1
|
Li X, Wang X, Cui P, Liu G, Zhang H, Gao Y, Kai Z. Comparison of Biomarkers of Exposure in a Controlled Study of Smokers Switched from Conventional Cigarettes to Heated Tobacco Products. TOXICS 2023; 11:816. [PMID: 37888667 PMCID: PMC10611248 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11100816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
The heated tobacco product (HTP) heats rather than burns tobacco to release an aerosol with significantly fewer toxicants than conventional cigarette smoke and has received global attention in recent years. To investigate whether changes in biomarkers of exposure could be detected after switching from conventional cigarettes (CCs) to HTPs, 224 subjects from four cities in China participated in this study. Nine biomarkers containing tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and the biomarkers for acrolein and crotonaldehyde were determined by UPLC-MS/MS. The levels of the sum of nine biomarkers in CCs were 5.4 and 5.2 times higher than in an Original-HTP and Menthol-HTP, respectively. Among the nine biomarkers, 3HPMA and 3HMPMA accounted for the highest proportions. Switching from CCs to HTPs is good for both men and women because the changes in each biomarker in urine samples were the same in men and women. Among all the subjects, subjects aged 20-39 years had the greatest reduction in biomarker residues in urine. The findings of the present study provided useful information for the health risk research of HTPs in China.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaonan Li
- Shanghai New Tobacco Product Research Institute Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201315, China; (X.L.); (X.W.); (P.C.); (G.L.); (H.Z.)
| | - Xuan Wang
- Shanghai New Tobacco Product Research Institute Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201315, China; (X.L.); (X.W.); (P.C.); (G.L.); (H.Z.)
| | - Peicai Cui
- Shanghai New Tobacco Product Research Institute Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201315, China; (X.L.); (X.W.); (P.C.); (G.L.); (H.Z.)
| | - Guangchao Liu
- Shanghai New Tobacco Product Research Institute Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201315, China; (X.L.); (X.W.); (P.C.); (G.L.); (H.Z.)
| | - Hui Zhang
- Shanghai New Tobacco Product Research Institute Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201315, China; (X.L.); (X.W.); (P.C.); (G.L.); (H.Z.)
| | - Yihan Gao
- Shanghai New Tobacco Product Research Institute Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201315, China; (X.L.); (X.W.); (P.C.); (G.L.); (H.Z.)
| | - Zhenpeng Kai
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
McAdam K, Murphy J, Eldridge A, Meredith C, Proctor C. Integrating chemical, toxicological and clinical research to assess the potential of reducing health risks associated with cigarette smoking through reducing toxicant emissions. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2018; 95:102-114. [PMID: 29526814 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2018.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Revised: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The concept of a risk continuum for tobacco and nicotine products has been proposed, which differentiates products according to their propensity to reduce toxicant exposure and risk. Cigarettes are deemed the most risky and medicinal nicotine the least. We assessed whether a Reduced-Toxicant Prototype (RTP) cigarette could sufficiently reduce exposure to toxicants versus conventional cigarettes to be considered a distinct category in the risk continuum. We present findings from both pre-clinical and clinical studies in order to examine the potential for reduced smoke toxicant emissions to lower health risks associated with cigarette smoking. We conclude that current toxicant reducing technologies are unable to reduce toxicant emissions sufficiently to manifest beneficial disease-relevant changes in smokers. These findings point to a minimum toxicant exposure standard that future potentially reduced risk products would need to meet to be considered for full biological assessment. The RTP met WHO TobReg proposed limits on cigarette toxicant emissions, however the absence of beneficial disease relevant changes in smokers after six months reduced toxicant cigarette use, does not provide evidence that these regulatory proposals will positively impact risks of smoking related diseases. Greater toxicant reductions, such as those that can be achieved in next generation products e.g. tobacco heating products and electronic cigarettes are likely to be necessary to clearly reduce risks compared with conventional cigarettes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin McAdam
- Research and Development, British American Tobacco, Regents Park Road, Southampton, UK.
| | - James Murphy
- Research and Development, British American Tobacco, Regents Park Road, Southampton, UK.
| | - Alison Eldridge
- Research and Development, British American Tobacco, Regents Park Road, Southampton, UK.
| | - Clive Meredith
- Research and Development, British American Tobacco, Regents Park Road, Southampton, UK.
| | - Christopher Proctor
- Research and Development, British American Tobacco, Regents Park Road, Southampton, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Proctor C. Assessment of tobacco heating product THP1.0. Part 1: Series introduction. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2018; 93:1-3. [PMID: 28989081 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2017.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Revised: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
We have recently developed a Tobacco Heating Product (THP) comprising an electrical heating device, commercially known as Glo™, and consumable tobacco rods, commercially known as Kent Neostiks™. We refer to this system as THP1.0; Bright tobacco-flavoured variant THP1.0(T), or THP1.0(M) Menthol-flavoured variant. In this issue, we present a series of seven pre-clinical studies conducted on THP1.0,covering the following aspects of its design, development, safety and toxicological assessment, and a paper on placing THPs on an emissions continuum.
Collapse
|
4
|
Murphy J, Gaca M, Lowe F, Minet E, Breheny D, Prasad K, Camacho O, Fearon IM, Liu C, Wright C, McAdam K, Proctor C. Assessing modified risk tobacco and nicotine products: Description of the scientific framework and assessment of a closed modular electronic cigarette. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2017; 90:342-357. [PMID: 28954704 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2017.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cigarette smoking causes many human diseases including cardiovascular disease, lung disease and cancer. Novel tobacco products with reduced yields of toxicants compared to cigarettes, such as tobacco-heating products, snus and electronic cigarettes, hold great potential for reducing the harms associated with tobacco use. In the UK several public health agencies have advocated a potential role for novel products in tobacco harm reduction. Public Health England has stated that "The current best estimate is that e-cigarettes are around 95% less harmful than smoking" and the Royal College of Physicians has urged public health to "Promote e-cigarettes widely as substitute for smoking". Health related claims on novel products such as 'reduced exposure' and 'reduced risk' should be substantiated using a weight of evidence approach based on a comprehensive scientific assessment. The US FDA, has provided draft guidance outlining a framework to assess novel products as Modified Risk Tobacco Products (MRTP). Based on this, we now propose a framework comprising pre-clinical, clinical, and population studies to assess the risk profile of novel tobacco products. Additionally, the utility of this framework is assessed through the pre-clinical and part of the clinical comparison of a commercial e-cigarette (Vype ePen) with a scientific reference cigarette (3R4F) and the results of these studies suggest that ePen has the potential to be a reduced risk product.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James Murphy
- British American Tobacco, R&D Centre, Southampton, SO15 8TL, United Kingdom.
| | - Marianna Gaca
- British American Tobacco, R&D Centre, Southampton, SO15 8TL, United Kingdom
| | - Frazer Lowe
- British American Tobacco, R&D Centre, Southampton, SO15 8TL, United Kingdom
| | - Emmanuel Minet
- British American Tobacco, R&D Centre, Southampton, SO15 8TL, United Kingdom
| | - Damien Breheny
- British American Tobacco, R&D Centre, Southampton, SO15 8TL, United Kingdom
| | - Krishna Prasad
- British American Tobacco, R&D Centre, Southampton, SO15 8TL, United Kingdom
| | - Oscar Camacho
- British American Tobacco, R&D Centre, Southampton, SO15 8TL, United Kingdom
| | - Ian M Fearon
- British American Tobacco, R&D Centre, Southampton, SO15 8TL, United Kingdom
| | - Chuan Liu
- British American Tobacco, R&D Centre, Southampton, SO15 8TL, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher Wright
- British American Tobacco, R&D Centre, Southampton, SO15 8TL, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin McAdam
- British American Tobacco, R&D Centre, Southampton, SO15 8TL, United Kingdom
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Multiplatform serum metabolic phenotyping combined with pathway mapping to identify biochemical differences in smokers. Bioanalysis 2016; 8:2023-43. [DOI: 10.4155/bio-2016-0108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: Determining perturbed biochemical functions associated with tobacco smoking should be helpful for establishing causal relationships between exposure and adverse events. Results: A multiplatform comparison of serum of smokers (n = 55) and never-smokers (n = 57) using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, UPLC–MS and statistical modeling revealed clustering of the classes, distinguished by metabolic biomarkers. The identified metabolites were subjected to metabolic pathway enrichment, modeling adverse biological events using available databases. Perturbation of metabolites involved in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cardiovascular diseases and cancer were identified and discussed. Conclusion: Combining multiplatform metabolic phenotyping with knowledge-based mapping gives mechanistic insights into disease development, which can be applied to next-generation tobacco and nicotine products for comparative risk assessment.
Collapse
|
6
|
Kulasekaran A, Proctor C, Papadopoulou E, Shepperd CJ, Guyer R, Gandek B, Ware JE. Preliminary Evaluation of a New German Translated Tobacco Quality of Life Impact Tool to Discriminate Between Healthy Current and Former Smokers and to Explore the Effect of Switching Smokers to a Reduced Toxicant Prototype Cigarette. Nicotine Tob Res 2015; 17:1456-64. [PMID: 25914263 PMCID: PMC4635856 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntv024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Assessment of health-related quality of life (HRQoL) is well established in clinical research, but ceiling effects in validated tools might prevent detection of changes in well respondents. Tobacco Quality of Life Impact Tool (TQOLITv1) uses conceptual and psychometric advances to enhance detection of HRQoL changes. METHODS In a 6-month, forced-switch study, the German TQOLITv1 was assessed in healthy adult (age 23-55 years) current and matched former-smokers. At baseline, smokers were switched to reduced toxicant prototype (RTP) or conventional cigarette for 6 months. TQOLITv1 responses were collected at baseline, 3 and 6 months from current smokers whilst former smokers completed it at the latter two time points. TQOLITv1 includes SF-36v2 and new smoking-specific, physical and general-health measures. RESULTS Reliability at baseline was good (Cronbach's coefficient alpha > 0.70) for all measures. The baseline percentage with the best possible score (ceiling effect) for former and current smokers was substantially better for the new physical function than SF-36 physical function measure (35% vs. 59% at ceiling, respectively). New smoking-specific measures discriminated current from former smokers better than general health measures. Smoking-specific symptoms (r = 0.73) were more stable from baseline to 6 months than other measures (r = 0.38-0.54) particularly more than the SF-36 mental component score (r = 0.24). Although both product smoking groups worsened in most HRQoL measures, changes in general and smoking-specific HRQoL impact measures favored RTP smokers. CONCLUSIONS The German TQOLITv1 is sufficiently reliable and valid to assess HRQoL and may be more useful than SF-36v2 in evaluation of interventions in well smoking populations including those consuming RTPs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anuradha Kulasekaran
- Group Research and Development, British American Tobacco (Investments) Ltd, Southampton, United Kingdom;
| | - Christopher Proctor
- Group Research and Development, British American Tobacco (Investments) Ltd, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Ermioni Papadopoulou
- Group Research and Development, British American Tobacco (Investments) Ltd, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher J Shepperd
- Group Research and Development, British American Tobacco (Investments) Ltd, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | | | - Barbara Gandek
- John Ware Research Group, Worcester, MA; Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, UMass Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - John E Ware
- John Ware Research Group, Worcester, MA; Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, UMass Medical School, Worcester, MA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ware JE, Gandek B, Kulasekaran A, Guyer R. Evaluation of smoking-specific and generic quality of life measures in current and former smokers in Germany and the United States. Health Qual Life Outcomes 2015; 13:128. [PMID: 26276447 PMCID: PMC4537546 DOI: 10.1186/s12955-015-0316-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Health-related quality of life (QOL) surveys include generic measures that enable comparisons across conditions and measures that focus more specifically on one disease or condition. We evaluated the psychometric properties of German- and English-language versions of survey scales representing both types of measures in samples of current and former smokers. METHODS TQOLIT(™)v1 integrates new measures of smoking-specific symptoms and QOL impact attributed to smoking with generic SF-36 Health Survey measures. For purposes of evaluation, cross-sectional data were analyzed for two independent samples. Disease-free (otherwise healthy) adults ages 23-55 used a tablet to complete surveys in a clinical trial in Germany (125 current and 54 former smokers). Online general population surveys were completed in the US by otherwise healthy current and former smokers (N = 149 and 110, respectively). Evaluations included psychometric tests of assumptions underlying scale construction and scoring, score distributions, and reliability. Tests of validity included cross-sectional correlations and analyses of variance based on a conceptual framework and hypotheses for groups differing in self-reported smoking behavior (current versus former smoker, cigarettes per day (CPD)) and severity of smoking symptoms in both samples and, in the German trial only, clinical parameters of biomarkers of exposure. RESULTS Tests of scaling assumptions and internal consistency reliability (alpha = 0.71-0.79) of the smoking-specific measures were satisfactory, although ceiling effects attenuated correlations for former smokers in both samples. Correlational evidence supporting validity of smoking-specific symptom and impact measures included their substantial inter-correlation and higher correlations (than generic measures) with smoking behavior (favoring former over current groups) and CPD in both samples. In the German trial, both smoking-specific measures correlated significantly (p < 0.05) with all four biomarkers. QOL impact attributed to smoking correlated with the SF-36 mental but not physical summary measures in both samples. CONCLUSIONS German- and English-language TQOLITv1 surveys have comparable and satisfactory psychometric properties. Cross-sectional tests, including correlations with four biomarkers, support the validity of the new smoking-specific measures for use in studies of otherwise healthy smokers. Smoking-specific measures consistently performed better than generic QOL measures in all tests of validity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John E Ware
- John Ware Research Group, 10 Wheeler Court, Watertown, MA, 02472, USA.
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 368 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA, 01655, USA.
| | - Barbara Gandek
- John Ware Research Group, 10 Wheeler Court, Watertown, MA, 02472, USA.
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 368 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA, 01655, USA.
| | - Anuradha Kulasekaran
- British American Tobacco (Investments) Ltd., Group Research & Development, Regents Park Road, Southampton, SO15 8TL, UK.
| | - Rick Guyer
- John Ware Research Group, 10 Wheeler Court, Watertown, MA, 02472, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Shepperd CJ, Newland N, Eldridge A, Haswell L, Lowe F, Papadopoulou E, Camacho O, Proctor CJ, Graff D, Meyer I. Changes in levels of biomarkers of exposure and biological effect in a controlled study of smokers switched from conventional cigarettes to reduced-toxicant-prototype cigarettes. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2015; 72:273-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2015.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Revised: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
9
|
Banerjee A, Waters D, Camacho OM, Minet E. Quantification of plasma microRNAs in a group of healthy smokers, ex-smokers and non-smokers and correlation to biomarkers of tobacco exposure. Biomarkers 2015; 20:123-31. [PMID: 25598229 PMCID: PMC4673588 DOI: 10.3109/1354750x.2014.1000970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The stability of circulating miRNAs, their non-invasive sampling techniques and deregulation in diseases make them potential candidate biomarkers of biological effect. Here, we profiled the level of 84 plasma miRNAs in 30 smokers, 20 non-smokers and 20 ex-smokers. A robust statistical strategy was applied with replicate samples to account for reproducibility of the results. We identified differential expression of miR-124 and let-7a between the smoking and control groups. We further explored the dose–response relationship of miR-124 and let-7a with two biomarkers of tobacco exposure and found that this relationship was affected by adjustments based on age, pack-year and gender.
Collapse
|
10
|
Theophilus EH, Coggins CRE, Chen P, Schmidt E, Borgerding MF. Magnitudes of biomarker reductions in response to controlled reductions in cigarettes smoked per day: a one-week clinical confinement study. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2015; 71:225-34. [PMID: 25572415 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2014.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Revised: 12/27/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Tobacco toxicant-related exposure reduction is an important tool in harm reduction. Cigarette per day reduction (CPDR) occurs as smokers migrate from smoking cigarettes to using alternative tobacco/nicotine products, or quit smoking. Few reports characterize the dose-response relationships between CPDR and effects on exposure biomarkers, especially at the low end of CPD exposure (e.g., 5 CPD). We present data on CPDR by characterizing magnitudes of biomarker reductions. We present data from a well-controlled, one-week clinical confinement study in healthy smokers who were switched from smoking 19-25 CPD to smoking 20, 10, 5 or 0 CPD. Biomarkers were measured in blood, plasma, urine, and breath, and included smoke-related toxicants, urine mutagenicity, smoked cigarette filter analyses (mouth level exposure), and vital signs. Many of the biomarkers (e.g., plasma nicotine) showed strong CPDR dose-response reductions, while others (e.g., plasma thiocyanate) showed weaker dose-response reductions. Factors that lead to lower biomarker reductions include non-CPD related contributors to the measured response (e.g., other exposure sources from environment, life style, occupation; inter-individual variability). This study confirms CPDR dose-responsive biomarkers and suggests that a one-week design is appropriate for characterizing exposure reductions when smokers switch from cigarettes to new tobacco products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia H Theophilus
- R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Co., 950 Reynolds Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27105, United States.
| | | | - Peter Chen
- R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Co., 950 Reynolds Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27105, United States
| | - Eckhardt Schmidt
- R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Co., 950 Reynolds Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27105, United States
| | - Michael F Borgerding
- R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Co., 950 Reynolds Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27105, United States
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Dittrich DJ, Fieblekorn RT, Bevan MJ, Rushforth D, Murphy JJ, Ashley M, McAdam KG, Liu C, Proctor CJ. Approaches for the design of reduced toxicant emission cigarettes. SPRINGERPLUS 2014; 3:374. [PMID: 25110628 PMCID: PMC4125608 DOI: 10.1186/2193-1801-3-374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cigarette smoking causes serious diseases through frequent and prolonged exposure to toxicants. Technologies are being developed to reduce smokers’ toxicant exposure, including filter adsorbents, tobacco treatments and substitutes. This study examined the effect of modifications to filter ventilation, variations in cigarette circumference and active charcoal filter length and loading, as well as combinations of these features in a reduced-toxicant prototype (RTP) cigarette, on the yields of toxicants in cigarette smoke. An air-dilution mechanism, called split-tipping, was developed in which a band of porous paper in the centre of the filter tipping functions to minimise the loss of effective filter ventilation that occurs at the high flow rates encountered during human-smoking, and to facilitate the diffusional loss of volatile toxicants. As compared with conventional filter ventilation cigarettes, split-tipping reduced tar and volatile smoke constituent emissions under high flow rate machine-smoking conditions, most notably for products with a 1-mg ISO tar yield. Furthermore, mouth level exposure (MLE) to tar and nicotine was reduced among smokers of 1-mg ISO tar cigarettes in comparison to smokers of cigarettes with traditional filter ventilation. For higher ISO tar level cigarettes, however, there were no significant reductions in MLE. Smaller cigarette circumferences reduced sidestream toxicant yields and modified the balance of mainstream smoke chemistry with reduced levels of aromatic amines and benzo[a]pyrene but increased yields of formaldehyde. Smaller circumference cigarettes also had lower mainstream yields of volatile toxicants. Longer cigarette filters containing increased levels of high-activity carbon (HAC) showed reduced machine-smoking yields of volatile toxicants: with up to 97% removal for some volatile toxicants at higher HAC loadings. Split-tipping was combined with optimal filter length and cigarette circumference in an RTP cigarette that gave significantly lower mainstream (up to ~90%) and sidestream (predominately 20%–60%) smoke yields of numerous toxicants as compared with a commercial comparator cigarette under machine-smoking conditions. Significantly lower mainstream and sidestream smoke toxicant yields were observed for an RTP cigarette comprising several toxicant reducing technologies; these observations warrant further evaluation in clinical studies where real-world relevance can be tested using biomarkers of exposure and physiological effect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David J Dittrich
- British American Tobacco, Group Research & Development, Regents Park Road, Millbrook, Southampton SO15 8TL UK
| | - Richard T Fieblekorn
- British American Tobacco, Group Research & Development, Regents Park Road, Millbrook, Southampton SO15 8TL UK
| | - Michael J Bevan
- British American Tobacco, Group Research & Development, Regents Park Road, Millbrook, Southampton SO15 8TL UK
| | - David Rushforth
- British American Tobacco, Group Research & Development, Regents Park Road, Millbrook, Southampton SO15 8TL UK
| | - James J Murphy
- British American Tobacco, Group Research & Development, Regents Park Road, Millbrook, Southampton SO15 8TL UK
| | - Madeleine Ashley
- British American Tobacco, Group Research & Development, Regents Park Road, Millbrook, Southampton SO15 8TL UK
| | - Kevin G McAdam
- British American Tobacco, Group Research & Development, Regents Park Road, Millbrook, Southampton SO15 8TL UK
| | - Chuan Liu
- British American Tobacco, Group Research & Development, Regents Park Road, Millbrook, Southampton SO15 8TL UK
| | - Christopher J Proctor
- British American Tobacco, Group Research & Development, Regents Park Road, Millbrook, Southampton SO15 8TL UK
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Haswell LE, Papadopoulou E, Newland N, Shepperd CJ, Lowe FJ. A cross-sectional analysis of candidate biomarkers of biological effect in smokers, never-smokers and ex-smokers. Biomarkers 2014; 19:356-67. [PMID: 24854418 DOI: 10.3109/1354750x.2014.912354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Biomarkers of biological effect (BOBE) have been proposed as potential tools to assess tobacco product use, toxicity and disease risk. OBJECTIVE To determine if candidate BOBE can distinguish between smokers, never-smokers and former smokers. METHODS Biomarker levels were compared from 143 smokers, 61 never-smokers and 61 ex-smokers. RESULTS In total, 27 candidate biomarkers were assessed, 14 were significantly different between smokers and never-smokers (p < 0.01) and of these 14 biomarkers, 12 were able to distinguish between smokers and former smokers (p < 0.05), which indicates the potential for reversibility. CONCLUSIONS A total of 12 of 27 BOBE are potentially useful tools for future product assessment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linsey E Haswell
- Group Research and Development, British American Tobacco (Investments) Ltd. , Southampton , UK
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Scherer G, Newland K, Papadopoulou E, Minet E. A correlation study applied to biomarkers of internal and effective dose for acrylonitrile and 4-aminobiphenyl in smokers. Biomarkers 2014; 19:291-301. [PMID: 24754403 PMCID: PMC4133968 DOI: 10.3109/1354750x.2014.910271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The urinary metabolites 2-cyanoethylmercapturic acid and 4-aminobiphenyl have been correlated with tobacco smoke exposure. Similarly, 2-cyanoethylvaline and 4-aminobiphenyl haemoglobin adducts have been used as biomarkers of effective dose for the exposure to acrylonitrile and 4-aminobiphenyl, respectively. Each pair of biomarkers is derived from the same parent chemical; however, the correlation between the urinary and the haemoglobin biomarkers has not been investigated. Using clinical study samples, we report a weak correlation between urinary and haemoglobin biomarkers due to different accumulation and elimination rates. Time course analysis showed that a reduction in exposure was paralleled by a delayed reduction in haemoglobin adducts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard Scherer
- Analytisch-biologisches Forschungslabor GmbH , Munich , Germany
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|