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Murthy PK, Tewari P, Mandal P, Kushwaha V. Immune Response Profiling of Cocktails of Brugia malayi Vaccine Candidates DIM-1, Calponin and Troponin 1 in BALB/c Mice. Acta Parasitol 2023; 68:929-936. [PMID: 37935895 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-023-00725-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE In search of a vaccine for the control of human lymphatic filariasis (LF) caused by Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi and B. timori, we identified three parasite-specific potential candidates: the disorganized muscle protein-1 (D), calponin (C) and troponin 1 (T) in B. malayi adult worm. In the present study, we investigated the immune response profile of the cocktails of the recombinant D, T and C proteins. METHODS Groups of BALB/c mice were immunized with individual rproteins or their cocktails DT, TC, DC and DTC, and the immunogen-specific IgG and its subclasses and IgE were determined. Cells from the immunized animals were challenged in vitro with the respective rproteins and cocktails and the release of nitric oxide (NO) from macrophages and Th1 and Th2 cytokines from splenocytes were determined. RESULTS Among the immunized groups, DTC elicited comparatively a stronger response which included augmented release of NO, Th1 (IL-1β, IL-2, IFN-γ and TNF-α) and Th2 (IL-4, IL-6, IL-10 and TGF-β) cytokines, and increased levels of immunogen-specific IgG, IgG1 and IgG2b and low levels of immunogen-specific IgG2a and IgE and the Th2 cytokine IL-13. CONCLUSION Immune responses that play important role in host protection were elicited strongly by DTC cocktail compared to the individual rproteins or DT, TC and DC cocktails. The findings provide a sound rationale for further studies on DTC cocktail as a vaccine candidate for the control of LF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puvvada Kalpana Murthy
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of Lucknow, University Road, Lucknow, 226007, India.
- , M88/B-2, Jankipuram, Sitapur Road Yojna, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226021, India.
| | - Prachi Tewari
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of Lucknow, University Road, Lucknow, 226007, India
| | - Payal Mandal
- Food Drug and Chemical Toxicology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow-226001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Vikas Kushwaha
- Department of Biotechnology and Microbial Biotechnology, Sri Guru Govind Singh College, Panjab University, Sector 25 (South Campus), Chandigarh, 160014, India
- Department of Biotechnology and Microbial Biotechnology, Sri Guru Govind Singh College, Sector 26, Chandigarh, 160019, India
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Legorreta-Herrera M, Mosqueda-Romo NA, Nava-Castro KE, Morales-Rodríguez AL, Buendía-González FO, Morales-Montor J. Sex hormones modulate the immune response to Plasmodium berghei ANKA in CBA/Ca mice. Parasitol Res 2015; 114:2659-69. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-015-4471-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/05/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Strube C, Haake C, Sager H, Schorderet Weber S, Kaminsky R, Buschbaum S, Joekel D, Schicht S, Kremmer E, Korrell J, Schnieder T, von Samson-Himmelstjerna G. Vaccination with recombinant paramyosin against the bovine lungworm Dictyocaulus viviparus considerably reduces worm burden and larvae shedding. Parasit Vectors 2015; 8:119. [PMID: 25890350 PMCID: PMC4352246 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-0733-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The lungworm Dictyocaulus viviparus, causing parasitic bronchitis in cattle, induces a temporary protective immunity that prevents clinical disease. A radiation-attenuated larvae based vaccine is commercially available in a few European countries, but has the disadvantages of a live vaccine. As a recombinant subunit vaccine would overcome these disadvantages, the parasite’s muscle protein paramyosin (PMY) was tested as a recombinant vaccine antigen. Methods D. viviparus-PMY was recombinantly expressed in Escherichia coli as a glutathione-S-transferase (GST)-fused protein. Emulsified in adjuvant Saponin Quil A, the protein was given intramuscularly into calves. Two independent recombinant PMY (rPMY) vaccination trials with negative control groups (first trial: adjuvant only; second trial: non-fused GST) as well as an additional positive control group in the second trial, using the Bovilis©Dictol live vaccine to verify vaccination results, were performed. To determine the vaccination success, shedding of larvae as well as worm burden and worm sizes were analyzed. Additionally, ELISA-based determination of development of immunglobulins IgM, IgA, IgE, IgG as well as the subclasses IgG1 and IgG2 was performed. To analyze PMY localization in the bovine lungworm, immunohistochemical staining of adult worms was carried out. Results Immunohistochemical staining revealed that PMY is part of the bovine lungworm’s pharyngeal and body wall muscles. Vaccination with rPMY resulted in 47% [geometric mean: 67%] and 57% (geometric mean: 71%) reduction of larvae shedding in the first and second vaccination trial, respectively. Worm burden was reduced by 54% (geometric mean: 86%) and 31% (geometric mean: 68%), respectively, and worms of rPMY-vaccinated cattle were significantly shorter in both trials. Furthermore, ELISAs showed a clear antibody response towards rPMY with exception of IgE for which titers could not be detected. After challenge infection, rPMY antibodies were only exceptionally elevated among study animals indicating PMY to be a hidden antigen. Conclusions Even though vaccination with the attenuated live vaccine was with 94% (geometric mean: 95%) reduction in larvae shedding and 93% (geometric mean: 94%) reduction in worm burden superior to rPMY vaccination, results using the latter are promising and show the potential for further development of a recombinant PMY-based vaccine against the bovine lungworm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Strube
- Institute for Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hanover, Germany.
| | - Claas Haake
- Institute for Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hanover, Germany.
| | - Heinz Sager
- Novartis Centre de Recherche Santé Animale, St. Aubin, Switzerland.
| | | | - Ronald Kaminsky
- Novartis Centre de Recherche Santé Animale, St. Aubin, Switzerland.
| | - Sandra Buschbaum
- Institute for Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hanover, Germany.
| | - Deborah Joekel
- Institute for Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hanover, Germany.
| | - Sabine Schicht
- Institute for Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hanover, Germany.
| | - Elisabeth Kremmer
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Molecular Immunology, Munich, Germany.
| | - Julia Korrell
- Institute for Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hanover, Germany.
| | - Thomas Schnieder
- Institute for Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hanover, Germany.
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4
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Xu Y, Tang H, Wang H, Liu Y. Blockade of oral tolerance to ovalbumin in mice by silver nanoparticles. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2015; 10:419-31. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm.14.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: The authors investigated the effect of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) on oral tolerance to dietary antigen ovalbumin (OVA) in mice. Materials & methods: Ag NPs were orally administered for 7 days before feeding of OVA and the immunological responses were assayed. Results: Polyvinyl pyrrolidone-coated Ag NPs (Ag NPs-PVP) were found to block the induction of oral tolerance to OVA. The physicochemical properties of the three kinds of Ag NPs were assessed and silver ions were found to inhibit the induction of oral tolerance, which might be the dominating factor in the blockade of oral tolerance by Ag NPs-PVP. Conclusion: Ag NPs with certain physicochemical properties can block oral tolerance to dietary antigen that may induce food allergy in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Xu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Huan Tang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Haifang Wang
- Institute of Nanochemistry & Nanobiology, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuanfang Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Institute of Nanochemistry & Nanobiology, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
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Ovine IgA-reactive proteins from Teladorsagia circumcincta infective larvae. Int J Parasitol 2014; 44:743-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2014.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Revised: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Abstract
Parasitic diseases caused by protozoan and helminth parasites are among the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Unfortunately, at present, there is no vaccine against any human parasitic disease. Conventional vaccine methods have largely failed against parasitic infections. This is due, in part, to the complexity of the parasite life cycle, the ability of the parasite to evade the immune system, and difficulties in identifying and eliciting the desired protective immune responses. The discovery of DNA vaccines has renewed hope for vaccine development against parasites. In the last decade, DNA vaccines were successful in inducing at least partial protection against several parasitic diseases. This review discusses the latest developments in DNA vaccines against tropical parasitic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akram A Da'dara
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, Harvard School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Xu Y, Tang H, Liu JH, Wang H, Liu Y. Evaluation of the adjuvant effect of silver nanoparticles both in vitro and in vivo. Toxicol Lett 2013; 219:42-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2013.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2012] [Revised: 02/06/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Babayan SA, Luo H, Gray N, Taylor DW, Allen JE. Deletion of parasite immune modulatory sequences combined with immune activating signals enhances vaccine mediated protection against filarial nematodes. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2012; 6:e1968. [PMID: 23301106 PMCID: PMC3531514 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2011] [Accepted: 10/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Filarial nematodes are tissue-dwelling parasites that can be killed by Th2-driven immune effectors, but that have evolved to withstand immune attack and establish chronic infections by suppressing host immunity. As a consequence, the efficacy of a vaccine against filariasis may depend on its capacity to counter parasite-driven immunomodulation. Methodology and Principal Findings We immunised mice with DNA plasmids expressing functionally-inactivated forms of two immunomodulatory molecules expressed by the filarial parasite Litomosoides sigmodontis: the abundant larval transcript-1 (LsALT) and cysteine protease inhibitor-2 (LsCPI). The mutant proteins enhanced antibody and cytokine responses to live parasite challenge, and led to more leukocyte recruitment to the site of infection than their native forms. The immune response was further enhanced when the antigens were targeted to dendritic cells using a single chain Fv-αDEC205 antibody and co-administered with plasmids that enhance T helper 2 immunity (IL-4) and antigen-presenting cell recruitment (Flt3L, MIP-1α). Mice immunised simultaneously against the mutated forms of LsALT and LsCPI eliminated adult parasites faster and consistently reduced peripheral microfilaraemia. A multifactorial analysis of the immune response revealed that protection was strongly correlated with the production of parasite-specific IgG1 and with the numbers of leukocytes present at the site of infection. Conclusions We have developed a successful strategy for DNA vaccination against a nematode infection that specifically targets parasite-driven immunosuppression while simultaneously enhancing Th2 immune responses and parasite antigen presentation by dendritic cells. Filarial infections are endemic in more that 80 countries, affecting over 120 million people and putting 1 billion more at risk. Antifilarial drugs must be administered regularly to infected people to control the disease, but they are contraindicated in under 6 year-olds and in pregnant women. Further, reports of drug resistance are now accumulating. A vaccine would therefore greatly help fight these diseases. Live attenuated L3 filariae larvae can evoke a protective immunity but their production is impractical and use in humans unacceptable while the efficacy of sub-unit vaccines has been poor. Filariae secrete proteins capable of suppressing their host's immune response, and have the potential to interfere with immunisation. We therefore decided to vaccinate hosts against secreted parasite products that modulate host immune responses rather than against structural components of the worms, and to boost the host's immune system by directly enhancing the uptake of parasite material by antigen presenting cells. This strategy generated substantial protection against both adult and offspring of a filarial parasite in mice. This provides a strong proof of principle for the anti-immunomodulatory approach we have developed.
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MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/administration & dosage
- Animals
- Antibodies, Helminth/blood
- Antigens, Helminth/genetics
- Antigens, Helminth/immunology
- Cytokines/metabolism
- DNA, Helminth/administration & dosage
- DNA, Helminth/genetics
- DNA, Helminth/immunology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Filariasis/immunology
- Filariasis/prevention & control
- Filarioidea/genetics
- Filarioidea/immunology
- Lymphocytes/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Sequence Deletion
- Vaccines, DNA/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, DNA/genetics
- Vaccines, DNA/immunology
- Vaccines, Subunit/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Subunit/genetics
- Vaccines, Subunit/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon A Babayan
- Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
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Boutennoune H, Qaqish A, Al-Aghbar M, Abdel-Hafez S, Al-Qaoud K. Induction of T helper 1 response by immunization of BALB/c mice with the gene encoding the second subunit of Echinococcus granulosus antigen B (EgAgB8/2). Parasite 2012; 19:183-8. [PMID: 22550631 PMCID: PMC3671439 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2012192183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
A pre-designed plasmid containing the gene encoding the second subunit of Echinococcus granulosus AgB8 (EgAgB8/2) was used to study the effect of the immunization route on the immune response in BALB/c mice. Mice were immunized with pDRIVEEgAgB8/ 2 or pDRIVE empty cassette using the intramuscular (i.m.), intranasal (i.n.) or the epidermal gene gun (g.g.) routes. Analysis of the antibody response and cytokine data revealed that gene immunization by the i.m. route induced a marked bias towards a T helper type 1 (Th1) immune response as characterized by high IFN-γ gene expression and a low IgG1/IgG2a reactivity index (R.I.) ratio of 0.04. The i.n. route showed a moderate IFN-γ expression but a higher IgG1/IgG2a R.I. ratio of 0.25 indicating a moderate Th1 response. In contrast, epidermal g.g. immunization induced a Th2 response characterized by high IL-4 expression and the highest IgG1/IgG2a R.I. ratio of 0.58. In conclusion, this study showed the advantage of genetic immunization using the i.m. route and i.n. over the epidermal g.g. routes in the induction of Th1 immunity in response to E. granulosus AgB gene immunization.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Boutennoune
- Department of Biological Sciences, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan
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Joseph SK, Sambanthamoorthy S, Dakshinamoorthy G, Munirathinam G, Ramaswamy K. Protective immune responses to biolistic DNA vaccination of Brugia malayi abundant larval transcript-2. Vaccine 2012; 30:6477-82. [PMID: 22885273 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.07.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2012] [Revised: 07/17/2012] [Accepted: 07/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Biolistic vaccination using gene gun is developed as a safer tool for delivery of DNA vaccines, a technique that combines high vaccine efficiency with lower antigen dosage and lower cost per vaccine dose. In this study, we compared the protective responses in mice after delivering the Brugia malayi abundant larval transcript-2 (BmALT-2) DNA vaccine using the conventional intradermal approach or with the needleless gene gun delivery approach. BmALT-2 is a leading vaccine candidate against B. malayi, a lymphatic filarial parasite of human. After optimizing the DNA dose and gene gun parameters for delivery into mouse skin, groups of mice were biolistically vaccinated with 5 μg of BmALT-2pVAX. Groups of mice vaccinated intradermally with 5 μg or 100 μg of BmALT-2pVAX was used for comparison of vaccine efficacy. Results demonstrated that gene gun vaccination with 5 μg of BmALT-2pVAX conferred significant protection against challenge infection that was comparable to the degree of protection conferred by intradermal vaccination with 100 μg of BmALT-2pVAX. This observation was further supported by an in vitro antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) assay. Analysis of the immune response showed that the gene gun vaccination predominantly induced an IgG1 antibody response and significantly high Th2 cytokine response (IL-4) from spleen cells compared to intradermal BmALT-2 DNA delivery that induced predominantly an IgG2a and Th1 cytokine response (IFN-γ, IL-12 and TNF-α). These findings show that host protective responses could be achieved with 20 fold decrease in DNA dose using a gene gun and could prove to be an efficient delivery method in BmALT-2 DNA vaccination against lymphatic filariasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Joseph
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Rockford, Rockford, IL, USA
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Neutralizing epitopes in the membrane-proximal external region of HIV-1 gp41 are influenced by the transmembrane domain and the plasma membrane. J Virol 2012; 86:2930-41. [PMID: 22238313 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.06349-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Failure to elicit broadly neutralizing (bNt) antibodies (Abs) against the membrane-proximal external region of HIV-1 gp41 (MPER) reflects the difficulty of mimicking its neutralization-competent structure (NCS). Here, we analyzed MPER antigenicity in the context of the plasma membrane and identified a role for the gp41 transmembrane domain (TM) in exposing the epitopes of three bNt monoclonal Abs (MAbs) (2F5, 4E10, and Z13e1). We transiently expressed DNA constructs encoding gp41 ectodomain fragments fused to either the TM of the platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR) or the gp41 TM and cytoplasmic tail domain (CT). Constructs encoding the MPER tethered to the gp41 TM followed by a 27-residue CT fragment (MPER-TM1) produced optimal MAb binding. Critical binding residues for the three Nt MAbs were identified using a panel of 24 MPER-TM1 mutants bearing single amino acid substitutions in the MPER; many were previously shown to affect MAb-mediated viral neutralization. Moreover, non-Nt mutants of MAbs 2F5 and 4E10 exhibited a reduction in binding to MPER-TM1 and yet maintained binding to synthetic MPER peptides, indicating that MPER-TM1 better approximates the MPER NCS than peptides. Replacement of the gp41 TM and CT of MPER-TM1 with the PDGFR TM reduced binding by MAb 4E10, but not 2F5, indicating that the gp41 TM plays a pivotal role in orienting the 4E10 epitope, and more globally, in affecting MPER exposure.
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Lin F, Shen X, McCoy JR, Mendoza JM, Yan J, Kemmerrer SV, Khan AS, Weiner DB, Broderick KE, Sardesai NY. A novel prototype device for electroporation-enhanced DNA vaccine delivery simultaneously to both skin and muscle. Vaccine 2011; 29:6771-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.12.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Jørgensen LVG, Buchmann K. Cysteine proteases as potential antigens in antiparasitic DNA vaccines. Vaccine 2011; 29:5575-83. [PMID: 21664399 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.05.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2011] [Revised: 05/12/2011] [Accepted: 05/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cysteine proteases in parasites are potent inducers of vertebrate host immune responses and may under certain circumstances take part in the pathogen's immune evasion strategies. These capacities place these parasite molecules as interesting candidate antigens in antiparasitic vaccines for use in vertebrates. Parasite cysteine proteases are able to skew the Th1/Th2 profile in mammals towards a response which allows sustainable parasite burdens in the host. DNA vaccines are also able to skew the Th1/Th2 profile by different administration techniques and the use of cysteine proteases in these genetic immunizations open perspectives for manipulation of the host immune response towards higher protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise von Gersdorff Jørgensen
- Laboratory of Aquatic Pathobiology, Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Brun A, Bárcena J, Blanco E, Borrego B, Dory D, Escribano JM, Le Gall-Reculé G, Ortego J, Dixon LK. Current strategies for subunit and genetic viral veterinary vaccine development. Virus Res 2011; 157:1-12. [PMID: 21316403 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2011.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2010] [Revised: 02/03/2011] [Accepted: 02/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Developing vaccines for livestock provides researchers with the opportunity to perform efficacy testing in the natural hosts. This enables the evaluation of different strategies, including definition of effective antigens or antigen combinations, and improvement in delivery systems for target antigens so that protective immune responses can be modulated or potentiated. An impressive amount of knowledge has been generated in recent years on vaccine strategies and consequently a wide variety of antigen delivery systems is now available for vaccine research. This paper reviews several antigen production and delivery strategies other than those based on the use of live viral vectors. Genetic and protein subunit vaccines as well as alternative production systems are considered in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Brun
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), Valdeolmos, 28130 Madrid, Spain.
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Carvalho JA, Rodgers J, Atouguia J, Prazeres DMF, Monteiro GA. DNA vaccines: a rational design against parasitic diseases. Expert Rev Vaccines 2010; 9:175-91. [PMID: 20109028 DOI: 10.1586/erv.09.158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Parasitic diseases are one of the most devastating causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Although immunization against these infections would be an ideal solution, the development of effective vaccines has been hampered by specific challenges posed by parasitic pathogens. Plasmid-based DNA vaccines may prove to be promising immunization tools in this area because vectors can be designed to integrate several antigens from different stages of the parasite life cycle or different subspecies; vaccines, formulations and immunization protocols can be tuned to match the immune response that offers protective immunity; and DNA vaccination is an affordable platform for developing countries. Partial and full protective immunity have been reported following DNA vaccination against the most significant parasitic diseases in the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana A Carvalho
- Instituto Superior Técnico, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
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Fairlie-Clarke KJ, Lamb TJ, Langhorne J, Graham AL, Allen JE. Antibody isotype analysis of malaria-nematode co-infection: problems and solutions associated with cross-reactivity. BMC Immunol 2010; 11:6. [PMID: 20163714 PMCID: PMC2838755 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2172-11-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2009] [Accepted: 02/17/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antibody isotype responses can be useful as indicators of immune bias during infection. In studies of parasite co-infection however, interpretation of immune bias is complicated by the occurrence of cross-reactive antibodies. To confidently attribute shifts in immune bias to the presence of a co-infecting parasite, we suggest practical approaches to account for antibody cross-reactivity. The potential for cross-reactive antibodies to influence disease outcome is also discussed. RESULTS Utilising two murine models of malaria-helminth co-infection we analysed antibody responses of mice singly- or co-infected with Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi and Nippostrongylus brasiliensis or Litomosoides sigmodontis. We observed cross-reactive antibody responses that recognised antigens from both pathogens irrespective of whether crude parasite antigen preparations or purified recombinant proteins were used in ELISA. These responses were not apparent in control mice. The relative strength of cross-reactive versus antigen-specific responses was determined by calculating antibody titre. In addition, we analysed antibody binding to periodate-treated antigens, to distinguish responses targeted to protein versus carbohydrate moieties. Periodate treatment affected both antigen-specific and cross-reactive responses. For example, malaria-induced cross-reactive IgG1 responses were found to target the carbohydrate component of the helminth antigen, as they were not detected following periodate treatment. Interestingly, periodate treatment of recombinant malaria antigen Merozoite Surface Protein-119 (MSP-119) resulted in increased detection of antigen-specific IgG2a responses in malaria-infected mice. This suggests that glycosylation may have been masking protein epitopes and that periodate-treated MSP-119 may more closely reflect the natural non-glycosylated antigen seen during infection. CONCLUSIONS In order to utilize antibody isotypes as a measure of immune bias during co-infection studies, it is important to dissect antigen-specific from cross-reactive antibody responses. Calculating antibody titre, rather than using a single dilution of serum, as a measure of the relative strength of the response, largely accomplished this. Elimination of the carbohydrate moiety of an antigen that can often be the target of cross-reactive antibodies also proved useful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen J Fairlie-Clarke
- Institutes of Evolution, Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, King's Buildings, University of Edinburgh, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3JT, UK
| | - Tracey J Lamb
- Current address: School of Biological Sciences, The University of Reading, Reading, Berks RG6 6UB, UK
| | - Jean Langhorne
- Division of Parasitology, National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway Mill Hill, NW7 1AA, UK
| | - Andrea L Graham
- Institutes of Evolution, Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, King's Buildings, University of Edinburgh, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3JT, UK
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Judith E Allen
- Institutes of Evolution, Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, King's Buildings, University of Edinburgh, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3JT, UK
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Sahoo M, Sisodia B, Dixit S, Joseph S, Gaur R, Verma S, Verma A, Shasany A, Dowle A, Murthy PK. Immunization with inflammatory proteome of Brugia malayi adult worm induces a Th1/Th2-immune response and confers protection against the filarial infection. Vaccine 2009; 27:4263-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2009] [Revised: 04/23/2009] [Accepted: 05/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Crampton A, Vanniasinkam T. Parasite vaccines: The new generation. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2007; 7:664-73. [PMID: 17702669 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2007.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2006] [Revised: 06/25/2007] [Accepted: 06/27/2007] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Parasites cause some of the most devastating and prevalent diseases in humans and animals. Moreover, parasitic infections increase mortality rates of other serious non-parasitic infections caused by pathogens such as HIV-1. The impact of parasitic diseases in both industrialised and developing countries is further exacerbated by the resistance of some parasites to anti-parasitic drugs and the absence of efficacious parasite vaccines. Despite years of research, much remains to be done to develop effective vaccines against parasites. This review focuses on the more recent vaccine strategies such as DNA and viral vector-based vaccines that are currently being used to develop vaccines against parasites. Obstacles yet to be overcome and possible advantages and disadvantages of these vaccine modalities are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Crampton
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Locked Bag 678, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2650, Australia
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20
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Wongkamchai S, Rochjanawatsiriroj C, Monkong N, Nochot H, Loymek S, Jiraamornnimit C, Hunnangkul S, Choochote W. Diagnostic value of IgG isotype responses against Brugia malayi antifilarial antibodies in the clinical spectrum of brugian filariasis. J Helminthol 2007; 80:363-7. [PMID: 17125545 DOI: 10.1017/joh2006365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
To study the diagnostic significance of antifilarial IgG subclasses in the clinical spectrum of brugian filariasis, IgG1, IgG3 and IgG4 antifilarial antibodies were determined in an exposed population comprising 74 asymptomatic amicrofilaraemics, 30 microfilaraemics, 20 lymphangitis and 16 elephantiasis patients resident in Narathiwart province, an area endemic for Brugia malayi lymphatic filariasis in southern Thailand. The dominant isotype of antifilarial antibody was IgG4. A significantly higher percentage of individuals were positive for IgG1 in the microfilaraemic and lymphangitis groups compared with the elephantiasis and endemic normal patients, while a significantly higher positive rate of IgG3 was found in those with lymphangitis. The possible role of these isotypes for diagnostic purposes and the pattern of antibody response in various clinically manifesting groups are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Wongkamchai
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok-Noi, Bangkok, Thailand.
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21
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de Gruijter JM, Blotkamp J, Gasser RB, Amponsah S, Polderman AM. Morphological variability withinOesophagostomum bifurcumamong different primate species from Ghana. J Helminthol 2007; 80:357-61. [PMID: 17125544 DOI: 10.1017/joh2006363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
AbstractAdultOesophagostomum bifurcum(Nematoda: Strongylida) from human and non-human primates from Ghana were compared in order to investigate the extent of morphological variability within the species. Using analysis of variance and principal component analysis, significant differences in morphological characters (such as parasite length, width, length of the oesophagus and length of spicules) were demonstrated betweenO. bifurcumworms from humans, the Mona, Patas or Green monkey and/or Olive baboons. These findings suggest thatO. bifurcumfrom different species of primate host represent distinct population variants, also supported by recent epidemiological and genetic studies ofO. bifurcumfrom such hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M de Gruijter
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Centre, University of Leiden, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands.
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22
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Dixit S, Gaur RL, Sahoo MK, Joseph SK, Murthy PSR, Murthy PK. Protection against L3 induced Brugia malayi infection in Mastomys coucha pre-immunized with BmAFII fraction of the filarial adult worm. Vaccine 2006; 24:5824-31. [PMID: 16757067 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2006] [Revised: 04/29/2006] [Accepted: 05/02/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The present study was aimed at investigating protective efficacy of BmAFII (Sephadex G-200 eluted fraction of Brugia malayi adult worm extract) against establishment of infective larvae (L3)-induced B. malayi infection in Mastomys coucha and to delineate immunological responses induced in the host. Healthy male M. coucha were immunized with BmAFII and subsequently inoculated with B. malayi L3. Specific IgG and cell mediated immune responses (cellular proliferation) including release of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) and nitric oxide (NO) from host's cells stimulated with BmAFII or lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/concanavalin A (Con A) in vitro were determined. Immunization with BmAFII reduced the adult worm recovery by 85.7% (P<0.001) and microfilaraemia by 77-95% of unimmunized controls (P<0.05-0.01). Immunization alone resulted in downregulation of responses of cellular proliferation, IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha and NO production (P<0.01) but increased TGF-beta release (P<0.001) whereas the converse was seen after L3 inoculation in these animals. In unimmunized+L3 inoculated animals all the above parameters were found downregulated (P<0.01-0.001). The cell proliferative response of BmAFII immunized+L3 challenged animals was larger for Con A (P<0.001) but not for BmAFII. Specific IgG levels were higher in immunized, immunized+L3 inoculated and unimmunized+L3 inoculated groups (P<0.001) compared to unimmunized animals, the highest level being shown by immunized+L3 inoculated group. In conclusion, immunization with BmAFII suppresses establishment of L3-induced infection in M. coucha by stimulating proinflammatory responses to L3.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Dixit
- Division of Parasitology, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226001, India
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23
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Gobert GN, McManus DP. Update on paramyosin in parasitic worms. Parasitol Int 2005; 54:101-7. [PMID: 15866471 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2005.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2004] [Accepted: 02/22/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Paramyosin was first identified as a structural component of invertebrate muscle. Analysis of crude, native, adult schistosome worm preparations identified a highly immunogenic protein which was later identified as paramyosin. Early vaccination/challenge studies with native paramyosin produced encouraging levels of protective efficacy against schistosomes, which led to the question as to how a sub-tegumental (muscular) protein could provide a target for vaccine-mediated immunological attack. Immunolocalisation studies of schistosomes confirmed the presence of paramyosin within the post-acetabular glands of cercariae and on the tegumental surface of lung schistosomula. Here we present an update on the more recent research on paramyosin in parasitic worms that has focused primarily in two directions: (i) further testing of the vaccine potency of paramyosin against schistosomes and other parasitic worms; and (ii) characterisation of the protein at the molecular and biochemical levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey N Gobert
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Australian Centre for International and Tropical Health and Nutrition, The Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Post Office Royal Brisbane Hospital, Queensland 4029, Australia.
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Gu Y, Zhang J, Wang YB, Li SW, Yang HJ, Luo WX, Xia NS. Selection of a peptide mimicking neutralization epitope of hepatitis E virus with phage peptide display technology. World J Gastroenterol 2004; 10:1583-8. [PMID: 15162530 PMCID: PMC4572759 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v10.i11.1583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM: To select the peptide mimicking the neutralization epitope of hepatitis E virus which bound to non-type-specific and conformational monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) 8C11 and 8H3 fromed 7-peptide phage display library, and expressed the peptide recombinant with HBcAg in E.coli, and to observe whether the recombinant HBcAg could still form virus like particle (VLP) and to test the activation of the recombinant polyprotein and chemo-synthesized peptide that was selected by mAb 8H3.
METHODS: 8C11 and 8H3 were used to screen for binding peptides through a 7-peptide phage display library. After 4 rounds of panning, monoclonal phages were selected and sequenced. The obtained dominant peptide coding sequences was then synthesized and inserted into amino acid 78 to 83 of hepatitis B core antigen (HBcAg), and then expressed in E.coli. Activity of the recombinant proteins was detected by Western blotting, VLPs of the recombinant polyproteins were tested by transmission electron microscopy and binding activity of the chemo-synthesized peptide was confirmed by BIAcore biosensor.
RESULTS: Twenty-one positive monoclonal phages (10 for 8C11, and 11 for 8H3) were selected and the inserted fragments were sequenced. The DNA sequence coding for the obtained dominant peptides 8C11 (N’-His-Pro-Thr-Leu-Leu-Arg-Ile-C’, named 8C11A) and 8H3 (N’-Ser-Ile-Leu-Pro- Tyr-Pro-Tyr-C’, named 8H3A) were then synthesized and cloned to the HBcAg vector, then expressed in E.coli. The recombinant proteins aggregated into homodimer or polymer on SDS-PAGE, and could bind to mAb 8C11 and 8H3 in Western blotting. At the same time, the recombinant polyprotein could form virus like particles (VLPs), which could be visualized on electron micrograph. The dominant peptide 8H3A selected by mAb 8H3 was further chemo-synthesized, and its binding to mAb 8H3 could be detected by BIAcore biosensor.
CONCLUSION: These results implicate that conformational neutralizing epitope can be partially modeled by a short peptide, which provides a feasible route for subunit vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Gu
- The Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Cell Biology and Tumor Cell Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, Fujian Province, China
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