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Peng Q, Bao W, Geng B, Yang S. Biosensor-assisted CRISPRi high-throughput screening to identify genetic targets in Zymomonas mobilis for high d-lactate production. Synth Syst Biotechnol 2024; 9:242-249. [PMID: 38390372 PMCID: PMC10883783 DOI: 10.1016/j.synbio.2024.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Lactate is an important monomer for the synthesis of poly-lactate (PLA), which is a substitute for the petrochemical plastics. To achieve the goal of high lactate titer, rate, and yield for commercial production, efficient lactate production pathway is needed as well as genetic targets that affect high lactate production and tolerance. In this study, an LldR-based d-lactate biosensor with a broad dynamic range was first applied into Zymomonas mobilis to select mutant strains with strong GFP fluorescence, which could be the mutant strains with increased d-lactate production. Then, LldR-based d-lactate biosensor was combined with a genome-wide CRISPR interference (CRISPRi) library targeting the entire genome to generate thousands of mutants with gRNA targeting different genetic targets across the whole genome. Specifically, two mutant libraries were selected containing 105 and 104 mutants with different interference sites from two rounds of fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS), respectively. Two genetic targets of ZMO1323 and ZMO1530 were characterized and confirmed to be associated with the increased d-lactate production, further knockout of ZMO1323 and ZMO1530 resulted in a 15% and 21% increase of d-lactate production, respectively. This work thus not only established a high-throughput approach that combines genome-scale CRISPRi and biosensor-assisted screening to identify genetic targets associated with d-lactate production in Z. mobilis, but also provided a feasible high-throughput screening approach for rapid identification of genetic targets associated with strain performance for other industrial microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiqun Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, and School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Weiwei Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, and School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Binan Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, and School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Shihui Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, and School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
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2
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Konzock O, Nielsen J. TRYing to evaluate production costs in microbial biotechnology. Trends Biotechnol 2024:S0167-7799(24)00119-7. [PMID: 38806369 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2024.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Microbial fermentations offer the opportunity to produce a wide range of chemicals in a sustainable fashion, but it is important to carefully evaluate the production costs. This can be done on the basis of evaluation of the titer, rate, and yield (TRY) of the fermentation process. Here we describe how the three TRY metrics impact the technoeconomics of a microbial fermentation process, and we illustrate the use of these for evaluation of different processes in the production of two commodity chemicals, 1,3-propanediol (PDO) and ethanol, as well as for the fine chemical penicillin. On the basis of our discussions, we provide some recommendations on how the TRY metrics should be reported when new processes are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Konzock
- Department of Life Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology, SE41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jens Nielsen
- Department of Life Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology, SE41296 Gothenburg, Sweden; BioInnovation Institute, Ole Maaløes Vej 3, DK2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark.
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3
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Pangestu R, Kahar P, Ogino C, Kondo A. Comparative responses of flocculating and nonflocculating yeasts to cell density and chemical stress in lactic acid fermentation. Yeast 2024; 41:192-206. [PMID: 38081785 DOI: 10.1002/yea.3917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
While flocculation has demonstrated its efficacy in enhancing yeast robustness and ethanol production, its potential application for lactic acid fermentation remains largely unexplored. Our study examined the differences between flocculating and nonflocculating Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains in terms of their metabolic dynamics when incorporating an exogenous lactic acid pathway, across varying cell densities and in the presence of lignocellulose-derived byproducts. Comparative gene expression profiles revealed that cultivating a nonflocculant strain at higher cell density yielded a substantial upregulation of genes associated with glycolysis, energy metabolism, and other key pathways, resulting in elevated levels of fermentation products. Meanwhile, the flocculating strain displayed an inherent ability to sustain high glycolytic activity regardless of the cell density. Moreover, our investigation revealed a significant reduction in glycolytic activity under chemical stress, potentially attributable to diminished ATP supply during the energy investment phase. Conversely, the formation of flocs in the flocculating strain conferred protection against toxic chemicals present in the medium, fostering more stable lactic acid production levels. Additionally, the distinct flocculation traits observed between the two examined strains may be attributed to variations in the nucleotide sequences of the flocculin genes and their regulators. This study uncovers the potential of flocculation for enhanced lactic acid production in yeast, offering insights into metabolic mechanisms and potential gene targets for strain improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radityo Pangestu
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
- National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Bogor, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Prihardi Kahar
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Chiaki Ogino
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Akihiko Kondo
- Graduate School of Science, Technology, and Innovation (STIN), Kobe University, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
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4
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Long Y, Han X, Meng X, Xu P, Tao F. A robust yeast chassis: comprehensive characterization of a fast-growing Saccharomyces cerevisiae. mBio 2024; 15:e0319623. [PMID: 38214535 PMCID: PMC10865977 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03196-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Robust chassis are critical to facilitate advances in synthetic biology. This study describes a comprehensive characterization of a new yeast isolate Saccharomyces cerevisiae XP that grows faster than commonly used research and industrial S. cerevisiae strains. The genomic, transcriptomic, and metabolomic analyses suggest that the fast growth rate is, in part, due to the efficient electron transport chain and key growth factor synthesis. A toolbox for genetic manipulation of the yeast was developed; we used it to construct l-lactic acid producers for high lactate production. The development of genetically malleable yeast strains that grow faster than currently used strains may significantly enhance the uses of S. cerevisiae in biotechnology.IMPORTANCEYeast is known as an outstanding starting strain for constructing microbial cell factories. However, its growth rate restricts its application. A yeast strain XP, which grows fast in high concentrations of sugar and acidic environments, is revealed to demonstrate the potential in industrial applications. A toolbox was also built for its genetic manipulation including gene insertion, deletion, and ploidy transformation. The knowledge of its metabolism, which could guide the designing of genetic experiments, was generated with multi-omics analyses. This novel strain along with its toolbox was then tested by constructing an l-lactic acid efficient producer, which is conducive to the development of degradable plastics. This study highlights the remarkable competence of nonconventional yeast for applications in biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangdanyu Long
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism and School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao Han
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism and School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuanlin Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism and School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism and School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fei Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism and School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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5
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Gosalawit C, Khunnonkwao P, Jantama K. Genome engineering of Kluyveromyces marxianus for high D-( -)-lactic acid production under low pH conditions. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023:10.1007/s00253-023-12658-2. [PMID: 37405435 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12658-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023]
Abstract
Saccharomyces cerevisiae is the workhorse of fermentation industry. Upon engineering for D-lactate production by a series of gene deletions, this yeast had deficiencies in cell growth and D-lactate production at high substrate concentrations. Complex nutrients or high cell density were thus required to support growth and D-lactate production with a potential to increase medium and process cost of industrial-scale D-lactate production. As an alternative microbial biocatalyst, a Crabtree-negative and thermotolerant yeast Kluyveromyces marxianus was engineered in this study to produce high titer and yield of D-lactate at a lower pH without growth defects. Only pyruvate decarboxylase 1 (PDC1) gene was replaced by a codon-optimized bacterial D-lactate dehydrogenase (ldhA). Ethanol, glycerol, or acetic acid was not produced by the resulting strain, KMΔpdc1::ldhA. Aeration rate at 1.5 vvm and culture pH 5.0 at 30 °C provided the highest D-lactate titer of 42.97 ± 0.48 g/L from glucose. Yield and productivity of D-lactate, and glucose-consumption rate were 0.85 ± 0.01 g/g, 0.90 ± 0.01 g/(L·h), and 1.06 ± 0.00 g/(L·h), respectively. Surprisingly, D-lactate titer, productivity, and glucose-consumption rate of 52.29 ± 0.68 g/L, 1.38 ± 0.05 g/(L·h), and 1.22 ± 0.00 g/(L·h), respectively, were higher at 42 °C compared to 30 °C. Sugarcane molasses, a low-value carbon, led to the highest D-lactate titer and yield of 66.26 ± 0.81 g/L and 0.91 ± 0.01 g/g, respectively, in a medium without additional nutrients. This study is a pioneer work of engineering K. marxianus to produce D-lactate at the yield approaching theoretical maximum using simple batch process. Our results support the potential of an engineered K. marxianus for D-lactate production on an industrial scale. KEY POINTS: • K. marxianus was engineered by deleting PDC1 and expressing codon-optimized D-ldhA. • The strain allowed high D-lactate titer and yield under pH ranging from 3.5 to 5.0. • The strain produced 66 g/L D-lactate at 30 °C from molasses without any additional nutrients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chotika Gosalawit
- Metabolic Engineering Research Unit, School of Biotechnology, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, 111 University Avenue, Suranaree Sub-District, Muang District, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand
| | - Panwana Khunnonkwao
- Metabolic Engineering Research Unit, School of Biotechnology, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, 111 University Avenue, Suranaree Sub-District, Muang District, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand
| | - Kaemwich Jantama
- Metabolic Engineering Research Unit, School of Biotechnology, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, 111 University Avenue, Suranaree Sub-District, Muang District, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand.
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Wefelmeier K, Schmitz S, Haut AM, Otten J, Jülich T, Blank LM. Engineering the methylotrophic yeast Ogataea polymorpha for lactate production from methanol. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1223726. [PMID: 37456718 PMCID: PMC10347679 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1223726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Lactate has gained increasing attention as a platform chemical, particularly for the production of the bioplastic poly-lactic acid (PLA). While current microbial lactate production processes primarily rely on the use of sugars as carbon sources, it is possible to envision a future where lactate can be produced from sustainable, non-food substrates. Methanol could be such a potential substrate, as it can be produced by (electro)chemical hydrogenation from CO2. Methods: In this study, the use of the methylotrophic yeast Ogataea polymorpha as a host organism for lactate production from methanol was explored. To enable lactate production in Ogataea polymorpha, four different lactate dehydrogenases were expressed under the control of the methanol-inducible MOX promoter. The L-lactate dehydrogenase of Lactobacillus helveticus performed well in the yeast, and the lactate production of this engineered strain could additionally be improved by conducting methanol fed-batch experiments in shake flasks. Further, the impact of different nitrogen sources and the resulting pH levels on production was examined more closely. In order to increase methanol assimilation of the lactate-producing strain, an adaptive laboratory evolution experiment was performed. Results and Discussion: The growth rate of the lactate-producing strain on methanol was increased by 55%, while at the same time lactate production was preserved. The highest lactate titer of 3.8 g/L in this study was obtained by cultivating this evolved strain in a methanol fed-batch experiment in shake flasks with urea as nitrogen source. This study provides a proof of principle that Ogataea polymorpha is a suitable host organism for the production of lactate using methanol as carbon source. In addition, it offers guidance for the engineering of methylotrophic organisms that produce platform chemicals from CO2-derived substrates. With reduced land use, this technology will promote the development of a sustainable industrial biotechnology in the future.
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7
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Castañeda-Rodríguez S, González-Torres M, Ribas-Aparicio RM, Del Prado-Audelo ML, Leyva-Gómez G, Gürer ES, Sharifi-Rad J. Recent advances in modified poly (lactic acid) as tissue engineering materials. J Biol Eng 2023; 17:21. [PMID: 36941601 PMCID: PMC10029204 DOI: 10.1186/s13036-023-00338-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
As an emerging science, tissue engineering and regenerative medicine focus on developing materials to replace, restore or improve organs or tissues and enhancing the cellular capacity to proliferate, migrate and differentiate into different cell types and specific tissues. Renewable resources have been used to develop new materials, resulting in attempts to produce various environmentally friendly biomaterials. Poly (lactic acid) (PLA) is a biopolymer known to be biodegradable and it is produced from the fermentation of carbohydrates. PLA can be combined with other polymers to produce new biomaterials with suitable physicochemical properties for tissue engineering applications. Here, the advances in modified PLA as tissue engineering materials are discussed in light of its drawbacks, such as biological inertness, low cell adhesion, and low degradation rate, and the efforts conducted to address these challenges toward the design of new enhanced alternative biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samanta Castañeda-Rodríguez
- Conacyt & Laboratorio de Biotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
- Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Maykel González-Torres
- Conacyt & Laboratorio de Biotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico.
- Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico.
| | - Rosa María Ribas-Aparicio
- Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | | | - Gerardo Leyva-Gómez
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Eda Sönmez Gürer
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacognosy, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey
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8
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Loss of a Functional Mitochondrial Pyruvate Carrier in Komagataella phaffii Does Not Improve Lactic Acid Production from Glycerol in Aerobic Cultivation. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11020483. [PMID: 36838448 PMCID: PMC9967928 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11020483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytosolic pyruvate is an essential metabolite in lactic acid production during microbial fermentation. However, under aerobiosis, pyruvate is transported to the mitochondrial matrix by the mitochondrial pyruvate carrier (MPC) and oxidized in cell respiration. Previous reports using Saccharomyces cerevisiae or Aspergillus oryzae have shown that the production of pyruvate-derived chemicals is improved by deleting the MPC1 gene. A previous lactate-producing K. phaffii strain engineered by our group was used as a host for the deletion of the MPC1 gene. In addition, the expression of a bacterial hemoglobin gene under the alcohol dehydrogenase 2 promoter from Scheffersomyces stipitis, known to work as a hypoxia sensor, was used to evaluate whether aeration would supply enough oxygen to meet the metabolic needs during lactic acid production. However, unlike S. cerevisiae and A. oryzae, the deletion of Mpc1 had no significant impact on lactic acid production but negatively affected cell growth in K. phaffii strains. Furthermore, the relative quantification of the VHb gene revealed that the expression of hemoglobin was detected even in aerobic cultivation, which indicates that the demand for oxygen in the bioreactor could result in functional hypoxia. Overall, the results add to our previously published ones and show that blocking cell respiration using hypoxia is more suitable than deleting Mpc for producing lactic acid in K. phaffii.
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9
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Hu M, Bao W, Peng Q, Hu W, Yang X, Xiang Y, Yan X, Li M, Xu P, He Q, Yang S. Metabolic engineering of Zymomonas mobilis for co-production of D-lactic acid and ethanol using waste feedstocks of molasses and corncob residue hydrolysate. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1135484. [PMID: 36896016 PMCID: PMC9989019 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1135484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Lactate is the precursor for polylactide. In this study, a lactate producer of Z. mobilis was constructed by replacing ZMO0038 with LmldhA gene driven by a strong promoter PadhB, replacing ZMO1650 with native pdc gene driven by Ptet, and replacing native pdc with another copy of LmldhA driven by PadhB to divert carbon from ethanol to D-lactate. The resultant strain ZML-pdc-ldh produced 13.8 ± 0.2 g/L lactate and 16.9 ± 0.3 g/L ethanol using 48 g/L glucose. Lactate production of ZML-pdc-ldh was further investigated after fermentation optimization in pH-controlled fermenters. ZML-pdc-ldh produced 24.2 ± 0.6 g/L lactate and 12.9 ± 0.8 g/L ethanol as well as 36.2 ± 1.0 g/L lactate and 40.3 ± 0.3 g/L ethanol, resulting in total carbon conversion rate of 98.3% ± 2.5% and 96.2% ± 0.1% with final product productivity of 1.9 ± 0.0 g/L/h and 2.2 ± 0.0 g/L/h in RMG5 and RMG12, respectively. Moreover, ZML-pdc-ldh produced 32.9 ± 0.1 g/L D-lactate and 27.7 ± 0.2 g/L ethanol as well as 42.8 ± 0.0 g/L D-lactate and 53.1 ± 0.7 g/L ethanol with 97.1% ± 0.0% and 99.1% ± 0.8% carbon conversion rate using 20% molasses or corncob residue hydrolysate, respectively. Our study thus demonstrated that it is effective for lactate production by fermentation condition optimization and metabolic engineering to strengthen heterologous ldh expression while reducing the native ethanol production pathway. The capability of recombinant lactate-producer of Z. mobilis for efficient waste feedstock conversion makes it a promising biorefinery platform for carbon-neutral biochemical production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mimi Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, and School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Weiwei Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, and School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiqun Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, and School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Hu
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xinyu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, and School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, and School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiongying Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, and School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Mian Li
- Zhejiang Huakang Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Kaihua County, China
| | - Ping Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, and School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiaoning He
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, and School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shihui Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, and School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
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Pangestu R, Kahar P, Kholida LN, Perwitasari U, Thontowi A, Fahrurrozi, Lisdiyanti P, Yopi, Ogino C, Prasetya B, Kondo A. Harnessing originally robust yeast for rapid lactic acid bioproduction without detoxification and neutralization. Sci Rep 2022; 12:13645. [PMID: 35953496 PMCID: PMC9372150 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-17737-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Acidic and chemical inhibitor stresses undermine efficient lactic acid bioproduction from lignocellulosic feedstock. Requisite coping treatments, such as detoxification and neutralizing agent supplementation, can be eliminated if a strong microbial host is employed in the process. Here, we exploited an originally robust yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae BTCC3, as a production platform for lactic acid. This wild-type strain exhibited a rapid cell growth in the presence of various chemical inhibitors compared to laboratory and industrial strains, namely BY4741 and Ethanol-red. Pathway engineering was performed on the strain by introducing an exogenous LDH gene after disrupting the PDC1 and PDC5 genes. Facilitated by this engineered strain, high cell density cultivation could generate lactic acid with productivity at 4.80 and 3.68 g L−1 h−1 under semi-neutralized and non-neutralized conditions, respectively. Those values were relatively higher compared to other studies. Cultivation using real lignocellulosic hydrolysate was conducted to assess the performance of this engineered strain. Non-neutralized fermentation using non-detoxified hydrolysate from sugarcane bagasse as a medium could produce lactic acid at 1.69 g L−1 h−1, which was competitive to the results from other reports that still included detoxification and neutralization steps in their experiments. This strategy could make the overall lactic acid bioproduction process simpler, greener, and more cost-efficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radityo Pangestu
- Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodaicho, Nada-ku, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan.,National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Jl. Raya Bogor Km 46, Cibinong, Bogor, West Java, 16911, Indonesia
| | - Prihardi Kahar
- Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodaicho, Nada-ku, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Lutfi Nia Kholida
- National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Jl. Raya Bogor Km 46, Cibinong, Bogor, West Java, 16911, Indonesia
| | - Urip Perwitasari
- National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Jl. Raya Bogor Km 46, Cibinong, Bogor, West Java, 16911, Indonesia
| | - Ahmad Thontowi
- National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Jl. Raya Bogor Km 46, Cibinong, Bogor, West Java, 16911, Indonesia
| | - Fahrurrozi
- National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Jl. Raya Bogor Km 46, Cibinong, Bogor, West Java, 16911, Indonesia
| | - Puspita Lisdiyanti
- National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Jl. Raya Bogor Km 46, Cibinong, Bogor, West Java, 16911, Indonesia
| | - Yopi
- National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Jl. Raya Bogor Km 46, Cibinong, Bogor, West Java, 16911, Indonesia.,National Standardization Agency of Indonesia (BSN), Gedung Badan Pengkajian Dan Penerapan Teknologi (BPPT), Jl. M.H. Thamrin No. 8, Jakarta, 10340, Indonesia
| | - Chiaki Ogino
- Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodaicho, Nada-ku, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan.
| | - Bambang Prasetya
- National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Jl. Raya Bogor Km 46, Cibinong, Bogor, West Java, 16911, Indonesia.,National Standardization Agency of Indonesia (BSN), Gedung Badan Pengkajian Dan Penerapan Teknologi (BPPT), Jl. M.H. Thamrin No. 8, Jakarta, 10340, Indonesia
| | - Akihiko Kondo
- Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodaicho, Nada-ku, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan.,Graduate School of Science, Technology, and Innovation (STIN), Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodaicho, Nada-ku, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
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11
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Mormino M, Siewers V, Nygård Y. Development of an Haa1-based biosensor for acetic acid sensing in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. FEMS Yeast Res 2021; 21:6363685. [PMID: 34477863 PMCID: PMC8435060 DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/foab049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetic acid is one of the main inhibitors of lignocellulosic hydrolysates and acetic acid tolerance is crucial for the development of robust cell factories for conversion of biomass. As a precursor of acetyl-coenzyme A, it also plays an important role in central carbon metabolism. Thus, monitoring acetic acid levels is a crucial aspect when cultivating yeast. Transcription factor-based biosensors represent useful tools to follow metabolite concentrations. Here, we present the development of an acetic acid biosensor based on the Saccharomyces cerevisiae transcription factor Haa1 that upon binding to acetic acid relocates to the nucleus. In the biosensor, a synthetic transcription factor consisting of Haa1 and BM3R1 from Bacillus megaterium was used to control expression of a reporter gene under a promoter containing BM3R1 binding sites. The biosensor did not drive expression under a promoter containing Haa1 binding sites and responded to acetic acid over a linear range spanning from 10 to 60 mM. To validate its applicability, the biosensor was integrated into acetic acid-producing strains. A direct correlation between biosensor output and acetic acid production was detected. The developed biosensor enables high-throughput screening of strains producing acetic acid and could also be used to investigate acetic acid-tolerant strain libraries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Mormino
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Verena Siewers
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden.,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Yvonne Nygård
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
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Adhesion Properties, Biofilm Forming Potential, and Susceptibility to Disinfectants of Contaminant Wine Yeasts. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9030654. [PMID: 33809953 PMCID: PMC8004283 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9030654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, yeasts isolated from filter membranes used for the quality control of bottled wines were identified and tested for their resistance to some cleaning agents and potassium metabisulphite, adhesion to polystyrene and stainless-steel surfaces, and formation of a thin round biofilm, referred to as a MAT. A total of 40 strains were identified by rRNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) restriction analysis and sequence analysis of D1/D2 domain of 26S rRNA gene. Strains belong to Pichia manshurica (12), Pichia kudriavzevii (9), Pichia membranifaciens (1), Candida sojae (6), Candida parapsilosis (3), Candida sonorensis (1), Lodderomyces elongisporus (2), Sporopachydermia lactativora (3), and Clavispora lusitaniae (3) species. Regarding the adhesion properties, differences were observed among species. Yeasts preferred planktonic state when tested on polystyrene plates. On stainless-steel supports, adhered cells reached values of about 6 log CFU/mL. MAT structures were formed only by yeasts belonging to the Pichia genus. Yeast species showed different resistance to sanitizers, with peracetic acid being the most effective and active at low concentrations, with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values ranging from 0.08% (v/v) to 1% (v/v). C. parapsilosis was the most sensible species. Data could be exploited to develop sustainable strategies to reduce wine contamination and establish tailored sanitizing procedures.
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Abedi E, Hashemi SMB. Lactic acid production - producing microorganisms and substrates sources-state of art. Heliyon 2020; 6:e04974. [PMID: 33088933 PMCID: PMC7566098 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Lactic acid is an organic compound produced via fermentation by different microorganisms that are able to use different carbohydrate sources. Lactic acid bacteria are the main bacteria used to produce lactic acid and among these, Lactobacillus spp. have been showing interesting fermentation capacities. The use of Bacillus spp. revealed good possibilities to reduce the fermentative costs. Interestingly, lactic acid high productivity was achieved by Corynebacterium glutamicum and E. coli, mainly after engineering genetic modification. Fungi, like Rhizopus spp. can metabolize different renewable carbon resources, with advantageously amylolytic properties to produce lactic acid. Additionally, yeasts can tolerate environmental restrictions (for example acidic conditions), being the wild-type low lactic acid producers that have been improved by genetic manipulation. Microalgae and cyanobacteria, as photosynthetic microorganisms can be an alternative lactic acid producer without carbohydrate feed costs. For lactic acid production, it is necessary to have substrates in the fermentation medium. Different carbohydrate sources can be used, from plant waste as molasses, starchy, lignocellulosic materials as agricultural and forestry residues. Dairy waste also can be used by the addition of supplementary components with a nitrogen source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elahe Abedi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, Fasa University, Fasa, Iran
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14
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Gatto V, Binati RL, Lemos Junior WJF, Basile A, Treu L, de Almeida OGG, Innocente G, Campanaro S, Torriani S. New insights into the variability of lactic acid production in Lachancea thermotolerans at the phenotypic and genomic level. Microbiol Res 2020; 238:126525. [PMID: 32593090 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2020.126525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Non-conventional yeasts are increasingly applied in fermented beverage industry to obtain distinctive products with improved quality. Among these yeasts, Lachancea thermotolerans has multiple features of industrial relevance, especially the production of l(+)-lactic acid (LA), useful for the biological acidification of wine and beer. Since few information is available on this peculiar activity, the current study aimed to explore the physiological and genetic variability among L. thermotolerans strains. From a strain collection, mostly isolated from wine, a huge phenotypic diversity was acknowledged and allowed the selection of a high (SOL13) and a low (COLC27) LA producer. Comparative whole-genome sequencing of these two selected strains and the type strain CBS 6340T showed a high similarity in terms of gene content and functional annotation. Notwithstanding, target gene-based analysis revealed variations between high and low producers in the key gene sequences related to LA accumulation. More in-depth investigation of the core promoters and expression analysis of the genes ldh, encoding lactate dehydrogenase, indicated the transcriptional regulation may be the principal cause behind phenotypic differences. These findings highlighted the usefulness of whole-genome sequencing coupled with expression analysis. They provided crucial genetic insights for a deeper investigation of the intraspecific variability in LA production pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Gatto
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Renato L Binati
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | | | - Arianna Basile
- Department of Biology, University of Padua, 35121, Padua, Italy
| | - Laura Treu
- Department of Biology, University of Padua, 35121, Padua, Italy
| | - Otávio G G de Almeida
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, 14040-900, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Giada Innocente
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | | | - Sandra Torriani
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, 37134, Verona, Italy.
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15
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Srivastava RK, Akhtar N, Verma M, Imandi SB. Primary metabolites from overproducing microbial system using sustainable substrates. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2020; 67:852-874. [PMID: 32294277 DOI: 10.1002/bab.1927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Primary (or secondary) metabolites are produced by animals, plants, or microbial cell systems either intracellularly or extracellularly. Production capabilities of microbial cell systems for many types of primary metabolites have been exploited at a commercial scale. But the high production cost of metabolites is a big challenge for most of the bioprocess industries and commercial production needs to be achieved. This issue can be solved to some extent by screening and developing the engineered microbial systems via reconstruction of the genome-scale metabolic model. The predicted genetic modification is applied for an increased flux in biosynthesis pathways toward the desired product. Wherein the resulting microbial strain is capable of converting a large amount of carbon substrate to the expected product with minimum by-product formation in the optimal operating conditions. Metabolic engineering efforts have also resulted in significant improvement of metabolite yields, depending on the nature of the products, microbial cell factory modification, and the types of substrate used. The objective of this review is to comprehend the state of art for the production of various primary metabolites by microbial strains system, focusing on the selection of efficient strain and genetic or pathway modifications, applied during strain engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh K Srivastava
- Department of Biotechnology, GIT, GITAM (Deemed to be University), Gandhi Nagar Campus, Rushikonda, Visakhapatnam, India
| | - Nasim Akhtar
- Department of Biotechnology, GIT, GITAM (Deemed to be University), Gandhi Nagar Campus, Rushikonda, Visakhapatnam, India
| | - Malkhey Verma
- Departments of Biochemistry and Microbial Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
| | - Sarat Babu Imandi
- Department of Biotechnology, GIT, GITAM (Deemed to be University), Gandhi Nagar Campus, Rushikonda, Visakhapatnam, India
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16
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Dulf EH, Vodnar DC, Dulf FV. Modeling tool using neural networks for L(+)-lactic acid production by pellet-form Rhizopus oryzae NRRL 395 on biodiesel crude glycerol. Chem Cent J 2018; 12:124. [PMID: 30499033 PMCID: PMC6768043 DOI: 10.1186/s13065-018-0491-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Most chemical reactions produce unwanted by-products. In an effort to reduce environmental problems these by-products could be used to produce valuable organic chemicals. In biodiesel industry a huge amount of glycerol is generated, approximately 10% of the final product. The research group from University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca developed opportunities to produce l(+) lactic acid from the glycerol. The team is using the Rhizopus oryzae NRRL 395 bacteria for the fermentation of the glycerol. The purpose of the research is to improve the production of l(+) lactic acid in order to optimize the process. A predictive model obtained by neural networks is useful in this case. The main objective of the present work is to present the developed user-friendly application useful in modeling this fermentation process, in order to be used by people who are inexperienced with neural networks or specific software. Besides the interface for training of a new neural network in order to develop the model in some characteristic condition, the software also provides an interface for visualization of the results, useful in interpretation and as a tool for prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva-H Dulf
- Automation Department, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| | - Dan Cristian Vodnar
- Food Science and Technology Department, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Francisc-V Dulf
- Department of Environmental and Plant Protection, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
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17
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Engineering of Saccharomyces cerevisiae for enhanced production of L-lactic acid by co-expression of acid-stable glycolytic enzymes from Picrophilus torridus. KOREAN J CHEM ENG 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11814-018-0069-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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18
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Effect of Pyruvate Decarboxylase Knockout on Product Distribution Using Pichia pastoris (Komagataella phaffii) Engineered for Lactic Acid Production. Bioengineering (Basel) 2018; 5:bioengineering5010017. [PMID: 29462904 PMCID: PMC5874883 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering5010017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Lactic acid is the monomer unit of the bioplastic poly-lactic acid (PLA). One candidate organism for lactic acid production is Pichia pastoris, a yeast widely used for heterologous protein production. Nevertheless, this yeast has a poor fermentative capability that can be modulated by controlling oxygen levels. In a previous study, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity was introduced into P. pastoris, enabling this yeast to produce lactic acid. The present study aimed to increase the flow of pyruvate towards the production of lactic acid in P. pastoris. To this end, a strain designated GLp was constructed by inserting the bovine lactic acid dehydrogenase gene (LDHb) concomitantly with the interruption of the gene encoding pyruvate decarboxylase (PDC). Aerobic fermentation, followed by micro-aerophilic culture two-phase fermentations, showed that the GLp strain achieved a lactic acid yield of 0.65 g/g. The distribution of fermentation products demonstrated that the acetate titer was reduced by 20% in the GLp strain with a concomitant increase in arabitol production: arabitol increased from 0.025 g/g to 0.174 g/g when compared to the GS115 strain. Taken together, the results show a significant potential for P. pastoris in producing lactic acid. Moreover, for the first time, physiological data regarding co-product formation have indicated the redox balance limitations of this yeast.
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19
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Economical Lactic Acid Production and Optimization Strategies. Fungal Biol 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-90379-8_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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20
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Weusthuis RA, Mars AE, Springer J, Wolbert EJH, van der Wal H, de Vrije TG, Levisson M, Leprince A, Houweling-Tan G, PHA Moers A, Hendriks SNA, Mendes O, Griekspoor Y, Werten MWT, Schaap PJ, van der Oost J, Eggink G. Monascus ruber as cell factory for lactic acid production at low pH. Metab Eng 2017; 42:66-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2017.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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21
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Kuanyshev N, Adamo GM, Porro D, Branduardi P. The spoilage yeastZygosaccharomyces bailii: Foe or friend? Yeast 2017; 34:359-370. [DOI: 10.1002/yea.3238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nurzhan Kuanyshev
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences; University of Milano-Bicocca; Piazza della Scienza 2 Milano 20126 Italy
| | - Giusy M. Adamo
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences; University of Milano-Bicocca; Piazza della Scienza 2 Milano 20126 Italy
| | - Danilo Porro
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences; University of Milano-Bicocca; Piazza della Scienza 2 Milano 20126 Italy
| | - Paola Branduardi
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences; University of Milano-Bicocca; Piazza della Scienza 2 Milano 20126 Italy
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22
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Bosma EF, Forster J, Nielsen AT. Lactobacilli and pediococci as versatile cell factories - Evaluation of strain properties and genetic tools. Biotechnol Adv 2017; 35:419-442. [PMID: 28396124 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2017.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This review discusses opportunities and bottlenecks for cell factory development of Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB), with an emphasis on lactobacilli and pediococci, their metabolism and genetic tools. In order to enable economically feasible bio-based production of chemicals and fuels in a biorefinery, the choice of product, substrate and production organism is important. Currently, the most frequently used production hosts include Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, but promising examples are available of alternative hosts such as LAB. Particularly lactobacilli and pediococci can offer benefits such as thermotolerance, an extended substrate range and increased tolerance to stresses such as low pH or high alcohol concentrations. This review will evaluate the properties and metabolism of these organisms, and provide an overview of their current biotechnological applications and metabolic engineering. We substantiate the review by including experimental results from screening various lactobacilli and pediococci for transformability, growth temperature range and ability to grow under biotechnologically relevant stress conditions. Since availability of efficient genetic engineering tools is a crucial prerequisite for industrial strain development, genetic tool development is extensively discussed. A range of genetic tools exist for Lactococcus lactis, but for other species of LAB like lactobacilli and pediococci such tools are less well developed. Whereas lactobacilli and pediococci have a long history of use in food and beverage fermentation, their use as platform organisms for production purposes is rather new. By harnessing their properties such as thermotolerance and stress resistance, and by using emerging high-throughput genetic tools, these organisms are very promising as versatile cell factories for biorefinery applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elleke F Bosma
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet B220, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jochen Forster
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet B220, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Alex Toftgaard Nielsen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet B220, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
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23
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Lee JW, In JH, Park JB, Shin J, Park JH, Sung BH, Sohn JH, Seo JH, Park JB, Kim SR, Kweon DH. Co-expression of two heterologous lactate dehydrogenases genes in Kluyveromyces marxianus for l-lactic acid production. J Biotechnol 2016; 241:81-86. [PMID: 27867078 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2016.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Lactic acid (LA) is a versatile compound used in the food, pharmaceutical, textile, leather, and chemical industries. Biological production of LA is possible by yeast strains expressing a bacterial gene encoding l-lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). Kluyveromyces marxianus is an emerging non-conventional yeast with various phenotypes of industrial interest. However, it has not been extensively studied for LA production. In this study, K. marxianus was engineered to express and co-express various heterologous LDH enzymes that were reported to have different pH optimums. Specifically, three LDH enzymes originating from Staphylococcus epidermidis (SeLDH; optimal at pH 5.6), Lactobacillus acidophilus (LaLDH; optimal at pH 5.3), and Bos taurus (BtLDH; optimal at pH 9.8) were functionally expressed individually and in combination in K. marxianus, and the resulting strains were compared in terms of LA production. A strain co-expressing SeLDH and LaLDH (KM5 La+SeLDH) produced 16.0g/L LA, whereas the strains expressing those enzymes individually produced only 8.4 and 6.8g/L, respectively. This co-expressing strain produced 24.0g/L LA with a yield of 0.48g/g glucose in the presence of CaCO3. Our results suggest that co-expression of LDH enzymes with different pH optimums provides sufficient LDH activity under dynamic intracellular pH conditions, leading to enhanced production of LA compared to individual expression of the LDH enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Won Lee
- Department of Genetic Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Hoon In
- Department of Genetic Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon-Bum Park
- Department of Genetic Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Jonghyeok Shin
- Department of Genetic Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Hwan Park
- Biomaterials Lab, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Yongin 446-712, Republic of Korea
| | - Bong Hyun Sung
- Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology, Daejeon 305-806, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Hoon Sohn
- Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology, Daejeon 305-806, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Ho Seo
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Byoung Park
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Rin Kim
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, 702-701, Republic of Korea.
| | - Dae-Hyuk Kweon
- Department of Genetic Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea.
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Abdel-Rahman MA, Sonomoto K. Opportunities to overcome the current limitations and challenges for efficient microbial production of optically pure lactic acid. J Biotechnol 2016; 236:176-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2016.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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25
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Novy V, Brunner B, Müller G, Nidetzky B. Toward "homolactic" fermentation of glucose and xylose by engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae harboring a kinetically efficient l-lactate dehydrogenase within pdc1-pdc5 deletion background. Biotechnol Bioeng 2016; 114:163-171. [PMID: 27426989 DOI: 10.1002/bit.26048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
l-Lactic acid is an important platform chemical and its production from the lignocellulosic sugars glucose and xylose is, therefore, of high interest. Tolerance to low pH and a generally high robustness make Saccharomyces cerevisiae a promising host for l-lactic acid fermentation but strain development for effective utilization of both sugars is an unsolved problem. The herein used S. cerevisiae strain IBB10B05 incorporates a NADH-dependent pathway for oxidoreductive xylose assimilation within CEN.PK113-7D background and was additionally evolved for accelerated xylose-to-ethanol fermentation. Selecting the Plasmodium falciparum l-lactate dehydrogenase (pfLDH) for its high kinetic efficiency, strain IBB14LA1 was derived from IBB10B05 by placing the pfldh gene at the pdc1 locus under control of the pdc1 promotor. Strain IBB14LA1_5 additionally had the pdc5 gene disrupted. With both strains, continued l-lactic acid formation from glucose or xylose, each at 50 g/L, necessitated stabilization of pH. Using calcium carbonate (11 g/L), anaerobic shaken bottle fermentations at pH ≥ 5 resulted in l-lactic acid yields (YLA ) of 0.67 g/g glucose and 0.80 g/g xylose for strain IBB14LA1_5. Only little xylitol was formed (≤0.08 g/g) and no ethanol. In pH stabilized aerobic conversions of glucose, strain IBB14LA1_5 further showed excellent l-lactic acid productivities (1.8 g/L/h) without losses in YLA (0.69 g/g glucose). In strain IBB14LA1, the YLA was lower (≤0.18 g/g glucose; ≤0.27 g/g xylose) due to ethanol as well as xylitol formation. Therefore, this study shows that a S. cerevisiae strain originally optimized for xylose-to-ethanol fermentation was useful to implement l-lactic acid production from glucose and xylose; and with the metabolic engineering strategy applied, advance toward homolactic fermentation of both sugars was made. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2017;114: 163-171. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Novy
- Graz University of Technology, Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, NAWI Graz, Petersgasse 12/I, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Bernd Brunner
- Graz University of Technology, Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, NAWI Graz, Petersgasse 12/I, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Gerdt Müller
- Graz University of Technology, Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, NAWI Graz, Petersgasse 12/I, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Bernd Nidetzky
- Graz University of Technology, Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, NAWI Graz, Petersgasse 12/I, 8010 Graz, Austria.,Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Graz, Austria
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26
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Papp T, Nyilasi I, Csernetics Á, Nagy G, Takó M, Vágvölgyi C. Improvement of Industrially Relevant Biological Activities in Mucoromycotina Fungi. Fungal Biol 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-27951-0_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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27
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Expression of Lactate Dehydrogenase in Aspergillus niger for L-Lactic Acid Production. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0145459. [PMID: 26683313 PMCID: PMC4684279 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Different engineered organisms have been used to produce L-lactate. Poor yields of lactate at low pH and expensive downstream processing remain as bottlenecks. Aspergillus niger is a prolific citrate producer and a remarkably acid tolerant fungus. Neither a functional lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) from nor lactate production by A. niger is reported. Its genome was also investigated for the presence of a functional ldh. The endogenous A. niger citrate synthase promoter relevant to A. niger acidogenic metabolism was employed to drive constitutive expression of mouse lactate dehydrogenase (mldhA). An appraisal of different branches of the A. niger pyruvate node guided the choice of mldhA for heterologous expression. A high copy number transformant C12 strain, displaying highest LDH specific activity, was analyzed under different growth conditions. The C12 strain produced 7.7 g/l of extracellular L-lactate from 60 g/l of glucose, in non-neutralizing minimal media. Significantly, lactate and citrate accumulated under two different growth conditions. Already an established acidogenic platform, A. niger now promises to be a valuable host for lactate production.
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Chirality Matters: Synthesis and Consumption of the d-Enantiomer of Lactic Acid by Synechocystis sp. Strain PCC6803. Appl Environ Microbiol 2015; 82:1295-1304. [PMID: 26682849 DOI: 10.1128/aem.03379-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Both enantiomers of lactic acid, l-lactic acid and d-lactic acid, can be produced in a sustainable way by a photosynthetic microbial cell factory and thus from CO2, sunlight, and water. Several properties of polylactic acid (a polyester of polymerized lactic acid) depend on the controlled blend of these two enantiomers. Recently, cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. strain PCC6803 was genetically modified to allow formation of either of these two enantiomers. This report elaborates on the d-lactic acid production achieved by the introduction of a d-specific lactate dehydrogenase from the lactic acid bacterium Leuconostoc mesenteroides into Synechocystis. A typical batch culture of this recombinant strain initially shows lactic acid production, followed by a phase of lactic acid consumption, until production "outcompetes" consumption at later growth stages. We show that Synechocystis is able to use d-lactic acid, but not l-lactic acid, as a carbon source for growth. Deletion of the organism's putative d-lactate dehydrogenase (encoded by slr1556), however, does not eliminate this ability with respect to d-lactic acid consumption. In contrast, d-lactic acid consumption does depend on the presence of glycolate dehydrogenase GlcD1 (encoded by sll0404). Accordingly, this report highlights the need to match a product of interest of a cyanobacterial cell factory with the metabolic network present in the host used for its synthesis and emphasizes the need to understand the physiology of the production host in detail.
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Improvement of lactic acid production in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by a deletion of ssb1. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 43:87-96. [PMID: 26660479 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-015-1713-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Polylactic acid (PLA) is an important renewable polymer, but current processes for producing its precursor, lactic acid, suffer from process inefficiencies related to the use of bacterial hosts. Therefore, improving the capacity of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to produce lactic acid is a promising approach to improve industrial production of lactic acid. As one such improvement required, the lactic acid tolerance of yeast must be significantly increased. To enable improved tolerance, we employed an RNAi-mediated genome-wide expression knockdown approach as a means to rapidly identify potential genetic targets. In this approach, several gene knockdown targets were identified which confer increased acid tolerance to S. cerevisiae BY4741, of which knockdown of the ribosome-associated chaperone SSB1 conferred the highest increase (52%). This target was then transferred into a lactic acid-overproducing strain of S. cerevisiae CEN.PK in the form of a knockout and the resulting strain demonstrated up to 33% increased cell growth, 58% increased glucose consumption, and 60% increased L-lactic acid production. As SSB1 contains a close functional homolog SSB2 in yeast, this result was counterintuitive and may point to as-yet-undefined functional differences between SSB1 and SSB2 related to lactic acid production. The final strain produced over 50 g/L of lactic acid in under 60 h of fermentation.
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Mohamed LA, Tachikawa H, Gao XD, Nakanishi H. Yeast cell-based analysis of human lactate dehydrogenase isoforms. J Biochem 2015; 158:467-76. [PMID: 26126931 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvv061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Human lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) has attracted attention as a potential target for cancer therapy and contraception. In this study, we reconstituted human lactic acid fermentation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, with the goal of constructing a yeast cell-based LDH assay system. pdc null mutant yeast (mutated in the endogenous pyruvate decarboxylase genes) are unable to perform alcoholic fermentation; when grown in the presence of an electron transport chain inhibitor, pdc null strains exhibit a growth defect. We found that introduction of the human gene encoding LDHA complemented the pdc growth defect; this complementation depended on LDHA catalytic activity. Similarly, introduction of the human LDHC complemented the pdc growth defect, even though LDHC did not generate lactate at the levels seen with LDHA. In contrast, the human LDHB did not complement the yeast pdc null mutant, although LDHB did generate lactate in yeast cells. Expression of LDHB as a red fluorescent protein (RFP) fusion yielded blebs in yeast, whereas LDHA-RFP and LDHC-RFP fusion proteins exhibited cytosolic distribution. Thus, LDHB exhibits several unique features when expressed in yeast cells. Because yeast cells are amenable to genetic analysis and cell-based high-throughput screening, our pdc/LDH strains are expected to be of use for versatile analyses of human LDH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Ahmed Mohamed
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China and
| | - Hiroyuki Tachikawa
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Xiao-Dong Gao
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China and
| | - Hideki Nakanishi
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China and
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Affiliation(s)
- Veeresh Juturu
- Institute of Chemical and Engineering Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Jurong Island, Singapore
| | - Jin Chuan Wu
- Institute of Chemical and Engineering Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Jurong Island, Singapore
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Liaud N, Rosso MN, Fabre N, Crapart S, Herpoël-Gimbert I, Sigoillot JC, Raouche S, Levasseur A. L-lactic acid production by Aspergillus brasiliensis overexpressing the heterologous ldha gene from Rhizopus oryzae. Microb Cell Fact 2015; 14:66. [PMID: 25935554 PMCID: PMC4425913 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-015-0249-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lactic acid is the building block of poly-lactic acid (PLA), a biopolymer that could be set to replace petroleum-based plastics. To make lactic acid production cost-effective, the production process should be carried out at low pH, in low-nutrient media, and with a low-cost carbon source. Yeasts have been engineered to produce high levels of lactic acid at low pH from glucose but not from carbohydrate polymers (e.g. cellulose, hemicellulose, starch). Aspergilli are versatile microbial cell factories able to naturally produce large amounts of organic acids at low pH and to metabolize cheap abundant carbon sources such as plant biomass. However, they have never been used for lactic acid production. Results To investigate the feasibility of lactic acid production with Aspergillus, the NAD-dependent lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) responsible for lactic acid production by Rhizopus oryzae was produced in Aspergillus brasiliensis BRFM103. Among transformants, the best lactic acid producer, A. brasiliensis BRFM1877, integrated 6 ldhA gene copies, and intracellular LDH activity was 9.2 × 10−2 U/mg. At a final pH of 1.6, lactic acid titer reached 13.1 g/L (conversion yield: 26%, w/w) at 138 h in glucose-ammonium medium. This extreme pH drop was subsequently prevented by switching nitrogen source from ammonium sulfate to Na-nitrate, leading to a final pH of 3 and a lactic acid titer of 17.7 g/L (conversion yield: 47%, w/w) at 90 h of culture. Final titer was further improved to 32.2 g/L of lactic acid (conversion yield: 44%, w/w) by adding 20 g/L glucose to the culture medium at 96 h. This strain was ultimately able to produce lactic acid from xylose, arabinose, starch and xylan. Conclusion We obtained the first Aspergillus strains able to produce large amounts of lactic acid by inserting recombinant ldhA genes from R. oryzae into a wild-type A. brasiliensis strain. pH regulation failed to significantly increase lactic acid production, but switching nitrogen source and changing culture feed enabled a 1.8-fold increase in conversion yields. The strain produced lactic acid from plant biomass. Our findings make A. brasiliensis a strong contender microorganism for low-pH acid production from various complex substrates, especially hemicellulose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadège Liaud
- INRA, UMR1163 Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, Polytech' Marseille, 163 avenue de Luminy, CP 925, 13288, Marseille, Cedex 09, France. .,Aix-Marseille Université, UMR1163 Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, Polytech' Marseille, 163 avenue de Luminy, CP 925, 13288, Marseille, Cedex 09, France. .,ARD Agro-Industrie Recherche et Développement, Route de Bazancourt, 51110, Pomacle, France.
| | - Marie-Noëlle Rosso
- INRA, UMR1163 Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, Polytech' Marseille, 163 avenue de Luminy, CP 925, 13288, Marseille, Cedex 09, France.
| | - Nicolas Fabre
- ARD Agro-Industrie Recherche et Développement, Route de Bazancourt, 51110, Pomacle, France.
| | - Sylvaine Crapart
- ARD Agro-Industrie Recherche et Développement, Route de Bazancourt, 51110, Pomacle, France.
| | - Isabelle Herpoël-Gimbert
- INRA, UMR1163 Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, Polytech' Marseille, 163 avenue de Luminy, CP 925, 13288, Marseille, Cedex 09, France. .,Aix-Marseille Université, UMR1163 Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, Polytech' Marseille, 163 avenue de Luminy, CP 925, 13288, Marseille, Cedex 09, France.
| | - Jean-Claude Sigoillot
- INRA, UMR1163 Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, Polytech' Marseille, 163 avenue de Luminy, CP 925, 13288, Marseille, Cedex 09, France. .,Aix-Marseille Université, UMR1163 Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, Polytech' Marseille, 163 avenue de Luminy, CP 925, 13288, Marseille, Cedex 09, France.
| | - Sana Raouche
- INRA, UMR1163 Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, Polytech' Marseille, 163 avenue de Luminy, CP 925, 13288, Marseille, Cedex 09, France. .,Aix-Marseille Université, UMR1163 Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, Polytech' Marseille, 163 avenue de Luminy, CP 925, 13288, Marseille, Cedex 09, France.
| | - Anthony Levasseur
- Aix-Marseille Université, Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes (URMITE), UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, INSERM U1095, IHU Méditerranée Infection, Pôle des Maladies Infectieuses, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Faculté de Médecine, 27 Bd Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France.
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Lee JY, Kang CD, Lee SH, Park YK, Cho KM. Engineering cellular redox balance inSaccharomyces cerevisiaefor improved production of L-lactic acid. Biotechnol Bioeng 2015; 112:751-8. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.25488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Revised: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ju Young Lee
- Biomaterials Laboratory; Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology; Gyeonggi-do Korea
| | - Chang Duk Kang
- Biomaterials Laboratory; Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology; Gyeonggi-do Korea
| | - Seung Hyun Lee
- Biomaterials Laboratory; Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology; Gyeonggi-do Korea
| | - Young Kyoung Park
- Biomaterials Laboratory; Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology; Gyeonggi-do Korea
| | - Kwang Myung Cho
- Biomaterials Laboratory; Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology; Gyeonggi-do Korea
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L-lactate production from biodiesel-derived crude glycerol by metabolically engineered Enterococcus faecalis: cytotoxic evaluation of biodiesel waste and development of a glycerol-inducible gene expression system. Appl Environ Microbiol 2015; 81:2082-9. [PMID: 25576618 DOI: 10.1128/aem.03418-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Biodiesel waste is a by-product of the biodiesel production process that contains a large amount of crude glycerol. To reuse the crude glycerol, a novel bioconversion process using Enterococcus faecalis was developed through physiological studies. The E. faecalis strain W11 could use biodiesel waste as a carbon source, although cell growth was significantly inhibited by the oil component in the biodiesel waste, which decreased the cellular NADH/NAD(+) ratio and then induced oxidative stress to cells. When W11 was cultured with glycerol, the maximum culture density (optical density at 600 nm [OD600]) under anaerobic conditions was decreased 8-fold by the oil component compared with that under aerobic conditions. Furthermore, W11 cultured with dihydroxyacetone (DHA) could show slight or no growth in the presence of the oil component with or without oxygen. These results indicated that the DHA kinase reaction in the glycerol metabolic pathway was sensitive to the oil component as an oxidant. The lactate dehydrogenase (Ldh) activity of W11 during anaerobic glycerol metabolism was 4.1-fold lower than that during aerobic glycerol metabolism, which was one of the causes of low l-lactate productivity. The E. faecalis pflB gene disruptant (Δpfl mutant) expressing the ldhL1LP gene produced 300 mM l-lactate from glycerol/crude glycerol with a yield of >99% within 48 h and reached a maximum productivity of 18 mM h(-1) (1.6 g liter(-1) h(-1)). Thus, our study demonstrates that metabolically engineered E. faecalis can convert crude glycerol to l-lactate at high conversion efficiency and provides critical information on the recycling process for biodiesel waste.
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Thakker C, Martínez I, Li W, San KY, Bennett GN. Metabolic engineering of carbon and redox flow in the production of small organic acids. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 42:403-22. [PMID: 25502283 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-014-1560-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The review describes efforts toward metabolic engineering of production of organic acids. One aspect of the strategy involves the generation of an appropriate amount and type of reduced cofactor needed for the designed pathway. The ability to capture reducing power in the proper form, NADH or NADPH for the biosynthetic reactions leading to the organic acid, requires specific attention in designing the host and also depends on the feedstock used and cell energetic requirements for efficient metabolism during production. Recent work on the formation and commercial uses of a number of small mono- and diacids is discussed with redox differences, major biosynthetic precursors and engineering strategies outlined. Specific attention is given to those acids that are used in balancing cell redox or providing reduction equivalents for the cell, such as formate, which can be used in conjunction with metabolic engineering of other products to improve yields. Since a number of widely studied acids derived from oxaloacetate as an important precursor, several of these acids are covered with the general strategies and particular components summarized, including succinate, fumarate and malate. Since malate and fumarate are less reduced than succinate, the availability of reduction equivalents and level of aerobiosis are important parameters in optimizing production of these compounds in various hosts. Several other more oxidized acids are also discussed as in some cases, they may be desired products or their formation is minimized to afford higher yields of more reduced products. The placement and connections among acids in the typical central metabolic network are presented along with the use of a number of specific non-native enzymes to enhance routes to high production, where available alternative pathways and strategies are discussed. While many organic acids are derived from a few precursors within central metabolism, each organic acid has its own special requirements for high production and best compatibility with host physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandresh Thakker
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
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Metabolic engineering as a tool for enhanced lactic acid production. Trends Biotechnol 2014; 32:637-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2014.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Revised: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Koivuranta KT, Ilmén M, Wiebe MG, Ruohonen L, Suominen P, Penttilä M. L-lactic acid production from D-xylose with Candida sonorensis expressing a heterologous lactate dehydrogenase encoding gene. Microb Cell Fact 2014; 13:107. [PMID: 25104116 PMCID: PMC4249597 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-014-0107-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bioplastics, like polylactic acid (PLA), are renewable alternatives for petroleum-based plastics. Lactic acid, the monomer of PLA, has traditionally been produced biotechnologically with bacteria. With genetic engineering, yeast have the potential to replace bacteria in biotechnological lactic acid production, with the benefits of being acid tolerant and having simple nutritional requirements. Lactate dehydrogenase genes have been introduced to various yeast to demonstrate this potential. Importantly, an industrial lactic acid producing process utilising yeast has already been implemented. Utilisation of D-xylose in addition to D-glucose in production of biochemicals such as lactic acid by microbial fermentation would be beneficial, as it would allow lignocellulosic raw materials to be utilised in the production processes. Results The yeast Candida sonorensis, which naturally metabolises D-xylose, was genetically modified to produce L-lactic acid from D-xylose by integrating the gene encoding L-lactic acid dehydrogenase (ldhL) from Lactobacillus helveticus into its genome. In microaerobic, CaCO3-buffered conditions a C. sonorensis ldhL transformant having two copies of the ldhL gene produced 31 g l−1 lactic acid from 50 g l−1 D-xylose free of ethanol. Anaerobic production of lactic acid from D-xylose was assessed after introducing an alternative pathway of D-xylose metabolism, i.e. by adding a xylose isomerase encoded by XYLA from Piromyces sp. alone or together with the xylulokinase encoding gene XKS1 from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Strains were further modified by deletion of the endogenous xylose reductase encoding gene, alone or together with the xylitol dehydrogenase encoding gene. Strains of C. sonorensis expressing xylose isomerase produced L-lactic acid from D-xylose in anaerobic conditions. The highest anaerobic L-lactic acid production (8.5 g l−1) was observed in strains in which both the xylose reductase and xylitol dehydrogenase encoding genes had been deleted and the xylulokinase encoding gene from S. cerevisiae was overexpressed. Conclusions Integration of two copies of the ldhL gene in C. sonorensis was sufficient to obtain good L-lactic acid production from D-xylose. Under anaerobic conditions, the ldhL strain with exogenous xylose isomerase and xylulokinase genes expressed and the endogenous xylose reductase and xylitol dehydrogenase genes deleted had the highest L- lactic acid production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kari T Koivuranta
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Espoo FI-02044 VTT, Finland.
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38
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Ravasio D, Wendland J, Walther A. Major contribution of the Ehrlich pathway for 2-phenylethanol/rose flavor production inAshbya gossypii. FEMS Yeast Res 2014; 14:833-44. [DOI: 10.1111/1567-1364.12172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Davide Ravasio
- Carlsberg Laboratory; Yeast Genetics; Copenhagen V Denmark
| | | | - Andrea Walther
- Carlsberg Laboratory; Yeast Genetics; Copenhagen V Denmark
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Subramanian MR, Talluri S, Christopher LP. Production of lactic acid using a new homofermentative Enterococcus faecalis isolate. Microb Biotechnol 2014; 8:221-9. [PMID: 24894833 PMCID: PMC4353336 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.12133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2014] [Revised: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactic acid is an intermediate-volume specialty chemical for a wide range of food and industrial applications such as pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and chemical syntheses. Although lactic acid production has been well documented, improved production parameters that lead to reduced production costs are always of interest in industrial developments. In this study, we describe the production of lactic acid at high concentration, yield and volumetric productivity utilizing a novel homofermentative, facultative anaerobe Enterococcus faecalis CBRD01. The highest concentration of 182 g lactic acid l−1 was achieved after 38 h of fed-batch fermentation on glucose. The bacterial isolate utilized only 2–13% of carbon for its growth and energy metabolism, while 87–98% of carbon was converted to lactic acid at an overall volumetric productivity of 5 g l−1 h−1. At 13 h of fermentation, the volumetric productivity of lactate production reached 10.3 g l−1 h−1, which is the highest ever reported for microbial production of lactic acid. The lactic acid produced was of high purity as formation of other metabolites was less than 0.1%. The present investigation demonstrates a new opportunity for enhanced production of lactic acid with potential for reduced purification costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohan Raj Subramanian
- Center for Bioprocessing Research and Development, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, SD, 57701, USA
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Niu D, Tian K, Prior BA, Wang M, Wang Z, Lu F, Singh S. Highly efficient L-lactate production using engineered Escherichia coli with dissimilar temperature optima for L-lactate formation and cell growth. Microb Cell Fact 2014; 13:78. [PMID: 24884499 PMCID: PMC4075936 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2859-13-78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED L-Lactic acid, one of the most important chiral molecules and organic acids, is produced via pyruvate from carbohydrates in diverse microorganisms catalyzed by an NAD+-dependent L-lactate dehydrogenase. Naturally, Escherichia coli does not produce L-lactate in noticeable amounts, but can catabolize it via a dehydrogenation reaction mediated by an FMN-dependent L-lactate dehydrogenase. In aims to make the E. coli strain to produce L-lactate, three L-lactate dehydrogenase genes from different bacteria were cloned and expressed. The L-lactate producing strains, 090B1 (B0013-070, ΔldhA::diflldD::Pldh-ldhLca), 090B2 (B0013-070, ΔldhA::diflldD::Pldh-ldhStrb) and 090B3 (B0013-070, ΔldhA::diflldD::Pldh-ldhBcoa) were developed from a previously developed D-lactate over-producing strain, E. coli strain B0013-070 (ack-ptappspflBdldpoxBadhEfrdA) by: (1) deleting ldhA to block D-lactate formation, (2) deleting lldD to block the conversion of L-lactate to pyruvate, and (3) expressing an L-lactate dehydrogenase (L-LDH) to convert pyruvate to L-lactate under the control of the ldhA promoter. Fermentation tests were carried out in a shaking flask and in a 25-l bioreactor. Strains 090B1, 090B2 or 090B3 were shown to metabolize glucose to L-lactate instead of D-lactate. However, L-lactate yield and cell growth rates were significantly different among the metabolically engineered strains which can be attributed to a variation between temperature optimum for cell growth and temperature optimum for enzymatic activity of individual L-LDH. In a temperature-shifting fermentation process (cells grown at 37°C and L-lactate formed at 42°C), E. coli 090B3 was able to produce 142.2 g/l of L-lactate with no more than 1.2 g/l of by-products (mainly acetate, pyruvate and succinate) accumulated. In conclusion, the production of lactate by E. coli is limited by the competition relationship between cell growth and lactate synthesis. Enzymatic properties, especially the thermodynamics of an L-LDH can be effectively used as a factor to regulate a metabolic pathway and its metabolic flux for efficient L-lactate production. HIGHLIGHTS The enzymatic thermodynamics was used as a tool for metabolic regulation. Minimizing the activity of L-lactate dehydrogenase in growth phase improved biomass accumulation. Maximizing the activity of L-lactate dehydrogenase improved lactate productivity in production phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Niu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education & The College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China.
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Mattanovich D, Sauer M, Gasser B. Yeast biotechnology: teaching the old dog new tricks. Microb Cell Fact 2014; 13:34. [PMID: 24602262 PMCID: PMC3975642 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2859-13-34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2013] [Accepted: 02/15/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Yeasts are regarded as the first microorganisms used by humans to process food and alcoholic beverages. The technology developed out of these ancient processes has been the basis for modern industrial biotechnology. Yeast biotechnology has gained great interest again in the last decades. Joining the potentials of genomics, metabolic engineering, systems and synthetic biology enables the production of numerous valuable products of primary and secondary metabolism, technical enzymes and biopharmaceutical proteins. An overview of emerging and established substrates and products of yeast biotechnology is provided and discussed in the light of the recent literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diethard Mattanovich
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria.
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Borodina I, Nielsen J. Advances in metabolic engineering of yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae for production of chemicals. Biotechnol J 2014; 9:609-20. [PMID: 24677744 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201300445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Revised: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is an important industrial host for production of enzymes, pharmaceutical and nutraceutical ingredients and recently also commodity chemicals and biofuels. Here, we review the advances in modeling and synthetic biology tools and how these tools can speed up the development of yeast cell factories. We also present an overview of metabolic engineering strategies for developing yeast strains for production of polymer monomers: lactic, succinic, and cis,cis-muconic acids. S. cerevisiae has already firmly established itself as a cell factory in industrial biotechnology and the advances in yeast strain engineering will stimulate development of novel yeast-based processes for chemicals production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Borodina
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Hørsholm, Denmark
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Vodnar DC, Dulf FV, Pop OL, Socaciu C. L (+)-lactic acid production by pellet-form Rhizopus oryzae NRRL 395 on biodiesel crude glycerol. Microb Cell Fact 2013; 12:92. [PMID: 24112554 PMCID: PMC3832941 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2859-12-92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Given its availability and low price, glycerol derived from biodiesel industry has become an ideal feedstock for the production of fuels and chemicals. A solution to reduce the negative environmental problems and the cost of biodiesel is to use crude glycerol as carbon source for microbial growth media in order to produce valuable organic chemicals. In the present paper, crude glycerol was used as carbon substrate for production of L (+)-lactic acid using pelletized fungus R. oryzae NRRL 395 on batch fermentation. More, the experiments were conducted on media supplemented with inorganic nutrients and lucerne green juice. Results Crude and pure glycerols were first used to produce the highest biomass yield of R. oryzae NRRL 395. An enhanced lactic acid production then followed up using fed-batch fermentation with crude glycerol, inorganic nutrients and lucerne green juice. The optimal crude glycerol concentration for cultivating R. oryzae NRRL 395 was 75 g l-1, which resulted in a fungal biomass yield of 0.72 g g-1 in trial without lucerne green juice addition and 0.83 g g-1 in trial with lucerne green juice. The glycerol consumption rate was 1.04 g l-1 h-1 after 48 h in trial with crude glycerol 75 g l-1 while in trial with crude glycerol 10 g l-1 the lowest rate of 0.12 g l-1 h-1 was registered. The highest L (+)-lactic acid yield (3.72 g g-1) was obtained at the crude glycerol concentration of 75 g l-1 and LGJ 25 g l-1, and the concentration of lactic acid was approximately 48 g l-1. Conclusions This work introduced sustainable opportunities for L (+)-lactic acid production via R. oryzae NRRL 395 fermentation on biodiesel crude glycerol media. The results showed good fungal growth on crude glycerol at 75 g l-1 concentration with lucerne green juice supplementation of 25 g l-1. Lucerne green juice provided a good source of nutrients for crude glycerol fermentation, without needs for supplementation with inorganic nutrients. Crude glycerol and lucerne green juice ratio influence the L (+)-lactic acid production, increasing the lactate productivity with the concentration of crude glycerol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan C Vodnar
- Food Science and Technology Department, Unit of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 3-5 Mănăştur str, Cluj-Napoca 400372, România.
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