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Saggese A, Baccigalupi L, Donadio G, Ricca E, Isticato R. The Bacterial Spore as a Mucosal Vaccine Delivery System. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10880. [PMID: 37446054 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of efficient mucosal vaccines is strongly dependent on the use of appropriate vectors. Various biological systems or synthetic nanoparticles have been proposed to display and deliver antigens to mucosal surfaces. The Bacillus spore, a metabolically quiescent and extremely resistant cell, has also been proposed as a mucosal vaccine delivery system and shown able to conjugate the advantages of live and synthetic systems. Several antigens have been displayed on the spore by either recombinant or non-recombinant approaches, and antigen-specific immune responses have been observed in animals immunized by the oral or nasal route. Here we review the use of the bacterial spore as a mucosal vaccine vehicle focusing on the advantages and drawbacks of using the spore and of the recombinant vs. non-recombinant approach to display antigens on the spore surface. An overview of the immune responses induced by antigen-displaying spores so far tested in animals is presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anella Saggese
- Department of Biology, Federico II University, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Loredana Baccigalupi
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, Federico II University, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Giuliana Donadio
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, 84084 Salerno, Italy
| | - Ezio Ricca
- Department of Biology, Federico II University, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Rachele Isticato
- Department of Biology, Federico II University, 80126 Naples, Italy
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2
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Isticato R. Bacterial Spore-Based Delivery System: 20 Years of a Versatile Approach for Innovative Vaccines. Biomolecules 2023; 13:947. [PMID: 37371527 DOI: 10.3390/biom13060947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucosal vaccines offer several advantages over injectable conventional vaccines, such as the induction of adaptive immunity, with secretory IgA production at the entry site of most pathogens, and needle-less vaccinations. Despite their potential, only a few mucosal vaccines are currently used. Developing new effective mucosal vaccines strongly relies on identifying innovative antigens, efficient adjuvants, and delivery systems. Several approaches based on phages, bacteria, or nanoparticles have been proposed to deliver antigens to mucosal surfaces. Bacterial spores have also been considered antigen vehicles, and various antigens have been successfully exposed on their surface. Due to their peculiar structure, spores conjugate the advantages of live microorganisms with synthetic nanoparticles. When mucosally administered, spores expressing antigens have been shown to induce antigen-specific, protective immune responses. This review accounts for recent progress in the formulation of spore-based mucosal vaccines, describing a spore's structure, specifically the spore surface, and the diverse approaches developed to improve its efficiency as a vehicle for heterologous antigen presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachele Isticato
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cinthia 4, 80126 Naples, Italy
- Interuniversity Center for Studies on Bioinspired Agro-Environmental Technology (BAT Center), 80055 Naples, Italy
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3
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Chen C, Li YL, Lv FL, Xu LD, Huang YW. Surface Display of Peptides Corresponding to the Heptad Repeat 2 Domain of the Feline Enteric Coronavirus Spike Protein on Bacillus subtilis Spores Elicits Protective Immune Responses Against Homologous Infection in a Feline Aminopeptidase-N-Transduced Mouse Model. Front Immunol 2022; 13:925922. [PMID: 35837396 PMCID: PMC9273865 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.925922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Although feline coronavirus (FCoV) infection is extremely common in cats, there are currently few effective treatments. A peptide derived from the heptad repeat 2 (HR2) domain of the coronavirus (CoV) spike protein has shown effective for inhibition of various human and animal CoVs in vitro, but further use of FCoV-HR2 in vivo has been limited by lack of practical delivery vectors and small animal infection model. To overcome these technical challenges, we first constructed a recombinant Bacillus subtilis (rBSCotB-HR2P) expressing spore coat protein B (CotB) fused to an HR2-derived peptide (HR2P) from a serotype II feline enteric CoV (FECV). Immunogenic capacity was evaluated in mice after intragastric or intranasal administration, showing that recombinant spores could trigger strong specific cellular and humoral immune responses. Furthermore, we developed a novel mouse model for FECV infection by transduction with its primary receptor (feline aminopeptidase N) using an E1/E3-deleted adenovirus type 5 vector. This model can be used to study the antiviral immune response and evaluate vaccines or drugs, and is an applicable choice to replace cats for the study of FECV. Oral administration of rBSCotB-HR2P in this mouse model effectively protected against FECV challenge and significantly reduced pathology in the digestive tract. Owing to its safety, low cost, and probiotic features, rBSCotB-HR2P is a promising oral vaccine candidate for use against FECV/FCoV infection in cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chu Chen
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ya-Li Li
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fang-Li Lv
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ling-Dong Xu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Yao-Wei Huang, ; Ling-Dong Xu,
| | - Yao-Wei Huang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Yao-Wei Huang, ; Ling-Dong Xu,
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4
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Mechanisms and Applications of Bacterial Sporulation and Germination in the Intestine. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23063405. [PMID: 35328823 PMCID: PMC8953710 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23063405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have suggested a major role for endospore forming bacteria within the gut microbiota, not only as pathogens but also as commensal and beneficial members contributing to gut homeostasis. In this review the sporulation processes, spore properties, and germination processes will be explained within the scope of the human gut. Within the gut, spore-forming bacteria are known to interact with the host’s immune system, both in vegetative cell and spore form. Together with the resistant nature of the spore, these characteristics offer potential for spores’ use as delivery vehicles for therapeutics. In the last part of the review, the therapeutic potential of spores as probiotics, vaccine vehicles, and drug delivery systems will be discussed.
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Expression of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Receptor Binding Domain on Recombinant B. subtilis on Spore Surface: A Potential COVID-19 Oral Vaccine Candidate. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 10:vaccines10010002. [PMID: 35062663 PMCID: PMC8780001 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Various types of vaccines, such as mRNA, adenovirus, and inactivated virus by injection, have been developed to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection. Although some of them have already been approved under the COVID-19 pandemic, various drawbacks, including severe side effects and the requirement for sub-zero temperature storage, may hinder their applications. Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis) is generally recognized as a safe and endotoxin-free Gram-positive bacterium that has been extensively employed as a host for the expression of recombinant proteins. Its dormant spores are extraordinarily resistant to the harsh environment in the gastrointestinal tract. This feature makes it an ideal carrier for oral administration in resisting this acidic environment and for release in the intestine. In this study, an engineered B. subtilis spore expressing the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein receptor binding domain (sRBD) on the spore surface was developed. In a pilot test, no adverse health event was observed in either mice or healthy human volunteers after three oral courses of B. subtilis spores. Significant increases in neutralizing antibody against sRBD, in both mice and human volunteers, after oral administration were also found. These findings may enable the further clinical developments of B. subtilis spores as an oral vaccine candidate against COVID-19 in the future.
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Chauhan K, Zárate‐Romero A, Sengar P, Medrano C, Vazquez‐Duhalt R. Catalytic Kinetics Considerations and Molecular Tools for the Design of Multienzymatic Cascade Nanoreactors. ChemCatChem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202100604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kanchan Chauhan
- Department of Bionanotechnology Center for Nanosciences and Nanotechnology Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Km 107 carretera Tijuana-Ensenada Ensenada Baja California 22860 Mexico
| | - Andrés Zárate‐Romero
- Department of Bionanotechnology Center for Nanosciences and Nanotechnology Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Km 107 carretera Tijuana-Ensenada Ensenada Baja California 22860 Mexico
- Cátedra Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología CNyN-UNAM Ensenada Baja California 22860 Mexico
| | - Prakhar Sengar
- Department of Bionanotechnology Center for Nanosciences and Nanotechnology Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Km 107 carretera Tijuana-Ensenada Ensenada Baja California 22860 Mexico
| | - Carlos Medrano
- Department of Bionanotechnology Center for Nanosciences and Nanotechnology Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Km 107 carretera Tijuana-Ensenada Ensenada Baja California 22860 Mexico
| | - Rafael Vazquez‐Duhalt
- Department of Bionanotechnology Center for Nanosciences and Nanotechnology Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Km 107 carretera Tijuana-Ensenada Ensenada Baja California 22860 Mexico
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Lin WZ, Ma IC, Wang JP, Hsieh PC, Liu CC, Hou SY. Highly sensitive protein detection using recombinant spores and lateral flow immunoassay. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 413:2235-2246. [PMID: 33608751 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03195-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Lateral flow immunoassays (LFIs) can be used to detect intact bacteria or spores; when gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are used as the signal reporters, the detection limits are very low. Spore-based surface display has been widely studied for enzyme immobilization and live-nontoxic oral vaccines. In this study, recombinant spores were used to improve the sensitivity of a LFI. We developed a test kit that combines streptavidin-displayed spores with a LFI assay for rapid protein detection. The recombinant spores served as a signal amplifier and AuNPs were used as the signal reporters. For detection of β-galactosidase, which was used as the model protein, the detection limit was about 10-15 mol, while that of the conventional LFI is about 10-12 mol. In both methods, nanogold was used as the colorimetric signal and could be observed with the naked eye. This method improved LFI sensitivity without sacrificing its advantages. Furthermore, enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) was also displayed on the surface of the streptavidin-displayed spores. Without AuNPs, the fluorescent recombinant spores acted as the signal, which could be detected by a fluorescence detector, such as a fluorescence microscope. The detection limit was 10-16 mol under fluorescence microscopy whose magnification was 25-fold. Therefore, in conclusion, in this proof of concept study, the detection limits of both proposed methods were far superior to those of traditional LFI assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Zhi Lin
- Institute of Preventive Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, 11490, Taiwan.,Department of Biology and Anatomy, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, 11490, Taiwan
| | - I-Cheng Ma
- Graduate Institute of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, 10608, Taiwan
| | - Jun-Pei Wang
- Graduate Institute of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, 10608, Taiwan
| | - Ping-Chun Hsieh
- Graduate Institute of Biochemical and Biomedical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, 10608, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Che Liu
- Graduate Institute of Physiology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, 11490, Taiwan
| | - Shao-Yi Hou
- Graduate Institute of Biochemical and Biomedical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, 10608, Taiwan.
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Ricca E, Baccigalupi L, Isticato R. Spore-adsorption: Mechanism and applications of a non-recombinant display system. Biotechnol Adv 2020; 47:107693. [PMID: 33387640 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2020.107693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Surface display systems have been developed to express target molecules on almost all types of biological entities from viruses to mammalian cells and on a variety of synthetic particles. Various approaches have been developed to achieve the display of many different target molecules, aiming at several technological and biomedical applications. Screening of libraries, delivery of drugs or antigens, bio-catalysis, sensing of pollutants and bioremediation are commonly considered as fields of potential application for surface display systems. In this review, the non-recombinant approach to display antigens and enzymes on the surface of bacterial spores is discussed. Examples of molecules displayed on the spore surface and their potential applications are summarized and a mechanism of display is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ezio Ricca
- Department of Biology, Federico II University of Naples, Italy.
| | - Loredana Baccigalupi
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, Federico II University of Naples, Italy
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9
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Detection of biotin with zeptomole sensitivity using recombinant spores and a competition assay. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:7219-7226. [PMID: 32761258 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02854-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Detection of protein-binding analytes is important for many applications. Currently, various instrument-based techniques are used for detecting protein-binding analytes. However, such techniques have several limitations including high cost and time-consuming sample processing. In order to overcome these limitations, we developed a sensitive competition assay for the detection of protein-binding analytes using recombinant endospores as a sensing element. The method is based on the competition between the biotin, the model analyte, and a biotin-magnetic bead complex to bind the recombinant spores containing the biotin binding region of streptavidin. After magnetic attraction, the residual spores in the suspension are spread on plates to form colonies which are used to count the amount of the residual spores; the higher the residual ratio of spores, the more biotin in the samples. The linear range was from 150 zmol to 1.5 fmol and the limit of detection of the assay was 150 zmol. The assay proposed herein is sensitive and does not require any expensive equipment. It is suitable for qualitative or semi-quantitative analysis such as screening tests for the detection of toxic chemicals.
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Progress in research and application development of surface display technology using Bacillus subtilis spores. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:2319-2331. [PMID: 31989224 PMCID: PMC7223921 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10348-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Bacillus subtilis is a widely distributed aerobic Gram-positive species of bacteria. As a tool in the lab, it has the advantages of nonpathogenicity and limited likelihood of becoming drug resistant. It is a probiotic strain that can be directly used in humans and animals. It can be induced to produce spores under nutrient deficiency or other adverse conditions. B. subtilis spores have unique physical, chemical, and biochemical characteristics. Expression of heterologous antigens or proteins on the surface of B. subtilis spores has been successfully performed for over a decade. As an update and supplement to previously published research, this paper reviews the latest research on spore surface display technology using B. subtilis. We have mainly focused on the regulation of spore coat protein expression, display and application of exogenous proteins, and identification of developing research areas of spore surface display technology.
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11
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Utilization of Bacillus subtilis cells displaying a glucose-tolerant β-glucosidase for whole-cell biocatalysis. Enzyme Microb Technol 2020; 132:109444. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2019.109444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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12
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Engineering integrative vectors based on phage site-specific recombination mechanism for Lactococcus lactis. BMC Biotechnol 2019; 19:82. [PMID: 31775775 PMCID: PMC6882331 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-019-0575-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Site-specific integration system allows foreign DNA to be integrated into the specific site of the host genome, enabling stable expression of heterologous protein. In this study, integrative vectors for secretion and surface display of proteins were constructed based on a lactococcal phage TP901–1 integrating system. Results The constructed integration system comprises of a lactococcal promoter (PnisA or P170), phage attachment site (attP) from bacteriophage TP901–1, a signal peptide (USP45 or SPK1) for translocation of the target protein, and a PrtP344 anchor domain in the case of the integrative vectors for surface display. There were eight successfully constructed integrative vectors with each having a different combination of promoter and signal peptide; pS1, pS2, pS3 and pS4 for secretion, and pSD1, pSD2, pSD3 and pSD4 for surface display of desired protein. The integration of the vectors into the host genome was assisted by a helper vector harbouring the integrase gene. A nuclease gene was used as a reporter and was successfully integrated into the L. lactis genome and Nuc was secreted or displayed as expected. The signal peptide SPK1 was observed to be superior to USP45-LEISSTCDA fusion in the secretion of Nuc. As for the surface display integrative vector, all systems developed were comparable with the exception of the combination of P170 promoter with USP45 signal peptide which gave very low signals in whole cell ELISA. Conclusion The engineered synthetic integrative vectors have the potential to be used for secretion or surface display of heterologous protein production in lactococcal expression system for research or industrial purposes, especially in live vaccine delivery.
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Isticato R, Lanzilli M, Petrillo C, Donadio G, Baccigalupi L, Ricca E. Bacillus subtilisbuilds structurally and functionally different spores in response to the temperature of growth. Environ Microbiol 2019; 22:170-182. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rachele Isticato
- Department of BiologyFederico II University of Naples, Complesso Universitario di Monte Sant'Angelo, Via Cinthia 80126 Naples Italy
| | - Mariamichela Lanzilli
- Department of BiologyFederico II University of Naples, Complesso Universitario di Monte Sant'Angelo, Via Cinthia 80126 Naples Italy
| | - Claudia Petrillo
- Department of BiologyFederico II University of Naples, Complesso Universitario di Monte Sant'Angelo, Via Cinthia 80126 Naples Italy
| | - Giuliana Donadio
- Department of BiologyFederico II University of Naples, Complesso Universitario di Monte Sant'Angelo, Via Cinthia 80126 Naples Italy
| | - Loredana Baccigalupi
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical BiotechnologyFederico II University of Naples, Complesso Universitario di Monte Sant'Angelo, Via Cinthia 80126 Naples Italy
| | - Ezio Ricca
- Department of BiologyFederico II University of Naples, Complesso Universitario di Monte Sant'Angelo, Via Cinthia 80126 Naples Italy
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Ellis GA, Klein WP, Lasarte-Aragonés G, Thakur M, Walper SA, Medintz IL. Artificial Multienzyme Scaffolds: Pursuing in Vitro Substrate Channeling with an Overview of Current Progress. ACS Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b02413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory A. Ellis
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Code 6900, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375, United States
| | - William P. Klein
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Code 6900, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375, United States
- National Research Council, Washington, D.C. 20001, United States
| | - Guillermo Lasarte-Aragonés
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Code 6900, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375, United States
- College of Science, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia 22030, United States
| | - Meghna Thakur
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Code 6900, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375, United States
- College of Science, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia 22030, United States
| | - Scott A. Walper
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Code 6900, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375, United States
| | - Igor L. Medintz
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Code 6900, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375, United States
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15
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Rigi G, Ghaedmohammadi S, Ahmadian G. A comprehensive review on staphylococcal protein A (SpA): Its production and applications. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2019; 66:454-464. [PMID: 30869160 DOI: 10.1002/bab.1742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The Staphylococcus aureus protein A (SpA) can be obtained through the culture of wild-type S. aureus and also as a recombinant protein in safe bacterial hosts. Several methods have been used to purify SpA among which ion-exchange chromatography, affinity chromatography, gel filtration, and per aqueous liquid chromatography (PALC) are common. SpA has a wide range of biochemical, biotechnological, and medical applications and is most commonly used in test methods such as immunoprecipitation, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and Western blotting. SpA has also been widely utilized in pharmaceutical applications to bind to immune complexes and serum immunoglobulins. SpA also directly binds to the B-cells preventing initiation of infectious diseases as well as having a role in the development of various autoimmune diseases. This review considers different applications of SpA in biotechnology and its novel clinical application for effective treatment of autoimmune diseases. It also discusses various strategies for expression and purification of the SpA including types of column chromatography that are commonly used in protein purification and developing SpA surface display technologies. Finally, this review highlights the potential and novel applications of SpA immobilization, SpA typing, protein engineering for further development of immunological and biochemical research, and also application of SpA as a diagnostic biosensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garshasb Rigi
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Basic Science, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, 881 863 4141, Iran.,Department of Industrial Biotechnology, Research Institute of Biotechnology, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Samira Ghaedmohammadi
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Estahban Higher Education Center, Estahban, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Ahmadian
- Associate Professor, Department of Industrial and Environmental Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran
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Exploitation of Bacillus subtilis as a robust workhorse for production of heterologous proteins and beyond. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 34:145. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-018-2531-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Bartels J, López Castellanos S, Radeck J, Mascher T. Sporobeads: The Utilization of the Bacillus subtilis Endospore Crust as a Protein Display Platform. ACS Synth Biol 2018; 7:452-461. [PMID: 29284082 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.7b00285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Upon starvation, the soil bacterium Bacillus subtilis forms an intracellular, metabolically inactive endospore. Its core contains the DNA, encased by three protein layers protecting it against a multitude of environmental threats. The outermost layer, the crust, harbors great potential as a protein-displaying platform: a gene of interest can be translationally fused to a crust protein gene, resulting in endospores displaying the desired protein on their surface. To unlock this potential in a standardized fashion, we designed a suite of 12 vectors (Sporovectors), based on the BioBrick cloning standard. With these vectors, proteins can easily be fused N- or C-terminally to the six crust proteins CotV, CotW, CotX, CotY, CotZ, and CgeA under the control of the strongest crust gene promoter PcotYZ. All Sporovectors were evaluated with GFP and two different laccases. On the basis of our data, CotY and CotZ represent the best anchor proteins. But there are significant differences in activity and functional stability between the two tested laccases. Our vector suite is a powerful tool to generate and evaluate a vast variety of functionalized endospores. It allows quickly identifying the best anchor and fusion site for the protein of interest. Our findings demonstrate that the crust of B. subtilis endospores is an inexpensive and easy platform for displaying different proteins of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Bartels
- Institute of Microbiology, Technische Universität (TU) Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Jara Radeck
- Institute of Microbiology, Technische Universität (TU) Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Thorsten Mascher
- Institute of Microbiology, Technische Universität (TU) Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
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18
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Hosseini S, Curilovs A, Cutting SM. Biological Containment of Genetically Modified Bacillus subtilis. Appl Environ Microbiol 2018; 84:e02334-17. [PMID: 29150519 PMCID: PMC5772228 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02334-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic manipulation of bacterial spores of the genus Bacillus has shown potential for vaccination and for delivery of drugs or enzymes. Remarkably, proteins displayed on the spore surface retain activity and generally are not degraded. The heat stability of spores, coupled with their desiccation resistance, makes them suitable for delivery to humans or to animals by the oral route. Despite these attributes, one regulatory obstacle has remained regarding the fate of recombinant spores shed into the environment as viable spores. We have addressed the biological containment of GMO spores by utilizing the concept of a thymineless death, a phenomenon first reported 6 decades ago. Using Bacillus subtilis, we have inserted chimeric genes in the two thymidylate synthase genes, thyA and thyB, using a two-step process. Insertion is made first at thyA and then at thyB whereby resistance to trimethoprim enables selection of recombinants. Importantly, this method requires introduction of no new antibiotic resistance genes. Recombinant spores have a strict dependence on thymine (or thymidine), and in its absence cells lyse and die. Insertions are stable with no evidence for suppression or reversion. Using this system, we have successfully created a number of spore vaccines as well as spores displaying active enzymes.IMPORTANCE Genetic manipulation of bacterial spores offers a number of exciting possibilities for public and animal health, including their use as heat-stable vehicles for delivering vaccines or enzymes. Despite this, one remaining problem is the fate of recombinant spores released into the environment where they could survive in a dormant form indefinitely. We describe a solution whereby, following genetic manipulation, the bacterium is rendered dependent on thymine. As a consequence, spores if released would produce bacteria unable to survive, and they would exhibit a thymineless death due to rapid cessation of metabolism. The method we describe has been validated using a number of exemplars and solves a critical problem for containing spores of GMOs in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siamand Hosseini
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Alex Curilovs
- SporeGen Ltd., Bourne Labs, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Simon M Cutting
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, Surrey, United Kingdom
- SporeGen Ltd., Bourne Labs, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, Surrey, United Kingdom
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Ullah J, Chen H, Vastermark A, Jia J, Wu B, Ni Z, Le Y, Wang H. Impact of orientation and flexibility of peptide linkers on T. maritima lipase Tm1350 displayed on Bacillus subtilis spores surface using CotB as fusion partner. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 33:166. [PMID: 28822027 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-017-2327-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Fusion protein construction often requires peptide linkers for prolonged conformation, extended stability and enzyme activity. In this study a series of fusion between Thermotoga maritima lipase Tm1350 and Bacillus subtillis coat protein CotB, comprising of several peptide linkers, with different length, flexibility and orientations were constructed. Effects of temperature, pH and chemicals were examined, on the activity of displayed enzyme. The fusion protein with longer flexible linkers L9 [(GGGGS)4] and L7 (GGGGS-GGGGS-EAAAK-EAAAK-GGGGS-GGGGS) possess 1.29 and 1.16-fold higher activity than the original, under optimum temperature and pH respectively. Moreover, spore surface displaying Tm1350 with L3 (EAAAK-GGGGS) and L9 ((GGGGS)4) showed extended thermostably, maintaining 1.40 and 1.35-fold higher activity than the original respectively, at 80 °C after 5 h of incubation. The enzyme activity of linkers with different orientation, including L5, L6 and L7 was determined, where L7 maintained 1.05 and 1.27-fold higher activity than L5 and L6. Effect of 0.1% proteinase K, bromelain, 20% ethanol and 30% methanol was investigated. Linkers with appropriate Glycine residues (flexible) showed higher activity than Alanine residues (rigid). The activity of the displayed enzyme can be improved by maintaining orientation and flexibility of peptide linkers, to evaluate high activity and stability in industrial processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jawad Ullah
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212000, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Huayou Chen
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212000, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
- National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ake Vastermark
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093‑0116, USA
- Nitech, Showa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8555, Japan
| | - Jinru Jia
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212000, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Bangguo Wu
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212000, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhong Ni
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212000, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yilin Le
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212000, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongcheng Wang
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212000, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
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Galán A, Comor L, Horvatić A, Kuleš J, Guillemin N, Mrljak V, Bhide M. Library-based display technologies: where do we stand? MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2017; 12:2342-58. [PMID: 27306919 DOI: 10.1039/c6mb00219f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Over the past two decades, library-based display technologies have been staggeringly optimized since their appearance in order to mimic the process of natural molecular evolution. Display technologies are essential for the isolation of specific high-affinity binding molecules (proteins, polypeptides, nucleic acids and others) for diagnostic and therapeutic applications in cancer, infectious diseases, autoimmune, neurodegenerative, inflammatory pathologies etc. Applications extend to other fields such as antibody and enzyme engineering, cell-free protein synthesis and the discovery of protein-protein interactions. Phage display technology is the most established of these methods but more recent fully in vitro alternatives, such as ribosome display, mRNA display, cis-activity based (CIS) display and covalent antibody display (CAD), as well as aptamer display and in vitro compartmentalization, offer advantages over phage in library size, speed and the display of unnatural amino acids and nucleotides. Altogether, they have produced several molecules currently approved or in diverse stages of clinical or preclinical testing and have provided researchers with tools to address some of the disadvantages of peptides and nucleotides such as their low affinity, low stability, high immunogenicity and difficulty to cross membranes. In this review we assess the fundamental technological features and point out some recent advances and applications of display technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asier Galán
- ERA Chair FP7, Internal diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Heinzelova 55, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Lubos Comor
- Laboratory of Biomedical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Anita Horvatić
- ERA Chair FP7, Internal diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Heinzelova 55, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Josipa Kuleš
- ERA Chair FP7, Internal diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Heinzelova 55, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Nicolas Guillemin
- ERA Chair FP7, Internal diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Heinzelova 55, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Vladimir Mrljak
- ERA Chair FP7, Internal diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Heinzelova 55, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Mangesh Bhide
- ERA Chair FP7, Internal diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Heinzelova 55, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia. and Laboratory of Biomedical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Kosice, Slovakia and Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
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Chen H, Ullah J, Jia J. Progress in Bacillus subtilis Spore Surface Display Technology towards Environment, Vaccine Development, and Biocatalysis. J Mol Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 27:159-167. [DOI: 10.1159/000475177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Spore surface display is the most desirable with enhanced effects, low cost, less time consuming and the most promising technology for environmental, medical, and industrial development. Spores have various applications in industry due to their ability to survive in harsh industrial processes including heat resistance, alkaline tolerance, chemical tolerance, easy recovery, and reusability. Yeast and bacteria, including gram-positive and -negative, are the most frequently used organisms for the display of various proteins (eukaryotic and prokaryotic), but unlike spores, they can rupture easily due to nutritive properties, susceptibility to heat, pH, and chemicals. Hence, spores are the best choice to avoid these problems, and they have various applications over nonspore formers due to amenability for laboratory purposes. Various strains of <i>Clostridium</i> and <i>Bacillus</i> are spore formers, but the most suitable choice for display is <i>Bacillus subtilis</i> because, according to the WHO, it is safe to humans and considered as “GRAS” (generally recognized as safe). This review focuses on the application of spore surface display towards industries, vaccine development, the environment, and peptide library construction, with cell surface display for enhanced protein expression and high enzymatic activity. Different vectors, coat proteins, and statistical analyses can be used for linker selection to obtain greater expression and high activity of the displayed protein.
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Wang H, Wang Y, Yang R. Recent progress in Bacillus subtilis spore-surface display: concept, progress, and future. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 101:933-949. [PMID: 28062973 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-8080-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Revised: 12/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
With the increased knowledge on spore structure and advances in biotechnology engineering, the newly developed spore-surface display system confers several inherent advantages over other microbial cell-surface display systems including enhanced stability and high safety. Bacillus subtilis is the most commonly used Bacillus species for spore-surface display. The expression of heterologous antigen or protein on the surface of B. subtilis spores has now been practiced for over a decade with noteworthy success. As an update and supplement to other previous reviews, we comprehensively summarize recent studies in the B. subtilis spore-surface display technique. We focus on its benefits as well as the critical factors affecting its display efficiency and offer suggestions for the future success of this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Wang
- Jiyang College, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Zhuji, Zhejiang, 311800, China.
| | - Yunxiang Wang
- Jiyang College, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Zhuji, Zhejiang, 311800, China
| | - Ruijin Yang
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
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24
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Detection of Hepatitis C core antibody by dual-affinity yeast chimera and smartphone-based electrochemical sensing. Biosens Bioelectron 2016; 86:690-696. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2016.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Revised: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Presenting Influenza A M2e Antigen on Recombinant Spores of Bacillus subtilis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0167225. [PMID: 27902762 PMCID: PMC5130239 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective vaccination against influenza virus infection is a serious problem mainly due to antigenic variability of the virus. Among many of investigated antigens, the extracellular domain of the M2 protein (M2e) features high homology in all strains of influenza A viruses and antibodies against M2e and is protective in animal models; this makes it a potential candidate for generation of a universal influenza vaccine. However, due to the low immunogenicity of the M2e, formulation of a vaccine based on this antigen requires some modification to induce effective immune responses. In this work we evaluated the possible use of Bacillus subtilis spores as a carrier of the Influenza A M2e antigen in mucosal vaccination. A tandem repeat of 4 consensus sequences coding for human—avian—swine—human M2e (M2eH-A-S-H) peptide was fused to spore coat proteins and stably exposed on the spore surface, as demonstrated by the immunostaining of intact, recombinant spores. Oral immunization of mice with recombinant endospores carrying M2eH-A-S-H elicited specific antibody production without the addition of adjuvants. Bacillus subtilis endospores can serve as influenza antigen carriers. Recombinant spores constructed in this work showed low immunogenicity although were able to induce antibody production. The System of influenza antigen administration presented in this work is attractive mainly due to the omitting time-consuming and cost-intensive immunogen production and purification. Therefore modification should be made to increase the immunogenicity of the presented system.
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He W, Jiang B, Mu W, Zhang T. Production of d-Allulose with d-Psicose 3-Epimerase Expressed and Displayed on the Surface of Bacillus subtilis Spores. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:7201-7207. [PMID: 27598572 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b03347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The production of d-allulose is usually conducted via isolated-enzyme or whole-cell biocatalysis reactions. In the present study, an innovative biocatalyst, d-psicose 3-epimerase (DPEase) from Clostridium scindens ATCC 35704, presented on the surface of Bacillus subtilis spores, was applied for d-allulose production. DPEase was fused at the C-terminus of the anchoring protein, CotZ, via a peptide linker, and trophic genes were used as selection markers during the chromosomal integration. The optimal temperature and pH of the fusion protein CotZ-DPEase were 55 °C and pH 7.5-8.0, respectively, and the anchored DPEase exhibited high thermostability. Under optimal conditions, 30 g/L of recombinant spores can produce 85 g/L d-allulose from 500 g/L d-fructose after 12 h, and 60% of the yield was maintained after five cycles of utilization. Therefore, this biocatalyst system, capable of expressing and immobilizing DPEase on the spore surface of B. subtilis, was an appropriate alternative for d-allulose production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei He
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University , Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Bo Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University , Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Wanmeng Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University , Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University , Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
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Guiziou S, Sauveplane V, Chang HJ, Clerté C, Declerck N, Jules M, Bonnet J. A part toolbox to tune genetic expression in Bacillus subtilis. Nucleic Acids Res 2016; 44:7495-508. [PMID: 27402159 PMCID: PMC5009755 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkw624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Libraries of well-characterised components regulating gene expression levels are essential to many synthetic biology applications. While widely available for the Gram-negative model bacterium Escherichia coli, such libraries are lacking for the Gram-positive model Bacillus subtilis, a key organism for basic research and biotechnological applications. Here, we engineered a genetic toolbox comprising libraries of promoters, Ribosome Binding Sites (RBS), and protein degradation tags to precisely tune gene expression in B. subtilis. We first designed a modular Expression Operating Unit (EOU) facilitating parts assembly and modifications and providing a standard genetic context for gene circuits implementation. We then selected native, constitutive promoters of B. subtilis and efficient RBS sequences from which we engineered three promoters and three RBS sequence libraries exhibiting ∼14 000-fold dynamic range in gene expression levels. We also designed a collection of SsrA proteolysis tags of variable strength. Finally, by using fluorescence fluctuation methods coupled with two-photon microscopy, we quantified the absolute concentration of GFP in a subset of strains from the library. Our complete promoters and RBS sequences library comprising over 135 constructs enables tuning of GFP concentration over five orders of magnitude, from 0.05 to 700 μM. This toolbox of regulatory components will support many research and engineering applications in B. subtilis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Guiziou
- Centre de Biochimie Structurale, INSERM U1054, CNRS UMR5048, University of Montpellier, France
| | - Vincent Sauveplane
- Micalis Institute, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Hung-Ju Chang
- Centre de Biochimie Structurale, INSERM U1054, CNRS UMR5048, University of Montpellier, France
| | - Caroline Clerté
- Centre de Biochimie Structurale, INSERM U1054, CNRS UMR5048, University of Montpellier, France
| | - Nathalie Declerck
- Centre de Biochimie Structurale, INSERM U1054, CNRS UMR5048, University of Montpellier, France
| | - Matthieu Jules
- Micalis Institute, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Jerome Bonnet
- Centre de Biochimie Structurale, INSERM U1054, CNRS UMR5048, University of Montpellier, France
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Wang H, Yang R, Hua X, Zhao W, Zhang W. Functional display of active β-galactosidase on Bacillus subtilis spores using crust proteins as carriers. Food Sci Biotechnol 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10068-015-0228-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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Disulfide Bonds of Proteins Displayed on Spores of Bacillus subtilis Can Occur Spontaneously. Curr Microbiol 2015; 71:156-61. [DOI: 10.1007/s00284-015-0839-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Mignon C, Sodoyer R, Werle B. Antibiotic-free selection in biotherapeutics: now and forever. Pathogens 2015; 4:157-81. [PMID: 25854922 PMCID: PMC4493468 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens4020157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Revised: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The continuously improving sophistication of molecular engineering techniques gives access to novel classes of bio-therapeutics and new challenges for their production in full respect of the strengthening regulations. Among these biologic agents are DNA based vaccines or gene therapy products and to a lesser extent genetically engineered live vaccines or delivery vehicles. The use of antibiotic-based selection, frequently associated with genetic manipulation of microorganism is currently undergoing a profound metamorphosis with the implementation and diversification of alternative selection means. This short review will present examples of alternatives to antibiotic selection and their context of application to highlight their ineluctable invasion of the bio-therapeutic world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Mignon
- Technology Research Institute Bioaster, 317 avenue Jean-Jaurés, 69007 Lyon, France.
| | - Régis Sodoyer
- Technology Research Institute Bioaster, 317 avenue Jean-Jaurés, 69007 Lyon, France.
| | - Bettina Werle
- Technology Research Institute Bioaster, 317 avenue Jean-Jaurés, 69007 Lyon, France.
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Overview of computational vaccinology: vaccine development through information technology. J Appl Genet 2014; 56:381-91. [PMID: 25534541 DOI: 10.1007/s13353-014-0265-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2014] [Revised: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Pathogenic organisms, causes of various infectious diseases, possess a rich repository of antigenic proteins that engender an immune response in a host. These types of diseases are usually treated with the use of pharmaceuticals; unfortunately, many of these also have a potential to induce fatal side effects, especially allergic responses in the diseased host. In addition, many pathogens evolve (by selective survival) single or multi-drug resistance (MDR). Therefore, a means to prevent the host from becoming susceptible to the pathogen from the onset, rather than trying to devise pharmacologic protocols to treat an ongoing infection, are increasingly seen as desirable to reduce the incidence of infectious diseases altogether. To this end, cost-effective development and use of "safe" vaccines is key. This paper provides an overview on the new and expanding area of computational vaccinology and a brief background on pathogen antigenicity, identification of pathogen-specific antigens, and screening of candidate antigens using various tools and databases developed in the recent past.
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Abstract
ABSTRACT
A variety of bioactive peptides and proteins have been successfully displayed on the surface of recombinant spores of
Bacillus subtilis
and other sporeformers. In most cases, spore display has been achieved by stably anchoring the foreign molecules to endogenous surface proteins or parts of them. Recombinant spores have been proposed for a large number of potential applications ranging from oral vaccine vehicles to bioremediation tools, and including biocatalysts, probiotics for animal or human use, as well as the generation and screening of mutagenesis libraries. In addition, a nonrecombinant approach has been recently developed to adsorb antigens and enzymes on the spore surface. This nonrecombinant approach appears particularly well suited for applications involving the delivery of active molecules to human or animal mucosal surfaces. Both the recombinant and nonrecombinant spore display systems have a number of advantages over cell- or phage-based systems. The stability, safety of spores of several bacterial species, and amenability to laboratory manipulations, together with the lack of some constraints limiting the use of other systems, make the spore a highly efficient platform to display heterologous proteins.
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Ricca E, Baccigalupi L, Cangiano G, De Felice M, Isticato R. Mucosal vaccine delivery by non-recombinant spores of Bacillus subtilis. Microb Cell Fact 2014; 13:115. [PMID: 25112405 PMCID: PMC4249717 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-014-0115-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Development of mucosal vaccines strongly relies on an efficient delivery system and, over the years, a variety of approaches based on phages, bacteria or synthetic nanoparticles have been proposed to display and deliver antigens. The spore of Bacillus subtilis displaying heterologous antigens has also been considered as a mucosal vaccine vehicle, and shown able to conjugate some advantages of live microrganisms with some of synthetic nanoparticles. Here we review the use of non-recombinant spores of B. subtilis as a delivery system for mucosal immunizations. The non-recombinant display is based on the adsorption of heterologous molecules on the spore surface without the need of genetic manipulations, thus avoiding all concerns about the use and environmental release of genetically modified microorganisms. In addition, adsorbed molecules are stabilized and protected by the interaction with the spore, suggesting that this system could reduce the rapid degradation of the antigen, often observed with other delivery systems and identified as a major drawback of mucosal vaccines.
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