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Nikbakhtan L, Hassan J, Pourshaban-Shahrestani A, Ahmadi SH, Manafi M, Torkian L. A method for cancer elemental risk assessments in hookah: An example in two common types of traditional and flavored tobaccos in Iran. MethodsX 2023; 11:102431. [PMID: 37867916 PMCID: PMC10587510 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2023.102431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM This study aimed to compare the elemental composition of traditional and flavored hookah tobacco, with a focus on heavy metals. METHODS We used inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) to analyze the concentrations of 29 elements in the raw tobacco, tobacco ash, hookah water after smoking, and tobacco smoke. RESULTS The results showed that the traditional tobacco had significantly higher metal concentrations than the flavored tobacco in all samples. Most of the toxic metals (more than 98 %) remained in the smoke of both types of tobacco. The tobacco and hookah smoke contained high levels of harmful metals that can pose health risks to hookah users.•ICP-MS provides a comprehensive analysis of multiple elements simultaneously and it allows for precise quantification of metal concentrations in different samples.•ICP-MS requires specialized equipment and trained personnel and it may not detect elements present in extremely low concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lida Nikbakhtan
- Department of Chemistry, South Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jalal Hassan
- Division of Toxicology, Department of Comparative Bioscience, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Pourshaban-Shahrestani
- Division of Toxicology, Department of Comparative Bioscience, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyyed Hamid Ahmadi
- Faculty of Clean Technologies, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Research Center of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Manafi
- Department of Chemistry, South Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leila Torkian
- Department of Chemistry, South Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
- Research center of Modeling and Optimization in Science and Engineering, Islamic Azad University, South Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran
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Igarashi A, Aida J, Sairenchi T, Tsuboya T, Sugiyama K, Koyama S, Matsuyama Y, Sato Y, Osaka K, Ota H. Does Cigarette Smoking Increase Traffic Accident Death During 20 Years Follow-up in Japan? The Ibaraki Prefectural Health Study. J Epidemiol 2018; 29:192-196. [PMID: 29848905 PMCID: PMC6445801 DOI: 10.2188/jea.je20170330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Annually, more than 1.2 million deaths due to road traffic accidents occur worldwide. Although previous studies have examined the association between cigarette smoking and injury death, the mortality outcome often included non-traffic accident-related deaths. This study aimed to examine the association between cigarette smoking and traffic accident death. Methods We conducted a prospective cohort study using data from the Ibaraki Prefectural Health Study conducted from 1993 through 2013. The cohort included 97,078 adults (33,138 men and 63,940 women) living in Ibaraki Prefecture who were aged 40–79 years at an annual health checkup in 1993. We divided participants into four smoking status groups: non-smokers, ex-smokers, and current smokers who smoked <20 and ≥20 cigarettes per day. Hazard ratios (HRs) of traffic accident death were calculated using a Cox proportional hazards model. Results During 20 years of follow-up, the average person-years of follow-up were 16.8 and 18.2 in men and women, respectively. Among men, after adjusting for age and alcohol intake, HRs for traffic accident death among current smokers of <20 cigarettes/day and ≥20 cigarettes/day compared to non-smokers were 1.32 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.79–2.20) and 1.54 (95% CI, 0.99–2.39), respectively. In contrast, among women, we found no association between smoking status and traffic accident deaths. Conclusion In this prospective cohort study, we found a positive association, though marginally significant, between smoking and traffic accident death among men in Japan. Among women, because of the smaller number of deaths among smokers, adequate estimation could not be obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayaka Igarashi
- Department of International and Community Oral Health, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry.,Health Prevention Division, Health and Welfare Department, Ibaraki Prefecture Office
| | - Jun Aida
- Department of International and Community Oral Health, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry
| | - Toshimi Sairenchi
- Department of Public Health, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine.,Ibaraki Health Plaza.,Ibaraki Health Service Association
| | - Toru Tsuboya
- Department of International and Community Oral Health, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry
| | - Kemmyo Sugiyama
- Department of International and Community Oral Health, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry
| | - Shihoko Koyama
- Department of International and Community Oral Health, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry.,Department of Community Medical Supports, Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University
| | - Yusuke Matsuyama
- Department of Global Health Promotion, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU).,Japan Society for the Promotion of Science.,Department of Quality and Safety of Oral Healthcare, Radboud University Medical Center
| | - Yukihiro Sato
- Department of International and Community Oral Health, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry
| | - Ken Osaka
- Department of International and Community Oral Health, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry
| | - Hitoshi Ota
- Ibaraki Health Plaza.,Ibaraki Health Service Association
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Sadeghi-Bazargani H, Ayubi E, Azami-Aghdash S, Abedi L, Zemestani A, Amanati L, Moosazadeh M, Syedi N, Safiri S. Epidemiological Patterns of Road Traffic Crashes During the Last Two Decades in Iran: A Review of the Literature from 1996 to 2014. ARCHIVES OF TRAUMA RESEARCH 2016; 5:e32985. [PMID: 27800461 PMCID: PMC5078874 DOI: 10.5812/atr.32985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2015] [Revised: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Context Despite considerable attention given to health statistics of road traffic crashes (RTCs), the epidemiological aspects of injuries resulting from RTCs are not fully understood in Iran and other developing countries. The aim of this review was to study the epidemiological pattern and issues arising due to RTCs in Iran. Evidence Acquisition The scope of this study involves data from a broad range of published literature on RTCs in Iran. Data collection for this study was conducted by searching for keywords such as traffic accidents, traffic crashes, motorcycle accidents, motorcycle crashes, motorcycle injury, motor vehicle injury, motor vehicle crashes and motor vehicle accidents, Iran and Iranian in various databases such as Embase, PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, Magiran, Iranian scientific information database (SID) and IranMedex. Results This study comprised of 95 articles. It is evident from this review that a large number of severe RTCs occur due to collision of two or more vehicles and most of the victims are males aged between 30 and 39 years. Male pedestrian, drivers and passengers are more likely to be severely injured in comparison to females. One of the most prevalent causes of death among adults involved in the RTCs are head injuries and the majority of deaths occur prior to hospitalization. Mortality rates for RTCs are higher in summer, especially during midnight among all age groups. The most common individual and environmental risk factors associated with RTCs include lack of attention, getting trapped in the car, listening to music, fatigue and sleepiness, duration and distance and negligence of seatbelt usage while driving. Conclusions The findings of the current study will be beneficial in prevention of RTCs and its associated complications and hence will be vital for policy makers, health service managers and stakeholders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Homayoun Sadeghi-Bazargani
- Road Traffic Injury Research Center, Department of Statistics and Epidemiology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, IR Iran
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Erfan Ayubi
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Saber Azami-Aghdash
- Department of Health Services Management, Iranian Center of Excellence in Health Management, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, IR Iran
| | - Leila Abedi
- Road Traffic Injury Research Center, Department of Statistics and Epidemiology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, IR Iran
| | - Alireza Zemestani
- Road Traffic Injury Research Center, Department of Statistics and Epidemiology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, IR Iran
| | - Louiz Amanati
- Road Traffic Injury Research Center, Department of Statistics and Epidemiology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, IR Iran
| | - Mahmood Moosazadeh
- Health Sciences Research Center, Faculty of Health, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, IR Iran
| | - Naeema Syedi
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Saeid Safiri
- Managerial Epidemiology Research Center, Department of Public Health, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, IR Iran
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
- Corresponding author: Saeid Safiri, Managerial Epidemiology Research Center, Department of Public Health, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, IR Iran., E-mail:
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Khorasani-Zavareh D, Shoar S, Saadat S. Antilock braking system effectiveness in prevention of road traffic crashes in Iran. BMC Public Health 2013; 13:439. [PMID: 23642097 PMCID: PMC3649935 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-13-439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2012] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Anti-lock Brake System (ABS) helps the equipped vehicles to stop under heavy braking, in a shorter distance and with a better control of direction. It was expected that this technology will reduce the rate of fatal road traffic crashes (RTC); however, the outcome is controversial in the real world. The aim of this study is to compare the claimed annual incidence rate and financial losses due to RTCs in ABS vs. non-ABS personal vehicles in Iran. Methods A telephone survey among drivers of two similar models of personal vehicles was arranged. The studied vehicles were of the same brand and type; but only one of them was equipped with ABS. The number of RTCs, subsequent financial loss, and drivers’ knowledge and perception about ABS were sought. The sample consisted of drivers of 1232 ABS and 3123 non-ABS vehicles. Results The annual incidence rate of RTC involving another vehicle was 145.1 (134.8-155.9) per 1000 vehicle-years and there was not a statistically significant difference between study groups. The incidence of RTC with another vehicle due to brake failure was 50.3 (42.9-58.5) for 1000 non ABS vehicle-years and 30.0 (21.2-41.2) for 1000 ABS equipped vehicle-years. The difference was statistically significant after adjustment for the driver and vehicle's age and the daily driving time. The attributable risk of RTC for non-ABS vehicles was 20/1000 vehicles and the excess fraction was 39.8%. The mean financial loss due to reported RTCs was $987.9 ± $1547.3 US Dollars and there was not a statistically significant difference between study groups. While 61.1% of ABS vehicle drivers reported situations in which they believed the ABS had prevented a crash, 44.1% of them however, they did not know how to use ABS efficiently. Conclusions Law enforcement to maintain safe distance and adhere to speed limit while driving, is needed to raise the effectiveness of ABS. This is as necessary as considering mandatory outfitting of ABS. Safety authorities should first consider the global experience and local evidence, before adopting any specific policy in this regard. The drivers need to learn the right way to use ABS for maximum effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davoud Khorasani-Zavareh
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
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Elias W, Assy N, Elias I, Toledo T, Yassin M, Bowirrat A. The detrimental danger of Water-Pipe (Hookah) transcends the hazardous consequences of general health to the driving behavior. J Transl Med 2012; 10:126. [PMID: 22709610 PMCID: PMC3477070 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-10-126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2012] [Accepted: 05/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether the consumption of tobacco used in Water-Pipe by drivers increases the risk of a motor vehicle collision as a consequence of hypoxia. DESIGN Analytical case-control study. DATA SOURCES Seventy exclusive Water-Pipe smokers (Experimental Group--EG)--mean age ± SD: 29.47 ± 10.45 years; mean number of weekly WPS, (6.9 ± 3.7); mean duration of WPS (WPS) is (7.5 ± 2.1 years)--and thirty non-smoker (Control Group--CG; mean age ± SD: 36.33 ± 13.92 years) were recruited during 2011 from two Arab villages located in the Galilee, northern Israel. METHODS We performed a case-control study exclusively among Water-Pipe smokers with an appropriate non smokers control group. Demographic questionnaire, Pulse Oxymeter for blood oxygenation measure and a driver simulator for measuring various participants driving behaviors were utilized. Statistical analysis for analyzing the different variables, Pearson's x2 analysis for the comparison of categorical variables, continuous variable is compared using Student's t-test and for testing the correlation between the different variables and bivariate correlation analysis were applied. RESULTS In the (EG) following WPS, we observed increase in the pulse rate--from 80 to 95 (t = 11.84, p < 0.05) and decrease in saturation level from 97.9 to 97.32, the decrease is statistically significant (t = 3.01, p < 0.05) versus no change in (CG). An increased number of accidents among EG (OR is 1.333 with CI of 1.008-1.776), while in CG, an insignificantly decrease (t = 3.08, p < 0.05). In EG an increase in centerline crossings (OR is 1.306 with CI of 1.016-1.679), also the total time not being within the lane was increased and the estimated (OR: 1.329; CI: 1.025-1.722). WPS increases the number of accidents by 33% and Hypoxia can cause driving behavioral turbulences. CONCLUSION The results show that WPS has a significant impact on driving behavior and on the risk of being involved in road accidents and causing driving to become riskier and less careful and stable. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time such relationships have been tested. After WPS the total number of traffic accidents and driving violations increase. The results show a significant increase in the pulse rate immediately after WPS with a decrease in the saturation rate (the level of blood oxygenation); these changes continue half an hour after WPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wafa Elias
- The Ran Naor Road Safety Research Center, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | | | | | - Tomer Toledo
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | | | - Abdalla Bowirrat
- EMMS Nazareth-The Nazareth Hospital, Nazareth, Zip code: 16100, Israel
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Baheiraei A, Mirghafourvand M, Nedjat S, Mohammadi E, Mohammad-Alizadeh Charandabi S. Prevalence of water pipe use and its correlates in Iranian women of reproductive age in Tehran: a population-based study. Med Princ Pract 2012; 21:340-4. [PMID: 22414554 DOI: 10.1159/000336583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2011] [Accepted: 12/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of water pipe smoking and its associated sociodemographic factors among Iranian women of reproductive age in Tehran. SUBJECTS AND METHODS This was a population-based cross-sectional study of 1,359 Iranian women aged 15-49 years. The multistage random cluster technique was used to obtain the sample. Questionnaire-based interviews with questions relating to water pipe smoking and sociodemographic variables were used to collect the data. The multivariate logistic regression model was used to analyse the relationships between the dependent variable (water pipe smoking) and the independent variables (sociodemographic characteristics). RESULTS The prevalence of water pipe smoking was 6.3% among Iranian women. Water pipe smoking was more likely in the age range of 15-24 years [odds ratio (OR) = 4.8, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) = 2.7-8.6] compared to the age range of 35 years or older, in women with a university education (OR = 1.9, 95% CI = 1.3-3.0) compared to women with a high-school diploma or lower, and in women with an average crowding index score (OR = 4.7, 95% CI = 2.1-10.6) compared to women living in small families. CONCLUSION The findings of this study show that Iranian women with a university education and the younger age group (15-24 years) were at most risk of water pipe smoking. The findings of this study about associated factors may contribute to the development of efficient health promotion programmes for the prevention and cessation of water pipe smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azam Baheiraei
- Department of Reproductive Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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