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Kazemi Z, Jonidi Jafari A, Farzadkia M, Amini P, Kermani M. Evaluating the mortality and health rate caused by the PM 2.5 pollutant in the air of several important Iranian cities and evaluating the effect of variables with a linear time series model. Heliyon 2024; 10:e27862. [PMID: 38560684 PMCID: PMC10979144 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e27862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
All over the world, the level of special air pollutants that have the potential to cause diseases is increasing. Although the relationship between exposure to air pollutants and mortality has been proven, the health risk assessment and prediction of these pollutants have a therapeutic role in protecting public health, and need more research. The purpose of this research is to evaluate the ill-health caused by PM2.5 pollution using AirQ + software and to evaluate the different effects on PM2.5 with time series linear modeling by R software version 4.1.3 in the cities of Arak, Esfahan, Ahvaz, Tabriz, Shiraz, Karaj and Mashhad during 2019-2020. The pollutant hours, meteorology, population and mortality information were calculated by the Environmental Protection Organization, Meteorological Organization, Statistics Organization and Statistics and Information Technology Center of the Ministry of Health, Treatment and Medical Education for 24 h of PM2.5 pollution with Excel software. In addition, having 24 h of PM2.5 pollutants and meteorology is used to the effect of variables on PM2.5 concentration. The results showed that the highest and lowest number of deaths due to natural deaths, ischemic heart disease (IHD), lung cancer (LC), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), acute lower respiratory infection (ALRI) and stroke in The effect of disease with PM2.5 pollutant in Ahvaz and Arak cities was 7.39-12.32%, 14.6-17.29%, 16.48-8.39%, 10.43-18.91%, 12.21-22.79% and 14.6-18.54 % respectively. Another result of this research was the high mortality of the disease compared to the mortality of the nose. The analysis of the results showed that by reducing the pollutants in the cities of Karaj and Shiraz, there is a significant reduction in mortality and linear modeling provides a suitable method for air management planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Kazemi
- Research Center for Environmental Health Technology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Jonidi Jafari
- Research Center for Environmental Health Technology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdi Farzadkia
- Research Center for Environmental Health Technology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Payam Amini
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid Kermani
- Research Center for Environmental Health Technology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Sun Z, Zhang X, Li Z, Liang Y, An X, Zhao Y, Miao S, Han L, Li D. Heat exposure assessment based on high-resolution spatio-temporal data of population dynamics and temperature variations. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 349:119576. [PMID: 37979386 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.119576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Revised: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023]
Abstract
Urban heat waves pose a significant risk to the health and safety of city dwellers, with urbanization potentially amplifying the health impact of extreme heat. Accurate assessments of population heat exposure hinge on the interplay between temperature, population spatial dynamics, and the epidemiological effects of temperature on health. Yet, many past studies have over-simplified the matter by assuming static populations, leading to substantial inaccuracies in heat exposure assessments. To address these issues, this study integrates dynamic population data, fluctuating temperature, and the exposure-response relationship between temperature and health to construct an advanced heat exposure assessment framework predicated on a population dynamic model. We analyzed urban heat island characteristics, population dynamics, and heat exposure during heat wave conditions in Beijing, a major city in China. Our findings highlight significant intra-day population movement between urban and suburban areas during heat wave conditions, with spatial population flow patterns showing clear scale-dependent characteristics. These population flow dynamics intensify heat exposure levels, and the disparity between dynamic population-weighted temperature and average temperature is most pronounced at night. Our research provides a more comprehensive understanding of real urban population heat exposure levels and can furnish city administrators with more scientifically rigorous evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaobin Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather (LASW), Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences (CAMS), China Meteorological Administration, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Xiaoling Zhang
- Beijing Meteorological Data Center, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Ziming Li
- Beijing Meteorological Observatory, Beijing, 100089, China
| | - Yinglin Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather (LASW), Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences (CAMS), China Meteorological Administration, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xingqin An
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather (LASW), Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences (CAMS), China Meteorological Administration, Beijing, 100081, China; Institute of Urban Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing, 100089, China
| | - Yuxin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather (LASW), Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences (CAMS), China Meteorological Administration, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Shiguang Miao
- Institute of Urban Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing, 100089, China; Key Laboratory of Urban Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing, 100089, China
| | - Ling Han
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Demin Li
- National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, 100192, China
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Siqueira HV, Bacalhau ET, Casacio L, Puchta E, Alves TA, Tadano YDS. Hybrid unorganized machines to estimate the number of hospital admissions caused by PM[Formula: see text] concentration. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:113175-113192. [PMID: 37855963 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-30180-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution levels exceeding the recommended limit can be the main cause of illnesses that affect human health, mainly diseases of the respiratory system. Consequently, this high exposure can impact public health management, given the increase in hospital admissions. One of the most influential air pollution parameters related to respiratory diseases is particulate matter (PM) concentrations. Thus, this paper proposes to estimate hospital admissions due to respiratory diseases caused by PM concentration with an aerodynamic diameter less than 10 [Formula: see text]m (PM[Formula: see text]), using artificial neural networks. Three hybrid neural network models are developed by combining two architectures denoted unorganized machines: extreme learning machines and echo state networks. These models also comprise extension strategies that seek to improve the generalization capability and the variation in the nonlinear outputs. Case studies explore three cities' datasets from São Paulo state, Brazil: Cubatão, Campinas, and São Paulo, to assess the quality of the hospital admissions estimations obtained by applying the proposed models. Results demonstrate that the hybrid models outperform the previously developed standard approaches in several scenarios. An overall analysis shows that the hybrid models can be a suitable strategy considering the instance particularities, especially in large datasets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Valadares Siqueira
- Graduate Program in Industrial Engineering (PPGEP), Federal University of Technology - Paraná (UTFPR), Doutor Washington Subtil Chueire Street, s/n, Ponta Grossa, 84017-220, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Tadeu Bacalhau
- Pontal do Paraná Campus, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Beira-mar Av., 330, Pontal do Paraná, 83255-976, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Luciana Casacio
- Pontal do Paraná Campus, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Beira-mar Av., 330, Pontal do Paraná, 83255-976, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Erickson Puchta
- Graduate Program in Industrial Engineering (PPGEP), Federal University of Technology - Paraná (UTFPR), Doutor Washington Subtil Chueire Street, s/n, Ponta Grossa, 84017-220, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Thiago Antonini Alves
- Graduate Program in Mechanical Engineering (PPGEM), Federal University of Technology - Paraná (UTFPR), Doutor Washington Subtil Chueire Street, 330, Ponta Grossa, 84017-220, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Yara de Souza Tadano
- Graduate Program in Mechanical Engineering (PPGEM), Federal University of Technology - Paraná (UTFPR), Doutor Washington Subtil Chueire Street, 330, Ponta Grossa, 84017-220, Paraná, Brazil.
- Graduate Program in Urban Environmental Sustainability (PPGSAU), Federal University of Technology - Paraná (UTFPR), Deputado Heitor Alencar Furtado Street, 5000, Curitiba, 81280-340, Paraná, Brazil.
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Ma Y, Zhang Y, Wang W, Qin P, Li H, Jiao H, Wei J. Estimation of health risk and economic loss attributable to PM 2.5 and O 3 pollution in Jilin Province, China. Sci Rep 2023; 13:17717. [PMID: 37853161 PMCID: PMC10584970 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-45062-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Ambient pollutants, particularly fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and ozone (O3), pose significant risks to both public health and economic development. In recent years, PM2.5 concentration in China has decreased significantly, whereas that of O3 has increased rapidly, leading to considerable health risks. In this study, a generalized additive model was employed to establish the relationship of PM2.5 and O3 exposure with non-accidental mortality across 17 districts and counties in Jilin Province, China, over 2015-2016. The health burden and economic losses attributable to PM2.5 and O3 were assessed using high-resolution satellite and population data. According to the results, per 10 µg/m3 increase in PM2.5 and O3 concentrations related to an overall relative risk (95% confidence interval) of 1.004 (1.001-1.007) and 1.009 (1.005-1.012), respectively. In general, the spatial distribution of mortality and economic losses was uneven. Throughout the study period, a total of 23,051.274 mortalities and 27,825.015 million Chinese Yuan (CNY) in economic losses were attributed to O3 exposure, which considerably surpassing the 5,450.716 mortalities and 6,553,780 million CNY in economic losses attributed to PM2.5 exposure. The O3-related health risks and economic losses increased by 3.75% and 9.3% from 2015 to 2016, while those linked to PM2.5 decreased by 23.33% and 18.7%. Sensitivity analysis results indicated that changes in pollutant concentrations were the major factors affecting mortality rather than baseline mortality and population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxia Ma
- College of Atmospheric Sciences, Key Laboratory of Semi-Arid Climate Change, Ministry of Education, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
| | - Yifan Zhang
- College of Atmospheric Sciences, Key Laboratory of Semi-Arid Climate Change, Ministry of Education, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Wanci Wang
- College of Atmospheric Sciences, Key Laboratory of Semi-Arid Climate Change, Ministry of Education, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Pengpeng Qin
- College of Atmospheric Sciences, Key Laboratory of Semi-Arid Climate Change, Ministry of Education, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Heping Li
- College of Atmospheric Sciences, Key Laboratory of Semi-Arid Climate Change, Ministry of Education, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Haoran Jiao
- Meteorological Observatory, Liaoning Provincial Meteorological Bureau, Shenyang, 110000, China
| | - Jing Wei
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science, Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, 20740, USA
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Zhao JW, Wang XQ, Li ZH, Mao YC, Zhang S, Huang K, Hu CY, Zhang XJ, Kan XH. Effect of gaseous pollutant and greenness exposure on mortality during treatment of newly treated tuberculosis patients: a provincial population-based cohort study. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:98195-98210. [PMID: 37608175 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-29256-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies addressing the impact of environmental factors on TB prognosis are scarce, with only some studies examining the effect of particulate pollutants on TB mortality. Moreover, few studies have evaluated the effects of multiple gaseous pollutants and greenness exposures on newly treated TB patients on a large population scale. METHODS Through the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, data were collected from January 1, 2015 to December 31, 2020 for newly treated TB patients in Anhui Province, China. Data on gaseous pollutants sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide, and ozone were collected through the National Earth System Science Data Center of China. Normalized vegetation index data were obtained through NASA. The Cox proportional risk model was also applied to calculate the hazard ratios of SO2, NO2, CO, O3, and NDVI with 95% confidence intervals for mortality among newly treated TB patients. RESULTS Multifactorial Cox regression analysis showed that for every 0.10 μg/m3 increase in SO2, the risk of death among newly treated TB patients increased by 13.2% (HR = 1.132, 95% CI: 1.045-1.1.225), for every 10 μg/m3 increase in NO2, the risk of death among newly treated TB patients increased by 11.4%, and for each 0.1 mg/m3 increase in CO, the risk of death among newly treated TB patients increased by 5.8%. For each 0.1 increase in NDVI 250m-buffer and 500m-buffer, the risk of death among newly treated TB patients decreased by 8.5% and 6.4%, respectively. The effect of gaseous pollutants on mortality decreased progressively with elevated greenness exposure when greenness exposure was grouped from low to high. CONCLUSION Gaseous pollutants are a risk factor during the treatment of newly treated TB patients and greenness exposure is a protective factor. Higher greenness exposure reduces the risk of death due to exposure to gaseous pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Wen Zhao
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Xin-Qiang Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Zhen-Hua Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Yi-Cheng Mao
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Sun Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Kai Huang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 678 Furong Road, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Cheng-Yang Hu
- Department of Humanistic Medicine, School of Humanistic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Xiu-Jun Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Xiao-Hong Kan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, China.
- Anhui Chest Hospital, 397 Jixi Road, Hefei, 230022, China.
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Mazeli MI, Pahrol MA, Abdul Shakor AS, Kanniah KD, Omar MA. Cardiovascular, respiratory and all-cause (natural) health endpoint estimation using a spatial approach in Malaysia. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 874:162130. [PMID: 36804978 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In 2016, the World Health Organization (WHO) estimated that approximately 4.2 million premature deaths worldwide were attributable to exposure to particulate matter 2.5 μm (PM2.5). This study assessed the environmental burden of disease attributable to PM2.5 at the national level in Malaysia. We estimated the population-weighted exposure level (PWEL) of PM10 concentrations in Malaysia for 2000, 2008, and 2013 using aerosol optical density (AOD) data from publicly available remote sensing satellite data (MODIS Terra). The PWEL was then converted to PM2.5 using Malaysia's WHO ambient air conversion factor. We used AirQ+ 2.0 software to calculate all-cause (natural), ischemic heart disease (IHD), stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), lung cancer (LC), and acute lower respiratory infection (ALRI) excess deaths from the National Burden of Disease data for 2000, 2008 and 2013. The average PWELs for annual PM2.5 for 2000, 2008, and 2013 were 22 μg m-3, 18 μg m-3 and 24 μg m-3, respectively. Using the WHO 2005 Air Quality Guideline cut-off point of PM2.5 of 10 μg m-3, the estimated excess deaths for 2000, 2008, and 2013 from all-cause (natural) mortality were between 5893 and 9781 (95 % CI: 3347-12,791), COPD was between 164 and 957 (95 % CI: 95-1411), lung cancer was between 109 and 307 (95 % CI: 63-437), IHD was between 3 and 163 deaths, according to age groups (95 % CI: 2-394) and stroke was between 6 and 155 deaths, according to age groups (95 % CI: 3-261). An increase in estimated health endpoints was associated with increased estimated PWEL PM2.5 for 2013 compared to 2000 and 2008. Adhering the ambient PM2.5 level to the Malaysian Air Quality Standard IT-2 would reduce the national health endpoints mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Iqbal Mazeli
- Environmental Health Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, National Institute of Health Malaysia, Ministry of Health Malaysia, 40170 Shah Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
| | - Muhammad Alfatih Pahrol
- Environmental Health Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, National Institute of Health Malaysia, Ministry of Health Malaysia, 40170 Shah Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
| | - Ameerah Su'ad Abdul Shakor
- Environmental Health Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, National Institute of Health Malaysia, Ministry of Health Malaysia, 40170 Shah Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
| | - Kasturi Devi Kanniah
- Faculty of Built Environment and Surveying, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia; Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Water Security (IPASA), Research Institute for Sustainable Environment (RISE), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia.
| | - Mohd Azahadi Omar
- Sector for Biostatistics and Data Repository, Office of NIH Manager, National Institute of Health Malaysia, Ministry of Health Malaysia, 40170 Shah Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
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Zhang Y, Wang M, Shi T, Huang H, Huang Q. Health Damage of Air Pollution, Governance Uncertainty and Economic Growth. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:3036. [PMID: 36833728 PMCID: PMC9959380 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20043036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The evaluation of environmental and health governance processes is an important part of the innovation and perfection of modern governance systems. Based on the macropanel samples, this paper analyzes the impact of the health damage caused by air pollution (APHD) on economic growth and the related mechanisms accordingly using the moderate model and the threshold model. The results can be concluded as follows: (1) After locking in the health damage perspective, the APHD has a negative impact on economic growth. When other conditions are met, economic growth will significantly drop by 1.233 percent for each unit increase in the APHD index. (2) There is a moderate effect of governance uncertainty in APHD on economic growth with different characteristics. The combination of governance uncertainty and APHD can significantly inhibit economic growth, and this moderating effect has different impacts due to heterogeneous conditions. Spatially, this inhibitory effect is significantly obvious in the eastern, central, and western regions, while the negative effect is significant in areas north of the Huai River with medium and low self-defense ability. Additionally, compared with the delegating of governance power at the municipal level, when the governance power is delegated at the county level, the interaction between the governance uncertainty constructed by income fiscal decentralization and APHD has a less negative economic effect. (3) There is a threshold effect under the conditions of a low level of decentralization of prevention and control, a high level of investment in governance, and a low level of APHD. However, under the condition of a certain APHD level, when the decentralization level of pollution control is higher than 7.916 and the input level of pollution control in GDP is lower than 1.77%, the negative moderating effect can be effectively reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- School of Business, Jiangsu Normal University, Shanghai Road 101, Xuzhou 221116, China
| | - Mengyang Wang
- School of Government, Sun Yat-sen University, Xingangxi Road 135, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Tao Shi
- Economics Institute, Henan Academy of Social Science, Gongxiu Road 16, Zhengzhou 451464, China
- Hebi High-Quality Development Research Institute, Jiangdong Road 1, Hebi 458030, China
| | - Huan Huang
- School of Business, Chengdu University of Technology, Digital Hu’s Line Research Institute, Chengdu University of Technology, Dongsan Road 1, Chengdu 610059, China
| | - Qi Huang
- Zhengzhou Central Sub-Branch of People’s Bank of China, Shangwu Road 21, Zhengzhou 450000, China
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Zhang S, Sun Z, He J, Li Z, Han L, Shang J, Hao Y. The influences of the East Asian Monsoon on the spatio-temporal pattern of seasonal influenza activity in China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 843:157024. [PMID: 35772553 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Previous research has extensively studied the seasonalities of human influenza infections and the effect of specific climatic factors in different regions. However, there is limited understanding of the influences of monsoons. This study applied generalized additive model with monthly surveillance data from mainland China to explore the influences of the East Asian Monsoon on the spatio-temporal pattern of seasonal influenza in China. The results suggested two influenza active periods in northern China and three active periods in southern China. The study found that the northerly advancement of East Asian Summer Monsoon (EASM) influences the summer influenza spatio-temporal patterns in both southern and northern China. At the interannual scale, the north-south converse effect of EASM on influenza activity is mainly due to the converse effect of EASM on humidity and precipitation. Within the annual scale, influenza activity in southern China gradually reaches its maximum during the summer exacerbated by the northerly advancement of EASM. Furthermore, the winter epidemic in China is related to the low temperature and humidity influenced by the East Asian Winter Monsoon (EAWM). Moreover, the active period in transition season is related partially to the large rapid temperature change influenced by the transition of EAWM and EASM. Despite the delayed onset and instability, the climatic condition influenced by the East Asian Monsoon is one of the potential key drivers of influenza activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuwen Zhang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Zhaobin Sun
- Institute of Urban Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100089, China.
| | - Juan He
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Ziming Li
- Environmental Meteorology Forecast Center of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100089, China; Institute of Urban Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100089, China
| | - Ling Han
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Jing Shang
- Institute of Urban Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100089, China
| | - Yu Hao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
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Lu C, Adger WN, Morrissey K, Zhang S, Venevsky S, Yin H, Sun T, Song X, Wu C, Dou X, Zhu B, Liu Z. Scenarios of demographic distributional aspects of health co-benefits from decarbonising urban transport. Lancet Planet Health 2022; 6:e461-e474. [PMID: 35709804 DOI: 10.1016/s2542-5196(22)00089-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is limited knowledge on the distribution of the health co-benefits of reduced air pollutants and carbon emissions in the transport sector across populations. METHODS This Article describes a health impact assessment used to estimate the health co-benefits of alternative land passenger transport scenarios for the city of Beijing, China, testing the effect of five transport-based scenarios from 2020 to 2050 on health outcomes. New potential scenarios range from implementing a green transport infrastructure, to scenarios primarily based on the electrification of vehicle fleets and a deep decarbonisation scenario with near zero carbon emissions by 2050. The health co-benefits are disaggregated by age and sex and estimated in monetary terms. FINDINGS The results show that all the alternative mitigation scenarios result in reduced PM2·5 and CO2 emissions compared to a business-as-usual scenario during 2020-50. The near zero scenario achieves the largest health co-benefits and economic benefits annually relative to the sole mitigation strategy, preventing 300 (95% CI 229-450) deaths, with health co-benefits and CO2 cost-saving an equivalent of 0·01% (0·00-0·03%) of Beijing's Gross domestic product in 2015 by 2050. Given Beijing's ageing population and higher mortality rate, individuals aged 50 years and older experience the greatest benefit from the mitigation scenarios. Regarding sex, the greatest health benefits occur in men. INTERPRETATION This assessment provides estimates of the demographic distribution of benefits from the effects of combinations of green transport and decarbonising vehicles in transport futures. The results show that there are substantial positive health outcomes from decarbonising transport in Beijing. Policies aimed at encouraging active travel and use of public transport, increasing the safety of active travel, improving public transport infrastructure, and decarbonising vehicles lead to differential benefits. In addition, disaggregation by age and sex shows that the health impacts related to transport pollution disproportionately influence different age cohorts and genders. FUNDING National Natural Science Foundation of China and FRIEND Project (through the National Research Foundation of Korea, funded by the Ministry of Science and ICT).
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxi Lu
- Department of Earth System Science, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Institute for Global Change Studies, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China; Department of Geography, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK.
| | - W Neil Adger
- Department of Geography, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Karyn Morrissey
- Sustainability Division, Department of Technology, Management and Economics, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Shaohui Zhang
- School of Economics and Management, Beihang University, Beijing, China; International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Sergey Venevsky
- Department of Earth System Science, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Institute for Global Change Studies, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Yin
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Economics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Taochun Sun
- Department of Earth System Science, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Institute for Global Change Studies, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xuanren Song
- Department of Earth System Science, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Institute for Global Change Studies, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Chao Wu
- Department of Earth System Science, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Institute for Global Change Studies, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China; Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Xinyu Dou
- Department of Earth System Science, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Institute for Global Change Studies, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Biqing Zhu
- Department of Earth System Science, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Institute for Global Change Studies, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhu Liu
- Department of Earth System Science, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Institute for Global Change Studies, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
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Belotti JT, Castanho DS, Araujo LN, da Silva LV, Alves TA, Tadano YS, Stevan SL, Corrêa FC, Siqueira HV. Air pollution epidemiology: A simplified Generalized Linear Model approach optimized by bio-inspired metaheuristics. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 191:110106. [PMID: 32882238 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Studies in air pollution epidemiology are of paramount importance in diagnosing and improve life quality. To explore new methods or modify existing ones is critical to obtain better results. Most air pollution epidemiology studies use the Generalized Linear Model, especially the default version of R, Splus, SAS, and Stata softwares, which use maximum likelihood estimators in parameter optimization. Also, a smooth time function (usually spline) is generally used as a pre-processing step to consider seasonal and long-term tendencies. This investigation introduces a new approach to GLM, proposing the estimation of the free coefficients through bio-inspired metaheuristics - Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), Genetic Algorithms, and Differential Evolution, as well as the replacement of the spline function by a simple normalization procedure. The considered case studies comprise three important cities of São Paulo state, Brazil with distinct characteristics: São Paulo, Campinas, and Cubatão. We considered the impact of particles with an aerodynamic diameter less than 10 μm (PM10), ambient temperature, and relative humidity in the number of hospital admissions for respiratory diseases (ICD-10, J00 to J99). The results showed that the new approach (especially PSO) brings performance gains compared to the default version of statistical software like R.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Yara S Tadano
- Federal University of Technology - Parana (UTFPR), Brazil
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11
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Effects of Population Weighting on PM 10 Concentration Estimation. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 2020:1561823. [PMID: 32351580 PMCID: PMC7174967 DOI: 10.1155/2020/1561823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of 10 μm or less (PM10) pollution poses a considerable threat to human health, and the first step in quantifying health impacts of human exposure to PM10 pollution is exposure assessment. Population-weighted exposure level (PWEL) estimation is one of the methods that provide a more refined exposure assessment as it includes the spatiotemporal distribution of the population into the pollution concentration estimation. This study assessed the population weighting effects on the estimated PM10 concentrations in Malaysia for years 2000, 2008, and 2013. Estimated PM10 annual mean concentrations with a spatial resolution of 5 kilometres retrieved from satellite data and population count obtained from the Gridded Population of the World version 4 (GPWv4) from the Centre for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN) were overlaid to generate the PWEL of PM10 for each state. The calculated PWEL of PM10 concentrations were then classified based on the World Health Organization (WHO) and the national Air Quality Guidelines (AQG) and interim targets (IT) for comparison. Results revealed that the annual mean PM10 concentrations in Malaysia ranged from 31 to 73 µg/m3 but became generally lower, ranging from 20 to 72 µg/m3 after population weighting, suggesting that the PM10 population exposure in Malaysia might have been overestimated. PWEL of PM10 distribution showed that the majority of the population lived in areas that complied with the national AQG, but were vulnerable to exposure level 3 according to the WHO AQG and IT, indicating that the population was nevertheless potentially exposed to significant health effects from long-term exposure to PM10 pollution.
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12
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Liu X, Huang H, Jiang Y, Wang T, Xu Y, Abbaszade G, Schnelle-Kreis J, Zimmermann R. Assessment of German population exposure levels to PM10 based on multiple spatial-temporal data. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:6637-6648. [PMID: 31875295 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-07071-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Particulate matter is the key to increasing urban air pollution, and research into pollution exposure assessment is an important part of environmental health. In order to classify PM10 air pollution and to investigate the population exposure to the distribution of PM10, daily and monthly PM10 concentrations of 379 air pollution monitoring stations were obtained for a period from 01/01/2017 to 31/12/2017. Firstly, PM10 concentrations were classified using the head/tail break clustering algorithm to identify locations with elevated PM10 levels. Subsequently, population exposure levels were calculated using population-weighted PM10 concentrations. Finally, the power-law distribution was used to test the distribution of PM10 polluted areas. Our results indicate that the head/tail break algorithm, with an appropriate segmentation threshold, can effectively identify areas with high PM10 concentrations. The distribution of the population according to exposure level shows that the majority of people is living in polluted areas. The distribution of heavily PM10 polluted areas in Germany follows the power-law distribution well, but their boundaries differ from the boundaries of administrative cities; some even cross several administrative cities. These classification results can guide policymakers in dividing the country into several areas for pollution control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiansheng Liu
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center, Cooperation Group Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, University of Rostock, 18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - Haiying Huang
- Institute of Virology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Virology, Technical University of Munich, Trogerstr. 30, 81675, München, Germany
| | - Yiming Jiang
- Institute of Virology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Virology, Technical University of Munich, Trogerstr. 30, 81675, München, Germany
| | - Tao Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Yanling Xu
- College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Gülcin Abbaszade
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center, Cooperation Group Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Schnelle-Kreis
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center, Cooperation Group Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - Ralf Zimmermann
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center, Cooperation Group Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, University of Rostock, 18059, Rostock, Germany
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13
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Jaafar H, Razi NA, Azzeri A, Isahak M, Dahlui M. A systematic review of financial implications of air pollution on health in Asia. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:30009-30020. [PMID: 30187406 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-3049-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Economic losses due to health-related implications of air pollution were huge and incurred significant burdens towards healthcare providers. The objective of this study is to systematically review published literature on the financial implications of air pollution on health in Asia. Four databases: PubMed, Scopus, NHS Economic Evaluation Database (NHS EED), and Web of Science (WoS) were used to identify all the relevant articles. It was limited to all articles that had been published in the respected databases from January 2007 until March 2017. Twenty-four articles were included in this review. Five of the 24 studies (20.8%) reported financial implications of air pollution-related disease through value of statistical life (VOSL) which ranged from USD180 million to USD2.2 billion, six (25%) studies used cost of illness (COI) to evaluate air pollution-related morbidity and found that the cost ranged from USD5.4 million to USD9.1 billion. Another six studies (25%) used a combination of VOSL and COI for both mortality and morbidity valuation and found that the financial implications ranging from USD253 million to USD2.9 billion. Thirteen (54.2%) studies reported healthcare cost associated with both hospital admission and outpatient visit, five (20.1%) on hospital admission only, and one (4.2%) on outpatient visit only. Economic impacts of air pollution can be huge with significant deterioration of health among the Asians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hafiz Jaafar
- Department of Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nurain Amirah Razi
- Department of Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Amirah Azzeri
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Marzuki Isahak
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Maznah Dahlui
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
- Faculty of Public Health, University Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia.
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14
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Tran H, Kim J, Kim D, Choi M, Choi M. Impact of air pollution on cause-specific mortality in Korea: Results from Bayesian Model Averaging and Principle Component Regression approaches. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 636:1020-1031. [PMID: 29729505 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Health effects related to air pollution are a major global concern. Related studies based on reliable exposure assessment methods would potentially enable policy makers to propose appropriate environmental management policies. In this study, integrated Bayesian Model Averaging (BMA) and Principle Component Regression (PCR) were adopted to assess the severity of air pollution impacts on mortality related to circulatory, respiratory and skin diseases in 25 districts of Seoul, South Korea for the years 2005-2015. These methods were consistent in determining the best regression models and most important pollutants related to mortality in those highly susceptible to poor air quality. Specifically, the results demonstrated that pneumonia was highly associated with air pollution, with a large determination coefficient (BMA: 0.46, PCR: 0.51) and high model's posterior probability (0.47). The most reliable prediction model for pneumonia was indicated by the lowest Bayesian Information Criterion. Among the pollutants, particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of 10 μm or less (PM10) was associated with serious health risks on evaluation, with the highest posterior inclusion probabilities (range, 80.20 to 100.00%) and significantly positive correlation coefficients (range, 0.14 to 0.34, p < 0.05). In addition, excessive PM10 concentration (approximately 2.54 times the threshold) and a continuous increase in mortality due to respiratory diseases (approximately 1.50-fold in 10 years) were also exhibited. Overall, the results of this study suggest that currently, socio-environmental policies and international collaboration to mitigate health effects of air pollution is necessary in Seoul, Korea. Moreover, consideration of uncertainty of the regression model, which was verified in this research, will facilitate further application of this approach and enable optimal prediction of interactions between human and environmental factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hien Tran
- Graduate School of Water Resources, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongyeong Kim
- Graduate School of Water Resources, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Daeun Kim
- Graduate School of Water Resources, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Minyoung Choi
- Department of Medical Business Administration, Kyunghee University, Republic of Korea
| | - Minha Choi
- Graduate School of Water Resources, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea.
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15
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Yin H, Pizzol M, Jacobsen JB, Xu L. Contingent valuation of health and mood impacts of PM 2. 5 in Beijing, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 630:1269-1282. [PMID: 29554748 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.02.275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution from PM2.5 affects many cities worldwide, causing both health impacts and mood depression. One of the obstacles to implementing environmental regulations for PM2.5 reduction is that there are limited studies of PM2.5 welfare loss and few investigations of mood depression caused by PM2.5. This article describes a survey study conducted in Beijing, China to estimate the welfare loss due to PM2.5. In total, 1709 participants completed either a face-to-face or online survey. A contingent valuation method was applied to elicit people's willingness to pay to avoid PM2.5 pollution and willingness to accept a compensation for such pollution. The payment/compensation was evaluated for two outcome variables: perceived health impacts and mood depression caused by PM2.5 pollution. This is one of few papers that explicitly studies the effects of PM2.5 on subjective well-being, and to the authors' knowledge, the first to estimate welfare loss from PM2.5 using a random forest model. Compared to the standard Turnbull, probit, and two-part models, the random forest model gave the best fit to the data, suggesting that this may be a useful tool for future studies too. The welfare loss due to health impacts and mood depression is CNY 1388.4/person/year and CNY 897.7/person/year respectively, indicating that the public attaches great importance to mood, feelings and happiness. The study provides scientific support to the development of economic policy instruments for PM2.5 control in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, No. 19, Xinjiekouwai Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100875, China; Department of Planning, Danish Centre for Environmental Assessment, Aalborg University, Rendsburggade 14, 9000 Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Massimo Pizzol
- Department of Planning, Danish Centre for Environmental Assessment, Aalborg University, Rendsburggade 14, 9000 Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Jette Bredahl Jacobsen
- University of Copenhagen, Department of Food and Resource Economics and Centre for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, Rolighedsvej 23, 1959 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Linyu Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, No. 19, Xinjiekouwai Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100875, China.
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16
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Xu L, Batterman S, Chen F, Li J, Zhong X, Feng Y, Rao Q, Chen F. Spatiotemporal characteristics of PM 2.5 and PM 10 at urban and corresponding background sites in 23 cities in China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 599-600:2074-2084. [PMID: 28558430 PMCID: PMC5975381 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.05.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Revised: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution episodes in China are frequent and a more comprehensive understanding of pollution sources and impacts is needed to design appropriate strategies and set emission reduction targets. This study analyzes PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations measured in 23 cities at 178 urban sites and at 23 corresponding "urban contrast" sites in China with the goals of understanding spatial and temporal trends and quantifying the regional component of PM pollution. The contrast sites, located an average of 29km from cities in the upwind direction, are intended to represent "background" levels. Using daily measurements from April 2013 to March 2014, we assess compliance with air quality standards, PM2.5/PM10 ratios and urban "increments," defined as the increase in PM levels in the city compared to the contrast site. Spatial and temporal patterns at daily, monthly and annual levels are shown using distributions, correlations, spatial autocorrelation, and factor analyses. At the contrast sites, PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations averaged 56±26 and 91±44μgm-3, respectively, and China's daily and annual average air quality standards were frequently exceeded. PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations in most cities exceeded levels at the corresponding contrast sites, but by an average of only 14±14 and 26±27μgm-3, respectively. Seasonal changes in PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations and urban increments were striking, e.g., levels increased 2 to 3-fold in winter at several sites. The significance of exurban and regional sources of PM2.5 is demonstrated by the small urban increments, the strong correlations across broad regions, and the correlation between daily levels at city and contrast sites. These sources will require control to achieve air quality goals, in particular, the PM10 and PM2.5 targets announced by the Chinese government in 2013.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizhong Xu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Stuart Batterman
- School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48104, United States.
| | - Fang Chen
- College of Ocean Science and Biochemistry Engineering, Fuqing Branch of Fujian Normal University, Fuqing 350300, China
| | - Jiabing Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Xuefen Zhong
- Fujian Provincial Academy of Environmental Sciences, Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Yongjie Feng
- Henan Langtian Environmental Protection Technology Company, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Qinghua Rao
- College of Ocean Science and Biochemistry Engineering, Fuqing Branch of Fujian Normal University, Fuqing 350300, China
| | - Feng Chen
- Fuzhou Environmental Monitoring Station, Fuzhou 350007, China
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17
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Yue S, Wang Y, Wang J, Chen J. Relationships between lung cancer incidences and air pollutants. Technol Health Care 2017; 25:411-422. [DOI: 10.3233/thc-171344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shihong Yue
- School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yaru Wang
- School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jianpei Wang
- School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Department of Lung Cancer Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
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18
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Liu Q, Huang J, Guo B, Guo X. Efficiency of Emission Control Measures on Particulate Matter-Related Health Impacts and Economic Cost during the 2014 Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Meeting in Beijing. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2016; 14:ijerph14010019. [PMID: 28036006 PMCID: PMC5295270 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14010019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Background: The Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) meeting was held from 5 November to 11 November 2014 in Beijing, and comprehensive emission control measures were implemented. The efficiency of these measures on particulate matter-related health impacts and economic cost need to be evaluated. Methods: The influences of emission control measures during APEC on particulate matter were evaluated, and health economic effects were assessed. Results: Average concentrations of PM2.5 and PM10 during APEC were reduced by 57.0%, and 50.6% respectively, compared with pre-APEC period. However, the concentrations of particulate matter rebounded after APEC. Compared with the pre-APEC and post-APEC periods, the estimated number of deaths caused by non-accidental, cardiovascular and respiratory diseases that could be attributed to PM2.5 and PM10 during the APEC were the lowest. The economic cost associated with mortality caused by PM2.5 and PM10 during the APEC were reduced by (61.3% and 66.6%) and (50.3% and 60.8%) respectively, compared with pre-APEC and post-APEC. Conclusions: The emission control measures were effective in improving short term air quality and reducing health risks and medical expenses during 2014 APEC, but more efforts is needed for long term and continuous air quality improvement and health protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qichen Liu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Jing Huang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Bin Guo
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Xinbiao Guo
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China.
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19
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Guan WJ, Zheng XY, Chung KF, Zhong NS. Impact of air pollution on the burden of chronic respiratory diseases in China: time for urgent action. Lancet 2016; 388:1939-1951. [PMID: 27751401 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31597-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 471] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Revised: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In China, where air pollution has become a major threat to public health, public awareness of the detrimental effects of air pollution on respiratory health is increasing-particularly in relation to haze days. Air pollutant emission levels in China remain substantially higher than are those in developed countries. Moreover, industry, traffic, and household biomass combustion have become major sources of air pollutant emissions, with substantial spatial and temporal variations. In this Review, we focus on the major constituents of air pollutants and their impacts on chronic respiratory diseases. We highlight targets for interventions and recommendations for pollution reduction through industrial upgrading, vehicle and fuel renovation, improvements in public transportation, lowering of personal exposure, mitigation of the direct effects of air pollution through healthy city development, intervention at population-based level (systematic health education, intensive and individualised intervention, pre-emptive measures, and rehabilitation), and improvement in air quality. The implementation of a national environmental protection policy has become urgent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Jie Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xue-Yan Zheng
- Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Kian Fan Chung
- Faculty of Medicine, National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK; NIHR Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, Royal Brompton NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Nan-Shan Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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20
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Wang X, Guo Y, Li G, Zhang Y, Westerdahl D, Jin X, Pan X, Chen L. Spatiotemporal analysis for the effect of ambient particulate matter on cause-specific respiratory mortality in Beijing, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:10946-10956. [PMID: 26898933 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-6273-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This study explored the association between particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of less than 10 μm (PM10) and the cause-specific respiratory mortality. We used the ordinary kriging method to estimate the spatial characteristics of ambient PM10 at 1-km × 1-km resolution across Beijing during 2008-2009 and subsequently fit the exposure-response relationship between the estimated PM10 and the mortality due to total respiratory disease, chronic lower respiratory disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and pneumonia at the street or township area levels using the generalized additive mixed model (GAMM). We also examined the effects of age, gender, and season in the stratified analysis. The effects of ambient PM10 on the cause-specific respiratory mortality were the strongest at lag0-5 except for pneumonia, and an inter-quantile range increase in PM10 was associated with an 8.04 % (95 % CI 4.00, 12.63) increase in mortality for total respiratory disease, a 6.63 % (95 % CI 1.65, 11.86) increase for chronic lower respiratory disease, and a 5.68 % (95 % CI 0.54, 11.09) increase for COPD, respectively. Higher risks due to the PM10 exposure were observed for females and elderly individuals. Seasonal stratification analysis showed that the effects of PM10 on mortality due to pneumonia were stronger during spring and autumn. While for COPD, the effect of PM10 in winter was statistically significant (15.54 %, 95 % CI 5.64, 26.35) and the greatest among the seasons. The GAMM model evaluated stronger associations between concentration of PM10. There were significant associations between PM10 and mortality due to respiratory disease at the street or township area levels. The GAMM model using high-resolution PM10 could better capture the association between PM10 and respiratory mortality. Gender, age, and season also acted as effect modifiers for the relationship between PM10 and respiratory mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuying Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Peking University, No. 38, Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Yuming Guo
- School of Population Health, University of Queensland, Herston Road, Herston, Brisbane, QLD, 4006, Australia
| | - Guoxing Li
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Peking University, No. 38, Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Yajuan Zhang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Ningxia Medical University, No. 1160, Shengli street, Xingqing district, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Dane Westerdahl
- Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, 24330 County Road 95, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Xiaobin Jin
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Peking University, No. 38, Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaochuan Pan
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Peking University, No. 38, Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, China.
| | - Liangfu Chen
- Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 9, Dengzhuang south Road, Haidian district, Beijing, China.
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21
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Monetary Valuation of PM10-Related Health Risks in Beijing China: The Necessity for PM10 Pollution Indemnity. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2015; 12:9967-87. [PMID: 26308020 PMCID: PMC4555323 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph120809967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Severe health risks caused by PM10 (particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter ≤10 μm) pollution have induced inevitable economic losses and have rendered pressure on the sustainable development of society as a whole. In China, with the “Polluters Pay Principle”, polluters should pay for the pollution they have caused, but how much they should pay remains an intractable problem for policy makers. This paper integrated an epidemiological exposure-response model with economics methods, including the Amended Human Capital (AHC) approach and the Cost of Illness (COI) method, to value the economic loss of PM10-related health risks in 16 districts and also 4 functional zones in Beijing from 2008 to 2012. The results show that from 2008 to 2012 the estimated annual deaths caused by PM10 in Beijing are around 56,000, 58,000, 63,000, 61,000 and 59,000, respectively, while the economic losses related to health damage increased from around 23 to 31 billion dollars that PM10 polluters should pay for pollution victims between 2008 and 2012. It is illustrated that not only PM10 concentration but also many other social economic factors influence PM10-related health economic losses, which makes health economic losses show a time lag discrepancy compared with the decline of PM10 concentration. In conclusion, health economic loss evaluation is imperative in the pollution indemnity system establishment and should be considered for the urban planning and policy making to control the burgeoning PM10 health economic loss.
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Assessment of Population Exposure to Coarse and Fine Particulate Matter in the Urban Areas of Chennai, India. ScientificWorldJournal 2015; 2015:643714. [PMID: 26258167 PMCID: PMC4516836 DOI: 10.1155/2015/643714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2015] [Revised: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Research outcomes from the epidemiological studies have found that the course (PM10) and the fine particulate matter (PM2.5) are mainly responsible for various respiratory health effects for humans. The population-weighted exposure assessment is used as a vital decision-making tool to analyze the vulnerable areas where the population is exposed to critical concentrations of pollutants. Systemic sampling was carried out at strategic locations of Chennai to estimate the various concentration levels of particulate pollution during November 2013–January 2014. The concentration of the pollutants was classified based on the World Health Organization interim target (IT) guidelines. Using geospatial information systems the pollution and the high-resolution population data were interpolated to study the extent of the pollutants at the urban scale. The results show that approximately 28% of the population resides in vulnerable locations where the coarse particulate matter exceeds the prescribed standards. Alarmingly, the results of the analysis of fine particulates show that about 94% of the inhabitants live in critical areas where the concentration of the fine particulates exceeds the IT guidelines. Results based on human exposure analysis show the vulnerability is more towards the zones which are surrounded by prominent sources of pollution.
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Zhang Y, Li M, Bravo MA, Jin L, Nori-Sarma A, Xu Y, Guan D, Wang C, Chen M, Wang X, Tao W, Qiu W, Zhang Y, Bell ML. Air Quality in Lanzhou, a Major Industrial City in China: Characteristics of Air Pollution and Review of Existing Evidence from Air Pollution and Health Studies. WATER, AIR, AND SOIL POLLUTION 2014; 225:2187. [PMID: 25838615 PMCID: PMC4380132 DOI: 10.1007/s11270-014-2187-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution contributes substantially to global health burdens; however, less is known about pollution patterns in China and whether they differ from those elsewhere. We evaluated temporal and spatial heterogeneity of air pollution in Lanzhou, an urban Chinese city (April 2009-December 2012), and conducted a systematic review of literature on air pollution and health in Lanzhou. Average levels were 141.5, 42.3, and 47.2 µg/m3 for particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter ≤10 µm (PM10), NO2, and SO2, respectively. Findings suggest some seasonality, particularly for SO2, with higher concentrations during colder months relative to warmer months, although a longer time frame of data is needed to evaluate seasonality fully. Correlation coefficients generally declined with distance between monitors, while coefficients of divergence increased with distance. However, these trends were not statistically significant. PM10 levels exceeded Chinese and other health-based standards and guidelines. The review identified 13 studies on outdoor air pollution and health. Although limited, the studies indicate that air pollution is associated with increased risk of health outcomes in Lanzhou. These studies and the high air pollution levels suggest potentially serious health consequences. Findings can provide guidance to future epidemiological studies, monitor placement programs, and air quality policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqun Zhang
- School of Civil Engineering and Mechanics, Lanzhou, University, 222 Tianshui South Road, Lanzhou 730000, China
- Gansu Provincial Design and Research Institute of Environmental Science, 225 Yanerwan Road, Chengguan District, Lanzhou 730020, China
| | - Min Li
- Gansu Provincial Environmental Monitoring Central Station, 225 Yanerwan Road, Chengguan District, Lanzhou 730020, China
| | - Mercedes A. Bravo
- School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, 195 Prospect St, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Lan Jin
- School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, 195 Prospect St, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Amruta Nori-Sarma
- School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, 195 Prospect St, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Yanwen Xu
- Gansu Provincial Design and Research Institute of Environmental Science, 225 Yanerwan Road, Chengguan District, Lanzhou 730020, China
| | - Donghong Guan
- Gansu Provincial Design and Research Institute of Environmental Science, 225 Yanerwan Road, Chengguan District, Lanzhou 730020, China
| | - Chengyuan Wang
- Gansu Provincial Design and Research Institute of Environmental Science, 225 Yanerwan Road, Chengguan District, Lanzhou 730020, China
| | - Mingxia Chen
- Gansu Provincial Design and Research Institute of Environmental Science, 225 Yanerwan Road, Chengguan District, Lanzhou 730020, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- Gansu Provincial Design and Research Institute of Environmental Science, 225 Yanerwan Road, Chengguan District, Lanzhou 730020, China
| | - Wei Tao
- Gansu Provincial Design and Research Institute of Environmental Science, 225 Yanerwan Road, Chengguan District, Lanzhou 730020, China
| | - Weitao Qiu
- Gansu Provincial Maternity and Child Care Hospital, 143, Qilihe North Road, Lanzhou 730050, China
| | - Yawei Zhang
- Yale School of Public Health, 60 College St, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Michelle L. Bell
- School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, 195 Prospect St, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
- Yale School of Public Health, 60 College St, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
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Particulate matter pollution and population exposure assessment over mainland China in 2010 with remote sensing. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2014; 11:5241-50. [PMID: 24830453 PMCID: PMC4053876 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph110505241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Revised: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The public is increasingly concerned about particulate matter pollution caused by respirable suspended particles (PM10) and fine particles (PM2.5). In this paper, PM10 and PM2.5 concentration are estimated with remote sensing and individual air quality indexes of PM10 and PM2.5 (IPM10 and IPM2.5) over mainland China in 2010 are calculated. We find that China suffered more serious PM2.5 than PM10 pollution in 2010, and they presented a spatial differentiation. Consequently, a particulate-based air quality index (PAQI) based on a weighting method is proposed to provide a more objective assessment of the particulate pollution. The study demonstrates that, in 2010, most of mainland China faced a lightly polluted situation in PAQI case; there were three areas obviously under moderate pollution (Hubei, Sichuan-Chongqing border region and Ningxia-Inner Mongolia border region). Simultaneously, two indicators are calculated with the combination of population density gridded data to reveal Chinese population exposure to PM2.5. Comparing per capita PM2.5 concentration with population-weighted PM2.5 concentration, the former shows that the high-level regions are distributed in Guangdong, Shanghai, and Tianjin, while the latter are in Hebei, Chongqing, and Shandong. By comparison, the results demonstrate that population-weighted PM2.5 concentration is more in line with the actual situation.
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