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Gilioli G, Defilippo F, Simonetto A, Heinzl A, Migliorati M, Calzolari M, Canziani S, Lelli D, Lavazza A. Characterization of environmental drivers influencing the abundance of Anopheles maculipennis complex in Northern Italy. Parasit Vectors 2024; 17:109. [PMID: 38449059 PMCID: PMC10916043 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-024-06208-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Italy, malaria was endemic until the 1970s, when it was declared eradicated by WHO. Nowadays, with the persistence of competent mosquito populations, the effect of climate change, and increased possibility of importing malaria parasites from endemic counties due to growing migration, a malaria resurgence in Italy has become more likely. Hence, enhancing the understanding of the current distribution of the Anopheles maculipennis complex and the factors that influence the presence of this malaria vector is crucial, especially in Northern Italy, characterised by a high density of both human population and livestock. METHODS To assess the presence and abundance of malaria vectors, a 4-year field survey in the plain areas of Lombardy and Emilia-Romagna region in Italy was conducted. Every sampling point was characterised in space by the land use in a 500-m radius and in time considering meteorological data collected in the short and long time periods before sampling. We combined the results of a linear regression model with a random forest analysis to understand the relative importance of the investigated niche dimensions in determining Anopheles mosquito presence and abundance. RESULTS The estimated normalised variable importance indicates that rice fields were the most important land use class explaining the presence of Anopheles, followed by transitional woodlands and shrubland. Farm buildings were the third variable in terms of importance, likely because of the presence of animal shelters, followed by urbanised land. The two most important meteorological variables influencing the abundance of Anopheles in our study area were mean temperature in the 24 h before the sampling date and the sum of degree-days with temperature between 18 °C and 30 °C in the 14 days before the sampling date. CONCLUSIONS The results obtained in this study could be helpful in predicting the risk of autochthonous malaria transmission, based on local information on land cover classes that might facilitate the presence of malaria vectors and presence of short- and medium-term meteorological conditions favourable to mosquito development and activity. The results can support the design of vector control measures through environmental management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianni Gilioli
- Department of Civil Engineering Architecture Land and Environment and Mathematics, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Francesco Defilippo
- Institute Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Della Lombardia E Dell'Emilia Romagna, Brescia, Italy.
| | - Anna Simonetto
- Department of Civil Engineering Architecture Land and Environment and Mathematics, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Alessandro Heinzl
- Department of Civil Engineering Architecture Land and Environment and Mathematics, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Manlio Migliorati
- Department of Civil Engineering Architecture Land and Environment and Mathematics, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Mattia Calzolari
- Institute Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Della Lombardia E Dell'Emilia Romagna, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Sabrina Canziani
- Institute Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Della Lombardia E Dell'Emilia Romagna, Brescia, Italy
| | - Davide Lelli
- Institute Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Della Lombardia E Dell'Emilia Romagna, Brescia, Italy
| | - Antonio Lavazza
- Institute Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Della Lombardia E Dell'Emilia Romagna, Brescia, Italy
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Selimaj Kontoni V, Goetghebuer T, Hainaut M, Vanderfaeillie A, Nguyen VTP, Jourdain S, Pace D. Imported Malaria in Children: A Study Over an 11-Year Period in Brussels. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2023; 42:733-738. [PMID: 37406181 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000003986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria is a major global public health concern in endemic countries and imported childhood malaria is increasing in malaria non-endemic countries. METHODS This was a retrospective case review of all laboratory-confirmed malaria cases in children 0-16 years admitted between 2009 and 2019 in 2 large university teaching Hospitals in Brussels. RESULTS A total of 160 children with a median age of 6.8 years (range 5-191 months) were included. We identified 109 (68%) children living in Belgium who had acquired malaria during their visit to malaria-endemic countries to visiting friends and relatives (VFRs), 49 children (31%) visitors or newly installed migrants, and 2 Belgian tourists. Peak seasonal incidence occurred between August and September. Plasmodium falciparum was responsible for 89% of all malaria cases. Almost 80% of children living in Belgium visited a travel clinic for advice, but only one-third reported having taken the prophylaxis schedule according to the recommendations. Based on WHO criteria, 31 children (19.3%) developed severe malaria; most of the patients with severe malaria were VFR travelers and were significantly younger, had higher leukocytosis, had more thrombocytopenia, higher CRP, and lower natremia compared with patients with an uncomplicated course. All children recovered fully. CONCLUSIONS Malaria is a significant cause of morbidity among returning travelers and newly arrived immigrants to Belgium. Most of the children had an uncomplicated disease course. Physicians should educate families about traveling to malaria-endemic areas to correct malaria preventive measures and prophylaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tessa Goetghebuer
- Department of Pediatrics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Saint-Pierre, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Marc Hainaut
- Department of Pediatrics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Saint-Pierre, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Anna Vanderfaeillie
- Department of Pediatrics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Saint-Pierre, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Vo Thanh Phuong Nguyen
- Department of Pediatrics, Laboratoire d'Hematologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Saint-Pierre, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sarah Jourdain
- Department of Pediatrics, Hopital Universitaire Des Enfants Reine Fabiola, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - David Pace
- Department of Pediatrics, Mater Dei Hospital, Msida, Malta
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Lu G, Zhang D, Chen J, Cao Y, Chai L, Liu K, Chong Z, Zhang Y, Lu Y, Heuschen AK, Müller O, Zhu G, Cao J. Predicting the risk of malaria re-introduction in countries certified malaria-free: a systematic review. Malar J 2023; 22:175. [PMID: 37280626 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-023-04604-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Predicting the risk of malaria in countries certified malaria-free is crucial for the prevention of re-introduction. This review aimed to identify and describe existing prediction models for malaria re-introduction risk in eliminated settings. METHODS A systematic literature search following the PRISMA guidelines was carried out. Studies that developed or validated a malaria risk prediction model in eliminated settings were included. At least two authors independently extracted data using a pre-defined checklist developed by experts in the field. The risk of bias was assessed using both the prediction model risk of bias assessment tool (PROBAST) and the adapted Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (aNOS). RESULTS A total 10,075 references were screened and 10 articles describing 11 malaria re-introduction risk prediction models in 6 countries certified malaria free. Three-fifths of the included prediction models were developed for the European region. Identified parameters predicting malaria re-introduction risk included environmental and meteorological, vectorial, population migration, and surveillance and response related factors. Substantial heterogeneity in predictors was observed among the models. All studies were rated at a high risk of bias by PROBAST, mostly because of a lack of internal and external validation of the models. Some studies were rated at a low risk of bias by the aNOS scale. CONCLUSIONS Malaria re-introduction risk remains substantial in many countries that have eliminated malaria. Multiple factors were identified which could predict malaria risk in eliminated settings. Although the population movement is well acknowledged as a risk factor associated with the malaria re-introduction risk in eliminated settings, it is not frequently incorporated in the risk prediction models. This review indicated that the proposed models were generally poorly validated. Therefore, future emphasis should be first placed on the validation of existing models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangyu Lu
- School of Public Health, Medical College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225007, China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou, China.
| | - Dongying Zhang
- Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Juan Chen
- School of Nursing, Medical College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yuanyuan Cao
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory On Parasite and Vector Control Technology, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi, China
| | - Liying Chai
- School of Public Health, Medical College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225007, China
| | - Kaixuan Liu
- School of Public Health, Medical College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225007, China
| | - Zeying Chong
- School of Public Health, Medical College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225007, China
| | - Yuying Zhang
- School of Public Health, Medical College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225007, China
| | - Yan Lu
- Nanjing Health and Customs Quarantine Office, Nanjing, China
| | | | - Olaf Müller
- Institute of Global Health, Medical School, Ruprecht-Karls-University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Guoding Zhu
- Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory On Parasite and Vector Control Technology, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi, China.
| | - Jun Cao
- Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory On Parasite and Vector Control Technology, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi, China.
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Voloc A, Djoba Siawaya JF. Malaria beyond its predominant endemic regions: Emerging threat or sporadic events? Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:969271. [PMID: 36177325 PMCID: PMC9513128 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.969271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandru Voloc
- Department of Pediatrics, Nicolae Testemitanu State University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Chişinău, Moldova
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Mère-Enfant, Foundation Jeanne EBORI, Libreville, Gabon
| | - Joel Fleury Djoba Siawaya
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Mère-Enfant, Foundation Jeanne EBORI, Libreville, Gabon
- *Correspondence: Joel Fleury Djoba Siawaya
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Yukich JO, Lindblade K, Kolaczinski J. Receptivity to malaria: meaning and measurement. Malar J 2022; 21:145. [PMID: 35527264 PMCID: PMC9080212 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-022-04155-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
"Receptivity" to malaria is a construct developed during the Global Malaria Eradication Programme (GMEP) era. It has been defined in varied ways and no consistent, quantitative definition has emerged over the intervening decades. Despite the lack of consistency in defining this construct, the idea that some areas are more likely to sustain malaria transmission than others has remained important in decision-making in malaria control, planning for malaria elimination and guiding activities during the prevention of re-establishment (POR) period. This manuscript examines current advances in methods of measurement. In the context of a decades long decline in global malaria transmission and an increasing number of countries seeking to eliminate malaria, understanding and measuring malaria receptivity has acquired new relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua O. Yukich
- grid.265219.b0000 0001 2217 8588Department of Tropical Medicine, Center for Applied Malaria Research and Evaluation, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA USA
| | - Kim Lindblade
- grid.3575.40000000121633745Global Malaria Programme, World Health Organization, Geneva, CH USA
| | - Jan Kolaczinski
- grid.3575.40000000121633745Global Malaria Programme, World Health Organization, Geneva, CH USA
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Bertola M, Fornasiero D, Sgubin S, Mazzon L, Pombi M, Montarsi F. Comparative efficacy of BG-Sentinel 2 and CDC-like mosquito traps for monitoring potential malaria vectors in Europe. Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:160. [PMID: 35526068 PMCID: PMC9077833 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05285-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Different trapping devices and attractants are used in the mosquito surveillance programs currently running in Europe. Most of these devices target vector species belonging to the genera Culex or Aedes, and no studies have yet evaluated the effectiveness of different trapping devices for the specific targeting of Anopheles mosquito species, which are potential vectors of malaria in Europe. This study aims to fill this gap in knowledge by comparing the performance of trapping methods that are commonly used in European mosquito surveillance programs for Culex and Aedes for the specific collection of adults of species of the Anopheles maculipennis complex. Methods The following combinations of traps and attractants were used: (i) BG-Sentinel 2 (BG trap) baited with a BG-Lure cartridge (BG + lure), (ii) BG trap baited with a BG-Lure cartridge and CO2 (BG + lure + CO2), (iii) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention-like trap (CDC trap) baited with CO2 (CDC + CO2), (iv) CDC trap used with light and baited with BG-Lure and CO2 (CDC light + lure + CO2). These combinations were compared in the field using a 4 × 4 Latin square study design. The trial was conducted in two sites in northeastern Italy in 2019. Anopheles species were identified morphologically and a sub-sample of An. maculipennis complex specimens were identified to species level by molecular analysis. Results Forty-eight collections were performed on 12 different trapping days at each site, and a total of 1721 An. maculipennis complex specimens were captured. The molecular analysis of a sub-sample comprising 254 specimens identified both Anopheles messeae/Anopheles daciae (n = 103) and Anopheles maculipennis sensu stricto (n = 8) at site 1, while at site 2 only An. messeae/An. daciae (n = 143) was found. The four trapping devices differed with respect to the number of An. messeae/An. daciae captured. More mosquitoes were caught by the BG trap when it was used with additional lures (i.e. BG + lure + CO2) than without the attractant, CO2 [ratioBG+lure vs BG+lure+CO2 = 0.206, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.101–0.420, P < 0.0001], while no significant differences were observed between CDC + CO2 and CDC light + lure + CO2 (P = 0.321). The addition of CO2 to BG + lure increased the ability of this combination to capture An. messeae/An. daciae by a factor of 4.85, and it also trapped more mosquitoes of other, non-target species (Culex pipiens, ratioBG+lure vs BG+lure+CO2 = 0.119, 95% CI 0.056–0.250, P < 0.0001; Ochlerotatus caspius, ratioBG+lure vs BG+lure+CO2 = 0.035, 95% CI 0.015–0.080, P < 0.0001). Conclusions Our results show that both the BG-Sentinel and CDC trap can be used to effectively sample An. messeae/An. daciae, but that the combination of the BG-Sentinel trap with the BG-Lure and CO2 was the most effective means of achieving this. BG + lure + CO2 is considered the best combination for the routine monitoring of host-seeking An. maculipennis complex species such as An. messeae/An. daciae. The BG-Sentinel and CDC traps have value as alternative methods to human landing catches and manual aspiration for the standardized monitoring of Anopheles species in Europe. Graphical abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13071-022-05285-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Bertola
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, 35020, Legnaro, Padua, Italy
| | - Diletta Fornasiero
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, 35020, Legnaro, Padua, Italy
| | - Sofia Sgubin
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, 35020, Legnaro, Padua, Italy
| | - Luca Mazzon
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, 35020, Legnaro, Padua, Italy
| | - Marco Pombi
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Montarsi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, 35020, Legnaro, Padua, Italy. .,Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
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Bertola M, Mazzucato M, Pombi M, Montarsi F. Updated occurrence and bionomics of potential malaria vectors in Europe: a systematic review (2000-2021). Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:88. [PMID: 35292106 PMCID: PMC8922938 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05204-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the eradication of malaria across most European countries in the 1960s and 1970s, the anopheline vectors are still present. Most of the malaria cases that have been reported in Europe up to the present time have been infections acquired in endemic areas by travelers. However, the possibility of acquiring malaria by locally infected mosquitoes has been poorly investigated in Europe, despite autochthonous malaria cases having been occasionally reported in several European countries. Here we present an update on the occurrence of potential malaria vector species in Europe. Adopting a systematic review approach, we selected 288 papers published between 2000 and 2021 for inclusion in the review based on retrieval of accurate information on the following Anopheles species: An. atroparvus, An. hyrcanus sensu lato (s.l.), An. labranchiae, An. maculipennis sensu stricto (s.s.), An. messeae/daciae, An. sacharovi, An. superpictus and An. plumbeus. The distribution of these potential vector species across Europe is critically reviewed in relation to areas of major presence and principal bionomic features, including vector competence to Plasmodium. Additional information, such as geographical details, sampling approaches and species identification methods, are also reported. We compare the information on each species extracted from the most recent studies to comparable information reported from studies published in the early 2000s, with particular reference to the role of each species in malaria transmission before eradication. The picture that emerges from this review is that potential vector species are still widespread in Europe, with the largest diversity in the Mediterranean area, Italy in particular. Despite information on their vectorial capacity being fragmentary, the information retrieved suggests a re-definition of the relative importance of potential vector species, indicating An. hyrcanus s.l., An. labranchiae, An. plumbeus and An. sacharovi as potential vectors of higher importance, while An. messeae/daciae and An. maculipennis s.s. can be considered to be moderately important species. In contrast, An. atroparvus and An. superpictus should be considered as vectors of lower importance, particularly in relation to their low anthropophily. The presence of gaps in current knowledge of vectorial systems in Europe becomes evident in this review, not only in terms of vector competence but also in the definition of sampling approaches, highlighting the need for further research to adopt the appropriate surveillance system for each species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Bertola
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Università 10, 35020, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Matteo Mazzucato
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Università 10, 35020, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Marco Pombi
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica e Malattie Infettive, Università di Roma "Sapienza", P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Roma, Italy.
| | - Fabrizio Montarsi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Università 10, 35020, Legnaro, Italy.,Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica e Malattie Infettive, Università di Roma "Sapienza", P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Roma, Italy
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Raele DA, Severini F, Boccolini D, Menegon M, Toma L, Vasco I, Franco E, Miccolis P, Desiante F, Nola V, Salerno P, Cafiero MA, Di Luca M. Entomological Surveillance in Former Malaria-endemic Areas of Southern Italy. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10111521. [PMID: 34832676 PMCID: PMC8619560 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10111521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria still represents a potential public health issue in Italy, and the presence of former Anopheles vectors and cases imported annually merit continuous surveillance. In areas no longer endemic, the concurrent presence of gametocyte carriers and competent vectors makes re-emergence of local transmission possible, as recently reported in Greece. In October 2017, due to the occurrence of four suspected introduced malaria cases in the province of Taranto (Apulia region), entomological investigations were performed to verify the involvement of local anopheline species. In 2019–2020 entomological surveys were extended to other areas historically prone to malaria between the provinces of Taranto and Matera and the province of Foggia (Gargano Promontory). Resting mosquitoes were collected in animal shelters and human dwellings, larvae were sampled in natural and artificial breeding sites, and specimens were both morphologically and molecularly identified. A total of 2228 mosquitoes were collected, 54.3% of which were anophelines. In all the investigated areas, Anopheles labranchiae was the most widespread species, while Anopheles algeriensis was predominant at the Gargano sites, and Anopheles superpictus and Anopheles plumbeus were recorded in the province of Matera. Our findings showed a potentially high receptivity in the surveyed areas, where the abundance of the two former malaria vectors, An. labranchiae and An. superpictus, is related to environmental and climatic parameters and to anthropic activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donato Antonio Raele
- Laboratorio di Entomologia Sanitaria, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Puglia e della Basilicata, 71121 Foggia, Italy; (D.A.R.); (I.V.); (M.A.C.)
| | - Francesco Severini
- Dipartimento Malattie Infettive, Reparto Malattie Trasmesse da Vettori, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (F.S.); (D.B.); (M.M.); (L.T.)
| | - Daniela Boccolini
- Dipartimento Malattie Infettive, Reparto Malattie Trasmesse da Vettori, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (F.S.); (D.B.); (M.M.); (L.T.)
| | - Michela Menegon
- Dipartimento Malattie Infettive, Reparto Malattie Trasmesse da Vettori, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (F.S.); (D.B.); (M.M.); (L.T.)
| | - Luciano Toma
- Dipartimento Malattie Infettive, Reparto Malattie Trasmesse da Vettori, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (F.S.); (D.B.); (M.M.); (L.T.)
| | - Ilaria Vasco
- Laboratorio di Entomologia Sanitaria, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Puglia e della Basilicata, 71121 Foggia, Italy; (D.A.R.); (I.V.); (M.A.C.)
| | - Ettore Franco
- Dipartimento di Prevenzione, Azienda Sanitaria Locale, 74121 Taranto, Italy; (E.F.); (P.M.); (F.D.)
| | - Pasquale Miccolis
- Dipartimento di Prevenzione, Azienda Sanitaria Locale, 74121 Taranto, Italy; (E.F.); (P.M.); (F.D.)
| | - Francesco Desiante
- Dipartimento di Prevenzione, Azienda Sanitaria Locale, 74121 Taranto, Italy; (E.F.); (P.M.); (F.D.)
| | - Vincenzo Nola
- Dipartimento di Prevenzione, Sanità e Benessere Animale, Azienda Sanitaria Locale, 75100 Matera, Italy; (V.N.); (P.S.)
| | - Pietrangelo Salerno
- Dipartimento di Prevenzione, Sanità e Benessere Animale, Azienda Sanitaria Locale, 75100 Matera, Italy; (V.N.); (P.S.)
| | - Maria Assunta Cafiero
- Laboratorio di Entomologia Sanitaria, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Puglia e della Basilicata, 71121 Foggia, Italy; (D.A.R.); (I.V.); (M.A.C.)
| | - Marco Di Luca
- Dipartimento Malattie Infettive, Reparto Malattie Trasmesse da Vettori, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (F.S.); (D.B.); (M.M.); (L.T.)
- Correspondence:
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Serrano D, Santos-Reis A, Silva C, Dias A, Dias B, Toscano C, Conceição C, Baptista-Fernandes T, Nogueira F. Imported Malaria in Portugal: Prevalence of Polymorphisms in the Anti-Malarial Drug Resistance Genes pfmdr1 and pfk13. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9102045. [PMID: 34683365 PMCID: PMC8538333 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9102045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Malaria is one of the ‘big three’ killer infectious diseases, alongside tuberculosis and HIV. In non-endemic areas, malaria may occur in travelers who have recently been to or visited endemic regions. The number of imported malaria cases in Portugal has increased in recent years, mostly due to the close relationship with the community of Portuguese language countries. Samples were collected from malaria-infected patients attending Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Ocidental (CHLO) or the outpatient clinic of Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT-NOVA) between March 2014 and May 2021. Molecular characterization of Plasmodium falciparum pfk13 and pfmdr1 genes was performed. We analyzed 232 imported malaria cases. The majority (68.53%) of the patients came from Angola and only three patients travelled to a non-African country; one to Brazil and two to Indonesia. P. falciparum was diagnosed in 81.47% of the cases, P. malariae in 7.33%, P. ovale 6.47% and 1.72% carried P. vivax. No mutations were detected in pfk13. Regarding pfmdr1, the wild-type haplotype (N86/Y184/D1246) was also the most prevalent (64.71%) and N86/184F/D1246 was detected in 26.47% of the cases. The typical imported malaria case was middle-aged male, traveling from Angola, infected with P. falciparum carrying wild type pfmdr1 and pfk13. Our study highlights the need for constant surveillance of malaria parasites imported into Portugal as an important pillar of public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debora Serrano
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa (IHMT-NOVA), Rua da Junqueira 100, 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal; (D.S.); (A.S.-R.); (C.S.); (B.D.); (C.C.)
| | - Ana Santos-Reis
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa (IHMT-NOVA), Rua da Junqueira 100, 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal; (D.S.); (A.S.-R.); (C.S.); (B.D.); (C.C.)
| | - Clemente Silva
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa (IHMT-NOVA), Rua da Junqueira 100, 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal; (D.S.); (A.S.-R.); (C.S.); (B.D.); (C.C.)
| | - Ana Dias
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Clínica e Biologia Molecular, Serviço de Patologia Clínica, Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Ocidental (CHLO), Rua da Junqueira 126, 1349-019 Lisboa, Portugal; (A.D.); (C.T.); (T.B.-F.)
| | - Brigite Dias
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa (IHMT-NOVA), Rua da Junqueira 100, 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal; (D.S.); (A.S.-R.); (C.S.); (B.D.); (C.C.)
| | - Cristina Toscano
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Clínica e Biologia Molecular, Serviço de Patologia Clínica, Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Ocidental (CHLO), Rua da Junqueira 126, 1349-019 Lisboa, Portugal; (A.D.); (C.T.); (T.B.-F.)
| | - Cláudia Conceição
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa (IHMT-NOVA), Rua da Junqueira 100, 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal; (D.S.); (A.S.-R.); (C.S.); (B.D.); (C.C.)
| | - Teresa Baptista-Fernandes
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Clínica e Biologia Molecular, Serviço de Patologia Clínica, Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Ocidental (CHLO), Rua da Junqueira 126, 1349-019 Lisboa, Portugal; (A.D.); (C.T.); (T.B.-F.)
| | - Fatima Nogueira
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa (IHMT-NOVA), Rua da Junqueira 100, 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal; (D.S.); (A.S.-R.); (C.S.); (B.D.); (C.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +351-213652600
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10
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Ben-Jemaa S, Senczuk G, Ciani E, Ciampolini R, Catillo G, Boussaha M, Pilla F, Portolano B, Mastrangelo S. Genome-Wide Analysis Reveals Selection Signatures Involved in Meat Traits and Local Adaptation in Semi-Feral Maremmana Cattle. Front Genet 2021; 12:675569. [PMID: 33995500 PMCID: PMC8113768 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.675569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The Maremmana cattle is an ancient Podolian-derived Italian breed raised in semi-wild conditions with distinctive morphological and adaptive traits. The aim of this study was to detect potential selection signatures in Maremmana using medium-density single nucleotide polymorphism array. Putative selection signatures were investigated combining three statistical approaches designed to quantify the excess of haplotype homozygosity either within (integrated haplotype score, iHS) or among pairs of populations (Rsb and XP-EHH), and contrasting the Maremmana with a single reference population composed of a pool of seven Podolian-derived Italian breeds. Overall, the three haplotype-based analyses revealed selection signatures distributed over 19 genomic regions. Of these, six relevant candidate regions were identified by at least two approaches. We found genomic signatures of selective sweeps spanning genes related to mitochondrial function, muscle development, growth, and meat traits (SCIN, THSD7A, ETV1, UCHL1, and MYOD1), which reflects the different breeding schemes between Maremmana (semi-wild conditions) and the other Podolian-derived Italian breeds (semi-extensive). We also identified several genes linked to Maremmana adaptation to the environment of the western-central part of Italy, known to be hyperendemic for malaria and other tick-borne diseases. These include several chemokine (C-C motif) ligand genes crucially involved in both innate and adaptive immune responses to intracellular parasite infections and other genes playing key roles in pulmonary disease (HEATR9, MMP28, and ASIC2) or strongly associated with malaria resistance/susceptibility (AP2B1). Our results provide a glimpse into diverse selection signatures in Maremmana cattle and can be used to enhance our understanding of the genomic basis of environmental adaptation in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Slim Ben-Jemaa
- Laboratoire des Productions Animales et Fourragères, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique de Tunisie, University of Carthage, Ariana, Tunisia
| | - Gabriele Senczuk
- Dipartimento di Agricoltura, Ambiente e Alimenti, University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Elena Ciani
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Biotecnologie e Biofarmaceutica, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Bari, Italy
| | | | - Gennaro Catillo
- Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l’Analisi dell’Economia Agraria (CREA), Centro di Ricerca Zootecnia e Acquacoltura, Lodi, Italy
| | - Mekki Boussaha
- INRAE, AgroParisTech, University of Paris Saclay, Saint Aubin, France
| | - Fabio Pilla
- Dipartimento di Agricoltura, Ambiente e Alimenti, University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Baldassare Portolano
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Forestali, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Salvatore Mastrangelo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Forestali, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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11
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Calzolari M, Desiato R, Albieri A, Bellavia V, Bertola M, Bonilauri P, Callegari E, Canziani S, Lelli D, Mosca A, Mulatti P, Peletto S, Ravagnan S, Roberto P, Torri D, Pombi M, Di Luca M, Montarsi F. Mosquitoes of the Maculipennis complex in Northern Italy. Sci Rep 2021; 11:6421. [PMID: 33742019 PMCID: PMC7979756 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-85442-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The correct identification of mosquito vectors is often hampered by the presence of morphologically indiscernible sibling species. The Maculipennis complex is one of these groups that include both malaria vectors of primary importance and species of low/negligible epidemiological relevance, of which distribution data in Italy are outdated. Our study was aimed at providing an updated distribution of Maculipennis complex in Northern Italy through the sampling and morphological/molecular identification of specimens from five regions. The most abundant species was Anopheles messeae (2032), followed by Anopheles maculipennis s.s. (418), Anopheles atroparvus (28) and Anopheles melanoon (13). Taking advantage of ITS2 barcoding, we were able to finely characterize tested mosquitoes, classifying all the Anopheles messeae specimens as Anopheles daciae, a taxon with debated rank to which we referred as species inquirenda (sp. inq.). The distribution of species was characterized by Ecological Niche Models (ENMs), fed by recorded points of presence. ENMs provided clues on the ecological preferences of the detected species, with An. daciae sp. inq. linked to stable breeding sites and An. maculipennis s.s. more associated to ephemeral breeding sites. We demonstrate that historical Anopheles malaria vectors are still present in Northern Italy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Calzolari
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna "Bruno Ubertini", Via Bianchi, 9, 25124, Brescia, Italy.
| | - Rosanna Desiato
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154, Turin, Italy
| | - Alessandro Albieri
- Centro Agricoltura Ambiente "Giorgio Nicoli" S.r.L. (CAA), Via Sant'Agata, 835, 40014, Crevalcore, BO, Italy
| | - Veronica Bellavia
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154, Turin, Italy
| | - Michela Bertola
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Università 10, 35020, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Paolo Bonilauri
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna "Bruno Ubertini", Via Bianchi, 9, 25124, Brescia, Italy
| | - Emanuele Callegari
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna "Bruno Ubertini", Via Bianchi, 9, 25124, Brescia, Italy
| | - Sabrina Canziani
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna "Bruno Ubertini", Via Bianchi, 9, 25124, Brescia, Italy
| | - Davide Lelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna "Bruno Ubertini", Via Bianchi, 9, 25124, Brescia, Italy
| | - Andrea Mosca
- Territory and Agriculture Technical Area, Istituto per le Piante da Legno e l'Ambiente - IPLA SpA, Corso Casale, 476, 10132, Turin, Italy
| | - Paolo Mulatti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Università 10, 35020, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Simone Peletto
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154, Turin, Italy
| | - Silvia Ravagnan
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Università 10, 35020, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Paolo Roberto
- Territory and Agriculture Technical Area, Istituto per le Piante da Legno e l'Ambiente - IPLA SpA, Corso Casale, 476, 10132, Turin, Italy
| | - Deborah Torri
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna "Bruno Ubertini", Via Bianchi, 9, 25124, Brescia, Italy
| | - Marco Pombi
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica e Malattie Infettive, Università di Roma "Sapienza", P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Di Luca
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Montarsi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Università 10, 35020, Legnaro, PD, Italy.,Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica e Malattie Infettive, Università di Roma "Sapienza", P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
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12
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Brindicci G, Santoro CR, Loconsole D, Martinelli D, Prato R, Lonero G, Loperfido P, Buccoliero GB, Chironna M. A Cluster of Cryptic Plasmodium falciparum Malaria in African Migrants in Southern Italy, October 2017. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2020; 20:927-931. [PMID: 32833595 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2019.2607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Italy was declared malaria free by the World Health Organization in 1970. Despite this, nonimport malaria cases are on the increase in Italy and throughout the Mediterranean area. In Italy, in the period between 2011 and 2015, seven cases of locally acquired malaria have been reported, including one introduced case of Plasmodium vivax; moreover, the last certain case of introduced malaria (by P. vivax) has been reported in Tuscany in 1997. No case of introduced malaria from Plasmodium falciparum has been reported in Italy since 1970. Case Presentation: A cluster of four cryptic P. falciparum malaria cases were ascertained in migrant farm workers (three from Morocco and one from Sudan) in Apulia (southern Italy) with clinical onset between September 20 and 27, 2017. None of the patients reported a history of a recent trip to malaria-endemic areas or hospitalization or other risk factors. Typing of malaria was also confirmed using molecular biology methods in two different laboratories. There were no cases of severe malaria in our four patients, and only one in need of transfusion. All patients were discharged cured after being treated with mefloquine due to the unavailability of other antimalarials. Conclusions: In recent years, numerous reports of locally acquired malaria have been made in southern Europe. The cases described in this article represent the first cluster of malaria caused by P. falciparum in Europe. Today, clinical presentation in the diagnosis of malaria is more important than ever, since epidemiological criterion cannot be considered unfailing. The mode of transmission has not been proven and further biological and entomological studies are necessary to define our case as cryptic or confirm the presence of mosquitoes capable of transmitting P. falciparum and/or the capacity of Anopheles labranchiae, An. superpictus, or An. plumbeus to transmit it on Italian territory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaetano Brindicci
- Operative Unit of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, San Giuseppe Moscati Hospital, Taranto, Italy
| | - Carmen Rita Santoro
- Operative Unit of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, San Giuseppe Moscati Hospital, Taranto, Italy
| | - Daniela Loconsole
- Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, Hospital-University Polyclinic, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Domenico Martinelli
- Department of Medical and Surgical Science, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Rosa Prato
- Department of Medical and Surgical Science, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Gaetano Lonero
- Operative Unit of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, San Giuseppe Moscati Hospital, Taranto, Italy
| | - Pietro Loperfido
- Operative Unit of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, San Giuseppe Moscati Hospital, Taranto, Italy
| | | | - Maria Chironna
- Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, Hospital-University Polyclinic, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
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13
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Boccolini D, Menegon M, Di Luca M, Toma L, Severini F, Marucci G, D'Amato S, Caraglia A, Maraglino FP, Rezza G, Romi R, Gradoni L, Severini C. Non-imported malaria in Italy: paradigmatic approaches and public health implications following an unusual cluster of cases in 2017. BMC Public Health 2020; 20:857. [PMID: 32503526 PMCID: PMC7275312 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-020-08748-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The European region achieved interruption of malaria transmission during the 1970s. Since then, malaria control programs were replaced by surveillance systems in order to prevent possible re-emergence of this disease. Sporadic cases of non-imported malaria were recorded in several European countries in the past decade and locally transmitted outbreaks of Plasmodium vivax, most probably supported by Anopheles sacharovi, have been repeatedly reported from Greece since 2009. The possibility of locally-transmitted malaria has been extensively studied in Italy where the former malaria vector An. labranchiae survived the control campaign which led to malaria elimination. In this study, we present paradigmatic cases that occurred during a 2017 unusual cluster, which caused strong concern in public opinion and were carefully investigated after the implementation of the updated malaria surveillance system. METHODS For suspected locally-transmitted malaria cases, alerts to Ministry of Health (MoH) and the National Institute of Health (ISS) were mandated by the Local Health Services (LHS). Epidemiological investigations on the transmission modes and the identification of possible infection's source were carried out by LHS, MoH and ISS. Entomological investigations were implemented locally for all suspected locally-transmitted cases that occurred in periods suitable to anopheline activity. Molecular diagnosis by nested-PCR for the five human Plasmodium species was performed to support microscopic diagnosis. In addition, genotyping of P. falciparum isolate was carried out to investigate putative sources of infection and transmission modalities. RESULTS In 2017, a cluster of seven non-imported cases was recorded from August through October. Among them, P. ovale curtisi was responsible of one case whereas six cases were caused by P. falciparum. Two cases were proved to be nosocomial while the other five were recorded as cryptic at the end of epidemiological investigations. CONCLUSIONS The epidemiological evidence shows that the locally acquired events are sporadic, often remain unresolved and classified as cryptic ones despite investigative efforts. The "cluster" of seven non-imported cases that occurred in 2017 in different regions of Italy therefore represents a conscious alert that should lead us to maintain a constant level of surveillance in a former malaria endemic country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Boccolini
- Dipartimento Malattie Infettive, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy.
| | - Michela Menegon
- Dipartimento Malattie Infettive, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Di Luca
- Dipartimento Malattie Infettive, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Luciano Toma
- Dipartimento Malattie Infettive, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Severini
- Dipartimento Malattie Infettive, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Gianluca Marucci
- Dipartimento Malattie Infettive, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefania D'Amato
- Ministero della Salute, Direzione Generale della Prevenzione Sanitari, Ufficio 5 - Prevenzione delle Malattie Trasmissibili e Profilassi Internazionale, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Caraglia
- Ministero della Salute, Direzione Generale della Prevenzione Sanitaria, Ufficio 1 - Affari generali e segreteria tecnico-organizzativa, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Paolo Maraglino
- Ministero della Salute, Direzione Generale della Prevenzione Sanitari, Ufficio 5 - Prevenzione delle Malattie Trasmissibili e Profilassi Internazionale, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Rezza
- Dipartimento Malattie Infettive, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberto Romi
- Dipartimento Malattie Infettive, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Luigi Gradoni
- Dipartimento Malattie Infettive, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Carlo Severini
- Dipartimento Malattie Infettive, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy.
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14
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Zammarchi L, Di Lauria N, Bartalesi F, Suardi LR, Corti G, Mencarini J, Boccolini D, Severini C, Gradoni L, Buonamici C, Garofalo G, Bartolesi AM, Ciccone N, Berni A, Poggesi L, Niccolini F, Rossolini GM, Romi R, Bartoloni A. Cryptic severe Plasmodium falciparum malaria in a Moroccan man living in Tuscany, Italy, August 2018. Euro Surveill 2018; 23:1800527. [PMID: 30326993 PMCID: PMC6194912 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2018.23.41.1800527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In August 2018 a Moroccan man living in Tuscany developed Plasmodium falciparum malaria. The patient declared having not recently visited any endemic country, leading to diagnostic delay and severe malaria. As susceptibility to P. falciparum of Anopheles species in Tuscany is very low, and other risk factors for acquiring malaria could not be completely excluded, the case remains cryptic, similar to other P. falciparum malaria cases previously reported in African individuals living in Apulia in 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Zammarchi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy,Infectious and Tropical Diseases Unit, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Di Lauria
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Filippo Bartalesi
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Unit, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Roberto Suardi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Giampaolo Corti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy,Infectious and Tropical Diseases Unit, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Jessica Mencarini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Daniela Boccolini
- Department of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy
| | - Carlo Severini
- Department of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy
| | - Luigi Gradoni
- Department of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Nunziata Ciccone
- Microbiology and Virology Unit, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Andrea Berni
- Internal Medicine Unit 3, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Loredana Poggesi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy,Internal Medicine Unit 3, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | | | - Gian Maria Rossolini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy,Microbiology and Virology Unit, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Roberto Romi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Bartoloni
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy,Infectious and Tropical Diseases Unit, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
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15
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Chen TM, Zhang SS, Feng J, Xia ZG, Luo CH, Zeng XC, Guo XR, Lin ZR, Zhou HN, Zhou SS. Mobile population dynamics and malaria vulnerability: a modelling study in the China-Myanmar border region of Yunnan Province, China. Infect Dis Poverty 2018; 7:36. [PMID: 29704895 PMCID: PMC5924679 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-018-0423-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The China-Myanmar border region presents a great challenge in malaria elimination in China, and it is essential to understand the relationship between malaria vulnerability and population mobility in this region. METHODS A community-based, cross-sectional survey was performed in five villages of Yingjiang county during September 2016. Finger-prick blood samples were obtained to identify asymptomatic infections, and imported cases were identified in each village (between January 2013 and September 2016). A stochastic simulation model (SSM) was used to test the relationship between population mobility and malaria vulnerability, according to the mechanisms of malaria importation. RESULTS Thirty-two imported cases were identified in the five villages, with a 4-year average of 1 case/year (range: 0-5 cases/year). No parasites were detected in the 353 blood samples from 2016. The median density of malaria vulnerability was 0.012 (range: 0.000-0.033). The average proportion of mobile members of the study population was 32.56% (range: 28.38-71.95%). Most mobile individuals lived indoors at night with mosquito protection. The SSM model fit the investigated data (χ2 = 0.487, P = 0.485). The average probability of infection in the members of the population that moved to Myanmar was 0.011 (range: 0.0048-0.1585). The values for simulated vulnerability increased with greater population mobility in each village. CONCLUSIONS A high proportion of population mobility was associated with greater malaria vulnerability in the China-Myanmar border region. Mobile population-specific measures should be used to decrease the risk of malaria re-establishment in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Mu Chen
- Department of Malaria, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 207 Rui Jin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China.,WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, 207 Rui Jin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China.,National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, 207 Rui Jin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, 207 Rui Jin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China
| | - Shao-Sen Zhang
- Department of Malaria, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 207 Rui Jin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China.,WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, 207 Rui Jin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China.,National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, 207 Rui Jin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, 207 Rui Jin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Feng
- Department of Malaria, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 207 Rui Jin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China.,WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, 207 Rui Jin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China.,National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, 207 Rui Jin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, 207 Rui Jin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Gui Xia
- Department of Malaria, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 207 Rui Jin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China.,WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, 207 Rui Jin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China.,National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, 207 Rui Jin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, 207 Rui Jin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China
| | - Chun-Hai Luo
- Yunnan Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Puer, People's Republic of China
| | - Xu-Can Zeng
- Yunnan Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Puer, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang-Rui Guo
- Yingjiang County Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Dehong, People's Republic of China
| | - Zu-Rui Lin
- Yunnan Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Puer, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Ning Zhou
- Yunnan Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Puer, People's Republic of China
| | - Shui-Sen Zhou
- Department of Malaria, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 207 Rui Jin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China. .,WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, 207 Rui Jin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China. .,National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, 207 Rui Jin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China. .,Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, 207 Rui Jin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China.
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16
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Tabbabi A, Daaboub J. First investigation of deltamethrin pyrethroid susceptibility and resistance status of Anopheles labranchiae (Falleroni, 1926), potential malaria vector in Tunisia. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apjtb.2017.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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17
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Chen T, Zhang S, Zhou SS, Wang X, Luo C, Zeng X, Guo X, Lin Z, Tu H, Sun X, Zhou H. Receptivity to malaria in the China-Myanmar border in Yingjiang County, Yunnan Province, China. Malar J 2017; 16:478. [PMID: 29162093 PMCID: PMC5699173 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-017-2126-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The re-establishment of malaria has become an important public health issue in and out of China, and receptivity to this disease is key to its re-emergence. Yingjiang is one of the few counties with locally acquired malaria cases in the China–Myanmar border in China. This study aimed to understand receptivity to malaria in Yingjiang County, China, from June to October 2016. Methods Light-traps were employed to capture the mosquitoes in 17 villages in eight towns which were categorized into four elevation levels: level 1, 0–599 m; level 2, 600–1199 m; level 3, 1200–1799 m; and level 4, > 1800 m. Species richness, diversity, dominance and evenness were used to picture the community structure. Similarity in species composition was compared between different elevation levels. Data of seasonal abundance of mosquitoes, human biting rate, density of light-trap-captured adult mosquitoes and larvae, parous rate, and height distribution (density) of Anopheles minimus and Anopheles sinensis were collected in two towns (Na Bang and Ping Yuan) each month from June to October, 2016. Results Over the study period, 10,053 Anopheles mosquitoes were collected from the eight towns, and 15 Anopheles species were identified, the most-common of which were An. sinensis (75.4%), Anopheles kunmingensis (15.6%), and An. minimus (3.5%). Anopheles minimus was the major malaria vector in low-elevation areas (< 600 m, i.e., Na Bang town), and An. sinensis in medium-elevation areas (600–1200 m, i.e., Ping Yuan town). In Na Bang, the peak human-biting rate of An. minimus at the inner and outer sites of the village occurred in June and August 2016, with 5/bait/night and 15/bait/night, respectively. In Ping Yuan, the peak human-biting rate of An. sinensis was in August, with 9/bait/night at the inner site and 21/bait/night at the outer site. The two towns exhibited seasonal abundance with high density of the two adult vectors: The peak density of An. minimus was in June and that of An. sinensis was in August. Meanwhile, the peak larval density of An. minimus was in July, but that of An. sinensis decreased during the investigation season; the slightly acidic water suited the growth of these vectors. The parous rates of An. sinensis and An. minimus were 90.46 and 93.33%, respectively. Conclusions The Anopheles community was spread across different elevation levels. Its structure was complex and stable during the entire epidemic season in low-elevation areas at the border. The high human-biting rates, adult and larval densities, and parous rates of the two Anopheles vectors reveal an exceedingly high receptivity to malaria in the China–Myanmar border in Yingjiang County.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianmu Chen
- Department of Malaria, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 207 Rui Jin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, 207 Rui Jin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China.,WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropic Diseases, 207 Rui Jin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China.,National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, 207 Rui Jin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaosen Zhang
- Department of Malaria, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 207 Rui Jin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, 207 Rui Jin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China.,WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropic Diseases, 207 Rui Jin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China.,National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, 207 Rui Jin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China
| | - Shui-Sen Zhou
- Department of Malaria, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 207 Rui Jin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China. .,Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, 207 Rui Jin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China. .,WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropic Diseases, 207 Rui Jin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China. .,National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, 207 Rui Jin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xuezhong Wang
- Yunnan Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Puer, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunhai Luo
- Yunnan Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Puer, People's Republic of China
| | - Xucan Zeng
- Yunnan Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Puer, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangrui Guo
- Yingjiang County Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Dehong, People's Republic of China
| | - Zurui Lin
- Yunnan Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Puer, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Tu
- Department of Malaria, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 207 Rui Jin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, 207 Rui Jin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China.,WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropic Diseases, 207 Rui Jin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China.,National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, 207 Rui Jin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaodong Sun
- Yunnan Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Puer, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongning Zhou
- Yunnan Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Puer, People's Republic of China
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Rossati A. Global Warming and Its Health Impact. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL MEDICINE 2017; 8:7-20. [PMID: 28051192 PMCID: PMC6679631 DOI: 10.15171/ijoem.2017.963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Since the mid-19th century, human activities have increased greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide in the Earth's atmosphere that resulted in increased average temperature. The effects of rising temperature include soil degradation, loss of productivity of agricultural land, desertification, loss of biodiversity, degradation of ecosystems, reduced fresh-water resources, acidification of the oceans, and the disruption and depletion of stratospheric ozone. All these have an impact on human health, causing non-communicable diseases such as injuries during natural disasters, malnutrition during famine, and increased mortality during heat waves due to complications in chronically ill patients. Direct exposure to natural disasters has also an impact on mental health and, although too complex to be quantified, a link has even been established between climate and civil violence. Over time, climate change can reduce agricultural resources through reduced availability of water, alterations and shrinking arable land, increased pollution, accumulation of toxic substances in the food chain, and creation of habitats suitable to the transmission of human and animal pathogens. People living in low-income countries are particularly vulnerable. Climate change scenarios include a change in distribution of infectious diseases with warming and changes in outbreaks associated with weather extreme events. After floods, increased cases of leptospirosis, campylobacter infections and cryptosporidiosis are reported. Global warming affects water heating, rising the transmission of water-borne pathogens. Pathogens transmitted by vectors are particularly sensitive to climate change because they spend a good part of their life cycle in a cold-blooded host invertebrate whose temperature is similar to the environment. A warmer climate presents more favorable conditions for the survival and the completion of the life cycle of the vector, going as far as to speed it up as in the case of mosquitoes. Diseases transmitted by mosquitoes include some of the most widespread worldwide illnesses such as malaria and viral diseases. Tick-borne diseases have increased in the past years in cold regions, because rising temperatures accelerate the cycle of development, the production of eggs, and the density and distribution of the tick population. The areas of presence of ticks and diseases that they can transmit have increased, both in terms of geographical extension than in altitude. In the next years the engagement of the health sector would be working to develop prevention and adaptation programs in order to reduce the costs and burden of climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Rossati
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital "Maggiore della Carità", Novara, Italy.
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Mapping Malaria Risk in Low Transmission Settings: Challenges and Opportunities. Trends Parasitol 2016; 32:635-645. [PMID: 27238200 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2016] [Revised: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
As malaria transmission declines, it becomes increasingly focal and prone to outbreaks. Understanding and predicting patterns of transmission risk becomes an important component of an effective elimination campaign, allowing limited resources for control and elimination to be targeted cost-effectively. Malaria risk mapping in low transmission settings is associated with some unique challenges. This article reviews the main challenges and opportunities related to risk mapping in low transmission areas including recent advancements in risk mapping low transmission malaria, relevant metrics, and statistical approaches and risk mapping in post-elimination settings.
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Tabbabi A, Boussès P, Rhim A, Brengues C, Daaboub J, Ben-Alaya-Bouafif N, Fontenille D, Bouratbine A, Simard F, Aoun K. Larval habitats characterization and species composition of Anopheles mosquitoes in Tunisia, with particular attention to Anopheles maculipennis complex. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2015; 92:653-9. [PMID: 25561567 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.14-0513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
In Tunisia, malaria transmission has been interrupted since 1980. However, the growing number of imported cases and the persistence of putative vectors stress the need for additional studies to assess the risk of malaria resurgence in the country. In this context, our aim was to update entomological data concerning Anopheles mosquitoes in Tunisia. From May to October of 2012, mosquito larval specimens were captured in 60 breeding sites throughout the country and identified at the species level using morphological keys. Environmental parameters of the larval habitats were recorded. Specimens belonging to the An. maculipennis complex were further identified to sibling species by the ribosomal deoxyribonucleic acid (rDNA)-internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique. In total, 647 Anopheles larvae were collected from 25 habitats. Four species, including An. labranchiae, An. multicolor, An. sergentii, and An. algeriensis, were morphologically identified. rDNA-ITS2 PCR confirmed that An. labranchiae is the sole member of the An. maculipennis complex in Tunisia. An. labranchiae was collected throughout northern and central Tunisia, and it was highly associated with rural habitat, clear water, and sunlight areas. Larvae of An. multicolor and An. sergentii existed separately or together and were collected in southern Tunisia in similar types of breeding places.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Tabbabi
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie Médicale, Biotechnologies et Biomolécules, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia; Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia; Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Écologie, Génétique, Évolution et Contrôle (MIVEGEC; UMR IRD 224, CNRS 5290, UM1, UM2), Centre IRD France-Sud, Montpellier, France; Direction de l'Hygiène du Milieu et de la Protection De l'Environnement, Ministère De La Santé Publique, Tunis, Tunisia; Observatoire National des Maladies Nouvelles et Émergentes, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Philippe Boussès
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie Médicale, Biotechnologies et Biomolécules, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia; Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia; Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Écologie, Génétique, Évolution et Contrôle (MIVEGEC; UMR IRD 224, CNRS 5290, UM1, UM2), Centre IRD France-Sud, Montpellier, France; Direction de l'Hygiène du Milieu et de la Protection De l'Environnement, Ministère De La Santé Publique, Tunis, Tunisia; Observatoire National des Maladies Nouvelles et Émergentes, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Adel Rhim
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie Médicale, Biotechnologies et Biomolécules, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia; Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia; Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Écologie, Génétique, Évolution et Contrôle (MIVEGEC; UMR IRD 224, CNRS 5290, UM1, UM2), Centre IRD France-Sud, Montpellier, France; Direction de l'Hygiène du Milieu et de la Protection De l'Environnement, Ministère De La Santé Publique, Tunis, Tunisia; Observatoire National des Maladies Nouvelles et Émergentes, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Cécile Brengues
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie Médicale, Biotechnologies et Biomolécules, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia; Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia; Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Écologie, Génétique, Évolution et Contrôle (MIVEGEC; UMR IRD 224, CNRS 5290, UM1, UM2), Centre IRD France-Sud, Montpellier, France; Direction de l'Hygiène du Milieu et de la Protection De l'Environnement, Ministère De La Santé Publique, Tunis, Tunisia; Observatoire National des Maladies Nouvelles et Émergentes, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Jabeur Daaboub
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie Médicale, Biotechnologies et Biomolécules, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia; Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia; Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Écologie, Génétique, Évolution et Contrôle (MIVEGEC; UMR IRD 224, CNRS 5290, UM1, UM2), Centre IRD France-Sud, Montpellier, France; Direction de l'Hygiène du Milieu et de la Protection De l'Environnement, Ministère De La Santé Publique, Tunis, Tunisia; Observatoire National des Maladies Nouvelles et Émergentes, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Nissaf Ben-Alaya-Bouafif
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie Médicale, Biotechnologies et Biomolécules, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia; Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia; Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Écologie, Génétique, Évolution et Contrôle (MIVEGEC; UMR IRD 224, CNRS 5290, UM1, UM2), Centre IRD France-Sud, Montpellier, France; Direction de l'Hygiène du Milieu et de la Protection De l'Environnement, Ministère De La Santé Publique, Tunis, Tunisia; Observatoire National des Maladies Nouvelles et Émergentes, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Didier Fontenille
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie Médicale, Biotechnologies et Biomolécules, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia; Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia; Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Écologie, Génétique, Évolution et Contrôle (MIVEGEC; UMR IRD 224, CNRS 5290, UM1, UM2), Centre IRD France-Sud, Montpellier, France; Direction de l'Hygiène du Milieu et de la Protection De l'Environnement, Ministère De La Santé Publique, Tunis, Tunisia; Observatoire National des Maladies Nouvelles et Émergentes, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Aïda Bouratbine
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie Médicale, Biotechnologies et Biomolécules, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia; Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia; Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Écologie, Génétique, Évolution et Contrôle (MIVEGEC; UMR IRD 224, CNRS 5290, UM1, UM2), Centre IRD France-Sud, Montpellier, France; Direction de l'Hygiène du Milieu et de la Protection De l'Environnement, Ministère De La Santé Publique, Tunis, Tunisia; Observatoire National des Maladies Nouvelles et Émergentes, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Frédéric Simard
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie Médicale, Biotechnologies et Biomolécules, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia; Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia; Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Écologie, Génétique, Évolution et Contrôle (MIVEGEC; UMR IRD 224, CNRS 5290, UM1, UM2), Centre IRD France-Sud, Montpellier, France; Direction de l'Hygiène du Milieu et de la Protection De l'Environnement, Ministère De La Santé Publique, Tunis, Tunisia; Observatoire National des Maladies Nouvelles et Émergentes, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Karim Aoun
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie Médicale, Biotechnologies et Biomolécules, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia; Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia; Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Écologie, Génétique, Évolution et Contrôle (MIVEGEC; UMR IRD 224, CNRS 5290, UM1, UM2), Centre IRD France-Sud, Montpellier, France; Direction de l'Hygiène du Milieu et de la Protection De l'Environnement, Ministère De La Santé Publique, Tunis, Tunisia; Observatoire National des Maladies Nouvelles et Émergentes, Tunis, Tunisia
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Plasmodium vivax malaria: a re-emerging threat for temperate climate zones? Travel Med Infect Dis 2013; 11:51-9. [PMID: 23498971 DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2013.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2012] [Revised: 01/23/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Plasmodium vivax was endemic in temperate areas in historic times up to the middle of last century. Temperate climate P. vivax has a long incubation time of up to 8-10 months, which partly explain how it can be endemic in temperate areas with a could winter. P. vivax disappeared from Europe within the last 40-60 years, and this change was not related to climatic changes. The surge of P. vivax in Northern Europe after the second world war was related to displacement of refugees and large movement of military personnel exposed to malaria. Lately P. vivax has been seen along the demilitarized zone in South Korea replication a high endemicity in North Korea. The potential of transmission of P. vivax still exist in temperate zones, but reintroduction in a larger scale of P. vivax to areas without present transmission require large population movements of P. vivax infected people. The highest threat at present is refugees from P. vivax endemic North Korea entering China and South Korea in large numbers.
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Schaffner F, Thiéry I, Kaufmann C, Zettor A, Lengeler C, Mathis A, Bourgouin C. Anopheles plumbeus (Diptera: Culicidae) in Europe: a mere nuisance mosquito or potential malaria vector? Malar J 2012. [PMID: 23181931 PMCID: PMC3519570 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-11-393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Anopheles plumbeus has been recognized as a minor vector for human malaria in Europe since the beginning of the 20th century. In recent years this tree hole breeding mosquito species appears to have exploited novel breeding sites, including large and organically rich man-made containers, with consequently larger mosquito populations in close vicinity to humans. This lead to investigate whether current populations of An. plumbeus would be able to efficiently transmit Plasmodium falciparum, the parasite responsible for the most deadly form of malaria. Methods Anopheles plumbeus immatures were collected from a liquid manure pit in Switzerland and transferred as adults to the CEPIA (Institut Pasteur, France) where they were fed on P. falciparum gametocytes produced in vitro. Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes served as controls. Development of P. falciparum in both mosquito species was followed by microscopical detection of oocysts on mosquito midguts and by sporozoite detection in the head/thorax by PCR and microscopy. Results A total of 293 wild An. plumbeus females from four independent collections successfully fed through a membrane on blood containing P. falciparum gametocytes. Oocysts were observed in mosquito midguts and P. falciparum DNA was detected in head-thorax samples in all four experiments, demonstrating, on a large mosquito sample, that An. plumbeus is indeed receptive to P. falciparum NF54 and able to produce sporozoites. Importantly, the proportion of sporozoites-infected An. plumbeus was almost similar to that of An. gambiae (31 to 88% An. plumbeus versus 67 to 97% An. gambiae). However, the number of sporozoites produced was significantly lower in infected An. plumbeus. Conclusion The results show that a sample of field-caught An. plumbeus has a moderate to high receptivity towards P. falciparum. Considering the increased mobility of humans between Europe and malaria endemic countries and changes in environment and climate, these data strongly suggest that An. plumbeus could act as a vector for malaria and thus significantly contribute to increasing the malaria transmission risk in Central-Western Europe. In locations showing high vulnerability to the presence of gametocyte carriers, the risk of transmission of malaria by An. plumbeus should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis Schaffner
- Vector Entomology Unit, Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 266a, Zürich, CH-8057, Switzerland.
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