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S A, Kavitha HP. Magnesium Oxide Nanoparticles: Effective Antilarvicidal and Antibacterial Agents. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:5225-5233. [PMID: 36816696 PMCID: PMC9933234 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c01450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
People are vulnerable to mosquito-borne infections in tropical and subtropical climate countries. Due to resistive issues, vector control is an immediate concern in today's environment. The current study describes the synthesis of magnesium oxide by four different approaches including green, microwave, sol-gel, and hydrothermal methods. The synthesized magnesium oxide (MgO) nanoparticles were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), high-resolution scanning electron microscopy (HRSEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX) techniques. The FT-IR studies reveal the presence of functional groups in the synthesized nanoparticles. The structural and morphological studies were investigated using XRD and HRSEM. EDAX reveals the presence of Mg and O in the prepared samples. The synthesized MgO NPs were screened for antibacterial studies against Gram-positive strains, Enterococcus faecalis and Staphylococcus aureus, two Gram-negative cultures, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae, using different concentrations. The results indicated excellent antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria at 50 mg/mL hydrothermally produced MgO nanoparticles, with a maximal zone of inhibition (ZOI) of 5 mm for S. aureus, 7 mm for E. faecalis, and 6 mm for K. pneumoniae. The ZOI of E. coli was found to be the greatest at 9 mm when 50 mg/mL sol-gel-produced MgO nanoparticles were used. The synthesized MgO nanostructures were tested against fourth-instar larvae of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus, and the hydrothermally synthesized MgO nanostructures exhibited better results when compared with other methods of synthesis. The reports show that A. aegypti and A. albopictus mortality rates were reported to be the lowest with green-manufactured MgO nanoparticles (7.5 g mL-1) and the highest with hydrothermally synthesized MgO nanoparticles (120 g mL-1). The research indicates that MgO nanostructures are promising drugs for antibacterial and mosquitocidal larvae control properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abinaya S
- SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Ramapuram, Chennai 600089, India, https://renuwit.org/contact/
| | - Helen P. Kavitha
- SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Ramapuram, Chennai 600089, India, https://renuwit.org/contact/
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Wong ML, Zulzahrin Z, Vythilingam I, Lau YL, Sam IC, Fong MY, Lee WC. Perspectives of vector management in the control and elimination of vector-borne zoonoses. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1135977. [PMID: 37025644 PMCID: PMC10070879 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1135977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The complex transmission profiles of vector-borne zoonoses (VZB) and vector-borne infections with animal reservoirs (VBIAR) complicate efforts to break the transmission circuit of these infections. To control and eliminate VZB and VBIAR, insecticide application may not be conducted easily in all circumstances, particularly for infections with sylvatic transmission cycle. As a result, alternative approaches have been considered in the vector management against these infections. In this review, we highlighted differences among the environmental, chemical, and biological control approaches in vector management, from the perspectives of VZB and VBIAR. Concerns and knowledge gaps pertaining to the available control approaches were discussed to better understand the prospects of integrating these vector control approaches to synergistically break the transmission of VZB and VBIAR in humans, in line with the integrated vector management (IVM) developed by the World Health Organization (WHO) since 2004.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Li Wong
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Zulhisham Zulzahrin
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Indra Vythilingam
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yee Ling Lau
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - I-Ching Sam
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Malaya Medical Centre (UMMC), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mun Yik Fong
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Wenn-Chyau Lee
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- A*STAR Infectious Diseases Labs (A*STAR ID Labs), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
- *Correspondence: Wenn-Chyau Lee,
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Kamaraj C, Gandhi PR, Ragavendran C, Sugumar V, Kumar RCS, Ranjith R, Priyadharsan A, Cherian T. Sustainable development through the bio-fabrication of ecofriendly ZnO nanoparticles and its approaches to toxicology and environmental protection. BIOMASS CONVERSION AND BIOREFINERY 2022:1-17. [PMID: 36320445 PMCID: PMC9610317 DOI: 10.1007/s13399-022-03445-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Mosquito control is becoming more difficult as a result of the rise in resistance to toxic chemical insecticides. The insecticides of bio-fabrication sources may serve as a convenient alternative to environmentally acceptable methods in the future. The larvicidal and pupicidal activities of bio-fabricated zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) on the different instar larvae and pupae of Anopheles subpictus Grassi (Malaria vector) and Culex quinquefasciatus Say (lymphatic filariasis) were investigated in this study. The results recorded from XRD, FTIR, SEM-EDX, and TEM analyses confirmed the bio-fabrication of ZnO NPs. Such nanoparticles were nearly spherical and agglomerated with a size of 34.21 nm. GC-MS analysis of methanol extract revealed the compound, stigmasterol (C29H48O) as major one. Mosquito larvae and pupae of targeted mosquito were tested against varied concentrations of the bio-fabricated ZnO NPs and methanol extract of Vitex negundo for 24 h. The maximum activity was recorded from ZnO NPs against the larvae and pupae of A. subpictus LC50 which were 1.70 (I), 1.66 (II), 1.93 (III), 2.48 (IV), and 3.63 mg/L (pupa) and C. quinquefasciatus LC50 were 1.95 (I), 2.63 (II), 2.90 (III), 4.32 (IV), and 4.61 mg/L (pupa) respectively. ZnO NPs exhibited strong DPPH radical and FRAP scavengers compared to the aqueous extract of V. negundo. Also, V. negundo leaf methanol extract (VNLME) and ZnO NPs were evaluated for their cytotoxicity on HeLa cells, which exhibited the IC50 values of 72.35 and 43.70μg/mL, respectively. The methylene blue (MB) dye, which is harmful to both aquatic and terrestrial life, was degraded using the biosynthesized ZnO nanoparticles. At 664 nm, 81.2% of the MB dye had degraded after 120 min of exposure to sunlight. Overall, our results revealed that ZnO NPs are the perfect biological agent and economical for the control of malaria, filariasis vectors, antioxidant, HeLa cells, and MB blue dye degradation under sunlight irradiation. Graphical abstract
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinnaperumal Kamaraj
- Interdisciplinary Institute of Indian System of Medicine (IIISM), Directorate of Research, SRM Institute of Science and Technology (SRMIST), Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu 603203 India
| | - Pachiyappan Rajiv Gandhi
- Department of Zoology, Division of Nano-biotechnology, Auxilium College (Autonomous), Vellore District, Gandhi Nagar, Tamil Nadu 632 006 India
| | - Chinnasamy Ragavendran
- Department of Cariology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Chennai, Tamil Nadu India
| | - Vimal Sugumar
- Department of Biochemistry, Saveetha Medical College & Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Thandalam, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 602105 India
| | - R. C. Satish Kumar
- Interdisciplinary Institute of Indian System of Medicine (IIISM), Directorate of Research, SRM Institute of Science and Technology (SRMIST), Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu 603203 India
| | - Rajendran Ranjith
- Department of Physics, KSR College Engineering Tiruchengode, Namakkal, Tamil Nadu 637215 India
| | - A. Priyadharsan
- Department of Cariology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Chennai, Tamil Nadu India
| | - Tijo Cherian
- Department of Ocean Studies and Marine Biology, Pondicherry University, Port Blair campus, Brookshabad, Port Blair, Andamans 744112 India
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Pounds A, Kaminski AM, Budhathoki M, Gudbrandsen O, Kok B, Horn S, Malcorps W, Mamun AA, McGoohan A, Newton R, Ozretich R, Little DC. More Than Fish-Framing Aquatic Animals within Sustainable Food Systems. Foods 2022; 11:1413. [PMID: 35626983 PMCID: PMC9141230 DOI: 10.3390/foods11101413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Aquatic animals are diverse in terms of species, but also in terms of production systems, the people involved, and the benefits achieved. In this concept piece, we draw on literature to outline how the diversity of aquatic animals, their production, and their consumption all influence their impact within the food system. Built on evidence from an array of reductionist and non-reductionist literature, we suggest that food systems researchers and policymakers adapt current methods and theoretical frameworks to appropriately contextualise aquatic animals in broader food systems. We do this through combining current understandings of food systems theory, value chain, livelihoods, nutritional outcomes, and planetary boundaries thinking. We make several claims around understanding the role of aquatic animals in terms of nutritional output and environmental impacts. We suggest a need to consider: (1) the diversity of species and production methods; (2) variable definitions of an "edible yield"; (3) circular economy principles and the impacts of co-products, and effects beyond nutrient provision; (4) role of aquatic animals in the overall diet; (5) contextual effects of preservation, preparation, cooking, and consumer choices; (6) globalised nature of aquatic animal trade across the value chain; and (7) that aquatic animals are produced from a continuum, rather than a dichotomy, of aquaculture or fisheries. We conclude by proposing a new framework that involves cohesive interdisciplinary discussions around aquatic animal foods and their role in the broader food system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Pounds
- Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK; (A.M.K.); (M.B.); (B.K.); (S.H.); (W.M.); (A.M.); (R.N.); (R.O.); (D.C.L.)
| | - Alexander M. Kaminski
- Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK; (A.M.K.); (M.B.); (B.K.); (S.H.); (W.M.); (A.M.); (R.N.); (R.O.); (D.C.L.)
| | - Mausam Budhathoki
- Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK; (A.M.K.); (M.B.); (B.K.); (S.H.); (W.M.); (A.M.); (R.N.); (R.O.); (D.C.L.)
| | - Oddrun Gudbrandsen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway;
| | - Björn Kok
- Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK; (A.M.K.); (M.B.); (B.K.); (S.H.); (W.M.); (A.M.); (R.N.); (R.O.); (D.C.L.)
| | - Stephanie Horn
- Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK; (A.M.K.); (M.B.); (B.K.); (S.H.); (W.M.); (A.M.); (R.N.); (R.O.); (D.C.L.)
| | - Wesley Malcorps
- Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK; (A.M.K.); (M.B.); (B.K.); (S.H.); (W.M.); (A.M.); (R.N.); (R.O.); (D.C.L.)
| | - Abdullah-Al Mamun
- Department of Fisheries and Marine Science, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali 3814, Bangladesh;
| | - Amy McGoohan
- Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK; (A.M.K.); (M.B.); (B.K.); (S.H.); (W.M.); (A.M.); (R.N.); (R.O.); (D.C.L.)
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Richard Newton
- Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK; (A.M.K.); (M.B.); (B.K.); (S.H.); (W.M.); (A.M.); (R.N.); (R.O.); (D.C.L.)
| | - Reed Ozretich
- Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK; (A.M.K.); (M.B.); (B.K.); (S.H.); (W.M.); (A.M.); (R.N.); (R.O.); (D.C.L.)
| | - David C. Little
- Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK; (A.M.K.); (M.B.); (B.K.); (S.H.); (W.M.); (A.M.); (R.N.); (R.O.); (D.C.L.)
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Hegazy MI, Hegazy AM, Saad AM, Salem HM, El-Tahan AM, El-Saadony MT, Soliman SM, Taha AE, Alshehri MA, Ezzat Ahmed A, Swelum AA. ٍSome biologically active microorganisms have the potential to suppress mosquito larvae (Culex pipiens, Diptera: Culicidae). Saudi J Biol Sci 2021; 29:1998-2006. [PMID: 35531139 PMCID: PMC9072919 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria is a disease caused by protozoan species of the genus Plasmodium. It is widespread and becoming a challenge in several African countries in the tropical and subtropical regions. In 2010, a report was published showing that over 1.2 million death cases were occurred globally due to malaria in just one year. The transmission of the disease from one person to another occurs via the bite of the Anopheles female. It is known that Plasmodium ovale, P. vivax, P. malariae, P. falciparum, and P. knowlesi are the highly infective malaria species. The problem of this disease is the absence of any effective medical treatment or vaccine, making the mosquito control is the only feasible way for disease prevention. Pesticides are currently the most widely used method for mosquito control, despite its well-known negative effects, including health hazards on human, the increasing insecticidal resistance, and the negative impact on the environment and beneficial organisms. Biological control (also called: biocontrol) of insects has been a promising method to overcome the negative effects of using chemical insecticides, as it depends on just using the natural enemies of pests to either minimize their populations or eradicate them. This article provides an overview of the recent and effective biological means to control malaria, such as bacteria, fungi, viruses, larvivorous fish, toxorhynchites larva and nematodes. In addition, the importance, advantages, and disadvantages of the biocontrol methods will be discussed in comparison with the traditionally used chemical methods of malaria control with special reference to nanotechnology as a novel method for insects’ control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed I. Hegazy
- Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| | - Ahmad M. Hegazy
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M. Saad
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| | - Heba M. Salem
- Department of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, 12211 Giza, Egypt
- Corresponding authors at: Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, PO Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia (A.A. Swelum).
| | - Amira M. El-Tahan
- Plant Production Department, Arid Lands Cultivation Research Institute, The City of Scientific. Research and Technological Applications, SRTA-City, Borg El Arab, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Mohamed T. El-Saadony
- Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| | - Soliman M. Soliman
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, 12211 Giza, Egypt
| | - Ayman E. Taha
- Department of Animal Husbandry and Animal Wealth Development, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Edfina 22758, Egypt
| | - Mohammed A. Alshehri
- Biology Department, College of Science, King Khalid University, 61413 Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Ezzat Ahmed
- Biology Department, College of Science, King Khalid University, 61413 Abha, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, 83523 Qena, Egypt
| | - Ayman A. Swelum
- Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, PO Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Sharkia 44519, Egypt
- Corresponding authors at: Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, PO Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia (A.A. Swelum).
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Rathnayaka RMGS, Jayatunga DPW, Ganehiarachchi GASM. The effect of chemical exudates of three larvivorous fish species on oviposition preference of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae). MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY 2021; 35:495-500. [PMID: 33748990 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Mosquito species Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus are vectors of dengue worldwide. Mosquito vector control through maintaining larvivorous fish in water bodies is generally suggested, however, its underlying role towards oviposition preference of these dengue vectors is unknown in the Sri Lankan context. The current study investigated the effect of chemical exudates from larvivorous fish species Poecilia reticulata, Rasbora daniconius and Applocheilus dayi on the oviposition preference of Aedes mosquitoes. The number of eggs laid by each mosquito species was determined using ovitraps that contained water conditioned by the fish species both separately and in combination. The ovitraps were placed inside insect cages containing engorged gravid Aedes females. Both the mosquito species had the least preference of oviposition in water conditioned by A. dayi followed by R. daniconius. The highest preference of oviposition was shown for water conditioned by P. reticulata. The current study indicated that oviposition site selection in Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus was reduced by A. dayi and R. daniconius, however, it was not influenced by the fish combinations used. Further studies are warranted to understand the chemical cues associated with larvivorous fish towards the oviposition preference in Aedes mosquitoes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - D P W Jayatunga
- Department of Zoology and Environmental Management, University of Kelaniya, Kelaniya, Sri Lanka
| | - G A S M Ganehiarachchi
- Department of Zoology and Environmental Management, University of Kelaniya, Kelaniya, Sri Lanka
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Efficacy of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) juveniles and spinosyns bioinsecticides against aquatic stages of Culex pipiens: An experimental study. JOURNAL OF ASIA-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aspen.2020.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Niang A, Sawadogo SP, Dabiré RK, Tripet F, Diabaté A. Assessment of the ecologically dependent post-zygotic isolation between Anopheles coluzzii and Anopheles gambiae. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0240625. [PMID: 33119635 PMCID: PMC7595400 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0240625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Within the Anopheles gambiae complex, the sibling species An. coluzzii and An. gambiae are undergoing sympatric speciation. These species are characterized by rare hybrids in most of their geographical distribution. A strong assortative mating mediated by spatial swarm segregation has been shown whereas no intrinsic post-zygotic barriers have been found in laboratory conditions. To test the role of the hybridisation in reproductive isolation in natural populations transplant experiment are therefore needed to establish the significance of post-zygotic barriers. Previous studies indicated that predation is one of the major forces driving ecological divergence between An. gambiae and An. coluzzii. Here we extended these studies to their hybrids. Parental species and their F1 hybrids from reciprocal crosses were generated by the forced-mating technique as follows: female An. coluzzii × male An. coluzzii; female An. coluzzii × male An. gambiae; female An. gambiae × male An. coluzzii and female An. gambiae × Male An. gambiae. First instar larvae of each group from the crossing (here after An. coluzzii, Hybrid COL/GAM, Hybrid GAM/COL and An. gambiae, respectively) were transplanted in a field experiment with predation effect. Emergence success, development time of larvae and body size of the newly emerging adults were estimated as fitness components and then compared between parental species and F1 hybrids in absence and in presence of predators. Our findings confirm that An. coluzzii had higher fitness than An. gambiae in presence of predators versus in absence of predators. Moreover, the fitness of the F1 hybrid COL/GAM whose female parent was An. coluzzii matched that of An. coluzzii while that of the F1 reciprocal hybrid GAM/COL was similar to An. gambiae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdoulaye Niang
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
- Centre for Applied Entomology and Parasitology, School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Staffordshire, United Kingdom
| | | | - Roch K. Dabiré
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Frederic Tripet
- Centre for Applied Entomology and Parasitology, School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Staffordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Abdoulaye Diabaté
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
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Couret J, Notarangelo M, Veera S, LeClaire-Conway N, Ginsberg HS, LeBrun RL. Biological control of Aedes mosquito larvae with carnivorous aquatic plant, Utricularia macrorhiza. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:208. [PMID: 32317006 PMCID: PMC7175535 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04084-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biological controls with predators of larval mosquito vectors have historically focused almost exclusively on insectivorous animals, with few studies examining predatory plants as potential larvacidal agents. In this study, we experimentally evaluate a generalist plant predator of North America, Utricularia macrorhiza, the common bladderwort, and evaluate its larvacidal efficiency for the mosquito vectors Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus in no-choice, laboratory experiments. We sought to determine first, whether U. macrorhiza is a competent predator of container-breeding mosquitoes, and secondly, its predation efficiency for early and late instar larvae of each mosquito species. METHODS Newly hatched, first-instar Ae. albopictus and Ae. aegypti larvae were separately exposed in cohorts of 10 to field-collected U. macrorhiza cuttings. Data on development time and larval survival were collected on a daily basis to ascertain the effectiveness of U. macrorhiza as a larval predator. Survival models were used to assess differences in larval survival between cohorts that were exposed to U. macrorhiza and those that were not. A permutation analysis was used to investigate whether storing U. macrorhiza in laboratory conditions for extended periods of time (1 month vs 6 months) affected its predation efficiency. RESULTS Our results indicated a 100% and 95% reduction of survival of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus larvae, respectively, in the presence of U. macrorhiza relative to controls within five days, with peak larvacidal efficiency in plant cuttings from ponds collected in August. Utricularia macrorhiza cuttings, which were prey-deprived, and maintained in laboratory conditions for 6 months were more effective larval predators than cuttings, which were maintained prey-free for 1 month. CONCLUSIONS Due to the combination of high predation efficiency and the unique biological feature of facultative predation, we suggest that U. macrorhiza warrants further development as a method for larval mosquito control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jannelle Couret
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Woodward Hall, 9 East Alumni Ave, Kingston, USA
| | - Marco Notarangelo
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Woodward Hall, 9 East Alumni Ave, Kingston, USA
| | - Sarashwathy Veera
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Woodward Hall, 9 East Alumni Ave, Kingston, USA
| | - Noah LeClaire-Conway
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Woodward Hall, 9 East Alumni Ave, Kingston, USA
| | - Howard S. Ginsberg
- U.S. Geological Survey Patuxent Wildlife Coastal Field Station, Kingston, USA
| | - Roger L. LeBrun
- Department of Plant Sciences and Entomology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, USA
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Sultana N, Raul PK, Goswami D, Das D, Islam S, Tyagi V, Das B, Gogoi HK, Chattopadhyay P, Raju PS. Bio-nanoparticle assembly: a potent on-site biolarvicidal agent against mosquito vectors. RSC Adv 2020; 10:9356-9368. [PMID: 35497225 PMCID: PMC9050063 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra09972g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Vector-borne diseases such as malaria, dengue, yellow fever, encephalitis and filariasis are considered serious human health concerns in the field of medical entomology. Controlling the population of mosquito vectors is one of the best strategies for combating such vector-borne diseases. However, the use of synthetic insecticides for longer periods of time increases mosquito resistance to the insecticides. Recently, the search for new environmentally friendly and efficient insecticides has attracted major attention globally. With the evolution of material sciences, researchers have reported the effective control of such diseases using various sustainable resources. The present investigation demonstrates a potent on-site biolarvicidal agent against different mosquito vectors such as Aedes albopictus, Anopheles stephensi and Culex quinquefasciatus. Methods: Stable and photo-induced colloidal silver nanoparticles were generated via the surface functionalization of the root extract of Cyprus rotundas. Characterizations of the nanoparticles were performed using assorted techniques, such as UV-visible spectroscopy, FTIR spectroscopy, DLS and HRTEM. The bioefficacy of the synthesized nanoparticles was investigated against different species of mosquito larvae through the evaluation of their life history trait studies, fecundity and hatchability rate of the treated larvae. Histopathological and polymerase chain reaction-random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analyses of the treated larvae were also examined to establish the cellular damage. Results: The synthesized nanoparticles showed remarkable larvicidal activity against mosquito larvae in a very low concentration range (0.001–1.00) mg L−1. The histopathological study confirmed that the present nanoparticles could easily enter the cuticle membrane of mosquito larvae and subsequently obliterate their complete intestinal system. Furthermore, RAPD analysis of the treated larvae could assess the damage of the DNA banding pattern. Conclusion: The present work demonstrates a potent biolarvicidal agent using sustainable bioresources of the aqueous Cyprus rotundas root extract. The results showed that the synthesized nanoparticles were stable under different physiological conditions such as temperature and photo-induced oxidation. The effectiveness of these materials against mosquito larvae was quantified at very low dose concentrations. The present biolarvicidal agent can be considered as an environmentally benign material to control the mosquito vectors with an immense potential for on-site field applications. The present work demonstrates a potent and stable biolarvicidal agent using sustainable bioresources. The synthesized nanomaterials can control the mosquito vectors at a very low concentration range (0.01–1.00 mg L−1) for on-site field applications.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazima Sultana
- Defence Research Laboratory, DRDO Post bag no. 2 Tezpur-784001 Assam India +91-3712-258534 +91-3712-258836
| | - Prasanta K Raul
- Defence Research Laboratory, DRDO Post bag no. 2 Tezpur-784001 Assam India +91-3712-258534 +91-3712-258836
| | - Diganta Goswami
- Defence Research Laboratory, DRDO Post bag no. 2 Tezpur-784001 Assam India +91-3712-258534 +91-3712-258836
| | - Dipankar Das
- Sri Sankardeva Nethralaya Beltola Guwahati-781028 Assam India
| | - Saidul Islam
- College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University Khanapara Guwahati - 781022 India
| | - Varun Tyagi
- Defence Research Laboratory, DRDO Post bag no. 2 Tezpur-784001 Assam India +91-3712-258534 +91-3712-258836
| | - Bodhaditya Das
- Defence Research Laboratory, DRDO Post bag no. 2 Tezpur-784001 Assam India +91-3712-258534 +91-3712-258836
| | - Hemanta K Gogoi
- Defence Research Laboratory, DRDO Post bag no. 2 Tezpur-784001 Assam India +91-3712-258534 +91-3712-258836
| | - Pronobesh Chattopadhyay
- Defence Research Laboratory, DRDO Post bag no. 2 Tezpur-784001 Assam India +91-3712-258534 +91-3712-258836
| | - Pakalapati S Raju
- Defence Research Laboratory, DRDO Post bag no. 2 Tezpur-784001 Assam India +91-3712-258534 +91-3712-258836
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Muslimin L, Burhan A, Khairuddin K, Kriswanty C, Arsyandi A, Megawati M. Chemical composition and bioactivity of Vitex cofassus Reinw. extracts on the larval and pupal stages of Aedes aegypti. J Pharm Bioallied Sci 2020; 12:77-81. [PMID: 32801604 PMCID: PMC7398000 DOI: 10.4103/jpbs.jpbs_148_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 09/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims and Objectives: Materials and Methods: Results: Conclusion:
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12
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Alves MR, Codeço CT, Peiter PC, Souza-Santos R. Malaria and fish farming in the Brazilian Amazon Region: a strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats analysis. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2019; 52:e20190419. [PMID: 31800925 DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0419-2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The fish farming program in Acre is as an alternative program to generate income and employment and has promising regional, national, and international markets. While the economic importance of fish farming in the Jurua Region is clear, one must address its contribution to increase malaria transmission. METHODS This was a qualitative study. The answers of the 16 key informants were organized into the following: (1) the healthcare services structure; (2) conscience, perception, and behaviors; and (3) socioeconomic and political issues. Each answer was classified as weaknesses, strengths, opportunities, and threats. RESULTS Regarding healthcare services, the frequency of household visits was reduced, and subjects presenting with malaria symptoms were required to visit a healthcare unit to be diagnosed and treated. Regarding individual's conscience, perception, and behavior, malaria was considered an insignificant disease, and a large proportion of the population were engaged in health practices that put them at risk in contacting with malaria vectors. Regarding political and economic issues, there were economic and infrastructure barriers for the development of a productive activity, and the insufficient credit or formalization of their properties prevented their access to governmental incentives and the financial market. CONCLUSIONS Support to fish farmers for low-cost inputs was not observed, and appropriate knowledge regarding the impact of the absence of maintenance and abandonment of fish tanks was insufficient. Moreover, insufficient healthcare services prevented not only the treatment of individuals with malaria but also the control of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mário Ribeiro Alves
- Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso, Instituto de Saúde Coletiva, Cuiabá, MT, Brasil
| | | | - Paulo Cesar Peiter
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Reinaldo Souza-Santos
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sergio Arouca, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
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Karungu S, Atoni E, Ogalo J, Mwaliko C, Agwanda B, Yuan Z, Hu X. Mosquitoes of Etiological Concern in Kenya and Possible Control Strategies. INSECTS 2019; 10:E173. [PMID: 31208124 PMCID: PMC6627689 DOI: 10.3390/insects10060173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Kenya is among the most affected tropical countries with pathogen transmitting Culicidae vectors. For decades, insect vectors have contributed to the emergence and distribution of viral and parasitic pathogens. Outbreaks and diseases have a great impact on a country's economy, as resources that would otherwise be used for developmental projects are redirected to curb hospitalization cases and manage outbreaks. Infected invasive mosquito species have been shown to increasingly cross both local and global boarders due to the presence of increased environmental changes, trade, and tourism. In Kenya, there have been several mosquito-borne disease outbreaks such as the recent outbreaks along the coast of Kenya, involving chikungunya and dengue. This certainly calls for the implementation of strategies aimed at strengthening integrated vector management programs. In this review, we look at mosquitoes of public health concern in Kenya, while highlighting the pathogens they have been linked with over the years and across various regions. In addition, the major strategies that have previously been used in mosquito control and what more could be done to reduce or combat the menace caused by these hematophagous vectors are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Karungu
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Evans Atoni
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Joseph Ogalo
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Caroline Mwaliko
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Bernard Agwanda
- Mammalogy Section, National Museum of Kenya, P.O. Box 40658, Nairobi 00100, Kenya.
| | - Zhiming Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China.
| | - Xiaomin Hu
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China.
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Roux O, Robert V. Larval predation in malaria vectors and its potential implication in malaria transmission: an overlooked ecosystem service? Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:217. [PMID: 31068213 PMCID: PMC6505304 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3479-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of aquatic predators in controlling the anopheline aquatic stage has been known for decades. Recently, studies have highlighted that exposition to predation stress during aquatic development can have a profound impact on life-history traits (e.g. growth rate, fecundity and longevity) and consequently on the ability of adults to transmit human malaria parasites. In this study, we present a review aiming to contextualize the role of Anopheles larvae predators as an ecosystem factor interacting with the malaria pathogen through its vector, i.e. the female adult Anopheles. We first envisage the predator diversity that anopheline vectors are susceptible to encounter in their aquatic habitats. We then focus on mosquito-predator interactions with a special mention to anti-predator behaviors and prey adaptations developed to deal with the predation threat. Next, we address the direct and indirect effects of larval predation stress on mosquito populations and on individual life-history traits, which strongly suggest some carry-over effect of the impact of larval predation on vectorial capacity. The last part addresses the impact of human activities on larval predation. Concluding remarks highlight gaps in the knowledge of anopheline bio-ecology which may constitute avenues for researchers in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Roux
- MIVEGEC Unit, IRD-CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France. .,Institut de Recherche des Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), 01 BP 545, Bobo-Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso.
| | - Vincent Robert
- MIVEGEC Unit, IRD-CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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Johnson M, Maharaja P, Murugesan S, Janakiraman N, Menezes IRA, da Costa JGM, Barbosa CRS, Coutinho HDM. Larvicidal activity of some medicinal plant extracts against filariasis fever mosquito, Culex quinquefasciatus (Say.) (Diptera: Culicidae). Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2018; 61:1-4. [PMID: 30502827 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2018.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 10/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The present study was aimed to find the larvicidal activity of petroleum ether, chloroform, acetone and methanolic extracts of Dichanthium foveolatum (Del.) Roberty, Leptochloa uniflora Hochst, Pancratium triflorum Roxb and Molineria trichocarpa (Wight) N.P.Balakr against Culex quinquefasciatus. METHODS The larvicidal potential of selected plant extracts were determined against 4th instar larvae of C. quinquefasciatus with various concentrations viz., 50, 100, 150, 200 and 250 mg/ml. The mortality counts were made after 24 h of incubation and LC50 values were calculated. RESULTS Chloroform extracts of studied plants were showed highest larvicidal activity with remarkable irritant against the larva of C. quinquefasciatus. Highest larvicidal activity was observed in the chloroform extract of D. foveolatum against the larva of C. quinquefasciatus with LC50 = 277.03 mg/ml. The larvicidal activity of the studied plants as follows chloroform extract of D. foveolatum (LC50 = 277.03 mg/ml) >L. uniflora (LC50 = 300.56 mg/ml) >M. trichocarpa (LC50 = 306.60 mg/ml) >P. triflorum (LC50 318.42 mg/ml). The larvicidal potential of P. triflorum was as follows Chloroform > acetone > methanol > petroleum ether. The larvicidal activities of L. uniflora and M. trichocarpa were as follows Chloroform > petroleum ether > acetone > methanol respectively. The larvicidal potentials of D. foveolatum was as follows Chloroform > methanol > acetone > petroleum ether. CONCLUSION The chloroform extract of D. foveolatum find use as broad-spectrum larvicidal agent in the near future. It is hoped that more work would be undertaken to evaluate the utility of these plant extracts for field applications considering the promising leads given by the present study.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Johnson
- Centre for Plant Biotechnology, Department of Botany, St. Xavier's College (Autonomous), Palayamkottai, 627 002, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - P Maharaja
- Centre for Plant Biotechnology, Department of Botany, St. Xavier's College (Autonomous), Palayamkottai, 627 002, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - S Murugesan
- Centre for Plant Biotechnology, Department of Botany, St. Xavier's College (Autonomous), Palayamkottai, 627 002, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - N Janakiraman
- Centre for Plant Biotechnology, Department of Botany, St. Xavier's College (Autonomous), Palayamkottai, 627 002, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - I R A Menezes
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Centre of Biological Science and Health, Regional University of Cariri - URCA, 63105-000, Crato, CE, Brazil
| | - J G M da Costa
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Centre of Biological Science and Health, Regional University of Cariri - URCA, 63105-000, Crato, CE, Brazil
| | - C R S Barbosa
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Centre of Biological Science and Health, Regional University of Cariri - URCA, 63105-000, Crato, CE, Brazil
| | - H D M Coutinho
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Centre of Biological Science and Health, Regional University of Cariri - URCA, 63105-000, Crato, CE, Brazil.
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Trekels H, Vanschoenwinkel B. Both local presence and regional distribution of predator cues modulate prey colonisation in pond landscapes. Ecol Lett 2018; 22:89-97. [PMID: 30370574 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Recent work on habitat selection has shown that the perceived quality of habitat patches may depend on the quality of adjacent patches. However, it is still unclear how local habitat selection cues can alter distribution patterns in metacommunities at a larger (regional) scale. We studied mosquito oviposition in pond landscapes that differed in the proportion of bad patches with fish predation risk. Our experiment provided conclusive evidence for two local and two regional types of habitat selection. Good patches near bad patches were avoided (local risk contagion) while more distant good patches experienced increased oviposition (regional compression). Oviposition in bad patches increased when located next to good patches (reward contagion) or when there were no good patches regionally present (regional compromise). This complex colonisation behaviour involving compromises at different spatial scales forces experimenters to reconsider the independence of spatial replicates and challenges available theories to predict species distribution patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik Trekels
- Community Ecology Lab, Department of Biology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Bram Vanschoenwinkel
- Community Ecology Lab, Department of Biology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
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Watchorn RT, Maechtle T, Fedy BC. Assessing the efficacy of fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) for mosquito control. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0194304. [PMID: 29649226 PMCID: PMC5896899 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0194304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mosquitoes function as important vectors for many diseases globally and can have substantial negative economic, environmental, and health impacts. Specifically, West Nile virus (WNv) is a significant and increasing threat to wildlife populations and human health throughout North America. Mosquito control is an important means of controlling the spread of WNv, as the virus is primarily spread between avian and mosquito vectors. This is of particular concern for avian host species such as the Greater sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus), in which WNv negatively impacts fitness parameters. Most mosquito control methods focus on the larval stages. In North America, control efforts are largely limited to larvicides, which require repeated application and have potentially negative ecological impacts. There are multiple potential advantages to using indigenous fish species as an alternative for larval control including lowered environmental impact, decreased costs in terms of time and financial inputs, and the potential for the establishment of self-sustaining fish populations. We tested the efficacy of using fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) as biological control for mosquito populations in livestock reservoirs of semiarid rangelands. We introduced minnows into 10 treatment reservoirs and monitored an additional 6 non-treated reservoirs as controls over 3 years. Adult mosquitoes of species known to transmit WNv (e.g., Culex tarsalis) were captured at each site and mosquito larvae were also present at all sites. Stable isotope analysis confirmed that introduced fathead minnows were feeding at the mosquito larvae trophic level in all but one treatment pond. Treatment ponds demonstrated suppressed levels of mosquito larva over each season compared to controls with a model-predicted 114% decrease in larva density within treatment ponds. Minnows established self-sustaining populations throughout the study in all reservoirs that maintained sufficient water levels. Minnow survival was not influenced by water quality. Though minnows did not completely eradicate mosquito larvae, minnows are a promising alternative to controlling mosquito larvae density within reservoirs. We caution that careful site selection is critical to avoid potential negative impacts, but suggest the introduction of fathead minnows in reservoirs can dramatically reduce mosquito larva abundance and potentially help mitigate vector-borne disease transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan T. Watchorn
- School of Environment, Resources and Sustainability, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Thomas Maechtle
- Big Horn Environmental Consultants, Sheridan, Wyoming, United States of America
| | - Bradley C. Fedy
- School of Environment, Resources and Sustainability, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Adult female Anopheles mosquitoes can transmit Plasmodium parasites that cause malaria. Some fish species eat mosquito larvae and pupae. In disease control policy documents, the World Health Organization (WHO) includes biological control of malaria vectors by stocking ponds, rivers, and water collections near where people live with larvivorous fish to reduce Plasmodium parasite transmission. In the past, the Global Fund has financed larvivorous fish programmes in some countries, and, with increasing efforts in eradication of malaria, policymakers may return to this option. Therefore, we assessed the evidence base for larvivorous fish programmes in malaria control. OBJECTIVES To evaluate whether introducing larvivorous fish to anopheline larval habitats impacts Plasmodium parasite transmission. We also sought to summarize studies that evaluated whether introducing larvivorous fish influences the density and presence of Anopheles larvae and pupae in water sources. SEARCH METHODS We searched the Cochrane Infectious Diseases Group Specialized Register; the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), published in the Cochrane Library; MEDLINE (PubMed); Embase (Ovid); CABS Abstracts; LILACS; and the metaRegister of Controlled Trials (mRCT) up to 6 July 2017. We checked the reference lists of all studies identified by the search. We examined references listed in review articles and previously compiled bibliographies to look for eligible studies. Also we contacted researchers in the field and the authors of studies that met the inclusion criteria for additional information regarding potential studies for inclusion and ongoing studies. This is an update of a Cochrane Review published in 2013. SELECTION CRITERIA Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and non-RCTs, including controlled before-and-after studies, controlled time series, and controlled interrupted time series studies from malaria-endemic regions that introduced fish as a larvicide and reported on malaria in the community or the density of the adult anopheline population. In the absence of direct evidence of an effect on transmission, we performed a secondary analysis on studies that evaluated the effect of introducing larvivorous fish on the density or presence of immature anopheline mosquitoes (larvae and pupae forms) in water sources to determine whether this intervention has any potential that may justify further research in the control of malaria vectors. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors independently screened each article by title and abstract, and examined potentially relevant studies for inclusion using an eligibility form. At least two review authors independently extracted data and assessed risk of bias of included studies. If relevant data were unclear or were not reported, we contacted the study authors for clarification. We presented data in tables, and we summarized studies that evaluated the effects of introducing fish on anopheline immature density or presence, or both. We used the GRADE approach to summarize the certainty of the evidence. We also examined whether the included studies reported any possible adverse impact of introducing larvivorous fish on non-target native species. MAIN RESULTS We identified no studies that reported the effects of introducing larvivorous fish on the primary outcomes of this review: malaria infection in nearby communities, entomological inoculation rate, or on adult Anopheles density.For the secondary analysis, we examined the effects of introducing larvivorous fish on the density and presence of anopheline larvae and pupae in community water sources, and found 15 small studies with a follow-up period between 22 days and five years. These studies were undertaken in Sri Lanka (two studies), India (three studies), Ethiopia (one study), Kenya (two studies), Sudan (one study), Grande Comore Island (one study), Korea (two studies), Indonesia (one study), and Tajikistan (two studies). These studies were conducted in a variety of settings, including localized water bodies (such as wells, domestic water containers, fishponds, and pools (seven studies); riverbed pools below dams (two studies)); rice field plots (five studies); and water canals (two studies). All included studies were at high risk of bias. The research was insufficient to determine whether larvivorous fish reduce the density of Anopheles larvae and pupae (12 studies, unpooled data, very low certainty evidence). Some studies with high stocking levels of fish seemed to arrest the increase in immature anopheline populations, or to reduce the number of immature anopheline mosquitoes, compared with controls. However, this finding was not consistent, and in studies that showed a decrease in immature anopheline populations, the effect was not always consistently sustained. In contrast, some studies reported larvivorous fish reduced the number of water sources withAnopheles larvae and pupae (five studies, unpooled data, low certainty evidence).None of the included studies reported effects of larvivorous fish on local native fish populations or other species. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS We do not know whether introducing larvivorous fish reduces malaria transmission or the density of adult anopheline mosquito populations.In research studies that examined the effects on immature anopheline stages of introducing fish to potential malaria vector larval habitats, high stocking levels of fish may reduce the density or presence of immature anopheline mosquitoes in the short term. We do not know whether this translates into impact on malaria transmission. Our interpretation of the current evidence is that countries should not invest in fish stocking as a stand alone or supplementary larval control measure in any malaria transmission areas outside the context of research using carefully controlled field studies or quasi-experimental designs. Such research should examine the effects on native fish and other non-target species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deirdre P Walshe
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, UK, L3 5QA
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Nanofabrication of Graphene Quantum Dots with High Toxicity Against Malaria Mosquitoes, Plasmodium falciparum and MCF-7 Cancer Cells: Impact on Predation of Non-target Tadpoles, Odonate Nymphs and Mosquito Fishes. J CLUST SCI 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10876-016-1107-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Larvicidal efficacy and chemical constituents of O. gratissimum L. (Lamiaceae) essential oil against Aedes albopictus Skuse (Diptera: Culicidae). Parasitol Res 2016; 115:673-80. [PMID: 26462801 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-015-4786-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The current study accentuates the use of botanicals as an alternative to the chemical compounds in vector control by estimating the mosquito larvicidal potential of Ocimum gratissimum L. leaf essential oil against the fourth instar larvae of Aedes albopictus Skuse (Diptera: Culicidae). The chemical composition of essential oil from leaves was evaluated using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis. GC/MS revealed that the essential oil of O. gratissimum contained 51 compounds. The major chemical constituents identified were 3-allyl-6-methoxyphenol (19.30%), 4-(5-ethenyl-1-azabicyclo (2, 2, 2) octan-2) (16.82%), 1-(2, 5-dimethoxyphenyl)-propanol (12.23%) and 1-(1-hydroxybutyl)-2, 5-dimethoxybenzene (5.53%). The essential oil showed pertinent larvicidal effect, and the LC50 value in 24 h was 26.10 ppm (LC90 = 82.83 ppm). Aromatic plants and their essential oils are very important sources of many compounds that are used for different applications, and they are more promising pesticides or insecticides for control of mosquito populations than synthetic ones. The results of the present investigation justify the larvicidal potential of leaf essential oil of O. gratissimum as a safer and more effective larvicide against A. albopictus.
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Govindarajan M, Benelli G. A Facile One-Pot Synthesis of Eco-Friendly Nanoparticles Using Carissa carandas: Ovicidal and Larvicidal Potential on Malaria, Dengue and Filariasis Mosquito Vectors. J CLUST SCI 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10876-016-1035-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Chala B, Erko B, Animut A, Degarege A, Petros B. Assessment of Clarias gariepinus as a biological control agent against mosquito larvae. BMC Ecol 2016; 16:27. [PMID: 27245935 PMCID: PMC4888590 DOI: 10.1186/s12898-016-0081-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The emergence and spread of insecticide resistant mosquitoes renewed interest in investigating the use of larvivorous fish as a biological control agent. The potential of Clarias gariepinus fish in controlling Anopheles arabiensis and culicine larvae was assessed under laboratory and semi-field conditions. Results Small size (15–20 cm) C. gariepinus fish consumed greater number of mosquito larvae than the large size fish (25–40 cm) in the multivariate regression model (β = 13.36, 95 % CI = 4.57, 22.15). The Anopheles larvae consumed was greater in number than the culicines larvae consumed by the fish (β = 12.10, 95 % CI = 3.31, 20.89). The number of larvae consumed was greater during the night hours than during the light hours (β = 30.06, 95 % CI = 21.27, 38.85). Amount of supplementary fish food did not cause significant differences in the number of mosquito larvae consumed by the fish among different groups. C. gariepinus was observed to feed on mosquito larvae under laboratory and semi-field conditions. Conclusion C. gariepinus fed on the larvae of An. arabiensis and culicines readily. Hence, it can be used as an alternative mosquito control agent in Ethiopia where the breeding habitats are small and localized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Buze Chala
- Arba Minch University, P. O. Box 21, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
| | - Berhanu Erko
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, P. O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| | - Abebe Animut
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, P. O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Abraham Degarege
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, P. O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.,Department of Epidemiology, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Beyene Petros
- Microbial, Cellular and Molecular Biology Department, College of Natural Sciences, Addis Ababa University, P. O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Govindarajan M, Hoti SL, Rajeswary M, Benelli G. One-step synthesis of polydispersed silver nanocrystals using Malva sylvestris: an eco-friendly mosquito larvicide with negligible impact on non-target aquatic organisms. Parasitol Res 2016; 115:2685-95. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-016-5038-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Norazmi-Lokman NH, Purser GJ, Patil JG. Gravid Spot Predicts Developmental Progress and Reproductive Output in a Livebearing Fish, Gambusia holbrooki. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147711. [PMID: 26808521 PMCID: PMC4725957 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In most livebearing fish, the gravid spot is an excellent marker to identify brooding females, however its use to predict progress of embryonic development, brood size, timing of parturition and overall reproductive potential of populations remain unexplored. Therefore, to understand these relationships, this study quantified visual attributes (intensity and size) of the gravid spot in relation to key internal development in Gambusia holbrooki. Observations show that the colour of the gravid spot arises from progressive melanisation on the surface of the ovarian sac at its hind margin, rather than melanisation of the developing embryos or the skin of the brooding mother. More importantly, the gravid spot intensity and size were closely linked with both developmental stages and clutch size, suggesting their reliable use as external surrogates of key internal developmental in the species. Using predictive consistency of the gravid spot, we also determined the effect of rearing temperature (23 °C and 25 °C) on gestation period and parturition behaviour. The results show that gestation period was significantly reduced (F = 364.58; df = 1,48; P ˃ 0.05) at 25 °C. However there was no significant difference in average number of fry parturated in the two temperature groups (P<0.05), reaffirming that gravid spot intensity is a reliable predictor of reproductive output. The parturition in the species occurred predominantly in the morning and in contrast to earlier reports, tails of the fry emerged first with a few exceptions of head-first, twin and premature births. This study demonstrates utility of the gravid spot for downstream reproductive investigations in a live-bearing fish both in the field and laboratory. The reproducibility of the relationships (intensity with both developmental stage and clutch size), imply that they are also relevant to wild populations that experience varying temperature climes and stressors, significant deviations of which may serve as indicators of environmental health and climate variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nor Hakim Norazmi-Lokman
- Fisheries and Aquaculture Centre, Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
- School of Fisheries and Aquaculture Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - G. J. Purser
- Fisheries and Aquaculture Centre, Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Jawahar G. Patil
- Fisheries and Aquaculture Centre, Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
- Inland Fisheries Service, New Norfolk, Tasmania, Australia
- * E-mail:
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Belete EM, Roro AB. Malaria Prevalence and Its Associated Risk Factors among Patients Attending Chichu and Wonago Health Centres, South Ethiopia. J Res Health Sci 2016; 16:185-189. [PMID: 28087849 PMCID: PMC7189928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Revised: 12/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There were about of 124 to 283 million cases of malaria with 367,000 to 755,000 deaths annually. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of malaria cases and associated risk factors among attendants at Chichu and Wonago health centers, South Ethiopia. METHODS In this health institution based cross sectional study, 324 subjects, attendants from outpatient department who came for any kind of medical services, were included during May to June 2016. A blood film examination format and structured questionnaire were used for data collection. Peripheral blood samples were collected and the presence of malaria cases was observed microscopically. The collected data were analyzed by SPSS version 20.0. RESULTS Malaria cases were detected in 91 (28.1%) of the participants with higher infection rate amongst (56.04%). The predominant Plasmodium species detected was P. vivax (52.75%) followed by P. falciparum (35.16%) and mixed malaria infection by both of the species (12.09%). Housing construction and not using of insecticide treated bed nets for the last 6 months were significantly associated with the risk of getting malaria. Individuals who had stagnant water in their compound were more likely to get malaria than those who did not (OR=1.87, 95% CI: 1.20, 2.76). Houses that had been sprayed with insecticide in the past 6 months were protected against malaria infection (OR=0.33, 95% CI: 0.11, 0.92). Moreover, bed net utilization was associated with a significantly lower risk of infection (OR=0.19, 95% CI: 0.09, 0.37). CONCLUSIONS Type of housing construction, not using bed net, insecticide spraying and residing near stagnant water were associated risk factors with malaria positivity in the study area.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Ambulatory Care Facilities
- Child
- Child, Preschool
- Construction Industry
- Cross-Sectional Studies
- Ethiopia/epidemiology
- Female
- Housing
- Humans
- Infant
- Infant, Newborn
- Insecticide-Treated Bednets/statistics & numerical data
- Insecticides
- Malaria, Falciparum/epidemiology
- Malaria, Falciparum/etiology
- Malaria, Falciparum/parasitology
- Malaria, Falciparum/prevention & control
- Malaria, Vivax/epidemiology
- Malaria, Vivax/etiology
- Malaria, Vivax/parasitology
- Malaria, Vivax/prevention & control
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Plasmodium falciparum
- Plasmodium vivax
- Prevalence
- Risk Factors
- Water
- Young Adult
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Affiliation(s)
- Eshetu Molla Belete
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health Sciences and Medicine, Dilla University, Dilla, Ethiopia.
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dos Reis IC, Codeço CT, Degener CM, Keppeler EC, Muniz MM, de Oliveira FGS, Cortês JJC, de Freitas Monteiro A, de Souza CAA, Rodrigues FCM, Maia GR, Honório NA. Contribution of fish farming ponds to the production of immature Anopheles spp. in a malaria-endemic Amazonian town. Malar J 2015; 14:452. [PMID: 26573145 PMCID: PMC4647295 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-015-0947-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the past decade fish farming has become an important economic activity in the Occidental Brazilian Amazon, where the number of new fish farms is rapidly increasing. One of the primary concerns with this phenomenon is the contribution of fishponds to the maintenance and increase of the anopheline mosquito population, and the subsequent increase in human malaria burden. This study reports the results of a 2-year anopheline abundance survey in fishponds and natural water bodies in a malaria-endemic area in northwest Brazil. The objective of this study was to investigate the contribution of natural water bodies (rivers, streams, creeks, ponds, and puddles) and artificial fishponds as breeding sites for Anopheles spp. in Mâncio Lima, Acre and to investigate the effect of limnological and environmental variables on Anopheles spp. larval abundance. METHODS Natural water bodies and fishponds were sampled at eight different times over 2 years (early, mid and late rainy season, dry season) in the Amazonian town of Mâncio Lima, Acre. Anopheline larvae were collected with an entomological dipper, and physical, chemical and ecological characteristics of each water body were measured. Management practices of fishpond owners were ascertained with a systematic questionnaire. RESULTS Fishponds were four times more infested with anopheline larvae than natural water bodies. Electrical conductivity and the distance to the nearest house were both significant inverse predictors of larval abundance in natural water bodies. The density of larvae in fishponds raised with increasing border vegetation. Fishponds owned by different farmers varied in the extent of anopheline larval infestation but ponds owned by the same individual had similar infestation patterns over time. Commercial fishponds were 1.7-times more infested with anopheline larvae compared to fishponds for family use. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that fishponds are important breeding sites for anopheline larvae, and that adequate management activities, such as removal of border vegetation could reduce the abundance of mosquito larvae, most importantly Anopheles darlingi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabel Cristina dos Reis
- Programa de Computação Científica-PROCC, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
- Laboratório de Transmissores de Hematozoários, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
- Núcleo Operacional Sentinela de Mosquitos Vetores, NOSMOVE (Parceria DIRAC-IOC-VPAAPS/FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Cláudia Torres Codeço
- Programa de Computação Científica-PROCC, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Carolin Marlen Degener
- Programa de Computação Científica-PROCC, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | | | - Mauro Menezes Muniz
- Laboratório de Transmissores de Hematozoários, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | | | - José Joaquin Carvajal Cortês
- Laboratório de Transmissores de Hematozoários, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
- Núcleo Operacional Sentinela de Mosquitos Vetores, NOSMOVE (Parceria DIRAC-IOC-VPAAPS/FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
- Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | | | - Nildimar Alves Honório
- Laboratório de Transmissores de Hematozoários, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
- Núcleo Operacional Sentinela de Mosquitos Vetores, NOSMOVE (Parceria DIRAC-IOC-VPAAPS/FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
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Effect of Chloroxylon swietenia Dc bark extracts against Culex quinquefasciatus, Aedes aegypti, and Anopheles stephensi larvae. Parasitol Res 2015; 114:4219-23. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-015-4658-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Raj GA, Chandrasekaran M, Krishnamoorthy S, Jayaraman M, Venkatesalu V. Phytochemical profile and larvicidal properties of seed essential oil from Nigella sativa L. (Ranunculaceae), against Aedes aegypti, Anopheles stephensi, and Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae). Parasitol Res 2015; 114:3385-91. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-015-4563-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Efficacy of neem chippings for mosquito larval control under field conditions. BMC Ecol 2015; 15:8. [PMID: 25888120 PMCID: PMC4355977 DOI: 10.1186/s12898-015-0041-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND An in depth understanding of mosquito breeding biology and factors regulating population sizes is fundamental for vector population control. This paper presents results from a survey of mosquito breeding habitats and the efficacy of neem chippings as a potential larvicide that can be integrated in mosquito control on Nyabondo Plateau in western Kenya. RESULTS Six main mosquito habitat types namely artificial ponds, abandoned fish ponds, active fish ponds, open drains, temporary pools and swamps were found in Nyabondo. Early anopheline instars were mainly recovered from temporary pools, artificial ponds and abandoned fish ponds. The mosquitoes collected were Anopheles gambiae sensu lato (35%), An. coustani (46%) and Culex spp (19%). Both early and late instar larvae of anopheline and culicine mosquitoes were more abundant in the controls than in the Bti and neem treated habitats. Within treated habitats, early instar anopheline mosquitoes were recovered more from habitats provided with neem and fish compared to Bti treated habitats. All treated habitats recorded higher numbers of early instar larvae than late instars or pupae, indicating that gravid female mosquitoes still oviposited within treated habitats. CONCLUSIONS Neem chippings are a good tool for mosquito larval source management under field conditions. However, more research needs to be done to quantify the contribution of this tool to the overall mosquito borne disease transmission.
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Wankhar W, Srinivasan S, Rathinasamy S. HPTLC analysis of Scoparia dulcis Linn (Scrophulariaceae) and its larvicidal potential against dengue vector Aedes aegypti. Nat Prod Res 2015; 29:1757-60. [PMID: 25573588 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2014.999060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluates the larvicidal activity of Scoparia dulcis aqueous extract against dengue vector and determines its major chemical components. The extract was tested at various concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 2 mg/mL against Aedes aegypti larvae. The extracts displayed significant larvicidal efficacy against Ae. aegypt species after 24 h exposure revealing LC50 of 3.3835 (mg/mL) and LC90 of 5.7578 (mg/mL). Finger printing profile carried out by CAMAG automatic TLC sample applicator programmed through WIN CATS software revealed peaks with different Rf values for three different volumes injected: 16, 15 and 18 peaks were spotted for 3, 6 and 9 μL, respectively. Ascending order of Rf values was also ascertained for each peak recorded. This study clearly signifies that S. dulcis extract contains numerous compounds that are known to have larvicidal properties which clearly substantiates its efficacy on Ae. aegypti larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wankupar Wankhar
- a Department of Physiology , Dr. ALM PG Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus , Chennai-600 113 , Tamilnadu , India
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Sakthivadivel M, Gunasekaran P, Mathew J, Samraj A, Arivoli S, Tennyson S. Evaluation of larvicidal efficacy of Cleome viscosa L. (Capparaceae) aerial extracts against Culex quinquefasciatus Say (Diptera: Culicidae). ASIAN PACIFIC JOURNAL OF TROPICAL DISEASE 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/s2222-1808(14)60729-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Adult anopheline mosquitoes transmit Plasmodium parasites that cause malaria. Some fish species eat mosquito larvae and pupae. In disease control policy documents, the World Health Organization includes biological control of malaria vectors by stocking ponds, rivers, and water collections near where people live with larvivorous fish to reduce Plasmodium parasite transmission. The Global Fund finances larvivorous fish programmes in some countries, and, with increasing efforts in eradication of malaria, policy makers may return to this option. We therefore assessed the evidence base for larvivorous fish programmes in malaria control. OBJECTIVES Our main objective was to evaluate whether introducing larvivorous fish to anopheline breeding sites impacts Plasmodium parasite transmission. Our secondary objective was to summarize studies evaluating whether introducing larvivorous fish influences the density and presence of Anopheles larvae and pupae in water sources, to understand whether fish can possibly have an effect. SEARCH METHODS We attempted to identify all relevant studies regardless of language or publication status (published, unpublished, in press, or ongoing). We searched the following databases: the Cochrane Infectious Diseases Group Specialized Register; the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), published in The Cochrane Library; MEDLINE; EMBASE; CABS Abstracts; LILACS; and the metaRegister of Controlled Trials (mRCT) until 18 June 2013. We checked the reference lists of all studies identified by the above methods. We also examined references listed in review articles and previously compiled bibliographies to look for eligible studies. SELECTION CRITERIA Randomized controlled trials and non-randomized controlled trials, including controlled before-and-after studies, controlled time series and controlled interrupted time series studies from malaria-endemic regions that introduced fish as a larvicide and reported on malaria in the community or the density of the adult anopheline population. In the absence of direct evidence of an effect on transmission, we carried out a secondary analysis on studies that evaluated the effect of introducing larvivorous fish on the density or presence of immature anopheline mosquitoes (larvae and pupae forms) in community water sources to determine whether this intervention has any potential in further research on control of malaria vectors. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Three review authors screened abstracts and examined potentially relevant studies by using an eligibility form. Two review authors independently extracted data and assessed risk of bias of included studies. If relevant data were unclear or were not reported, we wrote to the trial authors for clarification. We presented data in tables, and we summarized studies that evaluated the effects of fish introduction on anopheline immature density or presence, or both. We used GRADE to summarize evidence quality. We also examined whether the authors of included studies reported on any possible adverse impact of larvivorous fish introduction on non-target native species. MAIN RESULTS We found no reliable studies that reported the effects of introducing larvivorous fish on malaria infection in nearby communities, on entomological inoculation rate, or on adult Anopheles density.For the secondary analysis, we examined the effects of introducing larvivorous fish on the density and presence of anopheline larvae and pupae in community water sources. We included 12 small studies, with follow-up from 22 days to five years. Studies were conducted in a variety of settings, including localized water bodies (such as wells, domestic water containers, fishponds, and pools; six studies), riverbed pools below dams (two studies), rice field plots (three studies), and water canals (two studies). All studies were at high risk of bias.The research was insufficient to determine whether larvivorous fish reduce the density of Anopheles larvae and pupae (nine studies, unpooled data, very low quality evidence). Some studies with high stocking levels of fish seemed to arrest the increase in immature anopheline populations, or to reduce the number of immature anopheline mosquitoes, compared with controls. However, this finding was not consistent, and in studies that showed a decrease in immature anopheline populations, the effect was not consistently sustained. Larvivorous fish may reduce the number of water sources with Anopheles larvae and pupae (five studies, unpooled data, low quality evidence).None of the included studies reported effects of larvivorous fish on local native fish populations or other species. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Reliable research is insufficient to show whether introducing larvivorous fish reduces malaria transmission or the density of adult anopheline mosquito populations.In research examining the effects on immature anopheline stages of introducing fish to potential malaria vector breeding sites (localized water bodies such as wells and domestic water sources, rice field plots, and water canals) weak evidence suggests an effect on the density or presence of immature anopheline mosquitoes with high stocking levels of fish, but this finding is by no means consistent. We do not know whether this translates into health benefits, either with fish alone or with fish combined with other vector control measures. Our interpretation of the current evidence is that countries should not invest in fish stocking as a larval control measure in any malaria transmission areas outside the context of carefully controlled field studies or quasi-experimental designs. Research could also usefully examine the effects on native fish and other non-target species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deirdre P Walshe
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical MedicineLiverpool, UK
| | - Paul Garner
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical MedicineLiverpool, UK
| | | | - Graham H Pyke
- School of the Environment, University of Technology SydneyBroadway, Australia
- Department of Biology, Macquarie UniversityRyde, Australia
| | - Tom Burkot
- School of Public Health, Tropical Medicine and Rehabilitation Sciences, James Cook UniversityCairns, Australia
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Chakraborty S, Singha S, Bhattacharya K, Chandra G. Control of human filarial vector, Culex quinquefasciatus Say 1823 (Diptera: Culicidae) through bioactive fraction of Cayratia trifolia leaf. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2013; 3:980-4. [PMID: 24093790 DOI: 10.1016/s2221-1691(13)60189-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Revised: 10/05/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the mosquito larvicidal activity of Cayratia trifolia (L.) Domin (Vitaceae: Vitales) (C. trifolia) which is distributed in many parts of India with medicinal properties as vector control is facing threat due to the emergence of resistance to synthetic insecticides. METHODS Young and mature leaves of C. trifolia were investigated for larvicidal activity against 3rd instars larvae of Culex quinquefasciatus in different seasons throughout the year. The active fractions were extracted using six different solvents in a non-polar to polar fashion viz petroleum-ether, benzene, chloroform: methanol (1:1 v/v), acetone, absolute alcohol and distilled water. Dose dependent mortality was recorded against each solvent extract. Determination of LD50 and LD90 were executed through log-probit analysis using the most bioactive fraction. The fluctuations in mortality were statistically co-related through ANOVA analyses concerning different seasons and types of leaves as random variables. Justification of larvicidal activity was established through student's t-test. Costing effects were evaluated on the non-target water fauna under laboratory conditions. Thin layer chromatographic techniques were performed for phytochemical analysis and categorization of chemical personality of the active fractions using the most effective solvent extract following standard methods. RESULTS Significant variations in mortality rate were noted with respect to the type of leaves (mature and senescence), concentration of leaf extract and between seasons. The water extract among all the solvent extracts was found to induce cent percent mortality at 50 mg/L in test mosquito species within 24 h with a LD50 and LD90 value of 10.70 mg/L and 27.64 mg/L respectively. No significant mortality was recorded in non-target water population. Chromatographic analyses of the water extract revealed the presence of steroids, triterpene glycosides, essential oil, phenolics and diterpenes as secondary phytochemicals. CONCLUSIONS Water extract of C. trifolia leaf promised as a cost effective and potent larvicidal agent against Culex quinquefasciatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumanta Chakraborty
- Mosquito and Microbiology Research Units, Parasitology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, The University of Burdwan, Burdwan-713104, West Bengal, India
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Searle CL, Mendelson JR, Green LE, Duffy MA. Daphnia predation on the amphibian chytrid fungus and its impacts on disease risk in tadpoles. Ecol Evol 2013; 3:4129-38. [PMID: 24324864 PMCID: PMC3853558 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2013] [Revised: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Direct predation upon parasites has the potential to reduce infection in host populations. For example, the fungal parasite of amphibians, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), is commonly transmitted through a free-swimming zoospore stage that may be vulnerable to predation. Potential predators of Bd include freshwater zooplankton that graze on organisms in the water column. We tested the ability of two species of freshwater crustacean (Daphnia magna and D. dentifera) to consume Bd and to reduce Bd density in water and infection in tadpoles. In a series of laboratory experiments, we allowed Daphnia to graze in water containing Bd while manipulating Daphnia densities, Daphnia species identity, grazing periods and concentrations of suspended algae (Ankistrodesmus falcatus). We then exposed tadpoles to the grazed water. We found that high densities of D. magna reduced the amount of Bd detected in water, leading to a reduction in the proportion of tadpoles that became infected. Daphnia dentifera, a smaller species of Daphnia, also reduced Bd in water samples, but did not have an effect on tadpole infection. We also found that algae affected Bd in complex ways. When Daphnia were absent, less Bd was detected in water and tadpole samples when concentrations of algae were higher, indicating a direct negative effect of algae on Bd. When Daphnia were present, however, the amount of Bd detected in water samples showed the opposite trend, with less Bd when densities of algae were lower. Our results indicate that Daphnia can reduce Bd levels in water and infection in tadpoles, but these effects vary with species, algal concentration, and Daphnia density. Therefore, the ability of predators to consume parasites and reduce infection is likely to vary depending on ecological context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine L Searle
- School of Biology, Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta, Georgia, 30332 ; Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Michigan, 2019 Kraus Natural Science Building, 830 North University, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1048
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Nunes NNDS, Santana LA, Sampaio MU, Lemos FJA, Oliva ML. The component of Carica papaya seed toxic to A. aegypti and the identification of tegupain, the enzyme that generates it. CHEMOSPHERE 2013; 92:413-420. [PMID: 23402920 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.12.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2012] [Revised: 12/19/2012] [Accepted: 12/31/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
As Aedes aegypti transmits the etiologic agents of both yellow and dengue fever; vector control is considered essential to minimise their incidence. The aim of this work was to identify the component of Carica papaya seed toxic to A. aegypti, and the identification of tegupain, the enzyme that generates it. Aqueous extracts (1%, w/v) of the seed tegument and cotyledon of C. papaya are not larvicidal isolately. However, a mixture of 17μgmL(-1) tegument extract and 27μgmL(-1) cotyledon extract caused 100% larval mortality in a bioassay. The mixture was no longer larvicidal after the tegument extract was pre-treated at 100°C for 10min. The enzyme tegupain efficiently hydrolysed the substrate Z-Phe-Arg-pNan (Km 58.8μM, Kcat 28020s(-1), Kcat/Km 5×10(8)M(-1) s(-1)), and its activity increased with 2mM dithiothreitol (DTT), at 37°C, pH 5.0. The chelating agent EDTA did not modify the enzyme activity. Inhibition of tegupain by cystatin (Kiapp 2.43nM), E64 (3.64nM, 83% inhibition), and the propeptide N-terminal sequence indicate that the toxic activity is due to a novel cysteine proteinase-like enzyme, rendered active upon the hydrolysis of a cotyledon component of C. papaya seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia N dos S Nunes
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, 04044-020, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Elumalai K, Dhanasekaran S, Krishnappa K. Toxicity of saponin isolated from Gymnema sylvestre R. Br. (Asclepiadaceae) against Culex tritaeniorhynchus Giles (Diptera: Culicidae) Japanese encephalitis vector mosquito in India. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2012; 54:337-44. [PMID: 23152320 DOI: 10.1590/s0036-46652012000600009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2012] [Accepted: 05/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
To determine the larvicidal activity of various extracts of Gymnema sylvestre against the Japanese Encephalitis vector, Culex tritaeniorynchus in Tamilnadu, India. To identify the active principle present in the promising fraction obtained in Chlorofom:Methanol extract of Fraction 2. The G. sylvestre leaf extracts were tested, employing WHO procedure against fourth instar larvae of C. tritaeniorhynchus and the larval mortalities were recorded at various concentrations (6.25, 12.5, 25.0, 50 and 100 µg/mL); the 24h LC50 values of the G. Sylvestre leaf extracts were determined following Probit analysis. It was noteworthy that treatment level 100 µg/mL exhibited highest mortality rates for the three different crude extracts and was significantly different from the mean mortalities recorded for the other concentrations. The LC50 values of 34.756 µg/mL (24.475-51.41), 31.351 µg/mL (20.634-47.043) and 28.577 µg/mL (25.159-32.308) were calculated for acetone, chloroform and methanol extract with the chi-square values of 10.301, 31.351 and 4.093 respectively. The present investigation proved that G. Sylvestre could be possibly utilized as an important component in the Vector Control Program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kupppusamy Elumalai
- Centre for Entomotoxicity Studies, Govt. Arts College, Tamilnadu, India, 600 035
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Imbahale SS, Githeko A, Mukabana WR, Takken W. Integrated mosquito larval source management reduces larval numbers in two highland villages in western Kenya. BMC Public Health 2012; 12:362. [PMID: 22607227 PMCID: PMC3433356 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-12-362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2011] [Accepted: 05/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In western Kenya, malaria remains one of the major health problems and its control remains an important public health measure. Malaria control is by either use of drugs to treat patients infected with malaria parasites or by controlling the vectors. Vector control may target the free living adult or aquatic (larval) stages of mosquito. The most commonly applied control strategies target indoor resting mosquitoes. However, because mosquitoes spend a considerable time in water, targeting the aquatic stages can complement well with existing adult control measures. METHODS Larval source management (LSM) of malaria vectors was examined in two villages i.e. Fort Ternan and Lunyerere, with the aim of testing strategies that can easily be accessed by the affected communities. Intervention strategies applied include environmental management through source reduction (drainage of canals, land levelling or by filling ditches with soil), habitat manipulation (by provision of shading from arrow root plant), application of Bacillus thuringiensis var israelensis (Bti) and the use of predatory fish, Gambusia affinis. The abundance of immature stages of Anopheles and Culex within intervention habitats was compared to that within non-intervention habitats. RESULTS The findings show that in Fort Ternan no significant differences were observed in the abundance of Anopheles early and late instars between intervention and non-intervention habitats. In Lunyerere, the abundance of Anopheles early instars was fifty five times more likely to be present within non-intervention habitats than in habitats under drainage. No differences in early instars abundance were observed between non-intervention and habitats applied with Bti. However, late instars had 89 % and 91 % chance of being sampled from non-intervention rather than habitats under drainage and those applied with Bti respectively. CONCLUSION Most of these interventions were applied in habitats that arose due to human activities. Involvement of community members in control programs would be beneficial in the long term once they understand the role they play in malaria transmission. Apart from the need for communities to be educated on their role in malaria transmission, there is a need to develop and test strategies that can easily be accessed and hence be used by the affected communities. The proposed LSM strategies target outdoor immature mosquitoes and hence can complement well with control measures that target indoor resting vectors. Therefore inclusion of LSM in Integrated Vector Management (IVM) program would be beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan S Imbahale
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8031, 6700 EH, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Centre for Global Health Research, P.O Box 1578-40100, Kisumu, Kenya
- School of Pure and Applied Sciences, Kenya Polytechnic University College, P.O Box 52428-00200, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Andrew Githeko
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Centre for Global Health Research, P.O Box 1578-40100, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Wolfgang R Mukabana
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, P.O. Box 30772 – 00100 GPO, Nairobi, Kenya
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 30197-00100 GPO, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Willem Takken
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8031, 6700 EH, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Rana IS, Rana AS. Efficacy of essential oils of aromatic plants as larvicide for the management of filarial vector Culex quinquefasciatus Say (Diptera: Culicidae) with special reference to Foeniculum vulgare. ASIAN PACIFIC JOURNAL OF TROPICAL DISEASE 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/s2222-1808(12)60044-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Adhikari U, Singha S, Chandra G. In vitro repellent and larvicidal efficacy of Swietenia mahagoni against the larval forms of Culex quinquefasciatus Say. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/s2221-1691(12)60171-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Karunamoorthi K. Vector control: a cornerstone in the malaria elimination campaign. Clin Microbiol Infect 2011; 17:1608-16. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2011.03664.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Smoke repellency and mosquito larvicidal potentiality of Mesua ferra L. leaf extract against filarial vector Culex quinquefasciatus Say. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/s2221-1691(11)60137-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Development of environmental tools for anopheline larval control. Parasit Vectors 2011; 4:130. [PMID: 21733150 PMCID: PMC3143094 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-4-130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2011] [Accepted: 07/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria mosquitoes spend a considerable part of their life in the aquatic stage, rendering them vulnerable to interventions directed to aquatic habitats. Recent successes of mosquito larval control have been reported using environmental and biological tools. Here, we report the effects of shading by plants and biological control agents on the development and survival of anopheline and culicine mosquito larvae in man-made natural habitats in western Kenya. Trials consisted of environmental manipulation using locally available plants, the introduction of predatory fish and/or the use of Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (Bti) in various combinations. RESULTS Man-made habitats provided with shade from different crop species produced significantly fewer larvae than those without shade especially for the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae. Larval control of the African malaria mosquito An. gambiae and other mosquito species was effective in habitats where both predatory fish and Bti were applied, than where the two biological control agents were administered independently. CONCLUSION We conclude that integration of environmental management techniques using shade-providing plants and predatory fish and/or Bti are effective and sustainable tools for the control of malaria and other mosquito-borne disease vectors.
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Kweka EJ, Zhou G, Gilbreath TM, Afrane Y, Nyindo M, Githeko AK, Yan G. Predation efficiency of Anopheles gambiae larvae by aquatic predators in western Kenya highlands. Parasit Vectors 2011; 4:128. [PMID: 21729269 PMCID: PMC3141748 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-4-128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2011] [Accepted: 07/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The current status of insecticide resistance in mosquitoes and the effects of insecticides on non-target insect species have raised the need for alternative control methods for malaria vectors. Predation has been suggested as one of the important regulation mechanisms for malaria vectors in long-lasting aquatic habitats, but the predation efficiency of the potential predators is largely unknown in the highlands of western Kenya. In the current study, we examined the predation efficiency of five predators on Anopheles gambiae s.s larvae in 24 hour and semi- field evaluations. Methods Predators were collected from natural habitats and starved for 12 hours prior to starting experiments. Preliminary experiments were conducted to ascertain the larval stage most predated by each predator species. When each larval instar was subjected to predation, third instar larvae were predated at the highest rate. Third instar larvae of An. gambiae were introduced into artificial habitats with and without refugia at various larval densities. The numbers of surviving larvae were counted after 24 hours in 24. In semi-field experiments, the larvae were counted daily until they were all either consumed or had developed to the pupal stage. Polymerase chain reaction was used to confirm the presence of An. gambiae DNA in predator guts. Results Experiments found that habitat type (P < 0.0001) and predator species (P < 0.0001) had a significant impact on the predation rate in the 24 hour evaluations. In semi-field experiments, predator species (P < 0.0001) and habitat type (P < 0.0001) were significant factors in both the daily survival and the overall developmental time of larvae. Pupation rates took significantly longer in habitats with refugia. An. gambiae DNA was found in at least three out of ten midguts for all predator species. Gambusia affins was the most efficient, being three times more efficient than tadpoles. Conclusion These experiments provide insight into the efficiency of specific natural predators against mosquito larvae. These naturally occurring predators may be useful in biocontrol strategies for aquatic stage An. gambiae mosquitoes. Further investigations should be done in complex natural habitats for these predators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliningaya J Kweka
- Centre for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, P O Box 1578, Kisumu 40100, Kenya.
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Singha S, Chandra G. Mosquito larvicidal activity of some common spices and vegetable waste on Culex quinquefasciatus and Anopheles stephensi. ASIAN PAC J TROP MED 2011; 4:288-93. [DOI: 10.1016/s1995-7645(11)60088-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2010] [Revised: 01/27/2011] [Accepted: 02/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Modelling malaria control by introduction of larvivorous fish. Bull Math Biol 2011; 73:2384-407. [PMID: 21347816 DOI: 10.1007/s11538-011-9628-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2010] [Accepted: 01/07/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Malaria creates serious health and economic problems which call for integrated management strategies to disrupt interactions among mosquitoes, the parasite and humans. In order to reduce the intensity of malaria transmission, malaria vector control may be implemented to protect individuals against infective mosquito bites. As a sustainable larval control method, the use of larvivorous fish is promoted in some circumstances. To evaluate the potential impacts of this biological control measure on malaria transmission, we propose and investigate a mathematical model describing the linked dynamics between the host-vector interaction and the predator-prey interaction. The model, which consists of five ordinary differential equations, is rigorously analysed via theories and methods of dynamical systems. We derive four biologically plausible and insightful quantities (reproduction numbers) that completely determine the community composition. Our results suggest that the introduction of larvivorous fish can, in principle, have important consequences for malaria dynamics, but also indicate that this would require strong predators on larval mosquitoes. Integrated strategies of malaria control are analysed to demonstrate the biological application of our developed theory.
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Elyazar IRF, Hay SI, Baird JK. Malaria distribution, prevalence, drug resistance and control in Indonesia. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2011; 74:41-175. [PMID: 21295677 PMCID: PMC3075886 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-385897-9.00002-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Approximately 230 million people live in Indonesia. The country is also home to over 20 anopheline vectors of malaria which transmit all four of the species of Plasmodium that routinely infect humans. A complex mosaic of risk of infection across this 5000-km-long archipelago of thousands of islands and distinctive habitats seriously challenges efforts to control malaria. Social, economic and political dimensions contribute to these complexities. This chapter examines malaria and its control in Indonesia, from the earliest efforts by malariologists of the colonial Netherlands East Indies, through the Global Malaria Eradication Campaign of the 1950s, the tumult following the coup d'état of 1965, the global resurgence of malaria through the 1980s and 1990s and finally through to the decentralization of government authority following the fall of the authoritarian Soeharto regime in 1998. We detail important methods of control and their impact in the context of the political systems that supported them. We examine prospects for malaria control in contemporary decentralized and democratized Indonesia with multidrug-resistant malaria and greatly diminished capacities for integrated malaria control management programs.
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Sinka ME, Bangs MJ, Manguin S, Coetzee M, Mbogo CM, Hemingway J, Patil AP, Temperley WH, Gething PW, Kabaria CW, Okara RM, Van Boeckel T, Godfray HCJ, Harbach RE, Hay SI. The dominant Anopheles vectors of human malaria in Africa, Europe and the Middle East: occurrence data, distribution maps and bionomic précis. Parasit Vectors 2010; 3:117. [PMID: 21129198 PMCID: PMC3016360 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-3-117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 406] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2010] [Accepted: 12/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This is the second in a series of three articles documenting the geographical distribution of 41 dominant vector species (DVS) of human malaria. The first paper addressed the DVS of the Americas and the third will consider those of the Asian Pacific Region. Here, the DVS of Africa, Europe and the Middle East are discussed. The continent of Africa experiences the bulk of the global malaria burden due in part to the presence of the An. gambiae complex. Anopheles gambiae is one of four DVS within the An. gambiae complex, the others being An. arabiensis and the coastal An. merus and An. melas. There are a further three, highly anthropophilic DVS in Africa, An. funestus, An. moucheti and An. nili. Conversely, across Europe and the Middle East, malaria transmission is low and frequently absent, despite the presence of six DVS. To help control malaria in Africa and the Middle East, or to identify the risk of its re-emergence in Europe, the contemporary distribution and bionomics of the relevant DVS are needed. Results A contemporary database of occurrence data, compiled from the formal literature and other relevant resources, resulted in the collation of information for seven DVS from 44 countries in Africa containing 4234 geo-referenced, independent sites. In Europe and the Middle East, six DVS were identified from 2784 geo-referenced sites across 49 countries. These occurrence data were combined with expert opinion ranges and a suite of environmental and climatic variables of relevance to anopheline ecology to produce predictive distribution maps using the Boosted Regression Tree (BRT) method. Conclusions The predicted geographic extent for the following DVS (or species/suspected species complex*) is provided for Africa: Anopheles (Cellia) arabiensis, An. (Cel.) funestus*, An. (Cel.) gambiae, An. (Cel.) melas, An. (Cel.) merus, An. (Cel.) moucheti and An. (Cel.) nili*, and in the European and Middle Eastern Region: An. (Anopheles) atroparvus, An. (Ano.) labranchiae, An. (Ano.) messeae, An. (Ano.) sacharovi, An. (Cel.) sergentii and An. (Cel.) superpictus*. These maps are presented alongside a bionomics summary for each species relevant to its control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne E Sinka
- Spatial Ecology and Epidemiology Group, Tinbergen Building, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK.
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De Oliveira Lima JW, De Góes Cavalcanti LP, Pontes RJS, Heukelbach J. Survival of Betta splendens fish (Regan, 1910) in domestic water containers and its effectiveness in controlling Aedes aegypti larvae (Linnaeus, 1762) in Northeast Brazil. Trop Med Int Health 2010; 15:1525-32. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3156.2010.02658.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Ofulla AVO, Karanja D, Omondi R, Okurut T, Matano A, Jembe T, Abila R, Boera P, Gichuki J. Relative abundance of mosquitoes and snails associated with water hyacinth and hippo grass in the Nyanza gulf of Lake Victoria. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1770.2010.00434.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - R. Omondi
- Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute
| | - T. Okurut
- Lake Victoria Basin Commission, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - A. Matano
- Lake Victoria Basin Commission, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - T. Jembe
- Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute
| | - R. Abila
- Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute
| | - P. Boera
- Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute
| | - J. Gichuki
- Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute
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