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Zhang N, Dong Y, Zhou H, Cui H. Effect of PAS-LuxR Family Regulators on the Secondary Metabolism of Streptomyces. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11121783. [PMID: 36551440 PMCID: PMC9774167 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11121783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
With the development of sequencing technology and further scientific research, an increasing number of biosynthetic gene clusters associated with secondary Streptomyces metabolites have been identified and characterized. The encoded genes of a family of regulators designated as PAS-LuxR are gradually being discovered in some biosynthetic gene clusters of polyene macrolide, aminoglycoside, and amino acid analogues. PAS-LuxR family regulators affect secondary Streptomyces metabolites by interacting with other family regulators to regulate the transcription of the target genes in the gene cluster. This paper provides a review of the structure, function, regulatory mechanism, and application of these regulators to provide more information on the regulation of secondary metabolite biosynthesis in Streptomyces, and promote the application of PAS-LuxR family regulators in industrial breeding and other directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naifan Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology, Jilin 132022, China
| | - Yao Dong
- College of Biology & Food Engineering, Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology, Jilin 132022, China
| | - Hongli Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology, Jilin 132022, China
- Engineering Research Center for Agricultural Resources and Comprehensive Utilization of Jilin Province, Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology, Jilin 132022, China
- Correspondence: (H.Z.); (H.C.); Tel.: +86-432-62185246 (H.Z. & H.C.)
| | - Hao Cui
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology, Jilin 132022, China
- Engineering Research Center for Agricultural Resources and Comprehensive Utilization of Jilin Province, Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology, Jilin 132022, China
- Correspondence: (H.Z.); (H.C.); Tel.: +86-432-62185246 (H.Z. & H.C.)
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Zhang Y, Chen Z, Wen Q, Xiong Z, Cao X, Zheng Z, Zhang Y, Huang Z. An overview on the biosynthesis and metabolic regulation of monacolin K/lovastatin. Food Funct 2021; 11:5738-5748. [PMID: 32555902 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo00691b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Lovastatin/monacolin K (MK) is used as a lipid lowering drug, due to its effective hypercholesterolemic properties, comparable to synthetic statins. Lovastatin's biosynthetic pathway and gene cluster composition have been studied in depth in Aspergillus terreus. Evidence shows that the MK biosynthetic pathway and gene cluster in Monascus sp. are similar to those of lovastatin in A. terreus. Currently, research efforts have been focusing on the metabolic regulation of MK/lovastatin synthesis, and the evidence shows that a combination of extracellular and intracellular factors is essential for proper MK/lovastatin metabolism. Here, we comprehensively review the research progress on MK/lovastatin biosynthetic pathways, its synthetic precursors and inducing substances and metabolic regulation, with a view to providing reference for future research on fungal metabolism regulation and metabolic engineering for MK/lovastatin production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaru Zhang
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China. and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality Science and Processing Technology in Special Starch, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Zhiting Chen
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China. and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality Science and Processing Technology in Special Starch, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Qinyou Wen
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China. and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality Science and Processing Technology in Special Starch, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Zixiao Xiong
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China. and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality Science and Processing Technology in Special Starch, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Xiaohua Cao
- Key Laboratory of Crop Biotechnology (Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University), Fujian Province University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Zhenghuai Zheng
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Yangxin Zhang
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Zhiwei Huang
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China. and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality Science and Processing Technology in Special Starch, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China and China-Ireland International Cooperation Centre for Food Material Science and Structure Design, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
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The Streptomyces filipinensis Gamma-Butyrolactone System Reveals Novel Clues for Understanding the Control of Secondary Metabolism. Appl Environ Microbiol 2020; 86:AEM.00443-20. [PMID: 32631864 PMCID: PMC7480387 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00443-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptomyces GBLs are important signaling molecules that trigger antibiotic production in a quorum sensing-dependent manner. We have characterized the GBL system from S. filipinensis, finding that two key players of this system, the GBL receptor and the pseudo-receptor, each counteracts the transcription of the other for the modulation of filipin production and that such control over antifungal production involves an indirect effect on the transcription of filipin biosynthetic genes. Additionally, the two regulators bind the same sites, are self-regulated, and repress the transcription of three other genes of the GBL cluster, including that encoding the GBL synthase. In contrast to all the GBL receptors known, SfbR activates its own synthesis. Moreover, the pseudo-receptor was identified as the receptor of antimycin A, thus extending the range of examples supporting the idea of signaling effects of antibiotics in Streptomyces. The intricate regulatory network depicted here should provide important clues for understanding the regulatory mechanism governing secondary metabolism. Streptomyces γ-butyrolactones (GBLs) are quorum sensing communication signals triggering antibiotic production. The GBL system of Streptomyces filipinensis, the producer of the antifungal agent filipin, has been investigated. Inactivation of sfbR (for S. filipinensis γ-butyrolactone receptor), a GBL receptor, resulted in a strong decrease in production of filipin, and deletion of sfbR2, a pseudo-receptor, boosted it, in agreement with lower and higher levels of transcription of filipin biosynthetic genes, respectively. It is noteworthy that none of the mutations affected growth or morphological development. While no ARE (autoregulatory element)-like sequences were found in the promoters of filipin genes, suggesting indirect control of production, five ARE sequences were found in five genes of the GBL cluster, whose transcription has been shown to be controlled by both S. filipinensis SfbR and SfbR2. In vitro binding of recombinant SfbR and SfbR2 to such sequences indicated that such control is direct. Transcription start points were identified by 5′ rapid amplification of cDNA ends, and precise binding regions were investigated by the use of DNase I protection studies. Binding of both regulators took place in the promoter of target genes and at the same sites. Information content analysis of protected sequences in target promoters yielded an 18-nucleotide consensus ARE sequence. Quantitative transcriptional analyses revealed that both regulators are self-regulated and that each represses the transcription of the other as well as that of the remaining target genes. Unlike other GBL receptor homologues, SfbR activates its own transcription whereas SfbR2 has a canonical autorepression profile. Additionally, SfbR2 was found here to bind the antifungal antimycin A as a way to modulate its DNA-binding activity. IMPORTANCEStreptomyces GBLs are important signaling molecules that trigger antibiotic production in a quorum sensing-dependent manner. We have characterized the GBL system from S. filipinensis, finding that two key players of this system, the GBL receptor and the pseudo-receptor, each counteracts the transcription of the other for the modulation of filipin production and that such control over antifungal production involves an indirect effect on the transcription of filipin biosynthetic genes. Additionally, the two regulators bind the same sites, are self-regulated, and repress the transcription of three other genes of the GBL cluster, including that encoding the GBL synthase. In contrast to all the GBL receptors known, SfbR activates its own synthesis. Moreover, the pseudo-receptor was identified as the receptor of antimycin A, thus extending the range of examples supporting the idea of signaling effects of antibiotics in Streptomyces. The intricate regulatory network depicted here should provide important clues for understanding the regulatory mechanism governing secondary metabolism.
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Robertsen HL, Musiol-Kroll EM. Actinomycete-Derived Polyketides as a Source of Antibiotics and Lead Structures for the Development of New Antimicrobial Drugs. Antibiotics (Basel) 2019; 8:E157. [PMID: 31547063 PMCID: PMC6963833 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics8040157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 09/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Actinomycetes are remarkable producers of compounds essential for human and veterinary medicine as well as for agriculture. The genomes of those microorganisms possess several sets of genes (biosynthetic gene cluster (BGC)) encoding pathways for the production of the valuable secondary metabolites. A significant proportion of the identified BGCs in actinomycetes encode pathways for the biosynthesis of polyketide compounds, nonribosomal peptides, or hybrid products resulting from the combination of both polyketide synthases (PKSs) and nonribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPSs). The potency of these molecules, in terms of bioactivity, was recognized in the 1940s, and started the "Golden Age" of antimicrobial drug discovery. Since then, several valuable polyketide drugs, such as erythromycin A, tylosin, monensin A, rifamycin, tetracyclines, amphotericin B, and many others were isolated from actinomycetes. This review covers the most relevant actinomycetes-derived polyketide drugs with antimicrobial activity, including anti-fungal agents. We provide an overview of the source of the compounds, structure of the molecules, the biosynthetic principle, bioactivity and mechanisms of action, and the current stage of development. This review emphasizes the importance of actinomycetes-derived antimicrobial polyketides and should serve as a "lexicon", not only to scientists from the Natural Products field, but also to clinicians and others interested in this topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helene L Robertsen
- Interfakultäres Institut für Mikrobiologie und Infektionsmedizin, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 28, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Ewa M Musiol-Kroll
- Interfakultäres Institut für Mikrobiologie und Infektionsmedizin, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 28, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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Characterization and engineering of the Lrp/AsnC family regulator SACE_5717 for erythromycin overproduction in Saccharopolyspora erythraea. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 46:1013-1024. [PMID: 31016583 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-019-02178-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we found that the Lrp/AsnC family protein SACE_5717 negatively regulated erythromycin biosynthesis in S. erythraea. Disruption of SACE_5717 led to a 27% improvement in the yield of erythromycin in S. erythraea A226. SACE_5717 directly repressed its own gene expression, as well as that of the adjacent gene SACE_5716 by binding to the target sequence 5'-GAACGTTCGCCGTCACGCC-3'. The predicted LysE superfamily protein SACE_5716 directly influenced the export of lysine, histidine, threonine and glycine in S. erythraea. Arginine, tyrosine and tryptophan were characterized as the effectors of SACE_5717 by weakening the binding affinity of SACE_5717. In the industrial S. erythraea WB strain, deletion of SACE_5717 (WBΔSACE_5717) increased erythromycin yield by 20%, and by 36% when SACE_5716 was overexpressed in WBΔSACE_5717 (WBΔSACE_5717/5716). In large-scale 5-L fermentation experiment, erythromycin yield in the engineered strain WBΔSACE_5717/5716 reached 4686 mg/L, a 41% enhancement over 3323 mg/L of the parent WB strain.
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Barreales EG, Payero TD, de Pedro A, Aparicio JF. Phosphate effect on filipin production and morphological differentiation in Streptomyces filipinensis and the role of the PhoP transcription factor. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0208278. [PMID: 30521601 PMCID: PMC6283541 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0208278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The biosynthesis of the antifungal filipin in Streptomyces filipinensis is very sensitive to phosphate regulation. Concentrations as low as 2.5 mM block filipin production. This effect is, at least in part, produced by repression of the transcription of most filipin biosynthetic genes. The role of the two-component PhoRP system in this process was investigated. The phoRP system of S. filipinensis was cloned and transcriptionally characterised. PhoP binds to two PHO boxes present in one of its two promoters. Filipin production was greatly increased in ΔphoP and ΔphoRP mutants, in agreement with a higher transcription of the fil genes, and the effect of phosphate repression on the antibiotic production of these strains was significantly reduced. No PhoP binding was observed by electrophoretic mobility gel shift assays (EMSAs) with the promoter regions of the fil gene cluster thus suggesting an indirect effect of mutations. Binding assays with cell-free extracts from the wild-type and mutant strains on fil genes promoters revealed retardation bands in the parental strain that were absent in the mutants, thus suggesting that binding of the putative transcriptional regulator or regulators controlled by PhoP was PhoP dependent. Noteworthy, PhoP or PhoRP deletion also produced a dramatic decrease in sporulation ability, thus indicating a clear relationship between the phosphate starvation response mediated by PhoP and the sporulation process in S. filipinensis. This effect was overcome upon gene complementation, but also by phosphate addition, thus suggesting that alternative pathways take control in the absence of PhoRP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva G. Barreales
- Area de Microbiología, Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | - Tamara D. Payero
- Area de Microbiología, Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | - Antonio de Pedro
- Area de Microbiología, Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | - Jesús F. Aparicio
- Area de Microbiología, Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad de León, León, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Global evolution of glycosylated polyene macrolide antibiotic biosynthesis. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2018; 127:239-247. [PMID: 29885934 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2018.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Antibiotics are the most marvelous evolutionary products of microbes to obtain competitive advantage and maintain ecological balance. However, the origination and development of antibiotics has yet to be explicitly investigated. Due to diverse structures and similar biosynthesis, glycosylated polyene macrolides (gPEMs) were chosen to explore antibiotic evolution. A total of 130 candidate and 38 transitional gPEM clusters were collected from actinomycetes genomes, providing abundant references for phenotypic gaps in gPEM evolution. The most conserved parts of gPEM biosynthesis were found and used for phylogeny construction. On this basis, we proposed ancestral gPEM clusters at different evolutionary stages and interpreted the possible evolutionary histories in detail. The results revealed that gPEMs evolved from small rings to large rings and continuously increased structural diversity through acquiring, discarding and exchanging genes from different evolutionary origins, as well as co-evolution of functionally related proteins. The combination of horizontal gene transfers, environmental effects and host preference resulted in the diversity and worldwide distribution of gPEMs. This study is not only a useful exploration on antibiotic evolution but also an inspiration for diversity and biogeographic investigations on antibiotics in the era of Big Data.
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Tyurin AP, Alferova VA, Korshun VA. Chemical Elicitors of Antibiotic Biosynthesis in Actinomycetes. Microorganisms 2018; 6:microorganisms6020052. [PMID: 29890642 PMCID: PMC6027282 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms6020052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Whole genome sequencing of actinomycetes has uncovered a new immense realm of microbial chemistry and biology. Most biosynthetic gene clusters present in genomes were found to remain “silent” under standard cultivation conditions. Some small molecules—chemical elicitors—can be used to induce the biosynthesis of antibiotics in actinobacteria and to expand the chemical diversity of secondary metabolites. Here, we outline a brief account of the basic principles of the search for regulators of this type and their application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton P Tyurin
- Gause Institute of New Antibiotics, Bolshaya Pirogovskaya 11, 119021 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Vera A Alferova
- Gause Institute of New Antibiotics, Bolshaya Pirogovskaya 11, 119021 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Vladimir A Korshun
- Gause Institute of New Antibiotics, Bolshaya Pirogovskaya 11, 119021 Moscow, Russia.
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, 117997 Moscow, Russia.
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Promoter Engineering Reveals the Importance of Heptameric Direct Repeats for DNA Binding by Streptomyces Antibiotic Regulatory Protein-Large ATP-Binding Regulator of the LuxR Family (SARP-LAL) Regulators in Streptomyces natalensis. Appl Environ Microbiol 2018; 84:AEM.00246-18. [PMID: 29500267 PMCID: PMC5930380 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00246-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The biosynthesis of small-size polyene macrolides is ultimately controlled by a couple of transcriptional regulators that act in a hierarchical way. A Streptomyces antibiotic regulatory protein–large ATP-binding regulator of the LuxR family (SARP-LAL) regulator binds the promoter of a PAS-LuxR regulator-encoding gene and activates its transcription, and in turn, the gene product of the latter activates transcription from various promoters of the polyene gene cluster directly. The primary operator of PimR, the archetype of SARP-LAL regulators, contains three heptameric direct repeats separated by four-nucleotide spacers, but the regulator can also bind a secondary operator with only two direct repeats separated by a 3-nucleotide spacer, both located in the promoter region of its unique target gene, pimM. A similar arrangement of operators has been identified for PimR counterparts encoded by gene clusters for different antifungal secondary metabolites, including not only polyene macrolides but peptidyl nucleosides, phoslactomycins, or cycloheximide. Here, we used promoter engineering and quantitative transcriptional analyses to determine the contributions of the different heptameric repeats to transcriptional activation and final polyene production. Optimized promoters have thus been developed. Deletion studies and electrophoretic mobility assays were used for the definition of DNA-binding boxes formed by 22-nucleotide sequences comprising two conserved heptameric direct repeats separated by four-nucleotide less conserved spacers. The cooperative binding of PimRSARP appears to be the mechanism involved in the binding of regulator monomers to operators, and at least two protein monomers are required for efficient binding. IMPORTANCE Here, we have shown that a modulation of the production of the antifungal pimaricin in Streptomyces natalensis can be accomplished via promoter engineering of the PAS-LuxR transcriptional activator pimM. The expression of this gene is controlled by the Streptomyces antibiotic regulatory protein–large ATP-binding regulator of the LuxR family (SARP-LAL) regulator PimR, which binds a series of heptameric direct repeats in its promoter region. The structure and importance of such repeats in protein binding, transcriptional activation, and polyene production have been investigated. These findings should provide important clues to understand the regulatory machinery that modulates antibiotic biosynthesis in Streptomyces and open new possibilities for the manipulation of metabolite production. The presence of PimR orthologues encoded by gene clusters for different secondary metabolites and the conservation of their operators suggest that the improvements observed in the activation of pimaricin biosynthesis by Streptomyces natalensis could be extrapolated to the production of different compounds by other species.
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Wu H, Liu W, Shi L, Si K, Liu T, Dong D, Zhang T, Zhao J, Liu D, Tian Z, Yue Y, Zhang H, Xuelian B, Liang Y. Comparative Genomic and Regulatory Analyses of Natamycin Production of Streptomyces lydicus A02. Sci Rep 2017; 7:9114. [PMID: 28831190 PMCID: PMC5567329 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09532-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptomyces lydicus A02 is used by industry because it has a higher natamycin-producing capacity than the reference strain S. natalensis ATCC 27448. We sequenced the complete genome of A02 using next-generation sequencing platforms, and to achieve better sequence coverage and genome assembly, we utilized single-molecule real-time (SMRT) sequencing. The assembled genome comprises a 9,307,519-bp linear chromosome with a GC content of 70.67%, and contained 8,888 predicted genes. Comparative genomics and natamycin biosynthetic gene cluster (BGC) analysis showed that BGC are highly conserved among evolutionarily diverse strains, and they also shared closer genome evolution compared with other Streptomyces species. Forty gene clusters were predicted to involve in the secondary metabolism of A02, and it was richly displayed in two-component signal transduction systems (TCS) in the genome, indicating a complex regulatory systems and high diversity of metabolites. Disruption of the phoP gene of the phoR-phoP TCS and nsdA gene confirmed phosphate sensitivity and global negative regulation of natamycin production. The genome sequence and analyses presented in this study provide an important molecular basis for research on natamycin production in Streptomyces, which could facilitate rational genome modification to improve the industrial use of A02.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiling Wu
- Institute of Plant and Environment Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Weicheng Liu
- Institute of Plant and Environment Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China.
| | - Lingling Shi
- Institute of Plant and Environment Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Kaiwei Si
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518083, China
| | - Ting Liu
- Institute of Plant and Environment Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Dan Dong
- Institute of Plant and Environment Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Taotao Zhang
- Institute of Plant and Environment Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Juan Zhao
- Institute of Plant and Environment Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Dewen Liu
- Institute of Plant and Environment Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Zhaofeng Tian
- Institute of Plant and Environment Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Yuesen Yue
- Beijing Research and Development Center for Grass and Environment, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China.
| | - Hong Zhang
- Institute of Plant and Environment Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Bai Xuelian
- Institute of Plant and Environment Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Yong Liang
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518083, China
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Ihara K, Sato K, Hori H, Makino Y, Shigenobu S, Ando T, Isogai E, Yoneyama H. Expression of the alaE gene is positively regulated by the global regulator Lrp in response to intracellular accumulation of l-alanine in Escherichia coli. J Biosci Bioeng 2017; 123:444-450. [PMID: 28057466 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2016.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Revised: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The alaE gene in Escherichia coli encodes an l-alanine exporter that catalyzes the active export of l-alanine using proton electrochemical potential. In our previous study, alaE expression was shown to increase in the presence of l-alanyl-l-alanine (Ala-Ala). In this study, the global regulator leucine-responsive regulatory protein (Lrp) was identified as an activator of the alaE gene. A promoter less β-galactosidase gene was fused to an alaE upstream region (240 nucleotides). Cells that were lacZ-deficient and harbored this reporter plasmid showed significant induction of β-galactosidase activity (approximately 17-fold) in the presence of 6 mM l-alanine, l-leucine, and Ala-Ala. However, a reporter plasmid possessing a smaller alaE upstream region (180 nucleotides) yielded transformants with strikingly low enzyme activity under the same conditions. In contrast, lrp-deficient cells showed almost no β-galactosidase induction, indicating that Lrp positively regulates alaE expression. We next performed an electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) and a DNase I footprinting assay using purified hexahistidine-tagged Lrp (Lrp-His). Consequently, we found that Lrp-His binds to the alaE upstream region spanning nucleotide -161 to -83 with a physiologically relevant affinity (apparent KD, 288.7 ± 83.8 nM). Furthermore, the binding affinity of Lrp-His toward its cis-element was increased by l-alanine and l-leucine, but not by Ala-Ala and d-alanine. Based on these results, we concluded that the gene expression of the alaE is regulated by Lrp in response to intracellular levels of l-alanine, which eventually leads to intracellular homeostasis of l-alanine concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Ihara
- Laboratory of Animal Microbiology, Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aramaki Aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-0845, Japan
| | - Kazuki Sato
- Laboratory of Animal Microbiology, Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aramaki Aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-0845, Japan
| | - Hatsuhiro Hori
- Laboratory of Animal Microbiology, Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aramaki Aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-0845, Japan
| | - Yumiko Makino
- NIBB Core Research Facilities, National Institute for Basic Biology, Nishigonaka 38, Myodaiji, Okazaki 444-8585, Aichi, Japan
| | - Shuji Shigenobu
- NIBB Core Research Facilities, National Institute for Basic Biology, Nishigonaka 38, Myodaiji, Okazaki 444-8585, Aichi, Japan
| | - Tasuke Ando
- Laboratory of Animal Microbiology, Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aramaki Aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-0845, Japan
| | - Emiko Isogai
- Laboratory of Animal Microbiology, Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aramaki Aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-0845, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yoneyama
- Laboratory of Animal Microbiology, Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aramaki Aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-0845, Japan.
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12
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Tian X, Zhang Z, Yang T, Chen M, Li J, Chen F, Yang J, Li W, Zhang B, Zhang Z, Wu J, Zhang C, Long L, Xiao J. Comparative Genomics Analysis of Streptomyces Species Reveals Their Adaptation to the Marine Environment and Their Diversity at the Genomic Level. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:998. [PMID: 27446038 PMCID: PMC4921485 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Over 200 genomes of streptomycete strains that were isolated from various environments are available from the NCBI. However, little is known about the characteristics that are linked to marine adaptation in marine-derived streptomycetes. The particularity and complexity of the marine environment suggest that marine streptomycetes are genetically diverse. Here, we sequenced nine strains from the Streptomyces genus that were isolated from different longitudes, latitudes, and depths of the South China Sea. Then we compared these strains to 22 NCBI downloaded streptomycete strains. Thirty-one streptomycete strains are clearly grouped into a marine-derived subgroup and multiple source subgroup-based phylogenetic tree. The phylogenetic analyses have revealed the dynamic process underlying streptomycete genome evolution, and lateral gene transfer is an important driving force during the process. Pan-genomics analyses have revealed that streptomycetes have an open pan-genome, which reflects the diversity of these streptomycetes and guarantees the species a quick and economical response to diverse environments. Functional and comparative genomics analyses indicate that the marine-derived streptomycetes subgroup possesses some common characteristics of marine adaptation. Our findings have expanded our knowledge of how ocean isolates of streptomycete strains adapt to marine environments. The availability of streptomycete genomes from the South China Sea will be beneficial for further analysis on marine streptomycetes and will enrich the South China Sea's genetic data sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinpeng Tian
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology - Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhewen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics - Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing, China
| | - Tingting Yang
- Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics - Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China; University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Meili Chen
- Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics - Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing, China
| | - Jie Li
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology - Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou, China
| | - Fei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics - Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing, China
| | - Jin Yang
- Core Genomic Facility, Beijing Institute of Genomics - Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing, China
| | - Wenjie Li
- Core Genomic Facility, Beijing Institute of Genomics - Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing, China
| | - Bing Zhang
- Core Genomic Facility, Beijing Institute of Genomics - Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing, China
| | - Zhang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics - Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing, China
| | - Jiayan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics - Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing, China
| | - Changsheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology - Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou, China
| | - Lijuan Long
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology - Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingfa Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics - Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing, China
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Intra B, Euanorasetr J, Nihira T, Panbangred W. Characterization of a gamma-butyrolactone synthetase gene homologue (stcA) involved in bafilomycin production and aerial mycelium formation in Streptomyces sp. SBI034. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 100:2749-60. [PMID: 26603758 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-7142-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Revised: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Streptomyces SBI034 produces several bafilomycin derivatives. Its afsA homologue (stcA) and putative γ-butyrolactone receptor gene (stcB) were cloned. Construction of a stcA disruptant (stcA gene knockout) resulted in complete abolishment of all bafilomycin production. Electron microscopic analysis showed a defect of aerial mycelium formation and sporulation in the stcA disruptant. Restoration of all phenotypic defects and bafilomycin production was observed in a stcA complemented strain. Addition of exogenous γ-butyrolactone (GBL) extracted from the culture broth of the wild-type strain could stimulate the aerial mycelium and spore formation of the stcA disruptant. These results suggest that stcA plays a role in GBL-mediated regulation of bafilomycin biosynthesis and morphological development in Streptomyces strain SBI034.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bungonsiri Intra
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
- Osaka Collaborative Research Center on Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Jirayut Euanorasetr
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
- Osaka Collaborative Research Center on Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Takuya Nihira
- Osaka Collaborative Research Center on Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
- International Center for Biotechnology, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Watanalai Panbangred
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.
- Osaka Collaborative Research Center on Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.
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Aparicio JF, Barreales EG, Payero TD, Vicente CM, de Pedro A, Santos-Aberturas J. Biotechnological production and application of the antibiotic pimaricin: biosynthesis and its regulation. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 100:61-78. [PMID: 26512010 PMCID: PMC4700089 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-7077-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Revised: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Pimaricin (natamycin) is a small polyene macrolide antibiotic used worldwide. This efficient antimycotic and antiprotozoal agent, produced by several soil bacterial species of the genus Streptomyces, has found application in human therapy, in the food and beverage industries and as pesticide. It displays a broad spectrum of activity, targeting ergosterol but bearing a particular mode of action different to other polyene macrolides. The biosynthesis of this only antifungal agent with a GRAS status has been thoroughly studied, which has permitted the manipulation of producers to engineer the biosynthetic gene clusters in order to generate several analogues. Regulation of its production has been largely unveiled, constituting a model for other polyenes and setting the leads for optimizing the production of these valuable compounds. This review describes and discusses the molecular genetics, uses, mode of action, analogue generation, regulation and strategies for increasing pimaricin production yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús F Aparicio
- Area of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, Universidad de León, 24071, León, Spain.
| | - Eva G Barreales
- Area of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, Universidad de León, 24071, León, Spain
| | - Tamara D Payero
- Area of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, Universidad de León, 24071, León, Spain
| | - Cláudia M Vicente
- Dynamique des Génomes et Adaptation Microbienne, UMR 1128, INRA, Université de Lorraine, 54506, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Antonio de Pedro
- Area of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, Universidad de León, 24071, León, Spain
| | - Javier Santos-Aberturas
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
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Payero TD, Vicente CM, Rumbero Á, Barreales EG, Santos-Aberturas J, de Pedro A, Aparicio JF. Functional analysis of filipin tailoring genes from Streptomyces filipinensis reveals alternative routes in filipin III biosynthesis and yields bioactive derivatives. Microb Cell Fact 2015; 14:114. [PMID: 26246267 PMCID: PMC4527110 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-015-0307-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Streptomyces filipinensis is the industrial producer of filipin, a pentaene macrolide, archetype of non-glycosylated polyenes, and widely used for the detection and the quantitation of cholesterol in biological membranes and as a tool for the diagnosis of Niemann–Pick type C disease. Genetic manipulations of polyene biosynthetic pathways have proven useful for the discovery of products with improved properties. Here, we describe the late biosynthetic steps for filipin III biosynthesis and strategies for the generation of bioactive filipin III derivatives at high yield. Results A region of 13,778 base pairs of DNA from the S. filipinensis genome was isolated, sequenced, and characterized. Nine complete genes and two truncated ORFs were located. Disruption of genes proved that this genomic region is part of the biosynthetic cluster for the 28-membered ring of the polyene macrolide filipin. This set of genes includes two cytochrome P450 monooxygenase encoding genes, filC and filD, which are proposed to catalyse specific hydroxylations of the macrolide ring at C26 and C1′ respectively. Gene deletion and complementation experiments provided evidence for their role during filipin III biosynthesis. Filipin III derivatives were accumulated by the recombinant mutants at high yield. These have been characterized by mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance following high-performance liquid chromatography purification thus revealing the post-polyketide steps during polyene biosynthesis. Two alternative routes lead to the formation of filipin III from the initial product of polyketide synthase chain assembly and cyclization filipin I, one trough filipin II, and the other one trough 1′-hydroxyfilipin I, all filipin III intermediates being biologically active. Moreover, minimal inhibitory concentration values against Candida utilis and Saccharomyces cerevisiae were obtained for all filipin derivatives, finding that 1′-hydroxyfilipin and especially filipin II show remarkably enhanced antifungal bioactivity. Complete nuclear magnetic resonance assignments have been obtained for the first time for 1′-hydroxyfilipin I. Conclusions This report reveals the existence of two alternative routes for filipin III formation and opens new possibilities for the generation of biologically active filipin derivatives at high yield and with improved properties. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12934-015-0307-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara D Payero
- Area of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, Universidad de León, 24071, León, Spain. .,Institute of Biotechnology INBIOTEC, Parque Científico de León, Avda. Real, no 1, 24006, León, Spain.
| | - Cláudia M Vicente
- Area of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, Universidad de León, 24071, León, Spain. .,Institute of Biotechnology INBIOTEC, Parque Científico de León, Avda. Real, no 1, 24006, León, Spain.
| | - Ángel Rumbero
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Campus de Cantoblanco, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Eva G Barreales
- Area of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, Universidad de León, 24071, León, Spain.
| | - Javier Santos-Aberturas
- Institute of Biotechnology INBIOTEC, Parque Científico de León, Avda. Real, no 1, 24006, León, Spain. .,Department of Molecular Microbiology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK.
| | - Antonio de Pedro
- Area of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, Universidad de León, 24071, León, Spain.
| | - Jesús F Aparicio
- Area of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, Universidad de León, 24071, León, Spain.
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Vicente CM, Payero TD, Santos-Aberturas J, Barreales EG, de Pedro A, Aparicio JF. Pathway-specific regulation revisited: cross-regulation of multiple disparate gene clusters by PAS-LuxR transcriptional regulators. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99:5123-35. [PMID: 25715784 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-6472-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Revised: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PAS-LuxR regulators are highly conserved proteins devoted to the control of antifungal production by binding to operators located in given promoters of polyene biosynthetic genes. The canonical operator of PimM, archetype of this class of regulators, has been used here to search for putative targets of orthologous protein PteF in the genome of Streptomyces avermitilis, finding 97 putative operators outside the pentaene filipin gene cluster (pte). The processes putatively affected included genetic information processing; energy, carbohydrate, and lipid metabolism; DNA replication and repair; morphological differentiation; secondary metabolite biosynthesis; and transcriptional regulation, among others. Seventeen of these operators were selected, and their binding to PimM DNA-binding domain was assessed by electrophoretic mobility shift assays. Strikingly, the protein bound all predicted operators suggesting a direct control over targeted processes. As a proof of concept, we studied the biosynthesis of the ATP-synthase inhibitor oligomycin whose gene cluster included two operators. Regulator mutants showed a severe loss of oligomycin production, whereas gene complementation of the mutant restored phenotype, and gene duplication in the wild-type strain boosted oligomycin production. Comparative gene expression analyses in parental and mutant strains by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction of selected olm genes corroborated production results. These results demonstrate that PteF is able to cross-regulate the biosynthesis of two related secondary metabolites, filipin and oligomycin, but might be extended to all the processes indicated above. This study highlights the complexity of the network of interactions in which PAS-LuxR regulators are involved and opens new possibilities for the manipulation of metabolite production in Streptomycetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cláudia M Vicente
- Area of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of León, León, 24071, Spain
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Santos-Aberturas J, Engel J, Dickerhoff J, Dörr M, Rudroff F, Weisz K, Bornscheuer UT. Exploration of the Substrate Promiscuity of Biosynthetic Tailoring Enzymes as a New Source of Structural Diversity for Polyene Macrolide Antifungals. ChemCatChem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201402773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Vicente CM, Santos-Aberturas J, Payero TD, Barreales EG, de Pedro A, Aparicio JF. PAS-LuxR transcriptional control of filipin biosynthesis in S. avermitilis. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 98:9311-24. [PMID: 25104037 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-5998-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Revised: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The DNA region encoding the filipin gene cluster in Streptomyces avermitilis (pte) contains a PAS-LuxR regulatory gene, pteF, orthologue to pimM, the final pathway-specific positive regulatory protein of pimaricin biosynthesis in Streptomyces natalensis. Gene replacement of the gene from S. avermitilis chromosome resulted in a severe loss of filipin production and delayed spore formation in comparison to that of the wild-type strain, suggesting that it acts as a positive regulator of filipin biosynthesis and that it may also have a role in sporulation. Complementation of the mutant with a single copy of the gene integrated into the chromosome restored wild-type phenotypes. Heterologous complementation with the regulatory counterpart from S. natalensis also restored parental phenotypes. Gene expression analyses in S. avermitilis wild-type and the mutant by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction of the filipin gene cluster suggested the targets for the regulatory protein. Transcription start points of all the genes of the cluster were studied by 5'-rapid amplification of complementary DNA ends. Transcription start point analysis of the pteF gene revealed that the annotated sequence in the databases is incorrect. Confirmation of target promoters was performed by in silico search of binding sites among identified promoters and the binding of the orthologous regulator for pimaricin biosynthesis PimM to gene promoters by electrophoretic mobility shift assays. Precise binding regions were investigated by DNAse I protection studies. Our results indicate that PteF activates the transcription from two promoters of polyketide synthase genes directly, and indirectly of other genes of the cluster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cláudia M Vicente
- Area de Microbiología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24071, León, Spain
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Genome-wide analysis of the regulation of pimaricin production in Streptomyces natalensis by reactive oxygen species. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 98:2231-41. [PMID: 24413916 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-5455-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Revised: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the molecular mechanisms that interplay between oxygen metabolism and secondary metabolism in Streptomyces natalensis, we compared the transcriptomes of the strains CAM.02 (ΔsodF), pimaricin under-producer phenotype, and CAM.04 (ΔahpCD), pimaricin over-producer phenotype, with that of the wild type at late exponential and stationary growth phases. Microarray data interpretation was supported by characterization of the mutant strains regarding enzymatic activities, phosphate uptake, oxygen consumption and pimaricin production.Both mutant strains presented a delay in the transcription activation of the PhoRP system and pimaricin biosynthetic gene cluster that correlated with the delayed inorganic phosphate (Pi) depletion in the medium and late onset of pimaricin production, respectively. The carbon flux of both mutants was also altered: a re-direction from glycolysis to the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) in early exponential phase followed by a transcriptional activation of both pathways in subsequent growth phases was observed. Mutant behavior diverged at the respiratory chain/tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) and the branched chain amino acid (BCAA) metabolism. CAM.02 (ΔsodF) presented an impaired TCA cycle and an inhibition of the BCAA biosynthesis and degradation pathways. Conversely, CAM.04 (ΔahpCD) presented a global activation of BCAA metabolism.The results highlight the cellular NADPH/NADH ratio and the availability of biosynthetic precursors via the BCAA metabolism as the main pimaricin biosynthetic bottlenecks under oxidative stress conditions. Furthermore, new evidences are provided regarding a crosstalk between phosphate metabolism and oxidative stress in Streptomyces.
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Improvement of natamycin production by engineering of phosphopantetheinyl transferases in Streptomyces chattanoogensis L10. Appl Environ Microbiol 2013; 79:3346-54. [PMID: 23524668 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00099-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphopantetheinyl transferases (PPTases) are essential to the activities of type I/II polyketide synthases (PKSs) and nonribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPSs) through converting acyl carrier proteins (ACPs) in PKSs and peptidyl carrier proteins (PCPs) in NRPSs from inactive apo-forms into active holo-forms, leading to biosynthesis of polyketides and nonribosomal peptides. The industrial natamycin (NTM) producer, Streptomyces chattanoogensis L10, contains two PPTases (SchPPT and SchACPS) and five PKSs. Biochemical characterization of these two PPTases shows that SchPPT catalyzes the phosphopantetheinylation of ACPs in both type I PKSs and type II PKSs, SchACPS catalyzes the phosphopantetheinylation of ACPs in type II PKSs and fatty acid synthases (FASs), and the specificity of SchPPT is possibly controlled by its C terminus. Inactivation of SchPPT in S. chattanoogensis L10 abolished production of NTM but not the spore pigment, while overexpression of the SchPPT gene not only increased NTM production by about 40% but also accelerated productions of both NTM and the spore pigment. Thus, we elucidated a comprehensive phosphopantetheinylation network of PKSs and improved polyketide production by engineering the cognate PPTase in bacteria.
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Santos-Aberturas J, Vicente CM, Payero TD, Martín-Sánchez L, Cañibano C, Martín JF, Aparicio JF. Hierarchical control on polyene macrolide biosynthesis: PimR modulates pimaricin production via the PAS-LuxR transcriptional activator PimM. PLoS One 2012; 7:e38536. [PMID: 22693644 PMCID: PMC3367932 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0038536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2012] [Accepted: 05/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Control of polyene macrolide production in Streptomyces natalensis is mediated by the transcriptional activator PimR. This regulator combines an N-terminal domain corresponding to the Streptomyces antibiotic regulatory protein (SARP) family of transcriptional activators with a C-terminal half homologous to guanylate cyclases and large ATP-binding regulators of the LuxR family. The PimR SARP domain (PimR(SARP)) was expressed in Escherichia coli as a glutathione S-transferase (GST)-fused protein. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays showed that GST-PimR(SARP) binds a single target, the intergenic region between the regulatory genes pimR and pimMs in the pimaricin cluster. The PimR(SARP)-binding site was investigated by DNaseI protection studies, revealing that it contains three heptameric direct repeats adjusting to the consensus 5'-CGGCAAG-3'. Transcription start points of pimM and pimR promoters were identified by 5'-RACE, revealing that unlike other SARPs, PimR(SARP) does not interact with the -35 region of its target promoter. Quantitative transcriptional analysis of these regulatory genes on mutants on each of them has allowed the identification of the pimM promoter as the transcriptional target for PimR. Furthermore, the constitutive expression of pimM restored pimaricin production in a pimaricin-deficient strain carrying a deletion mutant of pimR. These results reveal that PimR exerts its positive effect on pimaricin production by controlling pimM expression level, a regulator whose gene product activates transcription from eight different promoters of pimaricin structural genes directly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Santos-Aberturas
- Area of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of León, León, Spain
- Institute of Biotechnology INBIOTEC, Parque Científico de León, León, Spain
| | - Cláudia M. Vicente
- Institute of Biotechnology INBIOTEC, Parque Científico de León, León, Spain
| | - Tamara D. Payero
- Area of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of León, León, Spain
- Institute of Biotechnology INBIOTEC, Parque Científico de León, León, Spain
| | | | - Carmen Cañibano
- Institute of Biotechnology INBIOTEC, Parque Científico de León, León, Spain
| | - Juan F. Martín
- Institute of Biotechnology INBIOTEC, Parque Científico de León, León, Spain
| | - Jesús F. Aparicio
- Area of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of León, León, Spain
- Institute of Biotechnology INBIOTEC, Parque Científico de León, León, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Martín JF, Liras P. Cascades and networks of regulatory genes that control antibiotic biosynthesis. Subcell Biochem 2012; 64:115-138. [PMID: 23080248 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-5055-5_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Onset of the biosynthesis of bioactive secondary metabolites in batch cultures of actinomycetes occurs after the rapid growth phase, following a transition phase which involves complex metabolic changes. This transition is triggered by nutrient starvation or by other environmental stress signals. Expression of genes encoding bioactive secondary metabolites is governed by cascades of pathway specific regulators and networks of cross-talking global regulators. Pathway specific regulators such as Streptomyces antibiotic regulatory proteins, LAL-type and LysR-type regulators respond to autoregulatory proteins that act in concert with their cognate ligands (e.g. γ-butyrolactone receptor proteins and their cognate γ-butyrolactone ligands). Global regulators such as PhoR-PhoP and other two component systems and orphan response regulators, such as GlnR, control set of genes affecting primary and secondary metabolism. GlnR and, therefore, nitrogen metabolism genes are under phosphate control exerted by binding of PhoP to PHO boxes located in the promoter region of GlnR. A few pleiotropic regulatory genes, such as areB (ndgR), dmdR1 or dasR connect primary metabolism (amino acid biosynthesis, N-acetylglucosamine or iron levels) with antibiotic biosynthesis. Some atypical response regulators that require specific small ligands appear to be involved in feedback control of antibiotic production. All these mechanisms together modulate, in a coordinated manner, different aspects of Streptomyces metabolism as a real "protection net" that prevents drastic changes in metabolism that may be deleterious for cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan F Martín
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of León, León, 24071, Spain,
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23
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Beites T, Pires SDS, Santos CL, Osório H, Moradas-Ferreira P, Mendes MV. Crosstalk between ROS homeostasis and secondary metabolism in S. natalensis ATCC 27448: modulation of pimaricin production by intracellular ROS. PLoS One 2011; 6:e27472. [PMID: 22114674 PMCID: PMC3219662 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0027472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2011] [Accepted: 10/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptomyces secondary metabolism is strongly affected by oxygen availability. The increased culture aeration enhances pimaricin production in S. natalensis, however the excess of O2 consumption can lead to an intracellular ROS imbalance that is harmful to the cell. The adaptive physiological response of S. natalensis upon the addition of exogenous H2O2 suggested that the modulation of the intracellular ROS levels, through the activation of the H2O2 inducible catalase during the late exponential growth phase, can alter the production of pimaricin. With the construction of defective mutants on the H2O2 related enzymes SodF, AhpCD and KatA1, an effective and enduring modulation of intracellular ROS was achieved. Characterization of the knock-out strains revealed different behaviours regarding pimaricin production: whilst the superoxide dismutase defective mutant presented low levels of pimaricin production compared to the wild-type, the mutants defective on the H2O2-detoxifying enzymes displayed a pimaricin overproducer phenotype. Using physiological and molecular approaches we report a crosstalk between oxidative stress and secondary metabolism regulatory networks. Our results reveal that the redox-based regulation network triggered by an imbalance of the intracellular ROS homeostasis is also able to modulate the biosynthesis of pimaricin in S. natalensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Beites
- IBMC – Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências (FCUP), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Sílvia D. S. Pires
- IBMC – Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- ICBAS – Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Catarina L. Santos
- IBMC – Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Hugo Osório
- IPATIMUP - Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro Moradas-Ferreira
- IBMC – Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- ICBAS – Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Marta V. Mendes
- IBMC – Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- * E-mail:
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Santos-Aberturas J, Payero TD, Vicente CM, Guerra SM, Cañibano C, Martín JF, Aparicio JF. Functional conservation of PAS-LuxR transcriptional regulators in polyene macrolide biosynthesis. Metab Eng 2011; 13:756-67. [PMID: 22001323 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2011.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2011] [Revised: 09/27/2011] [Accepted: 09/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Control of polyene macrolide production in Streptomyces natalensis is mediated by the PAS-LuxR transcriptional activator PimM. Expression of target genes in this strain is positively regulated by binding of the regulator to 14-nucleotide sites showing dyad symmetry, and overlapping the -35 element of each promoter. These sequences have been found in the upstream regions of genes belonging to different polyene biosynthetic gene clusters. All the sequences in the amphotericin, nystatin, and filipin clusters were cloned and the binding of PimM to all of them has been shown by electrophoretic mobility shift assays. The precise binding regions were investigated by DNaseI protection studies. Results indicated that PAS-luxR regulators share the same regulatory pattern in different polyene-producing strains, these genes being responsible for polyketide chain construction, and when available, the genes for sugar dehydration and attachment, and the ABC transporters, the targets for regulation. Information content analysis of the 24 sequences protected in target promoters was used to refine the information-based model of the binding site. This site now spans 16 nucleotides and adjusts to the consensus CTVGGGAWWTCCCBAG. Gene complementation of S. natalensis ΔpimM with a single copy of heterologous regulators of the PAS/LuxR class integrated into the chromosome, such as amphRIV, nysRIV, or pteF, restored antifungal production, thus proving the functional conservation of these regulators. Introduction of a single copy of pimM into the amphotericin producing strain Streptomyces nodosus, or into the filipin producing strain S. avermitilis, boosted the production of both polyenes, thus indicating that the expression of the PAS-LuxR regulator constitutes a bottleneck in the biosynthesis of the antifungal, and also that these regulators are fully exchangeable. This work is the first report of a general mechanism regulating polyene production.
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Characterisation of a γ-butyrolactone receptor of Streptomyces tacrolimicus: effect on sporulation and tacrolimus biosynthesis. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2011; 92:971-84. [PMID: 21792593 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-011-3466-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2011] [Revised: 06/22/2011] [Accepted: 06/22/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Streptomyces tacrolimicus (ATCC 55098) was reported to produce the immunosuppressant tacrolimus. The wild-type strain sporulates sparsely and produces very low levels of this immunosuppressant. The lack of genetic knowledge of this strain has hampered strain improvement. In this work, we have cloned the gene encoding a γ-butyrolactone receptor protein (Gbr). The gbr gene is linked to two genes encoding two subunits of the dihydroxyacetone kinase, putatively involved in the biosynthesis of the dihydroxyacetone phosphate precursor of γ-butyrolactone but is not flanked by γ-butyrolactone synthetase genes. The Gbr protein was overexpressed in Escherichia coli and purified. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays showed that Gbr binds to a specific autoregulatory element sequence located 338 bp upstream of the gbr gene, indicating that its expression is self-regulated. The deletion mutant Δgbr showed a very early and intense sporulation in two different media. A phenotype similar to that of the wild-type strain was restored by complementation of the Δgbr mutant with a wild-type gbr allele. Duplication of the gbr gene resulted in a slower sporulation. The Δgbr mutant produced much lower amount (32%) of tacrolimus quantified by high performance liquid chromatography. This analysis, using an optimised system, allowed the resolution of tacrolimus from ascomycin and other contaminant metabolites. Our results indicate that the Gbr protein regulates negatively the sporulation and positively the production of tacrolimus.
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van Wezel GP, McDowall KJ. The regulation of the secondary metabolism of Streptomyces: new links and experimental advances. Nat Prod Rep 2011; 28:1311-33. [PMID: 21611665 DOI: 10.1039/c1np00003a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 315] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Streptomycetes and other actinobacteria are renowned as a rich source of natural products of clinical, agricultural and biotechnological value. They are being mined with renewed vigour, supported by genome sequencing efforts, which have revealed a coding capacity for secondary metabolites in vast excess of expectations that were based on the detection of antibiotic activities under standard laboratory conditions. Here we review what is known about the control of production of so-called secondary metabolites in streptomycetes, with an emphasis on examples where details of the underlying regulatory mechanisms are known. Intriguing links between nutritional regulators, primary and secondary metabolism and morphological development are discussed, and new data are included on the carbon control of development and antibiotic production, and on aspects of the regulation of the biosynthesis of microbial hormones. Given the tide of antibiotic resistance emerging in pathogens, this review is peppered with approaches that may expand the screening of streptomycetes for new antibiotics by awakening expression of cryptic antibiotic biosynthetic genes. New technologies are also described that have potential to greatly further our understanding of gene regulation in what is an area fertile for discovery and exploitation
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Yepes A, Rico S, Rodríguez-García A, Santamaría RI, Díaz M. Novel two-component systems implied in antibiotic production in Streptomyces coelicolor. PLoS One 2011; 6:e19980. [PMID: 21625497 PMCID: PMC3098853 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2010] [Accepted: 04/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The abundance of two-component systems (TCSs) in Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2) genome indicates their importance in the physiology of this soil bacteria. Currently, several TCSs have been related to antibiotic regulation, and the purpose in this study was the characterization of five TCSs, selected by sequence homology with the well-known absA1A2 system, that could also be associated with this important process. Null mutants of the five TCSs were obtained and two mutants (ΔSCO1744/1745 and ΔSCO4596/4597/4598) showed significant differences in both antibiotic production and morphological differentiation, and have been renamed as abr (antibiotic regulator). No detectable changes in antibiotic production were found in the mutants in the systems that include the ORFs SCO3638/3639, SCO3640/3641 and SCO2165/2166 in any of the culture conditions assayed. The system SCO1744/1745 (AbrA1/A2) was involved in negative regulation of antibiotic production, and acted also as a negative regulator of the morphological differentiation. By contrast, the system SCO4596/4597/4598 (AbrC1/C2/C3), composed of two histidine kinases and one response regulator, had positive effects on both morphological development and antibiotic production. Microarray analyses of the ΔabrC1/C2/C3 and wild-type transcriptomes revealed downregulation of actII-ORF4 and cdaR genes, the actinorhodin and calcium-dependent antibiotic pathway-specific regulators respectively. These results demonstrated the involvement of these new two-component systems in antibiotic production and morphological differentiation by different approaches. One is a pleiotropic negative regulator: abrA1/A2. The other one is a positive regulator composed of three elements, two histidine kinases and one response regulator: abrC1/C2/C3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Yepes
- Instituto de Biología Funcional y Genómica/Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)/Universidad de Salamanca, Edificio Departamental, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Sergio Rico
- Instituto de Biología Funcional y Genómica/Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)/Universidad de Salamanca, Edificio Departamental, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, Salamanca, Spain
| | | | - Ramón I. Santamaría
- Instituto de Biología Funcional y Genómica/Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)/Universidad de Salamanca, Edificio Departamental, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Margarita Díaz
- Instituto de Biología Funcional y Genómica/Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)/Universidad de Salamanca, Edificio Departamental, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, Salamanca, Spain
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Du YL, Li SZ, Zhou Z, Chen SF, Fan WM, Li YQ. The pleitropic regulator AdpAch is required for natamycin biosynthesis and morphological differentiation in Streptomyces chattanoogensis. Microbiology (Reading) 2011; 157:1300-1311. [DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.046607-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The complete natamycin (NTM) biosynthetic gene cluster of Streptomyces chattanoogensis was cloned and confirmed by the disruption of pathway-specific activator genes. Comparative cluster analysis with its counterpart in Streptomyces natalensis revealed different cluster architecture between these two clusters. Compared with the highly conserved coding sequences, sequence variations appear to occur frequently in the intergenic regions. The evolutionary change of nucleotide sequence in the intergenic regions has given rise to different transcriptional organizations in the two clusters and resulted in altered gene regulation. These results provide insight into the evolution of antibiotic biosynthetic gene clusters. In addition, we cloned a pleitropic regulator gene, adpAch
, in S. chattanoogensis. Using the genetic system that we developed for this strain, adpAch
was deleted from the genome of S. chattanoogensis. The ΔadpAch
mutant showed a conditionally sparse aerial mycelium formation phenotype and defects in sporulation; it also lost the ability to produce NTM and a diffusible yellow pigment normally produced by S. chattanoogensis. RT-PCR analysis revealed that transcription of adpAch
was constitutive in YEME liquid medium. By using rapid amplification of 5′ complementary DNA ends, two transcription start sites were identified upstream of the adpAch
coding region. Quantitative transcriptional analysis showed that the expression level of the NTM regulatory gene scnRI decreased 20-fold in the ΔadpAch
mutant strain, while the transcription of the other activator gene scnRII was not significantly affected. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) showed that AdpAch binds to its own promoter but fails to bind to the promoter region of scnRI, indicating that the control of scnRI by AdpAch is exerted in an indirect way. This work not only provides a platform and a new potential target for increasing the titre of NTM by genetic manipulation, but also advances the understanding of the regulation of NTM biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ling Du
- Zhejiang University, College of Life Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, PR China
| | - Shan-Zhen Li
- Zhejiang University, College of Life Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, PR China
| | - Zhan Zhou
- Zhejiang University, College of Life Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, PR China
| | - Shi-Fei Chen
- Zhejiang University, College of Life Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, PR China
| | - Wei-Ming Fan
- Zhejiang Zhenyuan Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, Shaoxing, Zhejiang 312000, PR China
| | - Yong-Quan Li
- Zhejiang University, College of Life Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, PR China
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Santos-Aberturas J, Vicente CM, Guerra SM, Payero TD, Martín JF, Aparicio JF. Molecular control of polyene macrolide biosynthesis: direct binding of the regulator PimM to eight promoters of pimaricin genes and identification of binding boxes. J Biol Chem 2010; 286:9150-61. [PMID: 21187288 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.182428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Control of polyene macrolide production in Streptomyces natalensis is mediated by the transcriptional activator PimM. This regulator, which combines an N-terminal PAS domain with a C-terminal helix-turn-helix motif, is highly conserved among polyene biosynthetic gene clusters. PimM, truncated forms of the protein without the PAS domain (PimM(ΔPAS)), and forms containing just the DNA-binding domain (DBD) (PimM(DBD)) were overexpressed in Escherichia coli as GST-fused proteins. GST-PimM binds directly to eight promoters of the pimaricin cluster, as demonstrated by electrophoretic mobility shift assays. Assays with truncated forms of the protein revealed that the PAS domain does not mediate specificity or the distinct recognition of target genes, which rely on the DBD domain, but significantly reduces binding affinity up to 500-fold. Transcription start points were identified by 5'-rapid amplification of cDNA ends, and the binding regions of PimM(DBD) were investigated by DNase I protection studies. In all cases, binding took place covering the -35 hexamer box of each promoter, suggesting an interaction of PimM and RNA polymerase to cause transcription activation. Information content analysis of the 16 sequences protected in target promoters was used to deduce the structure of the PimM-binding site. This site displays dyad symmetry, spans 14 nucleotides, and adjusts to the consensus TVGGGAWWTCCCBA. Experimental validation of this binding site was performed by using synthetic DNA duplexes. Binding of PimM to the promoter region of one of the polyketide synthase genes from the Streptomyces nodosus amphotericin cluster containing the consensus binding site was also observed, thus proving the applicability of the findings reported here to other antifungal polyketides.
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Morin JB, Sello JK. Efficient synthesis of a peculiar vicinal diamine semiochemical from Streptomyces natalensis. Org Lett 2010; 12:3522-4. [PMID: 20670016 DOI: 10.1021/ol1013763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The pimaricin-inducing (PI) factor, produced by Streptomyces natalensis is a proposed pheromone with a peculiar vicinal diamine structure. The first synthesis of this molecule is reported. It features oxidative dimerization of an aci-nitro anion derived from tris(hydroxymethyl)nitromethane and disproportionation catalyst-facilitated hydrogenation of the resulting vicinal tertiary dinitro compound. As the synthesis requires only four steps with no chromatographic separations, it provides a convenient route to prepare PI factor for biological studies and industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse B Morin
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, 324 Brook Street, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA
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Martín JF, Liras P. Engineering of regulatory cascades and networks controlling antibiotic biosynthesis in Streptomyces. Curr Opin Microbiol 2010; 13:263-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2010.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2010] [Accepted: 02/24/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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