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Long-Lasting Olfactory Dysfunction in Hospital Workers Due to COVID-19: Prevalence, Clinical Characteristics, and Most Affected Odorants. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19095777. [PMID: 35565169 PMCID: PMC9105378 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19095777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Hospital workers have increased exposure risk of healthcare-associated infections due to the frontline nature of their work. Olfactory dysfunction is highly prevalent. The objectives for this investigation are to study the prevalence of long-lasting olfactory dysfunction associated with COVID-19 infection in hospital workers during the first pandemic wave, to identify clinical characteristics and associated symptomatology, and to analyze how many patients with COVID-19 infection had developed olfactory dysfunction during infection and maintained a reduced olfactory function for approximately 10 weeks after diagnosis. Between June and July of 2020, a cross-sectional study was carried out at the Hospital Central de la Cruz Roja San José and Santa Adela in Madrid, Spain. One hundred sixty-four participants were included, of which 110 were patient-facing healthcare staff and 54 were non-patient-facing healthcare staff. Participants were split into three groups, according to COVID-19 diagnosis and presence of COVID-19 related olfactory symptomatology. Participants were asked to complete a structured online questionnaire along with Sniffin' Stick Olfactory Test measurements. In this study, 88 participants were confirmed for COVID-19 infection, 59 of those participants also reported olfactory symptomatology. The prevalence of COVID-19 infection was 11.35%, and the prevalence for olfactory dysfunction was 67.05%. Olfactory dysfunction associated with COVID-19 infection leads to long-lasting olfactory loss. Objective assessment with Sniffin' Stick Olfactory Test points to odor identification as the most affected process. Lemon, liquorice, solvent, and rose are the odors that are worst recognized. Mint, banana, solvent, garlic, coffee, and pineapple, although they are identified, are perceived with less intensity. The findings of this study confirmed a high prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection among the hospital workers.
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Corrêa CDC, Piña SP, Evangelisti M, Villa MP, Weber SAT. Quality of the Italian Websites for Parental Guidance on the Indications for Tonsillectomy in Children. Int Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2021; 25:e446-e452. [PMID: 34377183 PMCID: PMC8321631 DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1716569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The quality of information on websites about tonsillectomy regarding the knowledge level may be low. Tonsillectomy is a surgical procedure to hypertrophy of the palatine and pharyngeal tonsils. So, it is an invasive procedure with possible complications, which creates insecurity in parents. Significantly, Internet searches have been increased to address possible health concerns, questioning the quality of websites about tonsillectomy. Objective To evaluate the readability, reliability, and comprehensiveness of the Italian websites dedicated to parental guidance regarding the indications for tonsillectomy in children. Methods The search engine google.it was used to search the websites. The Gulpease index, which is a widely used readability formula ranging from 0 (difficult) to 100 (easy readability), was employed to evaluate these websites. The Health on the Net Code of Conduct (HONcode) was used to assess the quality of information, by taking ethical principles into account, with values ranging from 0 to 13. The content comprehensiveness of the web pages was assessed by assigning points ranging from 1 (very insufficient) to 5 (very satisfying) to each page. A final comparison with previous studies on tonsillectomy published on websites from other countries was performed. Results Fourteen Italian websites were selected, and the Gulpease index showed a mean average of 40.77 ± 8.45. The mean of the HONcode analysis was 6.00 ± 1.92, in which the principles with the poorest scores were Attribution and Update . As far as the comprehensiveness of the websites is concerned, the resulting mean was 2.57 ± 0.77, in which Indications was the topic with the highest mean, whereas Benefits was the one with the lowest. Conclusion The Italian websites were characterized by a lower readability level, a middle position regarding ethical principles, and the same (insufficient) comprehensiveness of tonsillectomy when compared with websites from different countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila de Castro Corrêa
- Graduation Course of Speech-Language and Hearing Pathology, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil
- Graduation Course of Speech-Language and Hearing Pathology, Centro Universitário Planalto do Distrito Federal (UNIPLAN), Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Sofia Prata Piña
- Department of Ophthalmology, Otolaryngology, and Head and Neck Surgery, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Melania Evangelisti
- Pediatric Sleep Disease Center, Child Neurology, NESMOS Department, School of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Pia Villa
- Pediatric Sleep Disease Center, Child Neurology, NESMOS Department, School of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Silke Anna Theresa Weber
- Department of Ophthalmology, Otolaryngology, and Head and Neck Surgery, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
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Testa D, Carotenuto M, Precenzano F, Russo A, Donadio A, Marcuccio G, Motta G. Evaluation of neurocognitive abilities in children affected by obstructive sleep apnea syndrome before and after adenotonsillectomy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 40:122-132. [PMID: 32469006 PMCID: PMC7256902 DOI: 10.14639/0392-100x-n0267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome (OSAS) is the most severe form of sleep-related disordered breathing (SRDB) and is characterised by snoring, apnoeas, and/or hypopnoeas associated to hypoxia, hypercarbia, or repeated arousals from sleep. OSAS has three major categories of morbidities: neurobehavioural, cardiovascular and somatic growth failure. The gold standard for objective diagnosis of obstructive-SRDB severity is polysomnography (PSG). The indication for surgical treatment in children is moderate-severe OSAS (AHI, apnoea hypopnoea index > 5/h) and in mild OSAS (AHI 2-5/h) with complications or morbidity. The entire spectrum of PSG-defined SRDB (ranging from Primary Snoring to severe OSAS) may correlate with behavioural, attentional and executive function deficits relating to hypoxia and sleep disruption: in some cases, these alterations may mimic attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The aim of this research was to evaluate visuoperceptual and constructional abilities, paediatric sleep questionnaire and polysomnographic scores before and 6 months after adenotonsillectomy with objective and subjective information. We included 59 children who underwent neuropsychiatric and otolaryngologist clinical evaluation and the Beery-Buktenica Developmental Test of Visual-Motor Integration (VMI); children parents were asked to fill in the Paediatric Sleep Questionnaire (PSQ); each child underwent PSG. At 6 months after adenotonsillectomy, all patients were evaluated again. There is a significant difference in PSQ parameters, VMI standard, visual tests scores and PSG parameters before and after adenotonsillectomy in children affected by OSAS. These results showed the achievement of therapeutic benefits with improvement of the quality of life for both children and their parents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Testa
- Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Department of General and Specialistic Surgery, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Italy
| | - Marco Carotenuto
- Clinic of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Department of Mental Health, Physical and Preventive Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Italy
| | - Francesco Precenzano
- Clinic of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Department of Mental Health, Physical and Preventive Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Italy
| | - Alessia Russo
- Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Department of General and Specialistic Surgery, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Italy
| | - Anna Donadio
- Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Department of General and Specialistic Surgery, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Italy
| | - Giuseppina Marcuccio
- Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Department of General and Specialistic Surgery, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Italy
| | - Gaetano Motta
- Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Department of General and Specialistic Surgery, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Italy
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Flores-Orozco EI, Tiznado-Orozco GE, Díaz-Peña R, Orozco EIF, Galletti C, Gazia F, Galletti F. Effect of a Mandibular Advancement Device on the Upper Airway in a Patient With Obstructive Sleep Apnea. J Craniofac Surg 2020; 31:e32-e35. [PMID: 31449205 DOI: 10.1097/scs.0000000000005838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The authors present a case of a 33-year-old male patient with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome who was treated with a mandibular advancement device with excellent results. The aim of this study is to underline the importance of new instruments that allow evaluating the upper airway with greater precision, such as cone beam tomography. Given the diagnosis and treatment, the upper airway was assessed using cone beam tomography; an increase in UA volume of 22% was observed (initial volume 22,962 mm), along with a 28% increase in area (initial area 971 mm). The evaluation of the UA using teleradiography also showed an increase in the points evaluated, with the midpoint of the soft palate presenting the greatest increase.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rogelio Díaz-Peña
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Autonomous University of Nayarit, Tepic, Mexico
| | - Esteban Isaí Flores Orozco
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Endodontic Division, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | - Cosimo Galletti
- Comprehensive Dentistry Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitat de Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat (Barcelona), Catalonia, Spain
| | - Francesco Gazia
- Department of Adult and Development Age Human Pathology "Gaetano Barresi," Unit of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Messina Via Consolare Valeria 1, Messina, Italy
| | - Francesco Galletti
- Department of Adult and Development Age Human Pathology "Gaetano Barresi," Unit of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Messina Via Consolare Valeria 1, Messina, Italy
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Galletti F, Freni F, Gazia F, Gallo A. Vocal cord surgery and pharmacological treatment of a patient with HPV and recurrent respiratory papillomatosis. BMJ Case Rep 2019; 12:12/11/e231117. [PMID: 31732543 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2019-231117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP) is caused by persistent infection of the respiratory epithelium by human papillomavirus (HPV), especially HPV 6 and 11. We present a case of surgically treated RRP. The main purpose of our protocol is to remove the lesions with a non-aggressive surgical technique and prevent recurrences with the use of cidofovir for local infiltrations in multiple sessions. We use low-power energy CO2 laser, directed towards the upper part of the vocal cord, to determine a retraction of the mucosa with consequent coverage of the epithelium of the free edge. The aim of this technique is to treat and stop the formation of synechia of the anterior commissure and the free margin of the vocal cords in the anterior commissure. After 8 years follow-up, there are no signs of recurrence of the disease. The voice had a net improvement confirming the effectiveness of the protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Galletti
- Department of Adult and Development Age Human Pathology 'Gaetano Barresi', Unit of Otorhinolaryngology, Universita degli Studi di Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Francesco Freni
- Department of Adult and Development Age Human Pathology 'Gaetano Barresi', Unit of Otorhinolaryngology, Universita degli Studi di Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Francesco Gazia
- Department of Adult and Development Age Human Pathology 'Gaetano Barresi', Unit of Otorhinolaryngology, Universita degli Studi di Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Andrea Gallo
- UOC Otorinolaringoiatria - Polo Pontino, Università degli Studi di Roma La Sapienza Facoltà di Medicina e Odontoiatria, Roma, Italy
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Ciodaro F, Gazia F, Galletti B, Galletti F. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy in a case of cervical abscess extending to anterior mediastinum, with isolation of Prevotella corporis. BMJ Case Rep 2019; 12:12/7/e229873. [PMID: 31296620 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2019-229873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a case of an odontogenic abscess, first spreading at the lateral cervical level and then in mediastinum. We isolated an anaerobic bacterium, Prevotella corporis, rarely documented in literature. The mortality rates of cervical abscesses secondary to odontogenic infections and complicated by mediastinitis vary from 10% to 40%. Treatment of descending mediastinitis involves multidisciplinary teams such as otorhinolaryngology, thoracic surgeons, infectious disease physicians, anesthetists and intensivists. Due to the combined treatment with surgical drainage within 48 hours of hospitalisation, antibiotics and subsequent hyperbaric oxygen therapy, we have achieved complete recovery of the patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Ciodaro
- Department of Adult and Development Age Human Pathology 'Gaetano Barresi', Unit of Otorhinolaryngology, Universita degli Studi di Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Francesco Gazia
- Department of Adult and Development Age Human Pathology 'Gaetano Barresi', Unit of Otorhinolaryngology, Universita degli Studi di Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Bruno Galletti
- Department of Adult and Development Age Human Pathology 'Gaetano Barresi', Unit of Otorhinolaryngology, Universita degli Studi di Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Francesco Galletti
- Department of Adult and Development Age Human Pathology 'Gaetano Barresi', Unit of Otorhinolaryngology, Universita degli Studi di Messina, Messina, Italy
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Galletti B, Gazia F, Galletti C, Perani F, Ciodaro F, Freni F, Galletti F. Rhinocerebral mucormycosis with dissemination to pontine area in a diabetic patient: Treatment and management. Clin Case Rep 2019; 7:1382-1387. [PMID: 31360493 PMCID: PMC6637368 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.2255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhinocerebral mucormycosis is a rapidly life-threatening disease caused by a fungal infection. Every diabetic patient with sinusitis symptoms, headache, and visual changes needs radiological approach and nasal endoscopy to rule out mucormycosis. The mortality rate is 50%-85%, despite an early diagnosis and a correct treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Galletti
- Unit of Otorhinolaryngology, Department of Adult and Development Age Human Pathology “Gaetano Barresi”University of MessinaMessinaItaly
| | - Francesco Gazia
- Unit of Otorhinolaryngology, Department of Adult and Development Age Human Pathology “Gaetano Barresi”University of MessinaMessinaItaly
| | - Cosimo Galletti
- Unit of Otorhinolaryngology, Department of Adult and Development Age Human Pathology “Gaetano Barresi”University of MessinaMessinaItaly
| | - Fulvio Perani
- Unit of Otorhinolaryngology, Department of Adult and Development Age Human Pathology “Gaetano Barresi”University of MessinaMessinaItaly
| | - Francesco Ciodaro
- Unit of Otorhinolaryngology, Department of Adult and Development Age Human Pathology “Gaetano Barresi”University of MessinaMessinaItaly
| | - Francesco Freni
- Unit of Otorhinolaryngology, Department of Adult and Development Age Human Pathology “Gaetano Barresi”University of MessinaMessinaItaly
| | - Francesco Galletti
- Unit of Otorhinolaryngology, Department of Adult and Development Age Human Pathology “Gaetano Barresi”University of MessinaMessinaItaly
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Galletti B, Gazia F, Galletti C, Galletti F. Endoscopic treatment of a periorbital fat herniation caused by spontaneous solution of continuity of the papyracea lamina. BMJ Case Rep 2019; 12:12/4/e229376. [PMID: 31040145 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2019-229376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a case of a 16-year-old girl with interruption of papyracea lamina and herniation of the periorbital fat covered by a bone shell. The patient presents with a history of diplopia and visual disturbances ever since she can remember. Thanks to radiological imaging and biopsy, we have done differential diagnosis with periorbital lipoma, intraosseous lipoma and intramuscular lipoma of medial rectus. Diagnostic for images is necessary for a correct operative planning. Endoscopic sinus surgery with computer-assisted navigation is the safest and most effective method to remove the lesion that was closely related to the medial rectum muscle and to the anterior ethmoidal artery. The patient after surgery and in 1 year of follow-up reports the disappearance of symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Galletti
- Department of Adult and Development Age Human Pathology "Gaetano Barresi", Unit of Otorhinolaryngology, Universita degli Studi di Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Francesco Gazia
- Department of Adult and Development Age Human Pathology "Gaetano Barresi", Unit of Otorhinolaryngology, Universita degli Studi di Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Cosimo Galletti
- Department of Adult and Development Age Human Pathology "Gaetano Barresi", Unit of Otorhinolaryngology, Universita degli Studi di Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Francesco Galletti
- Department of Adult and Development Age Human Pathology "Gaetano Barresi", Unit of Otorhinolaryngology, Universita degli Studi di Messina, Messina, Italy
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Brook I. Treatment Challenges of Group A Beta-hemolytic Streptococcal Pharyngo-Tonsillitis. Int Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2017; 21:286-296. [PMID: 28680500 PMCID: PMC5495595 DOI: 10.1055/s-0036-1584294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Despite its in vitro efficacy, penicillin often fails to eradicate Group A β-hemolytic streptococci (GABHS) from patients with acute and relapsing pharyngo-tonsillitis (PT). Objective This review of the literature details the causes of penicillin failure to eradicate GABHS PT and the therapeutic modalities to reduce and overcome antimicrobial failure. Data Synthesis The causes of penicillin failure in eradicating GABHS PT include the presence of β lactamase producing bacteria (BLPB) that "protect" GABHS from any penicillin; the absence of bacteria that interfere with the growth of GABHS; co-aggregation between GABHS and Moraxella catarrhalis; and the poor penetration of penicillin into the tonsillar tissues and the tonsillo-pharyngeal cells, which allows intracellular GABHS and Staphylococcus aureus to survive. The inadequate intracellular penetration of penicillin can allow intracellular GABHS and S. aureus to persist. In the treatment of acute tonsillitis, the use of cephalosporin can overcome these interactions by eradicating aerobic BLPB (including M. catarrhalis), while preserving the potentially interfering organisms and eliminating GABHS. Conclusion In treatment of recurrent and chronic PT, the administration of clindamycin, or amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, can eradicate both aerobic and anaerobic BLPB, as well as GABHS. The superior intracellular penetration of cephalosporin and clindamycin also enhances their efficacy against intracellular GABHS and S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itzhak Brook
- Department of Pediatrics / Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, United States
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Clinical practice guideline: tonsillitis II. Surgical management. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2016; 273:989-1009. [DOI: 10.1007/s00405-016-3904-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Bojko NV, Bachurina AS. Adenoidectomy and adenotonsillotomy in children with difficult nasal breathing. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.17116/rosrino20152319-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Thomas K, Boeger D, Buentzel J, Esser D, Hoffmann K, Jecker P, Mueller A, Radtke G, Geißler K, Finkensieper M, Guntinas-Lichius O. Pediatric adenoidectomy: a population-based regional study on epidemiology and outcome. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2013; 77:1716-20. [PMID: 23993208 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2013.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Revised: 07/28/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate population-based data on incidence of pediatric adenoidectomy and rate of revision surgery. METHODS A retrospective study of all adenoidectomies in children was performed in the year 2009 in all otolaryngology departments in one federal state, Thuringia, in Germany. Patients' characteristics, preoperative diagnostics and postoperative complications were analyzed. The association between baseline characteristics and the risk of re-adenoidectomy was examined using Kaplan-Meier method with univariate log-rank test, and with a multivariate Cox regression model. Population data were used to calculate age-related annual rates of adenoidectomies. RESULTS 1939 adenoidectomies were performed in 2009 in Thuringia. 89% were primary cases and 11% of the children already had an adenoidectomy prior to 2009. Immediate re-surgery because of primary hemorrhage was necessary in 0.8% of the cases. Re-adenoidectomy because of recurrent symptoms was needed in 9% of patients after a median interval of 16 months. The univariate analysis showed that the factors age ≤3 years and primary surgery were significantly associated to a higher risk of surgery because of recurrent symptoms The multivariate analysis showed that primary surgery was independently associated with the risk of re-surgery (hazard ratio 1.66; 95% confidence interval 1.01-2.74). The annual adenoidectomy rate was 678/100,000 underage habitants. The incidence was highest between 2 and 4 years of age. CONCLUSIONS This population based analysis is showing that adenoidectomy is performed country-wide with good results and low risk on important scale in daily routine by otorhinolaryngologists. The risk of re-adenoidectomy seems to be higher than hitherto reported by hospital-based studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstanze Thomas
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Jena University Hospital, Germany
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