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Kathet S, Sudi W, Mwingira V, Tungu P, Aalto M, Hakala T, Honkala M, Malima R, Kisinza W, Meri S, Khattab A. Efficacy of 3D screens for sustainable mosquito control: a semi-field experimental hut evaluation in northeastern Tanzania. Parasit Vectors 2023; 16:417. [PMID: 37964334 PMCID: PMC10647037 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-06032-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A three-dimensional window screen (3D-Screen) has been developed to create a window double-screen trap (3D-WDST), effectively capturing and preventing the escape of mosquitoes. A 2015 laboratory study demonstrated the 3D-Screen's efficacy, capturing 92% of mosquitoes in a double-screen setup during wind tunnel assays. To further evaluate its effectiveness, phase II experimental hut trials were conducted in Muheza, Tanzania. METHODS Three experimental hut trials were carried out between 2016 and 2017. Trial I tested two versions of the 3D-WDST in huts with open or closed eaves, with one version using a single 3D-Screen and the other using two 3D-Screens. Trial II examined the 3D-WDST with two 3D-Screens in huts with or without baffles, while Trial III compared handmade and machine-made 3D structures. Mosquito capturing efficacy of the 3D-WDST was measured by comparing the number of mosquitoes collected in the test hut to a control hut with standard exit traps. RESULTS Trial I showed that the 3D-WDST with two 3D-Screens used in huts with open eaves achieved the highest mosquito-capturing efficacy. This treatment captured 33.11% (CI 7.40-58.81) of female anophelines relative to the total collected in this hut (3D-WDST and room collections) and 27.27% (CI 4.23-50.31) of female anophelines relative to the total collected in the control hut (exit traps, room, and verandahs collections). In Trial II, the two 3D-Screens version of the 3D-WDST captured 70.32% (CI 56.87-83.77) and 51.07% (CI 21.72-80.41) of female anophelines in huts with and without baffles, respectively. Compared to the control hut, the capturing efficacy for female anophelines was 138.6% (37.23-239.9) and 42.41% (14.77-70.05) for huts with and without baffles, respectively. Trial III demonstrated similar performance between hand- and machine-made 3D structures. CONCLUSIONS The 3D-WDST proved effective in capturing malaria vectors under semi-field experimental hut conditions. Using 3D-Screens on both sides of the window openings was more effective than using a single-sided 3D-Screen. Additionally, both hand- and machine-made 3D structures exhibited equally effective performance, supporting the production of durable cones on an industrial scale for future large-scale studies evaluating the 3D-WDST at the community level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subam Kathet
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Haartman Institute, and Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Wema Sudi
- Amani Medical Research Centre, National Institute for Medical Research, Muheza, Tanzania
| | - Victor Mwingira
- Amani Medical Research Centre, National Institute for Medical Research, Muheza, Tanzania
| | - Patrick Tungu
- Amani Medical Research Centre, National Institute for Medical Research, Muheza, Tanzania
| | | | - Tomi Hakala
- Department of Materials Science, Tampere University of Technology, P.O. Box 589, 33101, Tampere, Finland
| | - Markku Honkala
- Department of Materials Science, Tampere University of Technology, P.O. Box 589, 33101, Tampere, Finland
| | - Robert Malima
- Amani Medical Research Centre, National Institute for Medical Research, Muheza, Tanzania
| | - William Kisinza
- Amani Medical Research Centre, National Institute for Medical Research, Muheza, Tanzania
| | - Seppo Meri
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Haartman Institute, and Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
- HUSLAB Diagnostic Center, Helsinki University Central Hospital, N00029, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ayman Khattab
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Haartman Institute, and Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.
- Department of Nucleic Acid Research, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications, New Borg El-Arab City, 21934, Alexandria, Egypt.
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Sanou R, Maïga H, Bilgo EM, Sawadogo SP, Sow BBD, Ouema A, Bayili K, Belem AMG, Toé LP, Dabiré RK, Diabaté A. Assessment of novel Lehmann's funnel entry trap prototypes performance to control malaria mosquito populations. Malar J 2021; 20:2. [PMID: 33386073 PMCID: PMC7777431 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-020-03532-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There is a global consensus that new intervention tools are needed for the final steps toward malaria elimination/eradication. In a recent study in Burkina Faso, the Lehmann Funnel Entry Trap (LFET) has shown promising results in the reduction of mosquito densities, even in areas where insecticide resistance is as high as 80%. The LFET requires no chemicals and is self-operated. However, one of the issues with the original LFET is the size of the funnel, which often occupies too much space within users’ homes. Here, the performance of three new, smaller-sized LFET prototypes that combine a screening and killing effect on mosquitoes was assessed. Methods The study was carried out over three months during the rainy season in low and high malaria vector density sites, Soumousso and Vallée du Kou, respectively. The original LFET (or ‘Prototype 1’/‘P1’) was modified to produce three new prototypes, which were referred to as prototype 2 (‘the Medium’ or ‘P2’), prototype 3 (P3) and prototype 4 (P4). Each of the new prototypes was tested on eight days per month over the three-month period to assess their effectiveness in trapping and killing mosquitoes entering houses through the windows compared to the original LFET. Results Overall, 78,435 mosquitoes (mainly Anopheles gambiae sensu lato) were collected in the two study sites, both in the traps and in the houses. A total of 56,430 (72%) mosquitoes were collected from the traps. In Vallée du Kou, the original LFET caught a greater number of mosquitoes than the medium (prototype 2), whereas no difference was observed between the other new prototypes (3 and 4) and the medium. In Soumousso, both the original and medium LFETs collected significantly greater numbers of mosquitoes compared to prototypes 3 and 4. Conclusion This study has shown that the new LFET prototypes are effective in trapping mosquitoes in high mosquito density settings. A large-scale study with one of the prototypes will be needed to assess community acceptance of the traps and their ability to control malaria vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger Sanou
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de La Santé (IRSS)/Centre Muraz, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso. .,Université Nazi BONI de Bobo-Dioulasso, PO 1091, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.
| | - Hamidou Maïga
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de La Santé (IRSS)/Centre Muraz, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Etienne M Bilgo
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de La Santé (IRSS)/Centre Muraz, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Simon P Sawadogo
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de La Santé (IRSS)/Centre Muraz, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Bazoumana B D Sow
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de La Santé (IRSS)/Centre Muraz, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.,Université Nazi BONI de Bobo-Dioulasso, PO 1091, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Adama Ouema
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de La Santé (IRSS)/Centre Muraz, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.,Université Nazi BONI de Bobo-Dioulasso, PO 1091, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Koama Bayili
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de La Santé (IRSS)/Centre Muraz, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | | | - Léa Paré Toé
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de La Santé (IRSS)/Centre Muraz, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Roch K Dabiré
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de La Santé (IRSS)/Centre Muraz, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Abdoulaye Diabaté
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de La Santé (IRSS)/Centre Muraz, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.
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Chaiphongpachara T, Laojun S, Kunphichayadecha C. Effectiveness of mosquito magnets for reducing mosquito (Diptera) populations in coastal areas of Samut Songkhram province, Thailand. J Adv Vet Anim Res 2018; 5:426-431. [PMID: 31453153 PMCID: PMC6702912 DOI: 10.5455/javar.2018.e294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 10/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this research is to study the effectiveness of mosquito magnet (MM) for reducing mosquitoes (Diptera) populations in coastal areas. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study sites are in the coastal area of Samut Songkhram province, Thailand, which is divided into two locations; one that is 2 km and another that is 4 km in distance from the sea. We used the Mosquito Magnet® Independence (MMI) trap for effective field testing in Samut Songkhram Province, Thailand. Traps were placed 100 m away from the house (one trap per location) and mosquitoes were collected at night from 6 PM to 6 AM during September and October 2017 (30 days). RESULTS A total of 2,561 adult mosquitoes, including Anopheles epiroticus Linton & Harbach, Culex quinquefasciatus Say, Cx. sitiens Wiedmann, and Cx. gelidus Theobald were collected by MMI. At a 2-km distance from the sea were captured more mosquitoes per night more than at a 4-km distance (63.63 ± 42.30 vs. 21.70 ± 12.42). The comparison of effectiveness of MMI in two locations of the coastal area was shown to have a statistically significant difference (p < 0.05) and analysis of the correlation between the number of mosquitoes caught in coastal areas, including at a 2- and 4-km distance from the sea, accounting for weather factors, we found that the effectiveness of MMI was not correlated with weather (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION Overall, this study demonstrated that MM can be used to control mosquitoes in coastal areas with high efficiency, especially 2 km away from the sea.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sedthapong Laojun
- College of Allied Health Science, Suan Sunandha Rajabhat University, Samut Songkhram, Thailand
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Bilgo E, Vantaux A, Sanon A, Ilboudo S, Dabiré RK, Jacobs-Lorena M, Diabate A. Field assessment of potential sugar feeding stations for disseminating bacteria in a paratransgenic approach to control malaria. Malar J 2018; 17:367. [PMID: 30333029 PMCID: PMC6192189 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-018-2516-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Using bacteria to express and deliver anti-parasite molecules in mosquitoes is among the list of genetic tools to control malaria. The introduction and spread of transgenic bacteria through wild adult mosquitoes is one of the major challenges of this strategy. In prospect of future field experiments, an open field study with blank (without bacteria) attractive sugar bait (ASB) was performed under the assumption that transgenic bacteria would be spread to all sugar fed mosquitoes. METHODS Two types of ASB stations were developed, one with clay pots (CP) placed at mosquito resting sites and one with window entry traps (WET) placed inside inhabited houses. The ASB consisted in either glucose, honey or fruit cocktail solutions. In addition, mark-release-recapture (MRR) experiment of mosquitoes after feeding them with glucose was also conducted to check the proportion of the mosquito population that can be reached by the two ASB stations as well as its suitability to complement the ASB stations for disseminating bacteria. RESULTS Overall, 88% of the mosquitoes were collected in the WET_ASB. The CP_ASB stations were much less attractive with the highest average of 82 ± 11 mosquitoes/day in the CP near the wood piles. The proportions of sugar fed mosquitoes upon ASB were low in both type of ASB stations, ~ 2% and ~ 14% in WET and CP, respectively. Honey solution was the most attractive solution compared to the glucose and the fruit cocktail solutions. The recapture rate in the MRR experiment was low: ~ 4.1% over 7 days. CONCLUSION The WET_ASB looks promising to disseminate transgenic bacteria to endophilic West Africa Anopheles mosquito. However, this feeding station may not be fully effective and could be combined with the CP_ASB to also target outdoor resting mosquitoes. Overall, efforts are needed to improve the mosquito-feeding rates upon ASB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etienne Bilgo
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé/Centre Muraz, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso. .,Laboratoire d'Entomologie Fondamentale et Appliqué/UFR-SVT/Université Ouaga I, Pr. Joseph KI-Zerbo, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
| | | | - Antoine Sanon
- Laboratoire d'Entomologie Fondamentale et Appliqué/UFR-SVT/Université Ouaga I, Pr. Joseph KI-Zerbo, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Seni Ilboudo
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé/Centre Muraz, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Roch K Dabiré
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé/Centre Muraz, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Marcelo Jacobs-Lorena
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Malaria Research Institute, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Abdoulaye Diabate
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé/Centre Muraz, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
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Khattab A, Jylhä K, Hakala T, Aalto M, Malima R, Kisinza W, Honkala M, Nousiainen P, Meri S. 3D mosquito screens to create window double screen traps for mosquito control. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:400. [PMID: 28851461 PMCID: PMC5576366 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2322-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mosquitoes are vectors for many diseases such as malaria. Insecticide-treated bed nets and indoor residual spraying of insecticides are the principal malaria vector control tools used to prevent malaria in the tropics. Other interventions aim at reducing man-vector contact. For example, house screening provides additive or synergistic effects to other implemented measures. We used commercial screen materials made of polyester, polyethylene or polypropylene to design novel mosquito screens that provide remarkable additional benefits to those commonly used in house screening. The novel design is based on a double screen setup made of a screen with 3D geometric structures parallel to a commercial mosquito screen creating a trap between the two screens. Owing to the design of the 3D screen, mosquitoes can penetrate the 3D screen from one side but cannot return through the other side, making it a unidirectional mosquito screen. Therefore, the mosquitoes are trapped inside the double screen system. The permissiveness of both sides of the 3D screens for mosquitoes to pass through was tested in a wind tunnel using the insectary strain of Anopheles stephensi. RESULTS Among twenty-five tested 3D screen designs, three designs from the cone, prism, or cylinder design groups were the most efficient in acting as unidirectional mosquito screens. The three cone-, prism-, and cylinder-based screens allowed, on average, 92, 75 and 64% of Anopheles stephensi mosquitoes released into the wind tunnel to penetrate the permissive side and 0, 0 and 6% of mosquitoes to escape through the non-permissive side, respectively. CONCLUSIONS A cone-based 3D screen fulfilled the study objective. It allowed capturing 92% of mosquitoes within the double screen setup inside the wind tunnel and blocked 100% from escaping. Thus, the cone-based screen effectively acted as a unidirectional mosquito screen. This 3D screen-based trap design could therefore be used in house screening as a means of avoiding infective bites and reducing mosquito population size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayman Khattab
- Research Program Unit, Immunobiology Research Program and Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 3, FIN-00014, Helsinki, Finland. .,Department of Nucleic Acid Research, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications, Alexandria, Egypt.
| | - Kaisa Jylhä
- Department of Materials Science, Tampere University of Technology, P.O. Box 589, 33101, Tampere, Finland
| | - Tomi Hakala
- Department of Materials Science, Tampere University of Technology, P.O. Box 589, 33101, Tampere, Finland
| | | | - Robert Malima
- National Institute for Medical Research, Amani Medical Research Centre, Muheza, Tanzania
| | - William Kisinza
- National Institute for Medical Research, Amani Medical Research Centre, Muheza, Tanzania
| | - Markku Honkala
- Department of Materials Science, Tampere University of Technology, P.O. Box 589, 33101, Tampere, Finland
| | - Pertti Nousiainen
- Department of Materials Science, Tampere University of Technology, P.O. Box 589, 33101, Tampere, Finland
| | - Seppo Meri
- Research Program Unit, Immunobiology Research Program and Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 3, FIN-00014, Helsinki, Finland.,Helsinki University Central Hospital, Haartmaninkatu, FIN-00029, Helsinki, Finland
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Killeen GF, Masalu JP, Chinula D, Fotakis EA, Kavishe DR, Malone D, Okumu F. Control of Malaria Vector Mosquitoes by Insecticide-Treated Combinations of Window Screens and Eave Baffles. Emerg Infect Dis 2017; 23:782-789. [PMID: 28418299 PMCID: PMC5403053 DOI: 10.3201/eid2305.160662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We assessed window screens and eave baffles (WSEBs), which enable mosquitoes to enter but not exit houses, as an alternative to indoor residual spraying (IRS) for malaria vector control. WSEBs treated with water, the pyrethroid lambda-cyhalothrin, or the organophosphate pirimiphos-methyl, with and without a binding agent for increasing insecticide persistence on netting, were compared with IRS in experimental huts. Compared with IRS containing the same insecticide, WSEBs killed similar proportions of Anopheles funestus mosquitoes that were resistant to pyrethroids, carbamates and organochlorines and greater proportions of pyrethroid-resistant, early exiting An. arabiensis mosquitoes. WSEBs with pirimiphos-methyl killed greater proportions of both vectors than lambda-cyhalothrin or lambda-cyhalothrin plus pirimiphos-methyl and were equally efficacious when combined with binding agent. WSEBs required far less insecticide than IRS, and binding agents might enhance durability. WSEBs might enable affordable deployment of insecticide combinations to mitigate against physiologic insecticide resistance and improve control of behaviorally resistant, early exiting vectors.
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Killeen GF, Marshall JM, Kiware SS, South AB, Tusting LS, Chaki PP, Govella NJ. Measuring, manipulating and exploiting behaviours of adult mosquitoes to optimise malaria vector control impact. BMJ Glob Health 2017; 2:e000212. [PMID: 28589023 PMCID: PMC5444085 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2016-000212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Residual malaria transmission can persist despite high coverage with effective long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) and/or indoor residual spraying (IRS), because many vector mosquitoes evade them by feeding on animals, feeding outdoors, resting outdoors or rapidly exiting from houses after entering them. However, many of these behaviours that render vectors resilient to control with IRS and LLINs also make them vulnerable to some emerging new alternative interventions. Furthermore, vector control measures targeting preferred behaviours of mosquitoes often force them to express previously rare alternative behaviours, which can then be targeted with these complementary new interventions. For example, deployment of LLINs against vectors that historically fed predominantly indoors on humans typically results in persisting transmission by residual populations that survive by feeding outdoors on humans and animals, where they may then be targeted with vapour-phase insecticides and veterinary insecticides, respectively. So while the ability of mosquitoes to express alternative behaviours limits the impact of LLINs and IRS, it also creates measurable and unprecedented opportunities for deploying complementary additional approaches that would otherwise be ineffective. Now that more diverse vector control methods are finally becoming available, well-established entomological field techniques for surveying adult mosquito behaviours should be fully exploited by national malaria control programmes, to rationally and adaptively map out new opportunities for their effective deployment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerry F Killeen
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara and Dar es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania.,Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - John M Marshall
- Divisions of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Samson S Kiware
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara and Dar es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania
| | | | - Lucy S Tusting
- Oxford Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Prosper P Chaki
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara and Dar es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania
| | - Nicodem J Govella
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara and Dar es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania
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Killeen GF, Tatarsky A, Diabate A, Chaccour CJ, Marshall JM, Okumu FO, Brunner S, Newby G, Williams YA, Malone D, Tusting LS, Gosling RD. Developing an expanded vector control toolbox for malaria elimination. BMJ Glob Health 2017; 2:e000211. [PMID: 28589022 PMCID: PMC5444090 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2016-000211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Vector control using long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) and indoor residual spraying (IRS) accounts for most of the malaria burden reductions achieved recently in low and middle-income countries (LMICs). LLINs and IRS are highly effective, but are insufficient to eliminate malaria transmission in many settings because of operational constraints, growing resistance to available insecticides and mosquitoes that behaviourally avoid contact with these interventions. However, a number of substantive opportunities now exist for rapidly developing and implementing more diverse, effective and sustainable malaria vector control strategies for LMICs. For example, mosquito control in high-income countries is predominantly achieved with a combination of mosquito-proofed housing and environmental management, supplemented with large-scale insecticide applications to larval habitats and outdoor spaces that kill off vector populations en masse, but all these interventions remain underused in LMICs. Programmatic development and evaluation of decentralised, locally managed systems for delivering these proactive mosquito population abatement practices in LMICs could therefore enable broader scale-up. Furthermore, a diverse range of emerging or repurposed technologies are becoming available for targeting mosquitoes when they enter houses, feed outdoors, attack livestock, feed on sugar or aggregate into mating swarms. Global policy must now be realigned to mobilise the political and financial support necessary to exploit these opportunities over the decade ahead, so that national malaria control and elimination programmes can access a much broader, more effective set of vector control interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerry F Killeen
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, United Republic of Tanzania
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Allison Tatarsky
- Malaria Elimination Initiative, Global Health Group, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Abdoulaye Diabate
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé/Centre Muraz, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Carlos J Chaccour
- Instituto de Salud Global, Barcelona Centre for International Health Research (CRESIB), Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Instituto de Salud Tropical, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - John M Marshall
- Divisions of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Fredros O Okumu
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, United Republic of Tanzania
- School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Shannon Brunner
- Malaria Elimination Initiative, Global Health Group, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Gretchen Newby
- Malaria Elimination Initiative, Global Health Group, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Yasmin A Williams
- Malaria Elimination Initiative, Global Health Group, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - David Malone
- Innovative Vector Control Consortium, Liverpool, UK
| | - Lucy S Tusting
- Oxford Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Roland D Gosling
- Malaria Elimination Initiative, Global Health Group, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
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Killeen GF, Govella NJ, Lwetoijera DW, Okumu FO. Most outdoor malaria transmission by behaviourally-resistant Anopheles arabiensis is mediated by mosquitoes that have previously been inside houses. Malar J 2016; 15:225. [PMID: 27093890 PMCID: PMC4837512 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-016-1280-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2015] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Anopheles arabiensis is stereotypical of diverse vectors that mediate residual malaria transmission globally, because it can feed outdoors upon humans or cattle, or enter but then rapidly exit houses without fatal exposure to insecticidal nets or sprays. Methods Life histories of a well-characterized An. arabiensis population were simulated with a simple but process-explicit deterministic model and relevance to other vectors examined through sensitivity analysis. Results Where most humans use bed nets, two thirds of An. arabiensis blood feeds and half of malaria transmission events were estimated to occur outdoors. However, it was also estimated that most successful feeds and almost all (>98 %) transmission events are preceded by unsuccessful attempts to attack humans indoors. The estimated proportion of vector blood meals ultimately obtained from humans indoors is dramatically attenuated by availability of alternative hosts, or partial ability to attack humans outdoors. However, the estimated proportion of mosquitoes old enough to transmit malaria, and which have previously entered a house at least once, is far less sensitive to both variables. For vectors with similarly modest preference for cattle over humans and similar ability to evade fatal indoor insecticide exposure once indoors, >80 % of predicted feeding events by mosquitoes old enough to transmit malaria are preceded by at least one house entry event, so long as ≥40 % of attempts to attack humans occur indoors and humans outnumber cattle ≥4-fold. Conclusions While the exact numerical results predicted by such a simple deterministic model should be considered only approximate and illustrative, the derived conclusions are remarkably insensitive to substantive deviations from the input parameter values measured for this particular An. arabiensis population. This life-history analysis, therefore, identifies a clear, broadly-important opportunity for more effective suppression of residual malaria transmission by An. arabiensis in Africa and other important vectors of residual transmission across the tropics. Improved control of predominantly outdoor residual transmission by An. arabiensis, and other modestly zoophagic vectors like Anopheles darlingi, which frequently enter but then rapidly exit from houses, may be readily achieved by improving existing technology for killing mosquitoes indoors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerry F Killeen
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Thematic Group, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Kilombero, Morogoro, United Republic of Tanzania. .,Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK.
| | - Nicodem J Govella
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Thematic Group, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Kilombero, Morogoro, United Republic of Tanzania
| | - Dickson W Lwetoijera
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Thematic Group, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Kilombero, Morogoro, United Republic of Tanzania
| | - Fredros O Okumu
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Thematic Group, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Kilombero, Morogoro, United Republic of Tanzania.,School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Republic of South Africa
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Matubi EM, Bukaka E, Luemba TB, Situakibanza H, Sangaré I, Mesia G, Ngoyi DM, Maniania NK, Akikwa CN, Kanza JPB, Tamfum JJM, Sudi JNB. [Determination of biological and entomological parameters of Anopheles gambiae sl in malaria transmission in Bandundu city, Democratic Republic of Congo]. Pan Afr Med J 2015; 22:108. [PMID: 26848355 PMCID: PMC4732634 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2015.22.108.6774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction La présente étude a été menée à Bandundu-ville (RDC) en vue d'identifier les paramètres écologiques et entomologiques modulant la transmission du paludisme ainsi que leur tendance saisonnière dans cette agglomération. Méthodes Cette étude a été réalisée dans la période du 1er juin au 31 décembre 2011. Des prospections des gîtes larvaires d'anophèles avec récolte ont été réalisées, les paramètres physiques, physico-chimiques et environnementaux déterminés. La densité larvaire a été estimée selon une échelle de classes de densité, inspirée de la méthode de Carron pour chaque type de gîtes. Quarante-huit maisons ont été sélectionnées et prospectées pour la récolte des moustiques par pulvérisation intradomicilaire. L'identification des moustiques a été faite sur base des critères morphologiques de Gilles et Demeillon. L'Indice sporozoïtique (Is) a été déterminé par le test ELISA CSP de Plasmodium falciparum à l'Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale selon le protocole de Robert Wirtz. Les autres paramètres entomologiques comme la densité, le taux d'agressivité, le taux d'inoculation entomologique (TIE) ainsi que l'indice de stabilité ont été déterminés selon le protocole de l'OMS. La régression linéaire a été réalisée au seuil de signification de 0,05 pour identifier les déterminants de la densité larvaire. Résultats Cent-sept gîtes larvaires ont été identifiés et caractérisés en 5 types (digues et puits d'eau, collections d'eau maraîchère et concasseurs moellons, marais Régie de distribution d'eau, marais le long des rivières et ruisseaux et flaques d'eau de pluies). La densité larvaire moyenne a été de 117,4±64,1. Quatre mille cinq cents quatre-vingt-huit moustiques ont été capturés et identifiés, parmi lesquels 1.258 Anopheles gambiae sl avec une densité de 8,86, un taux d'agressivité de 1,55 piqûre par homme par nuit, l'Is de 5,6%, un TIE de 0,085 piqûre infectante par homme par nuit, l'espérance de vie moyenne d'anophèles de 16,4 jours et un indice stabilité de 6,512. L'analyse des données a montré que la superficie des gîtes larvaires influençait significativement la densité larvaire (p < 0,001). Par contre, la turbidité et la conductivité des gîtes influençaient négativement la densité larvaire (p < 0,05, IC 95%). Conclusion Les diverses biotopes, la forte densité d’Anopheles gambiae sl, le TIE et l'indice de stabilité placent Bandundu-ville en zone endémique stable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emery Metelo Matubi
- Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale (INRB/Kinshasa), B.P 1197 KIN 1, Kinshasa, République Démocratique de Congo; Faculté de Médecine, Université de Bandundu (UNIBAND), B.P 548 Bandundu-ville, Bandundu, République Démocratique de Congo; Faculté des Sciences, Département de Biologie, Unité de Recherche Entomologique, B.P 190 KIN XI, Université de Kinshasa (UNIKIN), République Démocratique de Congo
| | - Eric Bukaka
- Faculté des Sciences, Département de Biologie, Unité de Recherche Entomologique, B.P 190 KIN XI, Université de Kinshasa (UNIKIN), République Démocratique de Congo
| | - Trésor Bakambana Luemba
- Faculté des Sciences, Département de Biologie, Unité de Recherche Entomologique, B.P 190 KIN XI, Université de Kinshasa (UNIKIN), République Démocratique de Congo
| | - Hyppolite Situakibanza
- Faculté de Médecine, B.P 834 KIN XI, Université de Kinshasa (UNIKIN), République Démocratique de Congo
| | - Ibrahim Sangaré
- Service de Parasitologie-mycologie, INSSA de Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Gauthier Mesia
- Faculté de Médecine, B.P 834 KIN XI, Université de Kinshasa (UNIKIN), République Démocratique de Congo
| | - Dieudonné Mumba Ngoyi
- Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale (INRB/Kinshasa), B.P 1197 KIN 1, Kinshasa, République Démocratique de Congo; Faculté de Médecine, B.P 834 KIN XI, Université de Kinshasa (UNIKIN), République Démocratique de Congo
| | - Nguya Kalemba Maniania
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), P.O. Box 30772 - 00100 GPO, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Charles Ngandote Akikwa
- Croix-Rouge Françoise en RD Congo(CRf-RDC), Kinshasa et Institut Supérieur des Techniques Médicales de Kenge (ISTM/Kenge) B.P 8631 KIN, Bandundu, République Démocratique de Congo
| | | | - Jean-Jacques Muyembe Tamfum
- Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale (INRB/Kinshasa), B.P 1197 KIN 1, Kinshasa, République Démocratique de Congo; Faculté de Médecine, B.P 834 KIN XI, Université de Kinshasa (UNIKIN), République Démocratique de Congo
| | - Jonas Nagahuedi Bongo Sudi
- Faculté des Sciences, Département de Biologie, Unité de Recherche Entomologique, B.P 190 KIN XI, Université de Kinshasa (UNIKIN), République Démocratique de Congo
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Lima JBP, Rosa-Freitas MG, Rodovalho CM, Santos F, Lourenço-de-Oliveira R. Is there an efficient trap or collection method for sampling Anopheles darlingi and other malaria vectors that can describe the essential parameters affecting transmission dynamics as effectively as human landing catches? - A Review. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2014; 109:685-705. [PMID: 25185008 PMCID: PMC4156462 DOI: 10.1590/0074-0276140134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Distribution, abundance, feeding behaviour, host preference, parity status and human-biting and infection rates are among the medical entomological parameters evaluated when determining the vector capacity of mosquito species. To evaluate these parameters, mosquitoes must be collected using an appropriate method. Malaria is primarily transmitted by anthropophilic and synanthropic anophelines. Thus, collection methods must result in the identification of the anthropophilic species and efficiently evaluate the parameters involved in malaria transmission dynamics. Consequently, human landing catches would be the most appropriate method if not for their inherent risk. The choice of alternative anopheline collection methods, such as traps, must consider their effectiveness in reproducing the efficiency of human attraction. Collection methods lure mosquitoes by using a mixture of olfactory, visual and thermal cues. Here, we reviewed, classified and compared the efficiency of anopheline collection methods, with an emphasis on Neotropical anthropophilic species, especially Anopheles darlingi, in distinct malaria epidemiological conditions in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Bento Pereira Lima
- Laboratório de Fisiologia e Controle de Artrópodes Vetores
- Laboratório de Entomologia, Instituto de Biologia do Exército, Rio de
Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Doutor Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, AM,
Brasil
| | - Maria Goreti Rosa-Freitas
- Laboratório de Transmissores de Hematozoários, Instituto Oswaldo
Cruz-Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Cynara Melo Rodovalho
- Laboratório de Fisiologia e Controle de Artrópodes Vetores
- Laboratório de Entomologia, Instituto de Biologia do Exército, Rio de
Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Fátima Santos
- Odebrecht Angola - Projectos e Serviços Ltda, Luanda, Angola
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