in India. BMJ Open Qual 2023; 12:e002181. [PMID: 37863510 PMCID: PMC10603470 DOI: 10.1136/bmjoq-2022-002181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Infections are a common cause of paediatric morbidity. Antibiotics are vital in treating them. Erratic prescribing practices are an important cause for the development of antibiotic resistance. Our objective was to estimate the effectiveness of educational interventions to improve empirical antibiotic prescribing practices among paediatric trainees. We aimed to improve the compliance to antibiotic protocols and to sustain it over 6 months. METHODS It is a time interrupted non-randomised trial conducted in a tertiary hospital in India. Initially, 200 admitted children were selected randomly. Their antibiotic prescriptions, adherence of prescriptions to the then existing antibiotics guidelines, course during hospital stay and the final outcome were noted. The existing antibiotic policy and its use were reviewed. It was then considered essential to prepare a fresh antibiotic policy based on national guidelines, local sensitivity patterns and with inputs from microbiologists. This was distributed to the residents through seminars, posters and cellphone friendly documents. Compliance to the policy was also tracked twice a week. The adherence to guideline was recorded in the subsequent 6 months. RESULTS The adherence of empirical antibiotic prescriptions was 59% before intervention which improved to 72% in the first month, 90% in the second month, 86% and 78% in the third and sixth months, respectively. There was no significant difference in duration of stay and the outcome at discharge in the patients in adherent and non-adherent groups. CONCLUSION Educational interventions and frequent monitoring improved antibiotic prescribing practices among residents with no negative impact on patient outcomes. Quality improvements need persistent reinforcement and frequent monitoring to be sustainable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kushala
- Department of Pediatrics, Lady Hardinge Medical College, New Delhi, India
| | - Harish Pemde
- Department of Pediatrics, Lady Hardinge Medical College, New Delhi, India
| | - Virendra Kumar
- Department of Pediatrics, Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi, India
| | - Vikram Datta
- Department of Neonatology, Dr Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital and Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Sonal Saxena
- Department of Microbiology, Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi, India
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Chorafa E, Komatsiouli V, Iosifidis E, Kourti M, Sdougka M, Roilides E. Antimicrobial Stewardship Programs in PICU Settings: A Systematic Review. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2023; 24:e20-e27. [PMID: 36000864 DOI: 10.1097/pcc.0000000000003069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Development of antimicrobial stewardship programs (ASPs) is strategy for prevention and management of emergence of antimicrobial-resistant organisms. In this study, we systematically reviewed the literature on antimicrobial stewardship interventions in PICUs and analyzed approaches, structure, implementation, and outcomes of the ASPs. DATA SOURCES PubMed and Scopus databases were systematically searched for studies published from January 1, 2007, to December 31, 2020, reporting interventions on judicious use of antimicrobials in PICUs (last search performed February 28, 2021). DATA SELECTION Studies that evaluated an intervention in a PICU setting or both in PICU and other settings and reported separate results for PICU were eligible for full-text review. Studies that had implemented stewardship in the entire hospital, including the PICU, but without presenting dedicated PICU data were excluded from the analysis. DATA EXTRACTION The strategy of intervention, structure of ASP team, implementation, and outcomes were assessed with a checklist tool for all studies included in the analysis. Risk of bias was assessed with the Cochrane Risk-of-Bias in Nonrandomized studies of Interventions tool. DATA SYNTHESIS Thirteen articles were found: 11 that applied ASP in PICUs, and two at hospital level. All PICU-dedicated ASPs applied a multimodal intervention combining strategies simultaneously; audit with feedback (6/11) and facility-specific clinical practice guidelines (7/11) were the most common strategies. A multidisciplinary team was formulated in all ASPs except for three biomarker-based interventions. Six of 11 studies included techniques to enhance behavior change and one implemented a behavior-based intervention. Antibiotic consumption was evaluated in all ASPs, cost in three of 11, antibiotic resistance in one of 11, length of hospitalization in six of 11, and mortality in eight of 11. All hospital-wide ASPs used audit with feedback in addition to facility-specific clinical practice guidelines and assessed antimicrobial consumption, expenditures, length of stay, and mortality. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of ASPs in PICUs is limited, and few programs follow all of the currently available recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisavet Chorafa
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Third Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University and Hippokration General Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Vasiliki Komatsiouli
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Third Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University and Hippokration General Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Elias Iosifidis
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Third Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University and Hippokration General Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Maria Kourti
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Third Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University and Hippokration General Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Maria Sdougka
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Hippokration General Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Emmanuel Roilides
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Third Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University and Hippokration General Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Impact of the COVID-19 Outbreak on the Antibiotic Use Patterns among a Rural Community Population in Eastern China. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11111544. [PMID: 36358199 PMCID: PMC9686520 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11111544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
There are growing concerns that the coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic may change antibiotic use patterns and accelerate antibiotic resistance, but evidence from the community level is lacking. This study aims to estimate the impact of the COVID-19 outbreak on the antibiotic use patterns among a community population in Eastern China. A self-administered medicine diary was used to collect information on antibiotic use from July 2019 to June 2021 among a rural community in Eastern China. We analyzed the changes in antibiotic use patterns over five months from August to December 2019 and the corresponding months in 2020. The risk of antibiotic use and its changes were measured with the incidence rate (IR) and relative risk (RR). In total, 1111 participants were eligible for the final analysis (440 in 2019 and 671 in 2020). After the COVID-19 outbreak, antibiotic use increased by 137% (5.43 per 100 person months in the 2019 vs. 12.89 per 100 person months in the 2020), and after the adjustment of covariates, the adjusted RR was 1.72 (95% CI: 1.10~2.34). It was higher among those who were women (RR = 2.62), aged 35−59 years old (RR = 2.72), non-farmers (RR = 2.75), had less than six years of education (RR = 2.61), had an annual household income over CNY 100,000 (USD 14,940) (RR = 2.60), and had no history of chronic diseases (RR = 2.61) (all p < 0.05). The proportion of cephalosporins consumed increased from 54.29% in 2019 to 64.92% in 2020 (p = 0.011). Among those aged 35 years and older, the proportion of antibiotics obtained from medical facilities increased, while the proportion obtained from retail pharmacies, homes, and other sources decreased (all p < 0.05). The COVID-19 outbreak changed antibiotic use patterns in this study population (Eastern China) significantly. More efforts to monitor and enhance antibiotic stewardship activities at the community level are needed in future.
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Saini S, Leung V, Si E, Ho C, Cheung A, Dalton D, Daneman N, Grindrod K, Ha R, McIsaac W, Oberai A, Schwartz K, Shiamptanis A, Langford BJ. Documenting the indication for antimicrobial prescribing: a scoping review. BMJ Qual Saf 2022; 31:787-799. [PMID: 35552253 DOI: 10.1136/bmjqs-2021-014582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Documenting an indication when prescribing antimicrobials is considered best practice; however, a better understanding of the evidence is needed to support broader implementation of this practice. OBJECTIVES We performed a scoping review to evaluate antimicrobial indication documentation as it pertains to its implementation, prevalence, accuracy and impact on clinical and utilisation outcomes in all patient populations. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA Published and unpublished literature evaluating the documentation of an indication for antimicrobial prescribing. SOURCES OF EVIDENCE A search was conducted in MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL and International Pharmaceutical Abstracts in addition to a review of the grey literature. CHARTING AND ANALYSIS Screening and extraction was performed by two independent reviewers. Studies were categorised inductively and results were presented descriptively. RESULTS We identified 123 peer-reviewed articles and grey literature documents for inclusion. Most studies took place in a hospital setting (109, 89%). The median prevalence of antimicrobial indication documentation was 75% (range 4%-100%). Studies evaluating the impact of indication documentation on prescribing and patient outcomes most commonly examined appropriateness and identified a benefit to prescribing or patient outcomes in 17 of 19 studies. Qualitative studies evaluating healthcare worker perspectives (n=10) noted the common barriers and facilitators to this practice. CONCLUSION There is growing interest in the importance of documenting an indication when prescribing antimicrobials. While antimicrobial indication documentation is not uniformly implemented, several studies have shown that multipronged approaches can be used to improve this practice. Emerging evidence demonstrates that antimicrobial indication documentation is associated with improved prescribing and patient outcomes both in community and hospital settings. But setting-specific and larger trials are needed to provide a more robust evidence base for this practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Saini
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Valerie Leung
- Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Michael Garron Hospital, Toronto East Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Elizabeth Si
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Certina Ho
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute for Safe Medication Practices, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anne Cheung
- West Park Healthcare Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Nick Daneman
- Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- ICES, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Rita Ha
- North York Family Health Team, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Warren McIsaac
- Sinai Health System, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anjali Oberai
- Wawa Family Health Team, Wawa, Ontario, Canada
- Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kevin Schwartz
- Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Bradley J Langford
- Hotel Dieu Shaver Health and Rehabilitation Centre, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada
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Clark J, White D, Daubney E, Curran M, Bousfield R, Gouliouris T, Powell E, Palmer A, Agrawal S, Inwald D, Kean I, Török ME, Baker S, Pathan N. Low diagnostic yield and time to diagnostic confirmation results in prolonged use of antimicrobials in critically ill children. Wellcome Open Res 2022; 6:119. [PMID: 35299710 PMCID: PMC8902261.2 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16848.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Broad-spectrum antimicrobial therapy is a key driver of antimicrobial resistance. Here, we aimed to review indications for antimicrobial therapy, determine the proportion of suspected bacterial infections that are confirmed by culture, and assess the time taken for microbiology test results to become available in the paediatric intensive care unit (PICU). Methods: A single-centre prospective observational cohort study of 100 consecutive general PICU admissions from 30 October 2019 to 19 February 2020. Data were collected from the hospital medical record and entered into a study database prior to statistical analysis using standard methods. Results: Of all episodes of suspected infection, 22% of lower respiratory tract infection, 43% of bloodstream and 0% of central nervous system infection were associated with growth on microbiology culture. 90% of children received antimicrobial therapy. Hospital-acquired infection occurred less commonly than primary infection, but an organism was grown in a greater proportion (64%) of cultures. Final laboratory reports for negative cultures were issued at a median of 120.3 hours for blood cultures and 55.5 hours for endotracheal tube aspirate cultures. Conclusions: Despite most critically children receiving antimicrobial therapy, infection was often not microbiologically confirmed. Novel molecular diagnostics may improve rationalisation of treatment in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Clark
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, CB2 0QQ, UK
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Deborah White
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Esther Daubney
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Martin Curran
- Clinical Microbiology and Public Health Laboratory, Public Health England, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Rachel Bousfield
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Theodore Gouliouris
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Elizabeth Powell
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Adam Palmer
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Shruti Agrawal
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - David Inwald
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Iain Kean
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - M Estée Török
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, CB2 0QQ, UK
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, CB2 0QQ, UK
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Stephen Baker
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Nazima Pathan
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, CB2 0QQ, UK
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, CB2 0QQ, UK
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Clark JA, Kean IRL, Curran MD, Khokhar F, White D, Daubney E, Conway Morris A, Navapurkar V, Bartholdson Scott J, Maes M, Bousfield R, Gouliouris T, Agrawal S, Inwald D, Zhang Z, Török ME, Baker S, Pathan N. Rapid Assay for Sick Children with Acute Lung infection Study (RASCALS): diagnostic cohort study protocol. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e056197. [PMID: 34845080 PMCID: PMC8634010 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-056197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) is the most commonly treated infection in critically ill children. Pathogens are infrequently identified on routine respiratory culture, and this is a time-consuming process. A syndromic approach to rapid molecular testing that includes a wide range of bacterial and fungal targets has the potential to aid clinical decision making and reduce unnecessary broad spectrum antimicrobial prescribing. Here, we describe a single-centre prospective cohort study investigating the use of a 52-pathogen TaqMan array card (TAC) for LRTI in the paediatric intensive care unit (PICU). METHODS AND ANALYSIS Critically ill children with suspected LRTI will be enrolled to this 100 patient single-centre prospective observational study in a PICU in the East of England. Samples will be obtained via routine non-bronchoscopic bronchoalveolar lavage which will be sent for standard microbiology culture in addition to TAC. A blood draw will be obtained via any existing vascular access device. The primary outcomes of the study will be (1) concordance of TAC result with routine culture and 16S rRNA gene sequencing and (2) time of diagnostic result from TAC versus routine culture. Secondary outcomes will include impact of the test on total antimicrobial prescriptions, a description of the inflammatory profile of the lung and blood in response to pneumonia and a description of the clinical experience of medical and nursing staff using TAC. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION This study has been approved by the Yorkshire and the Humber-Bradford Leeds Research Ethics Committee (REC reference 20/YH/0089). Informed consent will be obtained from all participants. Results will be published in peer-reviewed publications and international conferences. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT04233268.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Alexander Clark
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Martin D Curran
- Clinical Microbiology and Public Health Laboratory, Cambridge, UK
| | - Fahad Khokhar
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Deborah White
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Esther Daubney
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Vilas Navapurkar
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Josefin Bartholdson Scott
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Mailis Maes
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Rachel Bousfield
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Shruti Agrawal
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - David Inwald
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Zhenguang Zhang
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - M Estée Török
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Stephen Baker
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Nazima Pathan
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
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11
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Clark J, White D, Daubney E, Curran M, Bousfield R, Gouliouris T, Powell E, Palmer A, Agrawal S, Inwald D, Kean I, Török ME, Baker S, Pathan N. Low diagnostic yield and time to diagnostic confirmation results in prolonged use of antimicrobials in critically ill children. Wellcome Open Res 2021; 6:119. [PMID: 35299710 PMCID: PMC8902261 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16848.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Broad-spectrum antimicrobial therapy is a key driver of antimicrobial resistance. Here, we aimed to review indications for antimicrobial therapy, determine the proportion of suspected bacterial infections that are confirmed by culture, and assess the time taken for microbiology test results to become available in the paediatric intensive care unit (PICU). Methods: A single-centre prospective observational cohort study of 100 consecutive general PICU admissions from 30 October 2019 to 19 February 2020. Data were collected from the hospital medical record and entered into a study database prior to statistical analysis using standard methods. Results: Of all episodes of suspected infection, 22% of lower respiratory tract infection, 43% of bloodstream and 0% of central nervous system infection were associated with growth on microbiology culture. 90% of children received antimicrobial therapy. Hospital-acquired infection occurred less commonly than primary infection, but an organism was grown in a greater proportion (64%) of cultures. Final laboratory reports for negative cultures were issued at a median of 120.3 hours for blood cultures and 55.5 hours for endotracheal tube aspirate cultures. Conclusions: Despite most critically children receiving antimicrobial therapy, infection was often not microbiologically confirmed. Novel molecular diagnostics may improve rationalisation of treatment in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Clark
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, CB2 0QQ, UK
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Deborah White
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Esther Daubney
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Martin Curran
- Clinical Microbiology and Public Health Laboratory, Public Health England, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Rachel Bousfield
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Theodore Gouliouris
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Elizabeth Powell
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Adam Palmer
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Shruti Agrawal
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - David Inwald
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Iain Kean
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - M. Estée Török
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, CB2 0QQ, UK
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, CB2 0QQ, UK
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Stephen Baker
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Nazima Pathan
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, CB2 0QQ, UK
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, CB2 0QQ, UK
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12
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Rooney AM, Timberlake K, Brown KA, Bansal S, Tomlinson C, Lee KS, Science M, Coburn B. Each Additional Day of Antibiotics Is Associated With Lower Gut Anaerobes in Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Patients. Clin Infect Dis 2020; 70:2553-2560. [PMID: 31367771 PMCID: PMC7286368 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciz698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Discontinuation of inappropriate antimicrobial therapy is an important target for stewardship intervention. The drug and duration-dependent effects of antibiotics on the developing neonatal gut microbiota needs to be precisely quantified. METHODS In this retrospective, cross-sectional study, we performed 16S rRNA sequencing on stool swab samples collected from neonatal intensive care unit patients within 7 days of discontinuation of therapy who received ampicillin and tobramycin (AT), ampicillin and cefotaxime (AC), or ampicillin, tobramycin, and metronidazole (ATM). We compared taxonomic composition within term and preterm infant groups between treatment regimens. We calculated adjusted effect estimates for antibiotic type and duration of therapy on the richness of obligate anaerobes and known butyrate-producers in all infants. RESULTS A total of 72 infants were included in the study. Term infants received AT (20/28; 71%) or AC (8/28; 29%) with median durations of 3 and 3.5 days, respectively. Preterm infants received AT (32/44; 73%) or ATM (12/44; 27%) with median durations of 4 and 7 days, respectively. Compositional analyses of 67 stool swab samples demonstrated low diversity and dominance by potential pathogens. Within 1 week of discontinuation of therapy, each additional day of antibiotics was associated with lower richness of obligate anaerobes (adjusted risk ratio [aRR], 0.84; 95% confidence interval [CI], .73-.95) and butyrate-producers (aRR, 0.82; 95% CI, .67-.97). CONCLUSIONS Each additional day of antibiotics was associated with lower richness of anaerobes and butyrate-producers within 1 week after therapy. A longitudinally sampled cohort with preexposure sampling is needed to validate our results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley M Rooney
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto
- University Health Network, Division of Infectious Diseases and Toronto General Research Institute
| | - Kathryn Timberlake
- Department of Pharmacy, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto
| | - Kevin A Brown
- Division of Epidemiology, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto
| | - Saumya Bansal
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto
- University Health Network, Division of Infectious Diseases and Toronto General Research Institute
| | | | - Kyong-Soon Lee
- Division of Neonatology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michelle Science
- Division of Infectious Diseases, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bryan Coburn
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto
- University Health Network, Division of Infectious Diseases and Toronto General Research Institute
- Department of Immunology and Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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13
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Renk H, Sarmisak E, Spott C, Kumpf M, Hofbeck M, Hölzl F. Antibiotic stewardship in the PICU: Impact of ward rounds led by paediatric infectious diseases specialists on antibiotic consumption. Sci Rep 2020; 10:8826. [PMID: 32483370 PMCID: PMC7264238 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-65671-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial stewardship programmes (ASP) are aimed at optimising antimicrobial utilization. However, only few studies have focused on paediatric intensive care units (PICU), where inappropriate antibiotic use occurs frequently. We assessed the effect and safety of a once weekly paediatric infectious disease (PID) ward round with prospective audit and feedback on antibiotic consumption in a multidisciplinary PICU. This study was conducted within 6-months periods before and after the implementation of a weekly PID-ward round. Antimicrobial management and two main recommendations per patient were discussed and documented. The primary outcome was antimicrobial utilization, measured by days of therapy (DoT) and length of therapy (LoT) per 1000 patient days (PD) for all PICU stays. Secondary outcomes included PICU mean length of stay, total mortality, infection-related mortality and cost of therapy. 1964 PD were analyzed during the pre- and 1866 PD during the post-implementation phase. Adherence to the recommendations was 79%. An 18% reduction of DoT/1000 PD was observed in the post-implementation period (p = 0.005). LoT/1000 PD decreased by 11% (p = 0.09). Meropenem and vancomycin usage were reduced by 49% (p = 0.07) and 56% (p = 0.03), respectively. We conclude, that a once weekly PID-ward round with prospective audit and feedback is safe and effective and reduces antibiotic consumption in PICUs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Renk
- University Children's Hospital Tübingen, Dept. of Paediatric Cardiology, Pulmology and Intensive Care Medicine, Hoppe-Seyler Str. 1, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Eva Sarmisak
- Department of Pharmacy, University Hospital Tübingen, Röntgenweg 9, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Corinna Spott
- IT Project Management and Medical Controlling, University Hospital Tübingen, Geissweg 3, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Matthias Kumpf
- University Children's Hospital Tübingen, Dept. of Paediatric Cardiology, Pulmology and Intensive Care Medicine, Hoppe-Seyler Str. 1, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Michael Hofbeck
- University Children's Hospital Tübingen, Dept. of Paediatric Cardiology, Pulmology and Intensive Care Medicine, Hoppe-Seyler Str. 1, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Florian Hölzl
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Tübingen, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Straße 6, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
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14
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Donà D, Barbieri E, Daverio M, Lundin R, Giaquinto C, Zaoutis T, Sharland M. Implementation and impact of pediatric antimicrobial stewardship programs: a systematic scoping review. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 2020; 9:3. [PMID: 31911831 PMCID: PMC6942341 DOI: 10.1186/s13756-019-0659-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Antibiotics are the most common medicines prescribed to children in hospitals and the community, with a high proportion of potentially inappropriate use. Antibiotic misuse increases the risk of toxicity, raises healthcare costs, and selection of resistance. The primary aim of this systematic review is to summarize the current state of evidence of the implementation and outcomes of pediatric antimicrobial stewardship programs (ASPs) globally. Methods MEDLINE, Embase and Cochrane Library databases were systematically searched to identify studies reporting on ASP in children aged 0-18 years and conducted in outpatient or in-hospital settings. Three investigators independently reviewed identified articles for inclusion and extracted relevant data. Results Of the 41,916 studies screened, 113 were eligible for inclusion in this study. Most of the studies originated in the USA (52.2%), while a minority were conducted in Europe (24.7%) or Asia (17.7%). Seventy-four (65.5%) studies used a before-and-after design, and sixteen (14.1%) were randomized trials. The majority (81.4%) described in-hospital ASPs with half of interventions in mixed pediatric wards and ten (8.8%) in emergency departments. Only sixteen (14.1%) studies focused on the costs of ASPs. Almost all the studies (79.6%) showed a significant reduction in inappropriate prescriptions. Compliance after ASP implementation increased. Sixteen of the included studies quantified cost savings related to the intervention with most of the decreases due to lower rates of drug administration. Seven studies showed an increased susceptibility of the bacteria analysed with a decrease in extended spectrum beta-lactamase producers E. coli and K. pneumoniae; a reduction in the rate of P. aeruginosa carbapenem resistance subsequent to an observed reduction in the rate of antimicrobial days of therapy; and, in two studies set in outpatient setting, an increase in erythromycin-sensitive S. pyogenes following a reduction in the use of macrolides. Conclusions Pediatric ASPs have a significant impact on the reduction of targeted and empiric antibiotic use, healthcare costs, and antimicrobial resistance in both inpatient and outpatient settings. Pediatric ASPs are now widely implemented in the USA, but considerable further adaptation is required to facilitate their uptake in Europe, Asia, Latin America and Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Donà
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department for Woman and Child Health, University of Padua, Via Giustiniani 3, 35141 Padua, Italy
- Pediatric Infectious Disease Research Group, Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George’s University of London, London, UK
- Fondazione Penta ONLUS, Padua, Italy
| | - E. Barbieri
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department for Woman and Child Health, University of Padua, Via Giustiniani 3, 35141 Padua, Italy
| | - M. Daverio
- Pediatric intensive care unit, Department for Woman and Child Health, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - R. Lundin
- Fondazione Penta ONLUS, Padua, Italy
| | - C. Giaquinto
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department for Woman and Child Health, University of Padua, Via Giustiniani 3, 35141 Padua, Italy
- Fondazione Penta ONLUS, Padua, Italy
| | - T. Zaoutis
- Fondazione Penta ONLUS, Padua, Italy
- Division of Infectious Diseases and the Center for Pediatric Clinical Effectiveness, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - M. Sharland
- Pediatric Infectious Disease Research Group, Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George’s University of London, London, UK
- Fondazione Penta ONLUS, Padua, Italy
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15
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Wati DK, Gustawan IW, Fatmawati NND, Tunas IK, Setiawan PA. Antibiotic Surveillance in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU) at Sanglah Hospital Denpasar in the Year of 2015-2017. Open Microbiol J 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/1874285801913010146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background:
Antibiotic surveillance in hospital settings is mandatory for optimal antibiotic therapy for the patient. Only a small number of studies have focused on antibiotic surveillance in hospitalized newborns, infants, and children.
Objectives:
The goal was to evaluate antibiotic use in our Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU) and evaluate it for a possible association with the length of PICU stay.
Methods:
A retrospective, observational, cohort study was conducted from January 2015 to April 2017, involving subjects who were hospitalized in the PICU at Sanglah Hospital. The inclusion criteria were children aged between 1-month-12-years old, who had a blood culture and antibiotic sensitivity test result in their medical record. The exclusion criteria were incomplete medical records, blood cultures showing 2 types of bacteria at the same time (gram-positive and negative), or contaminated blood results. Factors associated with mortality were analyzed using a Chi-square test, with p < 0.05 considered to be statistically significant and the Risk Ratio (RR) of the associated factors was determined by 95% CI.
Results:
Multivariate analysis showed that the significant predictors of PICU length of stay were the appropriate continuation of antibiotics (RR 1.19; 95% CI 1.043 to 1.373; P = 0.047). There were also significant results for antibiotic compatibility and length of stay (RR 3.6; 95% CI 0.869 to 15.428; P = 0.049).
Conclusion:
Appropriate continuation of antibiotics and the compatibility of continuation antibiotics were significant predictors of length of PICU stay based on multivariate analysis.
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16
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Mahi-Birjand M, Ziaee M, Bijari B, Khalvati R, Abedini MR, Golboei Mousavi H, Ziaee A. Evaluation of vancomycin use in university-affiliated hospitals in Southern Khorasan Province (East Iran) based on HICPAC guidelines. DRUG HEALTHCARE AND PATIENT SAFETY 2019; 11:29-35. [PMID: 31040721 PMCID: PMC6459150 DOI: 10.2147/dhps.s187732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Background Vancomycin resistance has raised concerns about its effectiveness prospect in the treatment of patients with Gram-positive infections. The Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee (HICPAC) has recently established guidelines to delineate improper use of vancomycin. In this light, we sought out to determine the appropriateness of vancomycin prescription using the HICPAC guidelines. Setting The study was carried out in two university-affiliated hospitals, Valiasr and Imam Reza, with 297 and 234 beds, respectively, from May 2012 to May 2013. Methods This retrospective study evaluated the vancomycin prescription and usage in the hospitals. Total vancomycin use was determined and expressed as vancomycin courses per 298 admitted patients. The patient information was collected on a data collection sheet as follows: demographic variables, etiology and localization of infection, microbiological data, duration of vancomycin treatment, reasons for vancomycin prescription, prescribed antibiotic dosing, and patient regimen. Results The average age of the patients and vancomycin treatment duration were 55.965 years and 10.5 days, respectively. Septicemia (15.7%) was the most common cause of vancomycin administration. Vancomycin use was documented to be appropriate and inappropriate in 236 (89.4%) and 28 (10.6%) patients, respectively. No statistically significant differences were found among the wards and hospitals (P values =0.66 and 0.54, respectively) in terms of appropriateness of vancomycin use based on the HICPAC criteria. In addition, 29.21% and 62% of all patients exhibited complete and partial recovery, respectively. We found that 90% of the cases showed compliance with the HICPAC recommendations. Conclusion Comprehensive programs are required to improve the vancomycin use in the hospitals. Vancomycin use should be monitored due to its large-scale empiric use. The rate of improper use of vancomycin in the infection and intensive care unit services may be high, and pharmacists must take appropriate action to optimize the use of the drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motahare Mahi-Birjand
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran,
| | - Masood Ziaee
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran,
| | - Bita Bijari
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran,
| | - Reza Khalvati
- Food and Drug Administration, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Mazandaran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Abedini
- Department of Pharmacology, Cellular and Molecular Research Center, School of Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | | | - Arash Ziaee
- Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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17
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Litz JE, Goedicke-Fritz S, Härtel C, Zemlin M, Simon A. Management of early- and late-onset sepsis: results from a survey in 80 German NICUs. Infection 2019; 47:557-564. [DOI: 10.1007/s15010-018-1263-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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18
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Hu Y, Wang X, Tucker JD, Little P, Moore M, Fukuda K, Zhou X. Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice with Respect to Antibiotic Use among Chinese Medical Students: A Multicentre Cross-Sectional Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15061165. [PMID: 29867005 PMCID: PMC6025109 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15061165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objective: Inappropriate antibiotic use leads to antibiotic resistance. This has become a serious global crisis, with more multi-drug resistant infections and fewer effective antibiotics available. This study aims to understand knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) with respect to antibiotic use for self-limiting illnesses among medical students in China. Methods: An online cross-sectional survey instrument questionnaire was distributed in six regional universities in China from September to November 2015. Overall, 1819 medical students were enrolled. A pre-tested questionnaire was delivered by the researchers. KAP scores were calculated to determine the appropriation. Chi-squared and multivariable logistic regression and adjusted odd ratios (aORs) with 95% confidence interval (CI) were used to assess the relationship between the demographic characteristics and antibiotic use knowledge and behaviour. Results: In total, 11,192 students completed the questionnaires, with a response rate of 95%. In total, 529 (29%) medical students reported at least one self-limiting illness in the prior month. Of those with a self-limiting illness, 285 (54%) self-medicated, with 77 (27%) using antibiotics; 111 (21%) went to see a doctor, of which 64 (58%) were prescribed antibiotics, and 133 did nothing (25%). In the past year, 279 (15%) of medical students had used antibiotics as prophylaxis, and 273 (15%) of medical students had demanded an antibiotic from a doctor. Meanwhile, 1166 (64%) of them kept a personal stock of antibiotics, and 1034 (57%) of them had bought antibiotics at a pharmacy, of which 97% were purchased without a prescription. Students with high KAP scores with respect to antibiotics were significantly less likely to self-medicate with antibiotics (aOR 0.37, 95% CI 0.15–0.91, p = 0.031), use antibiotics for prophylaxis (aOR 0.35, 95% CI 0.21–0.60, p < 0.0001), or demand an antibiotic (aOR 0.46, 95% CI 0.26–0.81, p = 0.007) from the doctor. Logistical regression showed that students whose fathers had a higher education level, whose mothers had medical background, who were from urban areas were more likely to stock antibiotics and self-medicate with antibiotics. Conclusion: High rates of antibiotic self-medication for self-limiting illness and stocking of antibiotics among medical students were observed. Along with the high rates of medical students receiving unnecessary antibiotics from their doctors were observed. The students’ knowledge and attitude towards to antibiotics, which drive prescribing, highlight the urgent need for effective antibiotic stewardship and training programs in Chinese healthcare institutes and medical schools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhong Hu
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Xiaomin Wang
- School of Public Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Joseph D Tucker
- UNC-China Project, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | - Paul Little
- Primary Care and Population Science, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 5ST, UK.
| | - Michael Moore
- Primary Care and Population Science, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 5ST, UK.
| | - Keiji Fukuda
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Xudong Zhou
- School of Public Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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Haque A, Hussain K, Ibrahim R, Abbas Q, Ahmed SA, Jurair H, Ali SA. Impact of pharmacist-led antibiotic stewardship program in a PICU of low/middle-income country. BMJ Open Qual 2018; 7:e000180. [PMID: 29333498 PMCID: PMC5759741 DOI: 10.1136/bmjoq-2017-000180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Anwarul Haque
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Kashif Hussain
- Department of Pharmacy, Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Romesa Ibrahim
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Qalab Abbas
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Shah Ali Ahmed
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Humaira Jurair
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Syed Asad Ali
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan
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21
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Abbas Q, Ul Haq A, Kumar R, Ali SA, Hussain K, Shakoor S. Evaluation of antibiotic use in Pediatric Intensive Care Unit of a developing country. Indian J Crit Care Med 2016; 20:291-4. [PMID: 27275078 PMCID: PMC4876651 DOI: 10.4103/0972-5229.182197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU) patients are often prescribed antibiotics with a low threshold in comparison to patients elsewhere. Irrational antibiotics use can lead to rapid emergence of drug resistance, so surveillance of their use is important. Objectives: To evaluate the use of antibiotics in relation to bacteriological findings in PICU of a Tertiary Hospital. Methods: Retrospective review of medical records of all children (age 1 month–16 years) admitted in our closed multidisciplinary-cardiothoracic PICU from January to June 2013 was performed, after approval from Ethical Review Committee. For each antibiotic, indication (prophylactic, empiric, therapeutic) and duration of use were recorded. All diagnoses of infections were recorded according to diagnostic criteria of IPSCC 2005. Results are presented as frequency and percentages and median with inter quartile range using SPSS version 19. Results: All of the total 240 patients admitted in PICU during the study period received antibiotics: 43% (n = 104) prophylactically, 42% (n = 102) empirically, and 15% (n = 15) therapeutically. Median number of antibiotic use per patient in PICU was 3, with range of 1–7. 25% received 1 antibiotic, 23% received 2 antibiotics, 29% received 3 antibiotics, and rest received ≥4 antibiotics. Most commonly used antibiotics were cefazolin, meropenem, vancomycin and ceftriaxone, and most frequently used combination was meropenem and vancomycin. In majority of the cases, (70%) empiric antibiotic combinations were stopped in 72 h. Conclusion: This is the first report of antibiotics use in PICU from our country, which shows that antibiotics are prescribed universally in our PICU. Strategies to assess the need for antibiotic use are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qalab Abbas
- Department of Pediatric and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Anwar Ul Haq
- Department of Pediatric and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Raman Kumar
- Department of Pediatric and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Syed Asad Ali
- Department of Pediatric and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Kashif Hussain
- Department of Pharmacy, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Sadia Shakoor
- Department of Pediatric and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
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22
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Utility of clinical biomarkers to predict central line-associated bloodstream infections after congenital heart surgery. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2015; 34:251-4. [PMID: 25232780 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000000553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Central line-associated bloodstream infections is an important contributor of morbidity and mortality in children recovering from congenital heart surgery. The reliability of commonly used biomarkers to differentiate these patients has not been specifically studied. METHODS This was a retrospective cohort study in a university-affiliated children's hospital examining all patients with congenital or acquired heart disease admitted to the cardiovascular intensive care unit after cardiac surgery who underwent evaluation for a catheter-associated bloodstream infection. RESULTS Among 1260 cardiac surgeries performed, 451 encounters underwent an infection evaluation postoperatively. Twenty-five instances of central line-associated blood stream infections (CLABSI) and 227 instances of a negative infection evaluation were the subject of analysis. Patients with CLABSI tended to be younger (1.34 vs. 4.56 years, P=0.011) and underwent more complex surgery (RACHS-1 score 3.79 vs. 3.04, P=0.039). The 2 groups were indistinguishable in white blood cell, polymorphonuclears and band count at the time of their presentation. On multivariate analysis, CLABSI was associated with fever (adjusted odds ratio: 4.78; 95% CI: 1.6-5.8) and elevated C-reactive protein (CRP; adjusted odds ratio: 1.28; 95% CI: 1.09-1.68) after adjusting for differences between the 2 groups. Receiver-operating characteristic analysis demonstrated the discriminatory power of both fever and CRP (area under curve 0.7247, 95% CI: 0.42 to 0.74 and 0.58, 95% CI: 0.4208 to 0.7408). We calculated multilevel likelihood ratios for a spectrum of temperature and CRP values. CONCLUSIONS We found commonly used serum biomarkers such as fever and CRP not to be helpful discriminators in patients after congenital heart surgery.
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