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Ricciardelli RR, Johnston MS, Maier K. "We don't even know where it's kept": exploring perspectives on naloxone administration by provincial correctional workers in Manitoba, Canada. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PRISON HEALTH 2024; 20:30-46. [PMID: 38984552 DOI: 10.1108/ijoph-01-2023-0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Prisonersare at disproportionate risk of suffering substance-related harms. The administration of naloxone is essential to reversing opioid overdose and minimizing substance-related harms in prison and the community. The purpose of this study is to examine how naloxone administration is practiced and perceived in prison settings. DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH The authors conducted surveys with correctional workers in Manitoba, Canada (n = 257) to examine how they understand and feel about the need for and practice of administering naloxone in their everyday work with criminalized populations. FINDINGS Respondents reported feeling a great need to administer naloxone, but most did not feel adequately trained to administer naloxone, creating the perception that criminalized populations remain at enhanced risk. ORIGINALITY/VALUE Findings provide emerging evidence of the need for training and accompanying policies and procedures for correctional workers on how to access and administer naloxone.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthew S Johnston
- Fisheries and Marine Institute of Memorial University of Newfoundland, Saint John's, Canada
| | - Katharina Maier
- Department of Criminal Justice, The University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, Canada
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Austin A, Favril L, Craft S, Thliveri P, Freeman TP. Factors associated with drug use in prison: A systematic review of quantitative and qualitative evidence. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DRUG POLICY 2023; 122:104248. [PMID: 37952319 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2023.104248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND About a third of people use drugs during their incarceration, which is associated with multiple adverse health and criminal justice outcomes. Many studies have examined factors associated with in-prison drug use, but this evidence has not yet been systematically reviewed. We aimed to systematically review and synthesise the evidence on factors related to drug use in prison. METHODS Three databases (PubMed, PsycINFO and Embase) were systematically searched as well as grey literature, for quantitative, qualitative and mixed-methods studies examining factors related to drug use inside prison. We excluded studies that did not explicitly measure in prison drug use or only measured alcohol and/or tobacco use. Study quality was assessed using the Newcastle Ottawa Scale (NOS) for quantitative studies and Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP) for qualitative studies. The review was prospectively registered on PROSPERO (CRD42021295898). RESULTS Fifty-four studies met the inclusion criteria, reporting data on 26,399 people in prison. Most studies were of low or moderate-quality, and all used self-report to assess drug use. In quantitative studies, studies found that previous criminal justice involvement, poor prison conditions, pre-prison drug use and psychiatric diagnosis were positively associated with drug use in prison. In qualitative studies, reasons for drug use were closely linked to the prison environment lacking purposeful activity and the social context of the prison whereby drug use was seen as acceptable, necessary for cohesion and pressurised. CONCLUSION In the first systematic review of factors associated with drug use in prison, key modifiable risk factors identified from quantitative and qualitative studies were psychiatric morbidity and poor prison conditions. Non-modifiable factors included previous drug use and criminal history linked to substance use. Our findings indicate an opportunity to intervene and improve the prison environment to reduce drug use and associated adverse outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Austin
- Addiction and Mental Health Group (AIM), Department of Psychology, University of Bath, UK
| | - Louis Favril
- Faculty of Law and Criminology, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Sam Craft
- Addiction and Mental Health Group (AIM), Department of Psychology, University of Bath, UK
| | - Phoebe Thliveri
- Addiction and Mental Health Group (AIM), Department of Psychology, University of Bath, UK
| | - Tom P Freeman
- Addiction and Mental Health Group (AIM), Department of Psychology, University of Bath, UK.
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Favril L. Drug use before and during imprisonment: Drivers of continuation. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DRUG POLICY 2023; 115:104027. [PMID: 37060886 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2023.104027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many people who enter prison have recently used drugs in the community, a substantial portion of whom will continue to do so while incarcerated. To date, little is known about what factors may contribute to the continuation of drug use during imprisonment. METHODS Self-reported data were collected from a random sample of 1326 adults (123 women) incarcerated across 15 prisons in Belgium. Multivariate regression was used to investigate associations between in-prison drug use and sociodemographic background, criminological profile, drug-related history, and mental health among participants who reported pre-prison drug use. RESULTS Of all 1326 participants, 719 (54%) used drugs in the 12 months prior to their incarceration and 462 (35%) did so while in prison. There was a strong association between drug use before and during imprisonment (OR = 6.77, 95% CI 5.16-8.89). Of those who recently used drugs in the community, half (52%) continued to do so while incarcerated. Factors independently associated with continuation (versus cessation) were young age, treatment history, polydrug use, and poor mental health. In a secondary analysis, initiation of drug use while in prison was further related to incarceration history and low education. CONCLUSION Persistence of drug use following prison entry is common. People who continue to use drugs inside prison can be differentiated from those who discontinue in terms of drug-related history and mental health. Routine screening for drug use and psychiatric morbidity on admission to prison would allow for identifying unmet needs and initiating appropriate treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis Favril
- Faculty of Law and Criminology, Ghent University, Belgium.
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Latent class analysis of self-reported substance use during incarceration: Gender differences and associations with emotional distress and aggressiveness. J Subst Abuse Treat 2021; 132:108582. [PMID: 34353671 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsat.2021.108582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We know little about the prevalence and patterns of substance use during incarceration, and we know even less about comparative substance use patterns by gender. To address these gaps in the literature, this study used latent class analysis (LCA) to identify substance use subgroups of incarcerated men (n = 1118) and women (n = 207). METHODS The study drew data from six prisons in Spain. Participants completed a self-administered questionnaire with items probing for types of drugs used in the past three months, depression, anxiety, stress symptoms, aggressiveness, and perceived social support. RESULTS Substance use was common among incarcerated men and women, with tobacco, cannabis, and sedatives being most prevalent. LCA revealed different patterns of substance use by gender. Four- and two-class solutions best fitted the data for men and women, respectively. Aggressiveness and depression were associated with high depressant use membership for men. Among women, aggressiveness and anxiety symptoms were positively associated with high polydrug use membership. CONCLUSIONS The prevalent and patterned use of substances inside Spanish prisons and their association with aggressiveness and depression elevates the risk of harm during incarceration. In the interest of safety and wellness, correctional behavioral health services should include and expand the availability of gender-specific integrated mental health and substance use interventions that address maladaptive behaviors such as aggression.
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Nevárez-Sida A, Carreón-Rodríguez VG, Bergman M. Socioeconomic factors associated with drug consumption in Mexico. J Addict Dis 2021; 40:12-18. [PMID: 33969808 DOI: 10.1080/10550887.2021.1919486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Illicit drug consumption in Mexico has been growing constantly and has begun to be a public health problem. The aim of this study is to identify the principal characteristics and socioeconomic variables associated with consumption of illegal drugs in Mexico. METHODS Using information from the 2016 national addictions survey in Mexico, we develop a logistic regression model to determine the variables associated with drug consumption, sometime in lifetime or recently, in the general population of Mexico. RESULTS Analyzing information from 56,877 persons, the prevalence of the use of illicit drugs at least once in lifetime was 15.4% and 3.6% for males and females, respectively. The variables associated with more consumption of illegal drugs was utilization of substances with alcohol (RR 9.3; 95% CI 7.9-10.8) and nicotine products (RR 4.7; 95% CI 4.3-5.1), male gender (RR 2.6; 95% CI 2.4-2.8), and relatives' drug consumption (RR 2.1; 95% CI 1.8-2.4). CONCLUSIONS Having more education, being older, and having a partner was associated with lower illicit drug consumption sometime in lifetime; in the case of recent consumption, in addition, having a job or active child-rearing in the house in a positive sense.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marcelo Bergman
- Universidad Nacional Tres de Febrero, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Köroğlu G, Öncü F. Socio-demographic and clinical factors affecting repetitive crime for women applying to the infirmary in a prison. PSYCHIAT CLIN PSYCH 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/24750573.2018.1439869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Gültürk Köroğlu
- Department of Forensic Psychiatry, Bakirkoy Prof. Dr. Mazhar Osman Research and Training Hospital for Psychiatry, Neurology and Neurosurgery, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Fatih Öncü
- Department of Forensic Psychiatry, Bakirkoy Prof. Dr. Mazhar Osman Research and Training Hospital for Psychiatry, Neurology and Neurosurgery, Istanbul, Turkey
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Mundt AP, Baranyi G, Gabrysch C, Fazel S. Substance Use During Imprisonment in Low- and Middle-Income Countries. Epidemiol Rev 2018; 40:70-81. [PMID: 29584860 PMCID: PMC5982797 DOI: 10.1093/epirev/mxx016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Substance use disorders are among the most common health problems of people involved with the criminal justice system. Scaling up addiction services in prisons is a global public health and human rights challenge, especially in poorly resourced countries. We systematically reviewed the prevalence of substance use in prison populations in low- and middle-income countries. We searched for studies reporting prevalence rates of nicotine, alcohol, illicit drug, and injection drug use during imprisonment in unselected samples of imprisoned people in low- and middle-income countries. Data meta-analysis was conducted and sources of heterogeneity were examined by meta-regression. Prevalence of nicotine use during imprisonment ranged from 5% to 87%, with a random-effects pooled estimate of 56% (95% confidence interval (CI): 45, 66) with significant geographical heterogeneity. Alcohol use varied from 1% to 76% (pooled prevalence, 16%, 95% CI: 9, 25). Approximately one-quarter of people (25%; 95% CI: 17, 33; range, 0–78) used illicit drugs during imprisonment. The prevalence of injection drug use varied from 0% to 26% (pooled estimate, 1.6%, 95% CI: 0.8, 3.0). Lifetime substance use was investigated in secondary analyses. The high prevalence of smoking in prison suggests that policies regarding smoking need careful review. Furthermore, the findings underscore the importance of timely, scalable, and available treatments for alcohol and illegal drug use by people involved with the criminal justice system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian P Mundt
- Medical Faculty, Universidad Diego Portales, Santiago, Chile.,Medical School, Universidad San Sebastián, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Gergo Baranyi
- Center for Research on Environment Society and Health, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,Institute and Polyclinic for Occupational and Social Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany
| | - Caroline Gabrysch
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy Campus Mitte, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Seena Fazel
- Department of Psychiatry, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Hernández-Vásquez A, Núñez S, Santero M, Grendas L, Huarez B, Vilcarromero S, Casas-Bendezú M, Braun S, Cortés S, Rosselli D. Risk factors associated with drug use before imprisonment in Peru. REVISTA ESPANOLA DE SANIDAD PENITENCIARIA 2018; 20:11-20. [PMID: 29641744 PMCID: PMC6279185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the prevalence of drug abuse before prison admission and to identify associated sociodemographic and family history risk factors, according to gender, in prisons of Peru. MATERIALS AND METHODS A secondary analysis was carried out with data from the First National Prisoner Census 2016, using a questionnaire of 173 items that was applied to the whole prison population of Peru. The types of drugs used before admission were analyzed according to characteristics of the penitentiary population, and generalized linear models were used to calculate prevalence ratios with 95% confidence intervals to identify possible factors associated with drug use. RESULTS Out of a population of 76,180 prisoners, 71,184 (93.4%) answered the survey (men 67,071, 94.2%). The overall prevalence of drug consumption before admission was 24.4% (25.3 % in men and 9.1% in women), the highest prevalence in the 18-29 age group (36.3% in men and 14.9% in women). The most commonly used drugs were marijuana (58.2%), coca paste/cocaine or crack (40.3%) and inhalants (1%). The factors most strongly associated with consumption were having a family member who consumed drugs (59.8%), history of previous imprisonment (59.1%), unemployment (48.4%), relationships at school with classmates who had problems with the law (46.9%), background of a family member who attended a penitentiary (38.4%), and history of running away from home before age 15 (35.9%). CONCLUSIONS In Peru, drug use is higher in the prison population than in the general population, and there are differences according to sex in the prevalence of drug use and associated factors prior to admission to a prison. The study demonstrated that childhood events, such as child abuse, having a family member imprisoned, having a family member who used drugs, or who previously abused alcohol, are factors associated with drug use in the penitentiary population. Some of these risk factors are modifiable, so it is important to consider these in the design of social and health policies focused on specific subpopulations to prevent drug use and crime.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Hernández-Vásquez
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud. Universidad Privada del Norte. Lima (Perú)
| | - S Núñez
- Centro de Investigación en Salud Pública y Epidemiología Clínica (CISPEC). Universidad Tecnológica Equinoccial. Quito (Ecuador)
| | - M Santero
- Universidad de Buenos Aires. Buenos Aires (Argentina)
| | - L Grendas
- Universidad de Buenos Aires. Buenos Aires (Argentina)
| | - B Huarez
- Oficina General de Información y Sistemas. Instituto Nacional de Salud. Lima (Perú)
| | - S Vilcarromero
- Sociedad Científica de Estudiantes de Medicina de la Amazonía Peruana. Facultad de Medicina. Universidad Nacional de la Amazonía Peruana. Iquitos (Perú)
| | - M Casas-Bendezú
- Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática. Lima (Perú)
| | - S Braun
- Programa de Medicina Interna General. Hospital de Clínicas José de San Martín. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Buenos Aires (Argentina),Centro para el Estudio de Sociedad y Estado (CEDES). Buenos Aires (Argentina)
| | - S Cortés
- Facultad de Medicina. Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Santiago (Chile),Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS). Santiago (Chile)
| | - D Rosselli
- Departamento de Epidemiología Clínica y Bioestadística. Facultad de Medicina. Pontificia Universidad Javeriana. Bogotá (Colombia)
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Sánchez FC, Fearn N, Vaughn MG. Prevalence and correlates of in-prison substance use among incarcerated women in Spain. J Ethn Subst Abuse 2017; 17:356-374. [DOI: 10.1080/15332640.2016.1255579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Sánchez FC, Wolff N. The association between substance use and physical victimization among incarcerated men in Spanish prisons. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LAW AND PSYCHIATRY 2017; 50:9-16. [PMID: 27816218 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijlp.2016.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Revised: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Physical victimization and substance use are common behaviors inside prisons. Yet little is known about whether there is an association between substance use and physical victimization among male inmates. We examined the absolute and relative association between substance use (prior to, during, and both prior to and during incarceration) and physical victimization while incarcerated. For this study, 2484 men (mean age of 36.3years; SD=11.1) were sampled from eight prisons located in Spain. Information was collected using self-report questionnaires probing experiences of physical victimization while incarcerated and substance use prior to prison and during the past six months in prison. We found that the rates and likelihood of physical victimization were greater for male inmates who used substances at any time, compared to non-consumers of substances but were highest for male inmates who used exclusively in prison or both prior to and in prison. These findings suggest the need for immediate prevention steps including comprehensive screening and segregation practices; better drug interdiction practices; and more evidence-based substance abuse treatment with and without integrated trauma treatment to ensure public health and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Caravaca Sánchez
- Department of Criminology, Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia, Avenue of Jerónimos, Guadalupe, 30107 Murcia, Spain.
| | - Nancy Wolff
- Bloustein Center for Survey Research, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 33 Livingston Avenue, Office 273, United States
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Albertie A, Bourey C, Stephenson R, Bautista-Arredondo S. Connectivity, prison environment and mental health among first-time male inmates in Mexico City. Glob Public Health 2015; 12:170-184. [DOI: 10.1080/17441692.2015.1091023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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[Prevalence and predictors of psychoactive substance use among men in prisons]. GACETA SANITARIA 2015; 29:358-63. [PMID: 26228003 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaceta.2015.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Revised: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The use of psychoactive substances among the prison population is an important public health issue because of its magnitude and health consequences. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of psychoactive substance use among the prison population and to analyse its association with sociodemographic and penitentiary factors, particularly the size of the prison. METHODS Data were gathered using a self-administered questionnaire among 2,484 random male inmates in eight prisons of different sizes in Spain. The prevalence of psychoactive substance use with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) during the last 6 months in prison were estimated. Prevalence ratios were used to estimate the association between psychoactive substance use and sociodemographic and penitentiary characteristics. RESULTS The prevalence of psychoactive substance use in the past 6 months in prison was 59.9% (95% CI: 57.9-62.0). Notable among the sociodemographic variables associated with substance use were drug consumption prior to imprisonment (6.90; 95% CI: 5.51-8.65) and recidivism in prison (2.41; 95% CI: 2.04-2.85). The largest prisons showed a higher frequency of drug use than other prisons. CONCLUSIONS A high prevalence of psychoactive substance use was found in prisons and significant differences were found according to delinquent profile and the size of the prison.
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Baltieri DA. Predictors of drug use in prison among women convicted of violent crimes. CRIMINAL BEHAVIOUR AND MENTAL HEALTH : CBMH 2014; 24:113-128. [PMID: 24038391 DOI: 10.1002/cbm.1883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Revised: 05/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/23/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Worldwide, some prisoners consume illicit drugs while in prison. There is now some recognition of risk factors for this among male but not female prisoners. AIM The aim was to identify variables associated with drug use by women in prison after conviction for violent crimes. METHOD Data were obtained from 315 women serving a sentence for robbery or homicide in the Penitentiary of Sant'Ana, São Paulo State, Brazil. Mainly self-report assessments of alcohol and drug misuse, sexual and general impulsiveness, depression, and psychosocial and criminological features were completed. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and multivariate logistic regression. RESULTS Thirty-five (11%) women reported illicit drug use in prison. Younger age, history of childhood sexual abuse, having committed robbery (rather than homicide), earlier onset of criminal activities, higher scores on sexual impulsiveness, drug-related problems prior to incarceration and having same-sex relationships inside prison were associated with a higher risk of using drugs in prison. In a multiple logistic regression, only prior drug history and having same-sex relationships in prison were independently associated with in-prison drug use. CONCLUSIONS Illicit drug use in prison impairs rehabilitative goals. Identification of risk factors for this can help to recognise people with high treatment needs. We found that in-prison drug users seemed to be an exceptionally needy group, likely to have more wide ranging historical problems than their similar offending peers. It is essential to check for history of drug use outside prison. The strong association with active sexual behaviour in the prison highlighted another area of vulnerability, requiring sensitive in-prison attention to safeguard these women. Further research to understand the reasons for this relationship is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danilo Antonio Baltieri
- Department of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo, Brazil; Ambulatory for the Treatment of Sexual Disorders, ABC Medical School, Santo André, São Paulo, Brazil
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