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Kalita MP, Basumatary TK, Medhi S, Begum RH. Toll-like receptor 2-mediated downstream cytokine levels as determinant of malaria pathogenesis. Indian J Med Res 2023; 157:304-310. [PMID: 37282392 PMCID: PMC10438410 DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_1180_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background & objectives Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are transmembrane proteins that recognize specific molecular patterns and activate downstream cytokine production usually for the eradication of invading pathogens. The objective of this study was to evaluate the genetic polymorphism of TLR2 Arg753Gln (rs 5743708) and soluble cytokines and TLR2 expression levels in malaria disease cases. Methods The study included prospectively collected 2 ml blood samples from 153 individuals clinically suspected for malaria and confirmed by microscopy and RDT from Assam. Stratification of the study groups was done as healthy control (HC, n=150), uncomplicated malaria (UC-M, n=128) and severe malaria (SM, n=25). The PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) method was applied for the analysis of TLR2 Arg753Gln polymorphism and following the ELISA for soluble serum TLR2 (sTLR2) and its associated downstream cytokines, viz. tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interferon (IFN)-γ levels. Results Variation in TLR2 Arg753Gln gene showed no association with the susceptibility and the severity of malarial infection. Soluble TLR2 expression was significantly higher in uncomplicated malaria (UC-M) cases compared to healthy controls (P=0.045) and in terms of SM cases, the expression was also found to be higher in UC-M cases (P=0.078). The TNF-α expression was significantly higher in SM cases compared to both UC-M and control (P=0.003 and P=0.004). Similarly, significantly elevated expression of IFN-γ was noted in SM cases compared to both UC-M (P=0.001) and healthy controls (P<0.001). Interpretation & conclusions The present study suggests the association of deregulated TLR2 pathway that leads to the deleterious downstream immune response in the development of malarial pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manash Pratim Kalita
- Department of Life Science & Bio Informatics, Assam University Diphu Campus, Karbi Anglong, Assam, India
| | - Tarun Kumar Basumatary
- Department of Life Science & Bio Informatics, Assam University Diphu Campus, Karbi Anglong, Assam, India
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology, Cotton University, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Subhash Medhi
- Department of Bio Engineering & Technology, Institute of Science & Technology, Gauhati University, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Ramie Husneara Begum
- Department of Life Science & Bio Informatics, Assam University Diphu Campus, Karbi Anglong, Assam, India
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Agamah FE, Damena D, Skelton M, Ghansah A, Mazandu GK, Chimusa ER. Network-driven analysis of human-Plasmodium falciparum interactome: processes for malaria drug discovery and extracting in silico targets. Malar J 2021; 20:421. [PMID: 34702263 PMCID: PMC8547565 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-021-03955-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The emergence and spread of malaria drug resistance have resulted in the need to understand disease mechanisms and importantly identify essential targets and potential drug candidates. Malaria infection involves the complex interaction between the host and pathogen, thus, functional interactions between human and Plasmodium falciparum is essential to obtain a holistic view of the genetic architecture of malaria. Several functional interaction studies have extended the understanding of malaria disease and integrating such datasets would provide further insights towards understanding drug resistance and/or genetic resistance/susceptibility, disease pathogenesis, and drug discovery. METHODS This study curated and analysed data including pathogen and host selective genes, host and pathogen protein sequence data, protein-protein interaction datasets, and drug data from literature and databases to perform human-host and P. falciparum network-based analysis. An integrative computational framework is presented that was developed and found to be reasonably accurate based on various evaluations, applications, and experimental evidence of outputs produced, from data-driven analysis. RESULTS This approach revealed 8 hub protein targets essential for parasite and human host-directed malaria drug therapy. In a semantic similarity approach, 26 potential repurposable drugs involved in regulating host immune response to inflammatory-driven disorders and/or inhibiting residual malaria infection that can be appropriated for malaria treatment. Further analysis of host-pathogen network shortest paths enabled the prediction of immune-related biological processes and pathways subverted by P. falciparum to increase its within-host survival. CONCLUSIONS Host-pathogen network analysis reveals potential drug targets and biological processes and pathways subverted by P. falciparum to enhance its within malaria host survival. The results presented have implications for drug discovery and will inform experimental studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis E Agamah
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pathology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Computational Biology Division, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Delesa Damena
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pathology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Michelle Skelton
- Computational Biology Division, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Anita Ghansah
- College of Health Sciences, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG 581, Legon, Ghana
| | - Gaston K Mazandu
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pathology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
- Computational Biology Division, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
- African Institute for Mathematical Sciences, 5-7 Melrose Road, Muizenberg, Cape Town, 7945, South Africa.
| | - Emile R Chimusa
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pathology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
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Mehlotra RK. Human Genetic Variation and HIV/AIDS in Papua New Guinea: Time to Connect the Dots. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep 2019; 15:431-440. [PMID: 30218255 DOI: 10.1007/s11904-018-0417-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Human genetic polymorphisms known to influence HIV acquisition and disease progression occur in Papua New Guinea (PNG). However, no genetic association study has been reported so far. In this article, we review research findings, with a view to stimulate genotype-to-phenotype research. RECENT FINDINGS PNG, a country in Oceania, has a high prevalence of HIV and many sexually transmitted infections. While limited data is available from this country regarding the distribution of human genetic polymorphisms known to influence clinical outcomes of HIV/AIDS, genetic association studies are lacking. Our studies, in the past decade, have revealed that polymorphisms in chemokine receptor-ligand (CCR2-CCR5, CXCL12), innate immune (Toll-like receptor, β-defensin), and antiretroviral drug-metabolism enzyme (CYP2B6, UGT2B7) genes are prevalent in PNG. Although our results need to be validated in further studies, it is urgent to pursue large-scale, comprehensive genetic association studies that include these as well as additional genetic polymorphisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeev K Mehlotra
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Biomedical Research Building, #409A, 2109 Adelbert Rd., Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.
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Gowda DC, Wu X. Parasite Recognition and Signaling Mechanisms in Innate Immune Responses to Malaria. Front Immunol 2018; 9:3006. [PMID: 30619355 PMCID: PMC6305727 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.03006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria caused by the Plasmodium family of parasites, especially P.falciparum and P. vivax, is a major health problem in many countries in the tropical and subtropical regions of the world. The disease presents a wide array of systemic clinical conditions and several life-threatening organ pathologies, including the dreaded cerebral malaria. Like many other infectious diseases, malaria is an inflammatory response-driven disease, and positive outcomes to infection depend on finely tuned regulation of immune responses that efficiently clear parasites and allow protective immunity to develop. Immune responses initiated by the innate immune system in response to parasites play key roles both in protective immunity development and pathogenesis. Initial pro-inflammatory responses are essential for clearing infection by promoting appropriate cell-mediated and humoral immunity. However, elevated and prolonged pro-inflammatory responses owing to inappropriate cellular programming contribute to disease conditions. A comprehensive knowledge of the molecular and cellular mechanisms that initiate immune responses and how these responses contribute to protective immunity development or pathogenesis is important for developing effective therapeutics and/or a vaccine. Historically, in efforts to develop a vaccine, immunity to malaria was extensively studied in the context of identifying protective humoral responses, targeting proteins involved in parasite invasion or clearance. The innate immune response was thought to be non-specific. However, during the past two decades, there has been a significant progress in understanding the molecular and cellular mechanisms of host-parasite interactions and the associated signaling in immune responses to malaria. Malaria infection occurs at two stages, initially in the liver through the bite of a mosquito, carrying sporozoites, and subsequently, in the blood through the invasion of red blood cells by merozoites released from the infected hepatocytes. Soon after infection, both the liver and blood stage parasites are sensed by various receptors of the host innate immune system resulting in the activation of signaling pathways and production of cytokines and chemokines. These immune responses play crucial roles in clearing parasites and regulating adaptive immunity. Here, we summarize the knowledge on molecular mechanisms that underlie the innate immune responses to malaria infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Channe Gowda
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Xianzhu Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
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Costa AG, Ramasawmy R, Val FFA, Ibiapina HNS, Oliveira AC, Tarragô AM, Garcia NP, Heckmann MIO, Monteiro WM, Malheiro A, Lacerda MVG. Polymorphisms in TLRs influence circulating cytokines production in Plasmodium vivax malaria. Cytokine 2018; 110:374-380. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2018.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Influence of polymorphisms in toll-like receptors (TLRs) on malaria susceptibility in low-endemic area of the Atlantic Forest, São Paulo, Brazil. Acta Trop 2018; 182:309-316. [PMID: 29551393 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2018.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In low-endemic areas for malaria transmission, asymptomatic individuals play an important role as reservoirs for malarial infection. Understanding the dynamics of asymptomatic malaria is crucial for its efficient control in these regions. Genetic host factors such as Toll-like receptor (TLR) polymorphisms may play a role in the maintenance or elimination of infection. In this study, the effect of TLR polymorphisms on the susceptibility to malaria was investigated among individuals living in the Atlantic Forest of São Paulo, Southern Brazil. A hundred and ninety-five Brazilian individuals were enrolled and actively followed up for malaria for three years. Twenty-four polymorphisms in five toll-like receptor (TLR) genes were genotyped by RFLP, direct sequencing or fragment analysis. The genotypes were analyzed for the risk of malaria. Ongoing Plasmodium vivax or P. malariae infection, was identified by the positive results in PCR tests and previous P. vivax malaria, was assumed when antiplasmodial antibodies against PvMSP119 were detected by ELISA. An evaluation of genomic ancestry was conducted using biallelic ancestry informative markers and the results were used as correction in the statistical analysis. Nine SNPs and one microsatellite were found polymorphic and three variant alleles in TLR genes were associated to malaria susceptibility. The regression coefficient estimated for SNP TLR9.-1237.T/C indicated that the presence of at least one allele C increased, on average, 2.3 times the malaria odds, compared to individuals with no allele C in this SNP. However, for individuals with the same sex, age and household, the presence of at least one allele C in SNP TLR9.-1486.T/C reduced, on average, 1.9 times the malaria odds, compared to individuals with no allele C. Moreover, this allele C plus an S allele in TLR6.P249S in individuals with same sex, age and ancestry, reduced, on average, 4.4 times the malaria odds. Our findings indicate a significant association of TLR9.-1237.T/C gene polymorphism with malarial infection and contribute to a better knowledge of the role of TLRs in malaria susceptibility in an epidemiological setting different from other settings.
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Genetic ancestry effects on the distribution of toll-like receptors (TLRs) gene polymorphisms in a population of the Atlantic Forest, São Paulo, Brazil. Hum Immunol 2018; 79:101-108. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2017.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Costa AG, Ramasawmy R, Ibiapina HNS, Sampaio VS, Xábregas LA, Brasil LW, Tarragô AM, Almeida ACG, Kuehn A, Vitor-Silva S, Melo GC, Siqueira AM, Monteiro WM, Lacerda MVG, Malheiro A. Association of TLR variants with susceptibility to Plasmodium vivax malaria and parasitemia in the Amazon region of Brazil. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0183840. [PMID: 28850598 PMCID: PMC5574562 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0183840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plasmodium vivax malaria (Pv-malaria) is still considered a neglected disease despite an alarming number of individuals being infected annually. Malaria pathogenesis occurs with the onset of the vector-parasite-host interaction through the binding of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and receptors of innate immunity, such as toll-like receptors (TLRs). The triggering of the signaling cascade produces an elevated inflammatory response. Genetic polymorphisms in TLRs are involved in susceptibility or resistance to infection, and the identification of genes involved with Pv-malaria response is important to elucidate the pathogenesis of the disease and may contribute to the formulation of control and elimination tools. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS A retrospective case-control study was conducted in an intense transmission area of Pv-malaria in the state of Amazonas, Brazil. Genetic polymorphisms (SNPs) in different TLRs, TIRAP, and CD14 were genotyped by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) analysis in 325 patients infected with P. vivax and 274 healthy individuals without malaria history in the prior 12 months from the same endemic area. Parasite load was determined by qPCR. Simple and multiple logistic/linear regressions were performed to investigate association between the polymorphisms and the occurrence of Pv-malaria and parasitemia. The C/T (TLR5 R392StopCodon) and T/T (TLR9 -1486C/T) genotypes appear to be risk factors for infection by P. vivax (TLR5: C/C vs. C/T [OR: 2.116, 95% CI: 1.054-4.452, p = 0.031]; TLR9: C/C vs. T/T [OR: 1.919, 95% CI: 1.159-3.177, p = 0.010]; respectively). Fever (COEF = 7599.46, 95% CI = 3063.80-12135.12, p = 0.001) and the C/C genotype of TLR9 -1237C/T (COEF = 17006.63, 95% CI = 3472.83-30540.44, p = 0.014) were independently associated with increased parasitemia in patients with Pv-malaria. CONCLUSIONS Variants of TLRs may predispose individuals to infection by P. vivax. The TLR5 R392StopCodon and TLR9 -1486C/T variants are associated with susceptibility to Pv-malaria. Furthermore, the TLR9 variant -1237C/C correlates with high parasitemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allyson Guimarães Costa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas (UEA), Manaus, AM, Brazil
- Diretoria de Ensino e Pesquisa, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado (FMT-HVD), Manaus, AM, Brazil
- Laboratório de Genômica, Fundação Hospitalar de Hematologia e Hemoterapia do Amazonas (HEMOAM), Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Rajendranath Ramasawmy
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas (UEA), Manaus, AM, Brazil
- Diretoria de Ensino e Pesquisa, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado (FMT-HVD), Manaus, AM, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Imunologia Básica e Aplicada, Universidade Federal do Amazonas (UFAM), Manaus, AM, Brazil
- Universidade Nilton Lins (UNINILTONLINS), Manaus, AM, Brasil
| | - Hiochelson Najibe Santos Ibiapina
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas (UEA), Manaus, AM, Brazil
- Diretoria de Ensino e Pesquisa, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado (FMT-HVD), Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Vanderson Souza Sampaio
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas (UEA), Manaus, AM, Brazil
- Diretoria de Ensino e Pesquisa, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado (FMT-HVD), Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Lilyane Amorim Xábregas
- Diretoria de Ensino e Pesquisa, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado (FMT-HVD), Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Larissa Wanderley Brasil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas (UEA), Manaus, AM, Brazil
- Diretoria de Ensino e Pesquisa, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado (FMT-HVD), Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Andréa Monteiro Tarragô
- Laboratório de Genômica, Fundação Hospitalar de Hematologia e Hemoterapia do Amazonas (HEMOAM), Manaus, AM, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Imunologia Básica e Aplicada, Universidade Federal do Amazonas (UFAM), Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Anne Cristine Gomes Almeida
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas (UEA), Manaus, AM, Brazil
- Diretoria de Ensino e Pesquisa, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado (FMT-HVD), Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Andrea Kuehn
- Diretoria de Ensino e Pesquisa, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado (FMT-HVD), Manaus, AM, Brazil
- Barcelona Centre for International Health Research (CRESIB), Barcelona Global Health Institute (ISGLOBAL), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sheila Vitor-Silva
- Diretoria de Ensino e Pesquisa, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado (FMT-HVD), Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Gisely Cardoso Melo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas (UEA), Manaus, AM, Brazil
- Diretoria de Ensino e Pesquisa, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado (FMT-HVD), Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - André Machado Siqueira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas (UEA), Manaus, AM, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Wuelton Marcelo Monteiro
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas (UEA), Manaus, AM, Brazil
- Diretoria de Ensino e Pesquisa, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado (FMT-HVD), Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Marcus Vinicius Guimarães Lacerda
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas (UEA), Manaus, AM, Brazil
- Diretoria de Ensino e Pesquisa, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado (FMT-HVD), Manaus, AM, Brazil
- Instituto de Pesquisas Leônidas & Maria Deane, FIOCRUZ-Amazônia, Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Adriana Malheiro
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas (UEA), Manaus, AM, Brazil
- Laboratório de Genômica, Fundação Hospitalar de Hematologia e Hemoterapia do Amazonas (HEMOAM), Manaus, AM, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Imunologia Básica e Aplicada, Universidade Federal do Amazonas (UFAM), Manaus, AM, Brazil
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Willie B, Gare J, King CL, Zimmerman PA, Mehlotra RK. A preliminary assessment of Toll-like receptor and β-defensin gene polymorphisms in Papua New Guinea - what does it mean for HIV/AIDS? PAPUA AND NEW GUINEA MEDICAL JOURNAL 2017; 60:51-59. [PMID: 30147152 PMCID: PMC6105279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Polymorphisms in Toll-like receptor (TLR) and human β-defensin (hBD, encoded by DEFB) genes have been evaluated for their associations with HIV infection and disease outcomes. Those studies, conducted in various populations under a variety of study designs, generally revealed that specific single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in TLR1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, and 9 genes, and copy number variation (CNV) in DEFB4 (encoding hBD-2), DEFB103A (encoding hBD-3), and DEFB104A (encoding hBD-4) genes are among potential genetic factors that can affect susceptibility to HIV infection and/or disease progression. The information regarding their prevalence in Papua New Guinea (PNG) is very limited for TLR SNPs, and not available for DEFB CNV. The present study provides a preliminary assessment of these genetic polymorphisms in samples collected from the Wosera (East Sepik Province, n = 29) and Liksul (Madang Province, n = 23) areas. Wosera samples were analyzed for a total of 41 SNPs in 8 TLR genes (TLR1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, and 9), and both sample sets were analyzed for CNV in DEFB4/103A/104A genes. A number of TLR SNPs were not detected, and many other SNPs were present at low frequencies (minor allele frequencies ≤0.05) in the Wosera samples. The DEFB4/103A/104A copy numbers were significantly different between the two sample sets (p = 0.024). Validation of these results, using larger sample sizes as well as samples from other areas of PNG, is warranted. In addition, genetic association studies are needed to estimate the effects of these polymorphisms on HIV infection and disease progression in PNG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barne Willie
- Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Goroka, Eastern Highlands Province, Papua New Guinea
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Biomedical Research Building, 4 Floor, 2109 Adelbert Rd., Cleveland, Ohio 44106-2624, United States of America
| | - Janet Gare
- Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Goroka, Eastern Highlands Province, Papua New Guinea
| | - Christopher L. King
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Biomedical Research Building, 4 Floor, 2109 Adelbert Rd., Cleveland, Ohio 44106-2624, United States of America
| | - Peter A. Zimmerman
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Biomedical Research Building, 4 Floor, 2109 Adelbert Rd., Cleveland, Ohio 44106-2624, United States of America
| | - Rajeev K. Mehlotra
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Biomedical Research Building, 4 Floor, 2109 Adelbert Rd., Cleveland, Ohio 44106-2624, United States of America
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Panda AK, Das BK, Panda A, Tripathy R, Pattnaik SS, Mahto H, Pied S, Pathak S, Sharma S, Ravindran B. Heterozygous mutants of TIRAP (S180L) polymorphism protect adult patients with Plasmodium falciparum infection against severe disease and mortality. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2016; 43:146-50. [PMID: 27166096 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2016.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Toll-interleukin-1 receptor domain containing adapter protein (TIRAP) plays a crucial role in TLR2 and TLR4 signaling pathways. Glycosylphospatidylinositol (GPI), considered a toxin molecule of Plasmodium falciparum, interacts with TLR2 and 4 to induce an immune inflammatory response. A single nucleotide polymorphism at coding region of TIRAP (S180L) has been reported to influence TLRs signaling. In the present study, we investigated the association of TIRAP (S180L) polymorphism with susceptibility/resistance to severe P. falciparum malaria in a cohort of adult patients from India. TIRAP S180L polymorphism was typed in 347 cases of severe malaria (SM), 232 uncomplicated malaria and 150 healthy controls. Plasma levels of TNF-α was quantified by ELISA. Heterozygous mutation (S/L) conferred significant protection against MOD (multi organ dysfunction), NCSM (non-cerebral severe malaria) as well as mortality. Interestingly, homozygous mutants (L/L) had 16 fold higher susceptibility to death. TIRAP mutants (S/L and L/L) were associated with significantly higher plasma TNF-α levels compared to wild type (S/S). The results of the present study demonstrate that TIRAP S180L heterozygous mutation may protect patients against severe malaria and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya K Panda
- Centre for Life Sciences, Central University of Jharkhand, Brambe, Ranchi, India; Infectious Disease Biology Group, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India.
| | - Bidyut K Das
- Infectious Disease Biology Group, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India; Department of Medicine, S.C.B. Medical College, Cuttack 753007, Odisha, India.
| | - Abhinash Panda
- Department of Medicine, S.C.B. Medical College, Cuttack 753007, Odisha, India.
| | - Rina Tripathy
- Department of Biochemistry, S.C.B. Medical College, Cuttack 753007, Odisha, India.
| | - Sarit S Pattnaik
- Department of Medicine, S.C.B. Medical College, Cuttack 753007, Odisha, India.
| | - Harishankar Mahto
- Centre for Life Sciences, Central University of Jharkhand, Brambe, Ranchi, India
| | - Sylviane Pied
- Basic and Clinical Immunology of Parasitic Diseases Group, Centre for Infection and Immunity of Lille, 59019 Lille Cedex, France.
| | - Sulabha Pathak
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai 400005, India.
| | - Shobhona Sharma
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai 400005, India.
| | - Balachandran Ravindran
- Infectious Disease Biology Group, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India.
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Al-Quraishy S, Dkhil MA, Alomar S, Abdel-Baki AAS, Delic D, Wunderlich F, Araúzo-Bravo MJ. Blood-stage malaria of Plasmodium chabaudi induces differential Tlr expression in the liver of susceptible and vaccination-protected Balb/c mice. Parasitol Res 2016; 115:1835-43. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-016-4923-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Lindenau JDR, Salzano FM, Hurtado AM, Hill KR, Petzl-Erler ML, Tsuneto LT, Hutz MH. Variability of innate immune system genes in Native American populations-relationship with history and epidemiology. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2015; 159:722-8. [PMID: 26667372 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Revised: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The immune system of a host, defending him/her against invading pathogens, has two main subsystems: innate immunity and acquired immunity. There are several evidences showing that Native American populations are immunologically different from non-Native populations. Our aim was to describe the variability of innate immune system genes in Native American populations. MATERIALS AND METHODS We investigated heterozygozities and patterns of population differentiation (FST ) of 14 polymorphisms related to the innate immune response in five Native American populations (Aché, Guarani-Kaiowá, Guarani-Ñandeva, Kaingang, and Xavante) and the results were compared with the three major world population data (YRI, CEU, and CHB) available at the 1,000 genomes database. RESULTS Mean heterozygosities ranged between 0.241 ± 0.057 (Aché) and 0.343 ± 0.033 (Kaingang), but no significant differences were observed (Friedman test, P = 0.197). Mean heterozygosities were also not significantly different when Amerindians were pooled and compared with the 1000 genomes populations (Friedman test, P = 0.506). When the Native American populations were grouped as Amerindians, a significantly higher FST value (0.194) was observed between the Amerindian and African populations. The Ewens-Watterson neutrality test showed that these markers are not under strong selective pressure. DISCUSSION Native American populations present similar levels of heterozygosity as those of other continents, but are different from Africans in the frequency of polymorphisms of innate immune genes. This higher differentiation is probably due to demographic processes that occurred during the out-of-Africa event.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Dal-Ri Lindenau
- Departamento De Genética, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Francisco Mauro Salzano
- Departamento De Genética, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Ana Magdalena Hurtado
- School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-2402
| | - Kim R Hill
- School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-2402
| | | | - Luiza Tamie Tsuneto
- Departamento De Análises Clínicas, Universidade Estadual De Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Mara Helena Hutz
- Departamento De Genética, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Panigrahi S, Kar A, Tripathy S, Mohapatra MK, Dhangadamajhi G. Genetic predisposition of variants in TLR2 and its co-receptors to severe malaria in Odisha, India. Immunol Res 2015; 64:291-302. [DOI: 10.1007/s12026-015-8749-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Association of TLR1, TLR2, TLR4, TLR6, and TIRAP polymorphisms with disease susceptibility. Immunol Res 2015; 62:234-52. [DOI: 10.1007/s12026-015-8640-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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15
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Morrot A, Rodrigues MM. Tissue signatures influence the activation of intrahepatic CD8(+) T cells against malaria sporozoites. Front Microbiol 2014; 5:440. [PMID: 25202304 PMCID: PMC4141441 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 08/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium sporozoites and liver stages express antigens that are targeted to the MHC-Class I antigen-processing pathway. After the introduction of Plasmodium sporozoites by Anopheles mosquitoes, bone marrow-derived dendritic cells in skin-draining lymph nodes are the first cells to cross-present parasite antigens and elicit specific CD8+ T cells. One of these antigens is the immunodominant circumsporozoite protein (CSP). The CD8+ T cell-mediated protective immune response against CSP is dependent on the interleukin loop involving IL-4 receptor expression on CD8+ cells and IL-4 secretion by CD4+ T cell helpers. In a few days, these CD8+ T cells re-circulate to secondary lymphoid organs and the liver. In the liver, the hepatic sinusoids are enriched with cells, such as dendritic, sinusoidal endothelial and Kupffer cells, that are able to cross-present MHC class I antigens to intrahepatic CD8+ T cells. Specific CD8+ T cells actively find infected hepatocytes and target intra-cellular parasites through mechanisms that are both interferon-γ-dependent and -independent. Immunity is mediated by CD8+ T effector or effector-memory cells and, when present in high numbers, these cells can provide sterilizing immunity. Human vaccination trials with recombinant formulations or attenuated sporozoites have yet to achieve the high numbers of specific effector T cells that are required for sterilizing immunity. In spite of the limited number of specific CD8+ T cells, attenuated sporozoites provided multiple times by the endovenous route provided a high degree of protective immunity. These observations highlight that CD8+ T cells may be useful for improving antibody-mediated protective immunity to pre-erythrocytic stages of malaria parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Morrot
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituro de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Maurício M Rodrigues
- Departmento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo-Escola Paulista de Medicina São Paulo, Brazil
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Ghosh D, Stumhofer JS. Do you see what I see: Recognition of protozoan parasites by Toll-like receptors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 9:129-140. [PMID: 25383072 DOI: 10.2174/1573395509666131203225929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are important for recognizing a variety of pathogens, including protozoan parasites, and initiating innate immune responses against them. TLRs are localized on the cell surface as well as in the endosome, and are implicated in innate sensing of these parasites. In this review, we will discuss recent findings on the identification of parasite-derived pathogen associated molecular patterns and the TLRs that bind them. The role of these TLRs in initiating the immune response against protozoan parasitic infections in vivo will be presented in the context of murine models of infection utilizing TLR-deficient mice. Additionally, we will explore evidence that TLRs and genetic variants of TLRs may impact the outcome of these parasitic infections in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debopam Ghosh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205
| | - Jason S Stumhofer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205
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Kollmann TR. Variation between Populations in the Innate Immune Response to Vaccine Adjuvants. Front Immunol 2013; 4:81. [PMID: 23565115 PMCID: PMC3613898 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The success of the World Health Organization recommended “Expanded Program of Immunization” (EPI) and similar regional or national programs has been astounding. However, infectious threats currently not covered by these programs continue to infect millions of infants around the world. Furthermore, many infants do not receive existing vaccines either on time or for the required number of doses to provide optimal protection. Nor do all infants around the world develop the same protective immune response to the same vaccine. As a result approximately three million infants die every year from vaccine preventable infections. To tackle these issues, new vaccines need to be developed as well as existing ones made easier to administer. This requires identification of age-optimized vaccine schedules and formulations. In order to be most effective this approach will need to take population-based differences in response to vaccines and adjuvants into account. This review summarizes what is currently known about differences between populations around the world in the innate immune response to existing as well as new and promising vaccine adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias R Kollmann
- Division of Infectious and Immunological Diseases, Department of Paediatrics, University of British Columbia Vancouver, BC, Canada
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18
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Pirahmadi S, Zakeri S, Abouie Mehrizi A. Multiple Genotypes of the Commonly Co-Segregating Toll-Like Receptor 4 Asp299Gly and Thr399Ile in Baluchi Malaria Patients from Iran. CELL JOURNAL 2013; 15:182-9. [PMID: 23862121 PMCID: PMC3712780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2012] [Accepted: 03/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Different studies have shown an association of TLR4 polymorphisms with susceptibility/resistance to malaria disease. In the current immunogenetic study, we assessed the TLR4 genotypes formed by the two common single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (Asp299Gly and Thr399Ile) in the co-segregate state in Baluchi Plasmodium falciparum infected and healthy populations from malaria hypoendemic areas of Iran. The study was performed to evaluate the distribution and correlation of TLR4 co-segregating genotypes in patients with mild malaria. Moreover, the frequency of these genotypes was compared with reported results from other populations in similar or contrasting malaria settings around the world. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this case control study, the presence of 2 SNPs in the TLR4 gene (Asp299Gly and Thr399Ile) were analyzed in 350 Baluchi patients with mild malaria and 350 unrelated healthy controls by using polymerase chain reaction/restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR/RFLP) techniques followed by sequencing analysis. Differences in the TLR4 co-segregate genotype frequencies among the studied group were determined by Fisher's exact test. RESULTS Although the distribution of the two commonly co-segregating TLR4 genotypes presented a diverse and distinct pattern in the Baluchi population, no significant difference was detected between the cases and controls (p>0.05). A lower frequency of TLR4 Asp299Gly/Thr399Thr was observed in Baluchis with mild malaria compared to African populations (p< 0.05). CONCLUSION Differences in the co-segregation patterns of TLR4 Asp299Gly/Thr399Ile genotypes in the Baluchi population compared to other malaria endemic populations may suggest different local evolutionary pressure on TLR4 polymorphisms by malaria in this region. The higher frequency of Asp299Gly/Thr399Ile genotypes among the Baluchi population compared with the African population (p< 0.05) which suffers from a larger number of severe cases might suggest that this genotype has a role in protecting against severe malaria. These findings are useful for further understanding the pathogenesis of severe malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sedigheh Zakeri
- * Corresponding Address: P.O.Box: 1316943551Malaria and Vector Research Group (MVRG)Biotechnology Research Center (BRC)Pasteur Institute of IranTehranIran
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Abstract
Toll like receptors (TLRs) play a pivotal role in recognizing the invading malaria parasite Plasmodium, thus genetic makeup of the exposed population can be of utmost importance for its predisposition to malaria. In this study 264 malaria patients from seven different eco epidemiological regions of India were genotyped for TLR2 and TLR4 polymorphisms using DNA sequencing methods. No variation was observed at residue positions 677 and 753 in TLR2 whereas residue positions 299 and 399 in TLR4 were highly polymorphic. The GC haplotype (Asp299Gly/Thr399Thr) was observed at the highest frequency in populations of East Singhbhum, Vizianagaram and North Goa and absent in Kolkata, Dakshin Kannada and Nicobar district. All polymorphisms were in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium. Populations of Kolkata, Nicobar district, Sundergarh and Dakshin Kannada were observed to be closely related. TLR2 polymorphism was absent in the Indian population and an overall heterogeneous pattern of TLR4 polymorphism can be attributed to genetic drift. However it can be inferred that GC haplotype is under the process of natural selection in the Indian population and one of the factors contributing to its selection could be predominance of Plasmodium falciparum in these regions.
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20
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Papadopoulos AI, Ferwerda B, Antoniadou A, Sakka V, Galani L, Kavatha D, Panagopoulos P, Poulakou G, Protopapas K, van der Meer JW, Netea MG, Giamarellos-Bourboulis EJ. Association of Mal/TIRAP S180L variant polymorphism with decreased infection risk in patients with advanced HIV-1 infection. Cytokine 2012; 60:104-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2012.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2011] [Revised: 02/27/2012] [Accepted: 05/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Role of polymorphisms of toll-like receptor (TLR) 4, TLR9, toll-interleukin 1 receptor domain containing adaptor protein (TIRAP) and FCGR2A genes in malaria susceptibility and severity in Burundian children. Malar J 2012; 11:196. [PMID: 22691414 PMCID: PMC3411399 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-11-196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2012] [Accepted: 06/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum is one of the leading causes of human morbidity and mortality from infectious diseases, predominantly in tropical and sub-tropical countries. As genetic variations in the toll-like receptors (TLRs)-signalling pathway have been associated with either susceptibility or resistance to several infectious and inflammatory diseases, the supposition is that single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of TLR2, TLR4, TLR9, Toll-interleukin 1 receptor domain containing adaptor protein (TIRAP) and FCGR2A could modulate malaria susceptibility and severity. Methods This study was planned to make a further contribution to solving the problem of the real role of the most common polymorphisms of TLR4, TLR9, TIRAP and FCGR2A genes in modulating the risk of malaria and disease severity in children from Burundi, Central Africa. All the paediatric patients aged six months to 10 years admitted to the hospital of Kiremba, Burundi, between February 2011 and September 2011, for fever and suspicion of acute malaria were screened for malaria parasitaemia by light microscopy of thick and thin blood smears. In children with malaria and in uninfected controls enrolled during the study period in the same hospital, blood samples were obtained on filter paper and TLR4 Asp299Gly rs4986790, TLR9 G1174A rs352139, T-1486 C rs187084 TLR9 T-1237 C rs5743836, TIRAP Ser180Leu rs8177374 and the FCGR2A His131Arg rs1801274 polymorphisms were studied using an ABI PRISM 7900 HT Fast Real-time instrument. Results A total of 602 patients and 337 controls were enrolled. Among the malaria cases, 553 (91.9 %) were considered as suffering from uncomplicated and 49 (8.1 %) from severe malaria. TLR9 T1237C rs5743836CC was associated with an increased risk of developing malaria (p = 0.03), although it was found with the same frequency in uncomplicated and severe malaria cases. No other differences were found in all alleles studied and in genotype frequencies between malaria cases and uninfected controls as well as between uncomplicated and severe malaria cases. Conclusions TLR9 T1237C seems to condition susceptibility to malaria in Burundian children but not its severity, whereas none of the assessed SNPs of TLR4, TIRAP and FCGR2A seem to influence susceptibility to malaria and disease severity in this population.
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Oliveira-Nascimento L, Massari P, Wetzler LM. The Role of TLR2 in Infection and Immunity. Front Immunol 2012; 3:79. [PMID: 22566960 PMCID: PMC3342043 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 481] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2011] [Accepted: 03/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are recognition molecules for multiple pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. TLR2 forms heterodimers with TLR1 and TLR6, which is the initial step in a cascade of events leading to significant innate immune responses, development of adaptive immunity to pathogens and protection from immune sequelae related to infection with these pathogens. This review will discuss the current status of TLR2 mediated immune responses by recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPS) on these organisms. We will emphasize both canonical and non-canonical responses to TLR2 ligands with emphasis on whether the inflammation induced by these responses contributes to the disease state or to protection from diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Oliveira-Nascimento
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine Boston, MA, USA
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23
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Greene JA, Sam-Agudu N, John CC, Opoka RO, Zimmerman PA, Kazura JW. Toll-like receptor polymorphisms and cerebral malaria: TLR2 Δ22 polymorphism is associated with protection from cerebral malaria in a case control study. Malar J 2012; 11:47. [PMID: 22336003 PMCID: PMC3306729 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-11-47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2011] [Accepted: 02/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In malaria endemic areas, host genetics influence whether a Plasmodium falciparum-infected child develops uncomplicated or severe malaria. TLR2 has been identified as a receptor for P. falciparum-derived glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI), and polymorphisms within the TLR2 gene may affect disease pathogenesis. There are two common polymorphisms in the 5' un-translated region (UTR) of TLR2, a 22 base pair deletion in the first unstranslated exon (Δ22), and a GT dinucleotide repeat in the second intron (GTn). METHODS These polymorphisms were examined in a Ugandan case control study on children with either cerebral malaria or uncomplicated malaria. Serum cytokine levels were analysed by ELISA, according to genotype and disease status. In vitro TLR2 expression was measured according to genotype. RESULTS Both Δ22 and GTn polymorphisms were highly frequent, but only Δ22 heterozygosity was associated with protection from cerebral malaria (OR 0.34, 95% confidence intervals 0.16, 0.73). In vitro, heterozygosity for Δ22 was associated with reduced pam3cys inducible TLR2 expression in human monocyte derived macrophages. In uncomplicated malaria patients, Δ22 homozygosity was associated with elevated serum IL-6 (p = 0.04), and long GT repeat alleles were associated with elevated TNF (p = 0.007). CONCLUSION Reduced inducible TLR2 expression may lead to attenuated pro-inflammatory responses, a potential mechanism of protection from cerebral malaria present in individuals heterozygous for the TLR2 Δ22 polymorphism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Greene
- Case Western Reserve University, Wolstein Research Building, 2103 Cornell Rd, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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24
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Ardia DR, Parmentier HK, Vogel LA. The role of constraints and limitation in driving individual variation in immune response. Funct Ecol 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2435.2010.01759.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R. Ardia
- Department of Biology, Franklin & Marshall College, Lancaster, Pennsylvania 17604, USA
| | - Henk K. Parmentier
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen Institute of Animal Sciences, Marijkeweg 40, 6709 PG Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Laura A. Vogel
- School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790, USA
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Wu MH, Zhang P, Huang X. Toll-like receptors in innate immunity and infectious diseases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 4:385-93. [PMID: 21136206 DOI: 10.1007/s11684-010-0600-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2010] [Accepted: 11/03/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The protective ability of host defense system is largely dependent on germ-line encoded pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs). These PRRs respond to a variety of exogenous pathogens or endogenous danger signals, by recognizing some highly conserved structures such as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and danger/damage associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). The most studied PRRs are Toll-like receptors (TLRs). Activation of TLRs triggers production of inflammatory cytokines and type I interferons (IFNs) via myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (MyD88)-dependent or -independent signaling respectively, thereby modulating innate and adaptive immunity, as well as inflammatory responses. This review introduces the classification, structure, and specific ligands of TLRs, and focuses on their signal pathways and biological activities, as well as clinical relevance. These studies of TLRs in the innate immune system have implications for the prevention and treatment of a variety of infectious diseases, including tuberculosis (TB), microbial keratitis, and hepatitis B and C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Hao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510080, China
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Lamb TJ, Schenk MP, Todryk SM. How do malaria parasites activate dendritic cells? Future Microbiol 2010; 5:1167-71. [PMID: 20722596 DOI: 10.2217/fmb.10.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Evaluation of: Wu X, Gowda NM, Kumar S, Gowda S: Protein-DNA complex is the exclusive malaria parasite component that activates dendritic cells and triggers innate immune responses. J. Immunol. 184(8), 4338-4348 (2010). Malaria parasites induce strong proinflammatory immune responses upon infection. These responses, driven largely by CD4+ Th1 cells, help the body to control malaria parasitemia. When excessive, inflammatory responses contribute to the pathology observed in malaria infection. Dendritic cells (DCs) are innate immune cells that activate Th1 cells in malaria infection via the secretion of the cytokine IL-12. It remains unclear precisely which components of malaria-infected red blood cells are responsible for activating DCs. In this study, Wu et al. set out to deconstruct malaria-infected red blood cells to determine the immunogenic components that induce production of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-12 and TNF-alpha from DCs. The authors suggest that parasite DNA complexed with protein is the main trigger for activation of DCs in malaria-infected red blood cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracey J Lamb
- School of Biological Sciences, Hopkins Building, University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus, Reading RG66UB, UK.
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Coban C, Horii T, Akira S, Ishii KJ. TLR9 and endogenous adjuvants of the whole blood-stage malaria vaccine. Expert Rev Vaccines 2010; 9:775-84. [PMID: 20624050 DOI: 10.1586/erv.10.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Vaccination has been a successful tool in the protection against many infectious diseases, and recent advances in biotechnology have created new techniques and strategies to produce safe and efficacious vaccines for human use. However, developing a protective vaccine against malaria has been a challenge. In this article, we focus on an old approach with some new modifications, the so-called whole-parasite vaccination strategy against blood-stage Plasmodium falciparum, the deadliest human malarial agent. In addition, we discuss recent developments in our understanding of how the endogenous adjuvant activity in the parasites, which functions via Toll-like receptor 9, acts as a double-edged sword between protective vaccination and pathological responses against malaria infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cevayir Coban
- Immunology Frontier Research Center, World Premier Institute for Immunology, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
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Coban C, Yagi M, Ohata K, Igari Y, Tsukui T, Horii T, Ishii KJ, Akira S. The malarial metabolite hemozoin and its potential use as a vaccine adjuvant. Allergol Int 2010; 59:115-24. [PMID: 20414048 DOI: 10.2332/allergolint.10-rai-0194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2010] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Hemozoin, a bio-crystalline substance, is a hemin detoxification by-product of malaria parasites. The role of hemozoin crystals in host immune system modulation by malaria parasites, and how they interact with the immune system has been enigmatic. Here, we summarize recent progress in our understanding of how hemozoin might be interacting with the host immune system. In particular, the potential application of hemozoin crystals as an adjuvant may provide insights into the molecular mechanisms involved in immune responses to malarial infection and provide a rationale for the design of vaccines against malaria as well as other immunological disorders such as allergies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cevayir Coban
- Laboratory of Host Defense, Immunology Frontier Research Center, World Premier Institute for Immunology, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.
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van den Biggelaar AHJ, Holt PG. 99th Dahlem conference on infection, inflammation and chronic inflammatory disorders: neonatal immune function and vaccine responses in children born in low-income versus high-income countries. Clin Exp Immunol 2010; 160:42-7. [PMID: 20415850 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2010.04137.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that the functional state of the immune system at birth is predictive of the kinetics of immune maturation in early infancy. Moreover, this maturation process can have a major impact on early vaccine responses and can be a key determinant of risk for communicable and non-communicable diseases in later life. We hypothesize that environmental and genetic factors that are often typical for poor-resource countries may have an important impact on prenatal immune development and predispose populations in low-income settings to different vaccine responses and disease risks, compared to those living in high-income countries. In this paper we aimed to summarize the major differences between neonatal and adult immune function and describe what is known so far about discrepancies in immune function between newborns in high- and low-income settings. Further, we discuss the need to test the immunological feasibility of accelerated vaccination schedules in high-risk populations and the potential of variation in disease specific and non-specific vaccine effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- A H J van den Biggelaar
- Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, Centre for Child Health Research, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.
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Loeffler J, Ok M, Morton OC, Mezger M, Einsele H. Genetic Polymorphisms in the Cytokine and Chemokine System: Their Possible Importance in Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2010; 341:83-96. [DOI: 10.1007/82_2010_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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