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Adzhubei AA, Kulkarni A, Tolstova AP, Anashkina AA, Sviridov D, Makarov AA, Bukrinsky MI. Direct interaction between ABCA1 and HIV-1 Nef: Molecular modeling and virtual screening for inhibitors. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2021; 19:3876-3884. [PMID: 34584633 PMCID: PMC8440812 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2021.06.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 infection impairs cellular cholesterol efflux by downmodulating the cholesterol transporter ABCA1, leading to metabolic co-morbidities like cardio-vascular disease. The main mechanism of this effect is impairment by the HIV-1 protein Nef of the ABCA1 interaction with the endoplasmic reticulum chaperone calnexin, which leads to a block in ABCA1 maturation followed by its degradation. However, ABCA1 is also downmodulated by Nef delivered with the extracellular vesicles, suggesting involvement of a direct Nef:ABCA1 interaction at the plasma membrane. Here, we present an optimized model of the Nef:ABCA1 interaction, which identifies interaction sites and provides an opportunity to perform a virtual screening for potential inhibitors. Interestingly, the predicted sites on Nef involved in the ABCA1 interaction overlap with those involved in the interaction with calnexin. The compounds previously shown to block Nef:calnexin interaction were among the top ranking ligands in docking simulations with ABCA1-interacting sites on Nef, suggesting the possibility that both interactions can be inhibited by the same chemical compounds. This study identifies a series of compounds for potential development as inhibitors of Nef-mediated co-morbidities of HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexei A. Adzhubei
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Amol Kulkarni
- Howard University College of Pharmacy, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Anna P. Tolstova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Dmitri Sviridov
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alexander A. Makarov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Michael I. Bukrinsky
- The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
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2
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Staudt RP, Alvarado JJ, Emert-Sedlak LA, Shi H, Shu ST, Wales TE, Engen JR, Smithgall TE. Structure, function, and inhibitor targeting of HIV-1 Nef-effector kinase complexes. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:15158-15171. [PMID: 32862141 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.rev120.012317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Antiretroviral therapy has revolutionized the treatment of AIDS, turning a deadly disease into a manageable chronic condition. Life-long treatment is required because existing drugs do not eradicate HIV-infected cells. The emergence of drug-resistant viral strains and uncertain vaccine prospects highlight the pressing need for new therapeutic approaches with the potential to clear the virus. The HIV-1 accessory protein Nef is essential for viral pathogenesis, making it a promising target for antiretroviral drug discovery. Nef enhances viral replication and promotes immune escape of HIV-infected cells but lacks intrinsic enzymatic activity. Instead, Nef works through diverse interactions with host cell proteins primarily related to kinase signaling pathways and endosomal trafficking. This review emphasizes the structure, function, and biological relevance of Nef interactions with host cell protein-tyrosine kinases in the broader context of Nef functions related to enhancement of the viral life cycle and immune escape. Drug discovery targeting Nef-mediated kinase activation has allowed identification of promising inhibitors of multiple Nef functions. Pharmacological inhibitors of Nef-induced MHC-I down-regulation restore the adaptive immune response to HIV-infected cells in vitro and have the potential to enhance immune recognition of latent viral reservoirs as part of a strategy for HIV clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan P Staudt
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - John J Alvarado
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Lori A Emert-Sedlak
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Haibin Shi
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sherry T Shu
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Thomas E Wales
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - John R Engen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Thomas E Smithgall
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
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3
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Sağirli A, Dürüst Y. Regioselective synthesis of some isoxazolines and isoxazolidines bearing caprolactam moiety. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2018.1448934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Akın Sağirli
- Department of Chemistry, Abant İzzet Baysal University, Bolu, Turkey
| | - Yaşar Dürüst
- Department of Chemistry, Abant İzzet Baysal University, Bolu, Turkey
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4
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Poh AR, Love CG, Masson F, Preaudet A, Tsui C, Whitehead L, Monard S, Khakham Y, Burstroem L, Lessene G, Sieber O, Lowell C, Putoczki TL, O'Donoghue RJJ, Ernst M. Inhibition of Hematopoietic Cell Kinase Activity Suppresses Myeloid Cell-Mediated Colon Cancer Progression. Cancer Cell 2017; 31:563-575.e5. [PMID: 28399411 PMCID: PMC5479329 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2017.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 01/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant activation of the SRC family kinase hematopoietic cell kinase (HCK) triggers hematological malignancies as a tumor cell-intrinsic oncogene. Here we find that high HCK levels correlate with reduced survival of colorectal cancer patients. Likewise, increased Hck activity in mice promotes the growth of endogenous colonic malignancies and of human colorectal cancer cell xenografts. Furthermore, tumor-associated macrophages of the corresponding tumors show a pronounced alternatively activated endotype, which occurs independently of mature lymphocytes or of Stat6-dependent Th2 cytokine signaling. Accordingly, pharmacological inhibition or genetic reduction of Hck activity suppresses alternative activation of tumor-associated macrophages and the growth of colon cancer xenografts. Thus, Hck may serve as a promising therapeutic target for solid malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashleigh R Poh
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, La Trobe University School of Cancer Medicine, Heidelberg, VIC 3084, Australia; The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Christopher G Love
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Frederick Masson
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, La Trobe University School of Cancer Medicine, Heidelberg, VIC 3084, Australia
| | - Adele Preaudet
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Cary Tsui
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Lachlan Whitehead
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Simon Monard
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Yelena Khakham
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Lotta Burstroem
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Guillaume Lessene
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Oliver Sieber
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Colorectal Surgery, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC 3050, Australia; School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Clifford Lowell
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Tracy L Putoczki
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, La Trobe University School of Cancer Medicine, Heidelberg, VIC 3084, Australia; The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Robert J J O'Donoghue
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, La Trobe University School of Cancer Medicine, Heidelberg, VIC 3084, Australia; The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia.
| | - Matthias Ernst
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, La Trobe University School of Cancer Medicine, Heidelberg, VIC 3084, Australia; The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia.
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5
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Hydrogen deuterium exchange mass spectrometry in biopharmaceutical discovery and development – A review. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 940:8-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Revised: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Wales TE, Poe JA, Emert-Sedlak L, Morgan CR, Smithgall TE, Engen JR. Hydrogen Exchange Mass Spectrometry of Related Proteins with Divergent Sequences: A Comparative Study of HIV-1 Nef Allelic Variants. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2016; 27:1048-61. [PMID: 27032648 PMCID: PMC4865444 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-016-1365-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Revised: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen exchange mass spectrometry can be used to compare the conformation and dynamics of proteins that are similar in tertiary structure. If relative deuterium levels are measured, differences in sequence, deuterium forward- and back-exchange, peptide retention time, and protease digestion patterns all complicate the data analysis. We illustrate what can be learned from such data sets by analyzing five variants (Consensus G2E, SF2, NL4-3, ELI, and LTNP4) of the HIV-1 Nef protein, both alone and when bound to the human Hck SH3 domain. Regions with similar sequence could be compared between variants. Although much of the hydrogen exchange features were preserved across the five proteins, the kinetics of Nef binding to Hck SH3 were not the same. These observations may be related to biological function, particularly for ELI Nef where we also observed an impaired ability to downregulate CD4 surface presentation. The data illustrate some of the caveats that must be considered for comparison experiments and provide a framework for investigations of other protein relatives, families, and superfamilies with HX MS. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas E Wales
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Jerrod A Poe
- Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Lori Emert-Sedlak
- Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Christopher R Morgan
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Genzyme Corporation, Framingham, MA, 01701-9322, USA
| | - Thomas E Smithgall
- Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - John R Engen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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7
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Wales TE, Hochrein JM, Morgan CR, Emert-Sedlak LA, Smithgall TE, Engen JR. Subtle Dynamic Changes Accompany Hck Activation by HIV-1 Nef and are Reversed by an Antiretroviral Kinase Inhibitor. Biochemistry 2015; 54:6382-91. [PMID: 26440750 PMCID: PMC4615603 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.5b00875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The HIV-1 virulence factor Nef interacts with the macrophage Src-family kinase Hck, resulting in constitutive kinase activation that contributes to viral replication and immune escape. Previous chemical library screens identified the diphenylfuranopyrimdine kinase inhibitor DFP-4AB, which selectively inhibits Nef-dependent Hck activity in biochemical assays and potently blocks HIV replication in vitro. In the present study, hydrogen exchange mass spectrometry (HX MS) was used to study conformational changes in downregulated Hck that result from Nef binding, as well as the impact of DFP-4AB on these changes. Remarkably, interaction with Nef induced only subtle changes in deuterium uptake by Hck, with the most significant changes in the N-lobe of the kinase domain adjacent to the docking site for Nef on the SH3 domain. No changes in hydrogen exchange were observed in the Hck SH2 domain or C-terminal tail, indicating that this regulatory interaction is unaffected by Nef binding. When HX MS was performed in the presence of DFP-4AB, the effect of Nef on Hck N-lobe dynamics was completely reversed. These results show that constitutive activation of Hck by HIV-1 Nef requires only modest changes to the conformational dynamics of the overall kinase structure. DFP-4AB reverses these effects, consistent with its activity against this Nef-induced signaling event in HIV-infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas E. Wales
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115
| | - James M. Hochrein
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Christopher R. Morgan
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Lori A. Emert-Sedlak
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15219
| | - Thomas E. Smithgall
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15219
| | - John R. Engen
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115
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8
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Poh AR, O'Donoghue RJ, Ernst M. Hematopoietic cell kinase (HCK) as a therapeutic target in immune and cancer cells. Oncotarget 2015; 6:15752-71. [PMID: 26087188 PMCID: PMC4599235 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The hematopoietic cell kinase (HCK) is a member of the SRC family of cytoplasmic tyrosine kinases (SFKs), and is expressed in cells of the myeloid and B-lymphocyte cell lineages. Excessive HCK activation is associated with several types of leukemia and enhances cell proliferation and survival by physical association with oncogenic fusion proteins, and with functional interactions with receptor tyrosine kinases. Elevated HCK activity is also observed in many solid malignancies, including breast and colon cancer, and correlates with decreased patient survival rates. HCK enhances the secretion of growth factors and pro-inflammatory cytokines from myeloid cells, and promotes macrophage polarization towards a wound healing and tumor-promoting alternatively activated phenotype. Within tumor associated macrophages, HCK stimulates the formation of podosomes that facilitate extracellular matrix degradation, which enhance immune and epithelial cell invasion. By virtue of functional cooperation between HCK and bona fide oncogenic tyrosine kinases, excessive HCK activation can also reduce drug efficacy and contribute to chemo-resistance, while genetic ablation of HCK results in minimal physiological consequences in healthy mice. Given its known crystal structure, HCK therefore provides an attractive therapeutic target to both, directly inhibit the growth of cancer cells, and indirectly curb the source of tumor-promoting changes in the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashleigh R. Poh
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Robert J.J. O'Donoghue
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, La Trobe University School of Cancer Medicine, Victoria, Australia
| | - Matthias Ernst
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, La Trobe University School of Cancer Medicine, Victoria, Australia
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9
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory
F. Pirrone
- Department of Chemistry and
Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Ave., Boston, Massachusetts 02115 United States
| | - Roxana E. Iacob
- Department of Chemistry and
Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Ave., Boston, Massachusetts 02115 United States
| | - John R. Engen
- Department of Chemistry and
Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Ave., Boston, Massachusetts 02115 United States
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10
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Smithgall TE, Thomas G. Small molecule inhibitors of the HIV-1 virulence factor, Nef. DRUG DISCOVERY TODAY. TECHNOLOGIES 2014; 10:e523-9. [PMID: 24451644 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddtec.2013.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Although antiretroviral therapy has revolutionized the clinical management of AIDS, life-long treatment is required because these drugs do not eradicate HIV- infected cells. Chronic antiretroviral therapy may not protect AIDS patients from cognitive impairment, raising important quality of life issues. Because of the rise of HIV strains resistant to current drugs and uncertain vaccine prospects, an urgent need exists for the discovery and development of new therapeutic approaches. This review is focused on one such approach, which involves targeting HIV-1 Nef, a viral accessory protein essential for AIDS pathogenesis.
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11
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Alvarado JJ, Tarafdar S, Yeh JI, Smithgall TE. Interaction with the Src homology (SH3-SH2) region of the Src-family kinase Hck structures the HIV-1 Nef dimer for kinase activation and effector recruitment. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:28539-53. [PMID: 25122770 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.600031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 Nef supports high titer viral replication in vivo and is essential for AIDS progression. Nef function depends on interactions with multiple host cell effectors, including Hck and other Src-family kinases. Here we describe the x-ray crystal structure of Nef in complex with the Hck SH3-SH2 regulatory region to a resolution of 1.86 Å. The complex crystallized as a dimer of complexes, with the conserved Nef PXXPXR motif engaging the Hck SH3 domain. A new intercomplex contact was found between SH3 Glu-93, and Nef Arg-105. Mutagenesis of Hck SH3 Glu-93 interfered with Nef·Hck complex formation and kinase activation in cells. The Hck SH2 domains impinge on the N-terminal region of Nef to stabilize a dimer conformation that exposes Asp-123, a residue critical for Nef function. Our results suggest that in addition to serving as a kinase effector for Nef, Hck binding may reorganize the Nef dimer for functional interaction with other signaling partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Jeff Alvarado
- From the Departments of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics and Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15219 and
| | - Sreya Tarafdar
- From the Departments of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics and Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261
| | - Joanne I Yeh
- Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15219 and
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12
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Protein-protein interactions and human cellular cofactors as new targets for HIV therapy. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2014; 18:1-8. [PMID: 24993074 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2014.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Revised: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Two novel approaches for the development of new drugs against AIDS are summarized each leading to the achievement of important discoveries in anti-HIV therapy. Despite the success of HAART in reducing mortality, resistant strains continue to emerge in the clinic, underscoring the importance of developing next-generation drugs. Protein-protein interactions and human cellular cofactors represent the new targets of tomorrow in HIV research. The most relevant results obtained in the last few years by the two new strategies are described herein.
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13
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Cornall A, Mak J, Greenway A, Tachedjian G. HIV-1 infection of T cells and macrophages are differentially modulated by virion-associated Hck: a Nef-dependent phenomenon. Viruses 2013; 5:2235-52. [PMID: 24051604 PMCID: PMC3798898 DOI: 10.3390/v5092235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2013] [Revised: 09/01/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The proline repeat motif (PxxP) of Nef is required for interaction with the SH3 domains of macrophage-specific Src kinase Hck. However, the implication of this interaction for viral replication and infectivity in macrophages and T lymphocytes remains unclear. Experiments in HIV-1 infected macrophages confirmed the presence of a Nef:Hck complex which was dependent on the Nef proline repeat motif. The proline repeat motif of Nef also enhanced both HIV-1 infection and replication in macrophages, and was required for incorporation of Hck into viral particles. Unexpectedly, wild-type Hck inhibited infection of macrophages, but Hck was shown to enhance infection of primary T lymphocytes. These results indicate that the interaction between Nef and Hck is important for Nef-dependent modulation of viral infectivity. Hck-dependent enhancement of HIV-1 infection of T cells suggests that Nef-Hck interaction may contribute to the spread of HIV-1 infection from macrophages to T cells by modulating events in the producer cell, virion and target cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa Cornall
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Macfarlane Burnet Institute for Medical Research and Public Health, Melbourne 3004, Victoria, Australia; E-Mails: (A.C.); (A.G.)
- Regional HPV Labnet Reference Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, The Royal Women’s Hospital, Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia
| | - Johnson Mak
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Geelong 3220, Victoria, Australia; E-Mail:
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Livestock Industries, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong 3220, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alison Greenway
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Macfarlane Burnet Institute for Medical Research and Public Health, Melbourne 3004, Victoria, Australia; E-Mails: (A.C.); (A.G.)
| | - Gilda Tachedjian
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Macfarlane Burnet Institute for Medical Research and Public Health, Melbourne 3004, Victoria, Australia; E-Mails: (A.C.); (A.G.)
- Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton 3168, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne 3004, Victoria, Australia
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +61-3-9282-2256; Fax: +61-3-9282-2100
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Tintori C, Laurenzana I, La Rocca F, Falchi F, Carraro F, Ruiz A, Esté JA, Kissova M, Crespan E, Maga G, Biava M, Brullo C, Schenone S, Botta M. Identification of Hck inhibitors as hits for the development of antileukemia and anti-HIV agents. ChemMedChem 2013; 8:1353-60. [PMID: 23813855 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201300204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Hematopoietic cell kinase (Hck) is a member of the Src family of non-receptor protein tyrosine kinases. High levels of Hck are associated with drug resistance in chronic myeloid leukemia. Furthermore, Hck activity has been connected with HIV-1. Herein, structure-based drug design efforts were aimed at identifying novel Hck inhibitors. First, an in-house library of pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine derivatives, which were previously shown to be dual Abl and c-Src inhibitors, was analyzed by docking studies within the ATP binding site of Hck to select the best candidates to be tested in a cell-free assay. Next, the same computational protocol was applied to screen a database of commercially available compounds. As a result, most of the selected compounds were found active against Hck, with Ki values ranging from 0.14 to 18.4 μM, confirming the suitability of the computational approach adopted. Furthermore, selected compounds showed an interesting antiproliferative activity profile against the human leukemia cell line KU-812, and one compound was found to block HIV-1 replication at sub-toxic concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Tintori
- Dipartimento Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena, Via A. De Gasperi 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
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15
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Pagano MA, Tibaldi E, Palù G, Brunati AM. Viral proteins and Src family kinases: Mechanisms of pathogenicity from a “liaison dangereuse”. World J Virol 2013; 2:71-78. [PMID: 24175231 PMCID: PMC3785045 DOI: 10.5501/wjv.v2.i2.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2012] [Revised: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 01/24/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
To complete their life cycle and spread, viruses interfere with and gain control of diverse cellular processes, this most often occurring through interaction between viral proteins (VPs) and resident protein partners. Among the latter, Src family kinases (SFKs), a class of non-receptor tyrosine kinases that contributes to the conversion of extracellular signals into intracellular signaling cascades and is involved in virtually all cellular processes, have recently emerged as critical mediators between the cell’s infrastructure and the viral demands. In this scenario, structural or ex novo synthesized VPs are able to bind to the different domains of these enzymes through specific short linear motifs present along their sequences. Proline-rich motifs displaying the conserved minimal consensus PxxP and recognizing the SFK Src homology (SH)3 domain constitute a cardinal signature for the formation of multiprotein complexes and this interaction may promote phosphorylation of VPs by SFKs, thus creating phosphotyrosine motifs that become a docking site for the SH2 domains of SFKs or other SH2 domain-bearing signaling molecules. Importantly, the formation of these assemblies also results in a change in the activity and/or location of SFKs, and these events are critical in perturbing key signaling pathways so that viruses can utilize the cell’s machinery to their own benefit. In the light of these observations, although VPs as such, especially those with enzyme activity, are still regarded as valuable targets for therapeutic strategies, multiprotein complexes composed of viral and host cell proteins are increasingly becoming objects of investigation with a view to deeply characterize the structural aspects that favor their formation and to develop new compounds able to contrast viral diseases in an alternative manner.
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Narute PS, Smithgall TE. Nef alleles from all major HIV-1 clades activate Src-family kinases and enhance HIV-1 replication in an inhibitor-sensitive manner. PLoS One 2012; 7:e32561. [PMID: 22393415 PMCID: PMC3290594 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2011] [Accepted: 02/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The HIV-1 accessory factor Nef is essential for high-titer viral replication and AIDS progression. Nef function requires interaction with many host cell proteins, including specific members of the Src kinase family. Here we explored whether Src-family kinase activation is a conserved property of Nef alleles from a wide range of primary HIV-1 isolates and their sensitivity to selective pharmacological inhibitors. Representative Nef proteins from the major HIV-1 subtypes A1, A2, B, C, F1, F2, G, H, J and K strongly activated Hck and Lyn as well as c-Src to a lesser extent, demonstrating for the first time that Src-family kinase activation is a highly conserved property of primary M-group HIV-1 Nef isolates. Recently, we identified 4-amino substituted diphenylfuropyrimidines (DFPs) that selectively inhibit Nef-dependent activation of Src-family kinases as well as HIV replication. To determine whether DFP compounds exhibit broad-spectrum Nef-dependent antiretroviral activity against HIV-1, we first constructed chimeric forms of the HIV-1 strain NL4-3 expressing each of the primary Nef alleles. The infectivity and replication of these Nef chimeras was indistinguishable from that of wild-type virus in two distinct cell lines (U87MG astroglial cells and CEM-T4 lymphoblasts). Importantly, the 4-aminopropanol and 4-aminobutanol derivatives of DFP potently inhibited the replication of all chimeric forms of HIV-1 in both U87MG and CEM-T4 cells in a Nef-dependent manner. The antiretroviral effects of these compounds correlated with inhibition of Nef-dependent activation of endogenous Src-family kinases in the HIV-infected cells. Our results demonstrate that the activation of Hck, Lyn and c-Src by Nef is highly conserved among all major clades of HIV-1 and that selective targeting of this pathway uniformly inhibits HIV-1 replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Purushottam S. Narute
- Department of Infectious Disease and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Thomas E. Smithgall
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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