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Santos NAC, Martins MM, Andrade AO, Bastos AS, Pontual JDC, Araújo JE, Rocha ML, Medeiros JF, Araujo MS. Effects of Carbohydrate Intake on Anopheles darlingi and Anopheles deaneorum Fitness under Lab-Reared Conditions. INSECTS 2024; 15:240. [PMID: 38667370 PMCID: PMC11050594 DOI: 10.3390/insects15040240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
The maintenance of a highly productive colony of anopheline mosquitoes requires standardized methods in order to obtain a sufficient number of homogeneous individuals for malaria research. In this context, nutritional status may affect survival, fecundity, and the capacity to support pathogen development. Here we assess the effects of carbohydrate sources on fecundity, survival, and susceptibility to Plasmodium vivax infection in colonies of Anopheles darlingi and Anopheles deaneorum mosquitoes. Newly emerged females from each species were fed either 10% sugar or 15% honey solutions until the end of each experiment. The type of carbohydrate meal did not impact any entomological parameters for An. deaneorum, except for survival. For both species, honey meal significantly increased median survival post-emergence by three to four days, probably due to its nutritional value. For An. darlingi fed with honey, a higher mean frequency in stage 5 was observed at 48 h post-blood-meal, which could indicate a delay in the digestion process. However, no effects on fecundity parameters were observed. Regarding susceptibility, An. darlingi fed with sugar exhibited a low intensity of sporozoites, although any negative effects of sucrose on sporozoites invasions in the salivary glands are unknown. Based on the increase in mosquito survival, a carbohydrate source composed of 15% honey solution could be better for maintaining An. darlingi and An. deaneorum in the lab-rearing context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najara A. C. Santos
- Plataforma de Produção e Infecção de Vetores da Malária (PIVEM), Laboratório de Entomologia, Fiocruz Rondônia, Porto Velho 76812-245, RO, Brazil; (N.A.C.S.); (A.O.A.); (A.S.B.); (J.D.C.P.); (J.E.A.); (M.L.R.); (J.F.M.)
- Instituto Nacional de Epidemiologia da Amazônia Ocidental (INCT-EpiAMO), Porto Velho 76812-245, RO, Brazil
| | - Mirilene M. Martins
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Experimental, Fundação Universidade Federal de Rondônia, Fiocruz Rondônia, Porto Velho 76812-245, RO, Brazil;
| | - Alice O. Andrade
- Plataforma de Produção e Infecção de Vetores da Malária (PIVEM), Laboratório de Entomologia, Fiocruz Rondônia, Porto Velho 76812-245, RO, Brazil; (N.A.C.S.); (A.O.A.); (A.S.B.); (J.D.C.P.); (J.E.A.); (M.L.R.); (J.F.M.)
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Pública, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo 01246-904, SP, Brazil
| | - Alessandra S. Bastos
- Plataforma de Produção e Infecção de Vetores da Malária (PIVEM), Laboratório de Entomologia, Fiocruz Rondônia, Porto Velho 76812-245, RO, Brazil; (N.A.C.S.); (A.O.A.); (A.S.B.); (J.D.C.P.); (J.E.A.); (M.L.R.); (J.F.M.)
- Instituto Nacional de Epidemiologia da Amazônia Ocidental (INCT-EpiAMO), Porto Velho 76812-245, RO, Brazil
| | - José D. C. Pontual
- Plataforma de Produção e Infecção de Vetores da Malária (PIVEM), Laboratório de Entomologia, Fiocruz Rondônia, Porto Velho 76812-245, RO, Brazil; (N.A.C.S.); (A.O.A.); (A.S.B.); (J.D.C.P.); (J.E.A.); (M.L.R.); (J.F.M.)
- Instituto Nacional de Epidemiologia da Amazônia Ocidental (INCT-EpiAMO), Porto Velho 76812-245, RO, Brazil
| | - Jéssica E. Araújo
- Plataforma de Produção e Infecção de Vetores da Malária (PIVEM), Laboratório de Entomologia, Fiocruz Rondônia, Porto Velho 76812-245, RO, Brazil; (N.A.C.S.); (A.O.A.); (A.S.B.); (J.D.C.P.); (J.E.A.); (M.L.R.); (J.F.M.)
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Experimental, Fundação Universidade Federal de Rondônia, Fiocruz Rondônia, Porto Velho 76812-245, RO, Brazil;
| | - Marina L. Rocha
- Plataforma de Produção e Infecção de Vetores da Malária (PIVEM), Laboratório de Entomologia, Fiocruz Rondônia, Porto Velho 76812-245, RO, Brazil; (N.A.C.S.); (A.O.A.); (A.S.B.); (J.D.C.P.); (J.E.A.); (M.L.R.); (J.F.M.)
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Conservação e uso de Recursos Naturais—PPGReN, Fundação Universidade Federal de Rondônia, Porto Velho 76812-245, RO, Brazil
| | - Jansen F. Medeiros
- Plataforma de Produção e Infecção de Vetores da Malária (PIVEM), Laboratório de Entomologia, Fiocruz Rondônia, Porto Velho 76812-245, RO, Brazil; (N.A.C.S.); (A.O.A.); (A.S.B.); (J.D.C.P.); (J.E.A.); (M.L.R.); (J.F.M.)
- Instituto Nacional de Epidemiologia da Amazônia Ocidental (INCT-EpiAMO), Porto Velho 76812-245, RO, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Experimental, Fundação Universidade Federal de Rondônia, Fiocruz Rondônia, Porto Velho 76812-245, RO, Brazil;
| | - Maisa S. Araujo
- Plataforma de Produção e Infecção de Vetores da Malária (PIVEM), Laboratório de Entomologia, Fiocruz Rondônia, Porto Velho 76812-245, RO, Brazil; (N.A.C.S.); (A.O.A.); (A.S.B.); (J.D.C.P.); (J.E.A.); (M.L.R.); (J.F.M.)
- Instituto Nacional de Epidemiologia da Amazônia Ocidental (INCT-EpiAMO), Porto Velho 76812-245, RO, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Pública, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo 01246-904, SP, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Conservação e uso de Recursos Naturais—PPGReN, Fundação Universidade Federal de Rondônia, Porto Velho 76812-245, RO, Brazil
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Translacional e Clínica, Centro de Pesquisa em Medicina Tropical (CEPEM), Porto Velho 76812-329, RO, Brazil
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Kumar G, Gupta SK, Rahi M, Sharma A. Challenges in Understanding the Bionomics of Indian Malaria Vectors. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2022; 107:1005-1014. [PMID: 36096410 PMCID: PMC9709009 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.22-0137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Many factors influence the success or failure of malaria vector control program such as political will, leadership, sustained funding, robustness of healthcare system and others. In addition, updated knowledge and information about the triad of host, parasite, and vector is of paramount importance. Vector bionomics studies that determine mosquito behavior in terms of feeding, resting, biting, mating, breeding, longevity, vectorial capacity, and response to different insecticides are a step towards enhancing our understanding. In the present work, we have compiled studies conducted in India over the past two decades (2000-2020) to identify gaps in our knowledge of malaria vector bionomics and the research that needs to be done in the future. We retrieved district-level data of India's six primary malaria vector species. According to our findings, vector bionomics studies have been undertaken in ∼50% and ∼15% of the country's high (annual parasite index > 1) and low (annual parasite index < 1) malaria-endemic districts respectively. Most of the research studies focused on mosquito density, insecticide susceptibility status, and parasite detection, whereas other vital bionomics parameters were neglected. Surveys conducted were incomplete, and vector bionomics data were not captured sufficiently. The absence of vector bionomics data can be a blind spot and the lack or inadequate understanding of vector bionomics can lead to use of inappropriate vector control tools. Thus, there is an urgent need to initiate comprehensive bionomics studies on India's primary and secondary malaria vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Kumar
- National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Manju Rahi
- National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India
- Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Amit Sharma
- National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India
- Molecular Medicine Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
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Nabavi Z, Baniardalani M, Basseri H. Purification and Partial Characterization of Agglutinin Lectin from Heamolymph of German Cockroach, Blattella germanica. J Arthropod Borne Dis 2020; 14:144-152. [PMID: 33365342 PMCID: PMC7738926 DOI: 10.18502/jad.v14i2.3732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Lectin molecules have crucial biological role in insects’ immune system. The aim of present study was to find the agglutinin activities in haemolymph of German cockroach, Belatella germanica with appropriate screening and purification. Methods: The heamolymph of cockroach was collected and agglutinin test performed against different animal and human red blood cells (RBC). Then sugar inhibition assay was carried out to find carbohydrate specific binding lectin. The proteins of haemolymph was purified using ion-exchange chromatography (HPLC) and each fraction was tested for agglutinin activity. Finally the molecular weight of the agglutinin protein was determined using SDS-page. Results: The most agglutinin activity of haemolymph was found against RBC of mouse at titer 1/128ml/L dilution and sugar inhibition assay showed that fucos, N-acetyglucoseamine and galactose reduced titer of agglutinin to ½ml/L. Only one fraction of heamolymph at rotation time of 36 minute showed agglutinin activity. The molecular weight of this lectin was measured as 120Kds. Conclusion: The range of agglutinin activities against different RBC indicates that the isolated lectin is not specific for a particular carbohydrate. In addition, the isolated lectin at low concentration present in heamolymph should be an innate lactin not secreted, because we found it without any trigger immunity of the insect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zohreh Nabavi
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mozhgan Baniardalani
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamidreza Basseri
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Kojin BB, Adelman ZN. The Sporozoite's Journey Through the Mosquito: A Critical Examination of Host and Parasite Factors Required for Salivary Gland Invasion. Front Ecol Evol 2019. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2019.00284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
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Mohanty AK, Nina PB, Ballav S, Vernekar S, Parkar S, D'souza M, Zuo W, Gomes E, Chery L, Tuljapurkar S, Valecha N, Rathod PK, Kumar A. Susceptibility of wild and colonized Anopheles stephensi to Plasmodium vivax infection. Malar J 2018; 17:225. [PMID: 29871629 PMCID: PMC5989471 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-018-2343-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background As much as 80% of global Plasmodium vivax infections occur in South Asia and there is a shortage of direct studies on infectivity of P. vivax in Anopheles stephensi, the most common urban mosquito carrying human malaria. In this quest, the possible effects of laboratory colonization of mosquitoes on infectivity and development of P. vivax is of interest given that colonized mosquitoes can be genetically less divergent than the field population from which they originated. Methods Patient-derived P. vivax infected blood was fed to age-matched wild and colonized An. stephensi. Such a comparison requires coordinated availability of same-age wild and colonized mosquito populations. Here, P. vivax infection are studied in colonized An. stephensi in their 66th–86th generation and fresh field-caught An. stephensi. Wild mosquitoes were caught as larvae and pupae and allowed to develop into adult mosquitoes in the insectary. Parasite development to oocyst and sporozoite stages were assessed on days 7/8 and 12/13, respectively. Results While there were batch to batch variations in infectivity of individual patient-derived P. vivax samples, both wild and colonized An. stephensi were roughly equally susceptible to oocyst stage Plasmodium infection. At the level of sporozoite development, significantly more mosquitoes with sporozoite load of 4+ were seen in wild than in colonized populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajeet Kumar Mohanty
- National Institute of Malaria Research, Field Unit, Campal, Goa, 403001, India
| | - Praveen Balabaskaran Nina
- Departments of Chemistry and Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.,Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur, Tamil Nadu, 610005, India
| | - Shuvankar Ballav
- National Institute of Malaria Research, Field Unit, Campal, Goa, 403001, India
| | - Smita Vernekar
- National Institute of Malaria Research, Field Unit, Campal, Goa, 403001, India
| | - Sushma Parkar
- National Institute of Malaria Research, Field Unit, Campal, Goa, 403001, India
| | - Maria D'souza
- National Institute of Malaria Research, Field Unit, Campal, Goa, 403001, India
| | - Wenyun Zuo
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Edwin Gomes
- Goa Medical College and Hospital, Bambolim, Goa, 403202, India
| | - Laura Chery
- Departments of Chemistry and Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | | | - Neena Valecha
- National Institute of Malaria Research (ICMR), Sector 8, Dwarka, New Delhi, 110077, India
| | - Pradipsinh K Rathod
- Departments of Chemistry and Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Ashwani Kumar
- National Institute of Malaria Research, Field Unit, Campal, Goa, 403001, India.
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Edalat H, Akhoundi M, Basseri H. Age-dependance of pteridines in the malaria vector, Anopheles stephensi. Pteridines 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/pterid-2017-0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Determining the accurate age of malaria vectors is crucial to measure the risk of malaria transmission. A group of fluorescent chemicals derived from a pyrimidine-pyrazine ring structure known as pteridines from the head, thorax and whole body of adult female Anopheles stephensi were identified and evaluated as a tool for chronological and physiological age determination of malaria vectors. The female mosquitoes were collected from an insectary colony at an interval of every 5 days, up to 30 days, and the pteridines of head, thorax and whole body were detected fluorometrically by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) using excitation and emission wavelengths of 365 and 455 nm, respectively. In addition, alteration of the pteridines compounds was compared between blood and sugar fed mosquito groups. Although four pteridines including pterin-6-carboxylic acid, biopterin, xanthopterin and isoxanthopterin were detected, some of them were absent in the head or thorax of mosquitoes. Levels of all four pteridines were similarly decreased in a linear manner throughout 30 days. No significant difference in alteration of pteridine compounds was observed between the two groups of blood or sugar fed mosquitoes. This result indicates that diet has a little effect on pteridines alteration. Age determination based on pteridines, as an age-grading technique, could be used for field collected mosquitoes, which have either sugar or blood meal. In addition, analyzing total pteridine fluorescence from only whole body could be a convenient method to estimate the age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamideh Edalat
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control , School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Mohammad Akhoundi
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control , School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Hamidreza Basseri
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control , School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
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Reduction of Mosquito Survival in Mice Vaccinated with Anopheles stephensi Glucose Transporter. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:3428186. [PMID: 28804714 PMCID: PMC5540378 DOI: 10.1155/2017/3428186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Despite the fact that recent efforts to control/eradicate malaria have contributed to a significant decrease in the number of cases and deaths, the disease remains a global health challenge. Vaccines based on mosquito salivary gland antigens are a potential approach for reducing vector populations and malaria parasites. The Anopheles AGAP007752 gene encodes for a glucose transporter that is upregulated during Plasmodium infection, and its knockdown decreases the number of sporozoites in mosquito salivary glands. These results together with the fact that glucose is a vital source of energy suggested that a glucose transporter is a candidate protective antigen for the control of mosquito infestations and Plasmodium infection. To address this hypothesis, herein we investigate the effect of mice vaccination with an immunogenic peptide from mosquito glucose transporter on Anopheles stephensi fitness and Plasmodium berghei infection. We showed that vaccination with a peptide of glucose transporter reduced mosquito survival by 5% when compared to controls. However, the reduction in Plasmodium infection was not significant in mosquitoes fed on vaccinated mice. The effect of the peptide vaccination on mosquito survival is important to reduce infestation by malaria vectors. These results support further research on developing glucose transporter-based vaccines to reduce mosquito fitness.
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Balabaskaran Nina P, Mohanty AK, Ballav S, Vernekar S, Bhinge S, D'souza M, Walke J, Manoharan SK, Mascarenhas A, Gomes E, Chery L, Valecha N, Kumar A, Rathod PK. Dynamics of Plasmodium vivax sporogony in wild Anopheles stephensi in a malaria-endemic region of Western India. Malar J 2017; 16:284. [PMID: 28693607 PMCID: PMC5504555 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-017-1931-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In global efforts to track mosquito infectivity and parasite elimination, controlled mosquito-feeding experiments can help in understanding the dynamics of parasite development in vectors. Anopheles stephensi is often accepted as the major urban malaria vector that transmits Plasmodium in Goa and elsewhere in South Asia. However, much needs to be learned about the interactions of Plasmodium vivax with An. stephensi. As a component of the US NIH International Center of Excellence for Malaria Research (ICEMR) for Malaria Evolution in South Asia (MESA), a series of membrane-feeding experiments with wild An. stephensi and P. vivax were carried out to better understand this vector-parasite interaction. Methods Wild An. stephensi larvae and pupae were collected from curing water in construction sites in the city of Ponda, Goa, India. The larvae and pupae were reared at the MESA ICEMR insectary within the National Institute of Malaria Research (NIMR) field unit in Goa until they emerged into adult mosquitoes. Blood for membrane-feeding experiments was obtained from malaria patients at the local Goa Medical College and Hospital who volunteered for the study. Parasites were counted by Miller reticule technique and correlation between gametocytaemia/parasitaemia and successful mosquito infection was studied. Results A weak but significant correlation was found between patient blood gametocytaemia/parasitaemia and mosquito oocyst load. No correlation was observed between gametocytaemia/parasitaemia and oocyst infection rates, and between gametocyte sex ratio and oocyst load. When it came to development of the parasite in the mosquito, a strong positive correlation was observed between oocyst midgut levels and sporozoite infection rates, and between oocyst levels and salivary gland sporozoite loads. Kinetic studies showed that sporozoites appeared in the salivary gland as early as day 7, post-infection. Conclusions This is the first study in India to carry out membrane-feeding experiments with wild An. stephensi and P. vivax. A wide range of mosquito infection loads and infection rates were observed, pointing to a strong interplay between parasite, vector and human factors. Most of the present observations are in agreement with feeding experiments conducted with P. vivax elsewhere in the world. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12936-017-1931-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ajeet Kumar Mohanty
- National Institute of Malaria Research, Field Unit, Campal, Goa, 403001, India
| | - Shuvankar Ballav
- National Institute of Malaria Research, Field Unit, Campal, Goa, 403001, India
| | - Smita Vernekar
- National Institute of Malaria Research, Field Unit, Campal, Goa, 403001, India
| | - Sushma Bhinge
- National Institute of Malaria Research, Field Unit, Campal, Goa, 403001, India
| | - Maria D'souza
- National Institute of Malaria Research, Field Unit, Campal, Goa, 403001, India
| | - Jayashree Walke
- Departments of Chemistry and of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.,Goa Medical College and Hospital, Bambolim, Goa, 403202, India
| | - Suresh Kumar Manoharan
- Departments of Chemistry and of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.,Goa Medical College and Hospital, Bambolim, Goa, 403202, India
| | - Anjali Mascarenhas
- Departments of Chemistry and of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.,Goa Medical College and Hospital, Bambolim, Goa, 403202, India
| | - Edwin Gomes
- Goa Medical College and Hospital, Bambolim, Goa, 403202, India
| | - Laura Chery
- Departments of Chemistry and of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Neena Valecha
- National Institute of Malaria Research (ICMR), Sector 8, Dwarka, New Delhi, 110077, India
| | - Ashwani Kumar
- National Institute of Malaria Research, Field Unit, Campal, Goa, 403001, India
| | - Pradipsinh K Rathod
- Departments of Chemistry and of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
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Infection of laboratory colonies of Anopheles mosquitoes with Plasmodium vivax from cryopreserved clinical isolates. Int J Parasitol 2016; 46:679-83. [PMID: 27456552 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2016.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Revised: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Plasmodium vivax is the most geographically widespread malaria parasite. Unique features of transmission biology complicate P. vivax control. Interventions targeting transmission are required for malaria eradication. In the absence of an in vitro culture, transmission studies rely on live isolates from non-human primates or endemic regions. Here, we demonstrate P. vivax gametocytes from both India and Brazil are stable during cryopreservation. Importantly, cryopreserved gametocytes from Brazil were capable of infecting three anopheline mosquito species in feedings done in the United States. These findings create new opportunities for transmission studies in diverse locales.
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Basseri HR, Javazm MS, Farivar L, Abai MR. Lectin-carbohydrate recognition mechanism of Plasmodium berghei in the midgut of malaria vector Anopheles stephensi using quantum dot as a new approach. Acta Trop 2016; 156:37-42. [PMID: 26772447 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2016.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Revised: 12/31/2015] [Accepted: 01/03/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Potential targets of Plasmodium ookinetes at the mosquito midgut walls were investigated in relation to interfering malarial transmission. In this study, the essential application of Quantum Dots (QDs) was used to examine the interaction between Plasmodium berghei ookinetes and the Anopheles stephensi midgut, based on lectin-carbohydrate recognition. Two significant lectins were utilized to determine this interaction. Two QDs, cadmium telluride (CdTe)/CdS and cadmium selenide (CdSe)/CdS, were employed in staining Plasmodium ookinete to study its interaction in the midgut of the mosquito vector in vivo. Concurrently, two lectins, wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) and concanavalin A (Con A), were inadvertently exploited to mask lectin binding sites between ookinetes and mosquito midgut cells. The numbers of ookinetes in both lumen and epithelial cells were eventually counted, following adequate preparation of wax sections extracted from whole midgut, and subsequent examination using a differential interference contrast a fluorescence microscopic technique. Interestingly, we detected that neither of the QDs mutated ookinete invasion into the midgut cells of the investigated mosquitoes. QD staining of ookinetes remained permanent despite the effective embedding procedure. The massive binding potency of ookinetes to midgut cells of the cross-examined mosquitoes undoubtedly revealed that Con A did not interrupt ookinete penetration into the midgut wall. In contrast, WGA inhibited ookinete invasion into the midgut cells. The results proved that QD nanoparticles are biocompatible, non-toxic to P. berghei and stable to photobleaching. The QDs staining, which was successfully implemented for ookinete labelling, is a simple and effective tool which plays a crucial role in bioimaging including the study of parasite-vector interactions.
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Bio-ecology of malaria vectors in an endemic area, Southeast of Iran. ASIAN PAC J TROP MED 2015; 9:32-8. [PMID: 26851783 DOI: 10.1016/j.apjtm.2015.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Revised: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine some bio-ecological aspects of malaria vectors in Jask County, where is targeted for malaria elimination in the national program. METHODS Mosquitoes were collected monthly during 2013-2014 using different collection methods. Subsequently, ELISA test was used to detect the human blood index of mosquitoes. The susceptibility status of Anopheles stephensi was evaluated against the diagnostic dosages of seven WHO recommended insecticides. RESULTS A total of 3650 female and 4736 Anopheles larvae were collected including Anopheles stephensi, Anopheles culicifacies s.l., Anopheles dthali, Anopheles fluviatilis s.l., Anopheles moghulensis and Anopheles turkhodi species. Anopheles stephensi was the dominant collected species on human baits and indoors with high rate of unfed and gravid specimens in internal and external window traps. Human blood index was calculated as 14.3% for this species. It was also found to be resistant to DDT and Dieldrin. CONCLUSIONS The collected species had a wide range of habitats, and resting behaviors. With regarding to the presence of most important malaria vectors in Jask, control of the disease may be so complicated; as based on the weather condition it can be transmitted during the whole year, expect for cold months. With this strong potential of transmission, existing population movements in the area may lead to imported cases of malaria and local outbreak(s). So, more specific studies on malaria vectors in high risk areas of Jask County are recommended.
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Pinheiro-Silva R, Borges L, Coelho LP, Cabezas-Cruz A, Valdés JJ, do Rosário V, de la Fuente J, Domingos A. Gene expression changes in the salivary glands of Anopheles coluzzii elicited by Plasmodium berghei infection. Parasit Vectors 2015; 8:485. [PMID: 26395987 PMCID: PMC4580310 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-1079-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Malaria is a devastating infectious disease caused by Plasmodium parasites transmitted through the bites of infected Anopheles mosquitoes. Salivary glands are the only mosquito tissue invaded by Plasmodium sporozoites, being a key stage for the effective parasite transmission, making the study of Anopheles sialome highly relevant. Methods RNA-sequencing was used to compare differential gene expression in salivary glands of uninfected and Plasmodium berghei-infected Anopheles coluzzii mosquitoes. RNA-seq results were validated by quantitative RT-PCR. The transmembrane glucose transporter gene AGAP007752 was selected for functional analysis by RNA interference. The effect of gene silencing on infection level was evaluated. The putative function and tertiary structure of the protein was assessed. Results RNA-seq data showed that 2588 genes were differentially expressed in mosquitoes salivary glands in response to P. berghei infection, being 1578 upregulated and 1010 downregulated. Metabolism, Immunity, Replication/Transcription/Translation, Proteolysis and Transport were the mosquito gene functional classes more affected by parasite infection. Endopeptidase coding genes were the most abundant within the differentially expressed genes in infected salivary glands (P < 0.001). Based on its putative function and expression level, the transmembrane glucose transporter gene, AGAP007752, was selected for functional analysis by RNA interference. The results demonstrated that the number of sporozoites was 44.3 % lower in mosquitoes fed on infected mice after AGAPP007752 gene knockdown when compared to control (P < 0.01). Conclusions Our hypothesis is that the protein encoded by the gene AGAPP007752 may play a role on An. coluzzii salivary glands infection by Plasmodium parasite, working as a sporozoite receptor and/or promoting a favorable environment for the capacity of sporozoites. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-015-1079-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lara Borges
- Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Lisbon, Portugal. .,Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHMT), Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Luís Pedro Coelho
- Unidade de Biofísica e Expressão Genética, Instituto de Medicina Molecular (IMM), Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Alejandro Cabezas-Cruz
- Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille (CIIL), Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France. .,SaBio. Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Cinegéticos, IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ciudad Real, Spain.
| | - James J Valdés
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
| | | | - José de la Fuente
- SaBio. Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Cinegéticos, IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ciudad Real, Spain. .,Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, USA.
| | - Ana Domingos
- Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Lisbon, Portugal. .,Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHMT), Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Lisbon, Portugal.
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Chandramohanadas R, Basappa, Russell B, Liew K, Yau YH, Chong A, Liu M, Gunalan K, Raman R, Renia L, Nosten F, Shochat SG, Dao M, Sasisekharan R, Suresh S, Preiser P. Small molecule targeting malaria merozoite surface protein-1 (MSP-1) prevents host invasion of divergent plasmodial species. J Infect Dis 2014; 210:1616-26. [PMID: 24864124 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiu296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria causes nearly 1 million deaths annually. Recent emergence of multidrug resistance highlights the need to develop novel therapeutic interventions against human malaria. Given the involvement of sugar binding plasmodial proteins in host invasion, we set out to identify such proteins as targets of small glycans. Combining multidisciplinary approaches, we report the discovery of a small molecule inhibitor, NIC, capable of inhibiting host invasion through interacting with a major invasion-related protein, merozoite surface protein-1 (MSP-1). This interaction was validated through computational, biochemical, and biophysical tools. Importantly, treatment with NIC prevented host invasion by Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax--major causative organisms of human malaria. MSP-1, an indispensable antigen critical for invasion and suitably localized in abundance on the merozoite surface represents an ideal target for antimalarial development. The ability to target merozoite invasion proteins with specific small inhibitors opens up a new avenue to target this important pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Chandramohanadas
- Interdisciplinary Research Group of Infectious Diseases, Singapore MIT Alliance for Research and Technology Centre (SMART) Singapore University of Technology and Design, 20 Dover Drive
| | - Basappa
- Interdisciplinary Research Group of Infectious Diseases, Singapore MIT Alliance for Research and Technology Centre (SMART)
| | - Bruce Russell
- Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore and
| | - Kingsley Liew
- Interdisciplinary Research Group of Infectious Diseases, Singapore MIT Alliance for Research and Technology Centre (SMART)
| | - Yin Hoe Yau
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Alvin Chong
- Interdisciplinary Research Group of Infectious Diseases, Singapore MIT Alliance for Research and Technology Centre (SMART)
| | - Min Liu
- Interdisciplinary Research Group of Infectious Diseases, Singapore MIT Alliance for Research and Technology Centre (SMART)
| | | | - Rahul Raman
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Laurent Renia
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR)
| | - Francois Nosten
- Shoklo Malaria Research Unit, Mae Sot, Thailand Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Oxford University, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ming Dao
- Interdisciplinary Research Group of Infectious Diseases, Singapore MIT Alliance for Research and Technology Centre (SMART) Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge
| | - Ram Sasisekharan
- Interdisciplinary Research Group of Infectious Diseases, Singapore MIT Alliance for Research and Technology Centre (SMART) Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Subra Suresh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh
| | - Peter Preiser
- Interdisciplinary Research Group of Infectious Diseases, Singapore MIT Alliance for Research and Technology Centre (SMART) School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
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Basseri HR, Mohamadzadeh Hajipirloo H, Mohammadi Bavani M, Whitten MMA. Comparative susceptibility of different biological forms of Anopheles stephensi to Plasmodium berghei ANKA strain. PLoS One 2013; 8:e75413. [PMID: 24086525 PMCID: PMC3781038 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2012] [Accepted: 08/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There are varying degrees of compatibility between malaria parasite-mosquito species, and understanding this compatibility may be crucial for developing effective transmission-blocking vaccines. This study investigates the compatibility of different biological forms of a malaria vector, Anopheles stephensi, to Plasmodium berghei ANKA strain. Methods Several biologically different and allopatric forms of A. stephensi were studied. Three forms were isolated from different regions of southern Iran: the variety mysorensis, the intermediate form and the native type form, and an additional type form originated from India (Beech strain).The mosquitoes were experimentally infected with P. berghei to compare their susceptibility to parasitism. Anti-mosquito midgut antiserum was then raised in BALB/cs mice immunized against gut antigens from the most susceptible form of A. stephensi (Beech strain), and the efficacy of the antiserum was assessed in transmission-blocking assays conducted on the least susceptible mosquito biological form. Results The susceptibility of different biological forms of A. stephensi mosquito to P. berghei was specifically inter-type varied. The Beech strain and the intermediate form were both highly susceptible to infection, with higher oocyst and sporozoite infection rates than intermediate and mysorensis forms. The oocyst infection, and particularly sporozite infection, was lowest in the mysorensis strain. Antiserum raised against midgut proteins of the Indian Beech type form blocked infection in this mosquito population, but it was ineffective at blocking both oocyst and sporozoite development in the permissive but geographically distant intermediate form mosquitoes. This suggests that a strong degree of incompatibility exists between the mosquito strains in terms of midgut protein(s) acting as putative ookinete receptors. Conclusions The incompatibility in the midgut protein profiles between two biological forms of A. stephensi demonstrates a well-differentiated population structure according to geographical origin. Therefore, the design of potential transmission-blocking strategies should incorporate a more thorough understanding of intra-species variations in host-parasite interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid R. Basseri
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Habib Mohamadzadeh Hajipirloo
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
- * E-mail:
| | - Mulood Mohammadi Bavani
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Miranda M. A. Whitten
- Institute of Life Science, College of Medicine, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, United Kingdom
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Gholizadeh S, Zakeri S, Djadid ND. Genotyping Plasmodium vivax isolates infecting Anopheles stephensi, an Asian main malaria vector. Exp Parasitol 2013; 134:48-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2013.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2012] [Revised: 12/24/2012] [Accepted: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Koosha M, Abai MR, Abolhasani M, Charedar S, Basseri HR. Lectin Activity in Gut Extract of Culex pipiens. J Arthropod Borne Dis 2013; 7:23-30. [PMID: 23785692 PMCID: PMC3684494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2011] [Accepted: 06/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of lectins is important in interaction between pathogens and mosquito vectors. This study was performed to identify agglutinin activities of protein molecules on the midgut of Culex pipiens. METHODS Culex pipiens was reared in insectray condition and the midguts of males and females (blood fed and unfed) were dissected separately in Tris-HCl buffer. The extracts of midguts were applied for hemagglutinin assay against red blood cells of rabbit, mouse, rat, dog, horse, sheep, guinea pig, cow, human (A, B, AB, O groups). Then, the RBCs with relatively high agglutinin activity were chosen for carbohydrate inhibition assay. D (+) glucose, D (+) galactose, D (+) mannose, D (-) fructose, D (-) arabinose, L (-) fucose, lactose, N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, N-acetyl-D-galactosamine, sialic acid were used to specify carbohydrate binding lectin. RESULTS The highest agglutinin activities were found against sheep and rabbits RBCs. Sexual diversity of agglutinin activities was observed among midgut extraction of males and females. In addition, variation in agglutinin activity of blood fed and unfed female mosquitoes were detected. The lectin activity was inhibited highly with glucose, galactose, fucose and fructose but less inhibitor activities was observed by arabinose, N-acetyl-D-galactosamine, n-acetyl-d-glucosamine, lactose and mannose. CONCLUSION The secretion of hemagglutinins (lectins or lectin-like molecules) in the digestive system depends on the type of food in the gut. This suggests that emptying of the gut in preparation for protein rich food probably starts the secretion of hemagglutinins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Koosha
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Abai
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mandan Abolhasani
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Soroor Charedar
- Department of Medical Parasitology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Reza Basseri
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Battle KE, Gething PW, Elyazar IRF, Moyes CL, Sinka ME, Howes RE, Guerra CA, Price RN, Baird KJ, Hay SI. The global public health significance of Plasmodium vivax. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2013. [PMID: 23199486 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-397900-1.00001-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Plasmodium vivax occurs globally and thrives in both temperate and tropical climates. Here, we review the evidence of the biological limits of its contemporary distribution and the global population at risk (PAR) of the disease within endemic countries. We also review the most recent evidence for the endemic level of transmission within its range and discuss the implications for burden of disease assessments. Finally, the evidence-base for defining the contemporary distribution and PAR of P. vivax are discussed alongside a description of the vectors of human malaria within the limits of risk. This information along with recent data documenting the severe morbid and fatal consequences of P. vivax infection indicates that the public health significance of P. vivax is likely to have been seriously underestimated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine E Battle
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, UK
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Basseri HR, Abai MR, Raeisi A, Shahandeh K. Community sleeping pattern and anopheline biting in southeastern Iran: a country earmarked for malaria elimination. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2012; 87:499-503. [PMID: 22826491 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.2012.11-0356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
An important variable in determining the vectorial capacity of malaria mosquito species is the degree of mosquito-human contact. This parameter can be affected by community sleeping behavior and the host-feeding habits of vectors. A cross-sectional study of 775 randomly selected inhabitants, including 385 Baluchi residents and 390 Afghani refugees, was conducted in a malarious area in Sabaz District, Sistan-Baluchestan Province, southeastern Iran. In addition, monitoring of human landing periodicity of main malaria vectors was carried out during an entire transmission season. Afghanis and Baluchis showed diversity in sleeping behavior. Most (79.6%) respondents were familiar with symptoms of malaria and also aware of an association between mosquitoes and malaria. Despite this familiarity, 94.6% of Afghan refugees, 74.8% of Baluch residents, and 87.2% of study participants did not use self-protection preventive measures. Overall, only 8.8% of participants reported using bed nets regularly. Surveyed persons used bed nets mainly during second quarter of night. Three major species of malaria vectors (Anopheles culicifacies, An. fluviatilis, and An. stephensi) started biting by sunset and continued throughout the night. The results of present study indicated that synchronization of encounters between inhabitants and mosquito vectors was caused by poor self-protection and sleeping behavior of inhabitants. In addition, diversity in culture and behavior of the two communities may cause the prevalence of malaria to be different between them. Therefore, promoting awareness of self-protection against mosquito bites could promote community participation in malaria elimination program in this malaria-endemic region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid R Basseri
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, and Center for Community Based Participatory Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Shahandeh KH, Basseri HR, Pakari A, Riazi A. Mosquito vector biting and community protection in a malarious area, siahoo district, hormozgan, iran. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF ARTHROPOD-BORNE DISEASES 2010; 4:35-41. [PMID: 22808398 PMCID: PMC3385553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2010] [Accepted: 08/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Use of bed-net continues to offer potential strategy for malaria prevention in endemic areas. Local communities are indispensable during design and implementation stages. METHODS A cross-sectional study of 192 randomly selected inhabitants was carried out in malarious zone, Siahoo direstrict, Hormozgan Province, southern Iran. In addition, we monitored human landing periodicity of main malaria vectors and as well as self-protection of inhabitant in the study area for a period of one transmission season between April to October 2006. RESULTS The biting activities were seen throughout the whole night for three malaria vectors, Anopheles fluviatilis, An. stephensi and An. dthali, and An. fluviatilis exhibiting bimodal peaks, the first at midnight (0:00-1:00) and the other before dawn (5:00-6:00 am) but the maximum biting activity of An. stephensi was occurred at second quarter of night (11:00-12:00 pm). The majority of interviewers (83.3%) knew that malaria was transmitted by mosquitoes and 70.3% of them stated that bed-net is the best control measures. Most subjects (62%) did not have a mosquito net. CONCLUSION Study subjects were aware of an association between mosquito bite and malaria transmission. Health workers at different levels of the health care delivery system should disseminate relevant information about self-protection to help community members to be involved more in malaria control.
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Affiliation(s)
- KH Shahandeh
- Social Development and Health Promotion Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - HR Basseri
- Department of medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Corresponding author: Dr Hamid Reza Basseri,
| | - A Pakari
- Institute of Public Health, Bandar-Abbas Center of Health Research and Education, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - A Riazi
- Department of medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Seasonal abundance and host-feeding patterns of anopheline vectors in malaria endemic area of iran. J Parasitol Res 2010; 2010:671291. [PMID: 21559055 PMCID: PMC2943101 DOI: 10.1155/2010/671291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2010] [Accepted: 08/16/2010] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Seasonal abundance and tendency to feed on humans are important parameters to measure for effective control of malaria vectors. The objective of this study was to describe relation between feeding pattern, abundance, and resting behavior of four malaria vectors in southern Iran. This study was conducted in ten indicator villages (based on malaria incidence and entomological indices) in mountainous/hilly and plain regions situated south and southeastern Iran. Mosquito vectors were collected from indoor as well as outdoor shelters and the blood meals were examined by ELISA test. Over all 7654 female Anopheles spp. were captured, the most common species were Anopheles stephensi, An. culicifacies, An. fluviatilis, and An. d'thali. The overall human blood index was 37.50%, 19.83%, 16.4%, and 30.1% for An. fluviatilis, An. stephensi, An. culicifacies, and An. d'thali, respectively. In addition, An. fluviatilis fed on human blood during the entire year but the feeding behavior of An. stephensi and An. culicifacies varied according to seasons. Overall, the abundance of the female mosquito positive to human blood was 4.25% per human shelter versus 17.5% per animal shelter. This result indicates that the vectors had tendency to rest in animal shelters after feeding on human. Therefore, vector control measure should be planned based on such as feeding pattern, abundance, and resting behavior of these vectors in the area.
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Gholizadeh S, Basseri HR, Zakeri S, Ladoni H, Djadid ND. Cloning, expression and transmission-blocking activity of anti-PvWARP, malaria vaccine candidate, in Anopheles stephensi mysorensis. Malar J 2010; 9:158. [PMID: 20537198 PMCID: PMC2904785 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-9-158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2010] [Accepted: 06/11/2010] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Notwithstanding progress in recent years, a safe, an effective and affordable malaria vaccine is not available yet. Ookinete-secreted protein, Plasmodium vivax von Willebrand factor A domain-related protein (PvWARP), is a candidate for malaria transmission-blocking vaccines (TBVs). METHODS The PvWARP was expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 using the pET-23a vector and was purified using Ni-NTA affinity chromatography from a soluble fraction. Polyclonal antibody was raised against rPvWARP and transmission blocking activity was carried out in an Anopheles stephensi-P. vivax model. RESULTS Expression of full length of PvWARP (minus signal peptide) expression showed a 35-kDa protein. The purified protein was recognized by mouse polyclonal antibody directed against rPvWARP. Sera from the animals displayed significantly a blocking activity in the membrane feeding assay of An. stephensi mysorensis. CONCLUSIONS This is the first report on P. vivax WARP expression in E. coli that provides an essential base for development of the malaria TBV against P. vivax. This may greatly assist in malaria elimination, especially in the oriental corner of WHO Eastern Mediterranean Regional Office (WHO/EMRO) including Afghanistan, Iran and Pakistan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saber Gholizadeh
- Department of Medical Entomology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran, PO Box 6446-14155, Tehran, Iran
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