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The Influence of Smoking Status on Exhaled Breath Profiles in Asthma and COPD Patients. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26051357. [PMID: 33806279 PMCID: PMC7961431 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26051357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Breath analysis using eNose technology can be used to discriminate between asthma and COPD patients, but it remains unclear whether results are influenced by smoking status. We aim to study whether eNose can discriminate between ever- vs. never-smokers and smoking <24 vs. >24 h before the exhaled breath, and if smoking can be considered a confounder that influences eNose results. We performed a cross-sectional analysis in adults with asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and healthy controls. Ever-smokers were defined as patients with current or past smoking habits. eNose measurements were performed by using the SpiroNose. The principal component (PC) described the eNose signals, and linear discriminant analysis determined if PCs classified ever-smokers vs. never-smokers and smoking <24 vs. >24 h. The area under the receiver–operator characteristic curve (AUC) assessed the accuracy of the models. We selected 593 ever-smokers (167 smoked <24 h before measurement) and 303 never-smokers and measured the exhaled breath profiles of discriminated ever- and never-smokers (AUC: 0.74; 95% CI: 0.66–0.81), and no cigarette consumption <24h (AUC 0.54, 95% CI: 0.43–0.65). In healthy controls, the eNose did not discriminate between ever or never-smokers (AUC 0.54; 95% CI: 0.49–0.60) and recent cigarette consumption (AUC 0.60; 95% CI: 0.50–0.69). The eNose could distinguish between ever and never-smokers in asthma and COPD patients, but not recent smokers. Recent smoking is not a confounding factor of eNose breath profiles.
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Saviauk T, Kiiski JP, Nieminen MK, Tamminen NN, Roine AN, Kumpulainen PS, Hokkinen LJ, Karjalainen MT, Vuento RE, Aittoniemi JJ, Lehtimäki TJ, Oksala NK. Electronic Nose in the Detection of Wound Infection Bacteria from Bacterial Cultures: A Proof-of-Principle Study. Eur Surg Res 2018; 59:1-11. [PMID: 29320769 DOI: 10.1159/000485461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Soft tissue infections, including postoperative wound infections, result in a significant burden for modern society. Rapid diagnosis of wound infections is based on bacterial stains, cultures, and polymerase chain reaction assays, and the results are available earliest after several hours, but more often not until days after. Therefore, antibiotic treatment is often administered empirically without a specific diagnosis. METHODS We employed our electronic nose (eNose) system for this proof-of-concept study, aiming to differentiate the most relevant bacteria causing wound infections utilizing a set of clinical bacterial cultures on identical blood culture dishes, and established bacterial lines from the gaseous headspace. RESULTS Our eNose system was capable of differentiating both methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Streptococcus pyogenes, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Clostridium perfringens with an accuracy of 78% within minutes without prior sample preparation. Most importantly, the system was capable of differentiating MRSA from MSSA with a sensitivity of 83%, a specificity of 100%, and an overall accuracy of 91%. CONCLUSIONS Our results support the concept of rapid detection of the most relevant bacteria causing wound infections and ultimately differentiating MRSA from MSSA utilizing gaseous headspace sampling with an eNose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taavi Saviauk
- School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Juha P Kiiski
- School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland.,Department of Musculoskeletal Disease, Division of Plastic Surgery, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | | | | | - Antti N Roine
- School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Pekka S Kumpulainen
- Department of Automation Science and Engineering, Tampere University of Technology, Tampere, Finland
| | | | - Markus T Karjalainen
- Department of Automation Science and Engineering, Tampere University of Technology, Tampere, Finland
| | - Risto E Vuento
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere, Finland
| | - Janne J Aittoniemi
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere, Finland
| | - Terho J Lehtimäki
- School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland.,Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere, Finland
| | - Niku K Oksala
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland.,Department of Vascular Surgery, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
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Gauw SA, Fens N, Knobel HH, de Bokx PK, Pronk P, Gaastra MTW, Mooij MC, van Vlijmen-van Keulen CJ, Sterk PJ. Analysing exhaled breath during endovenous laser ablation of varicose veins using an electronic nose and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Phlebology 2014; 28:114-6. [PMID: 24113434 DOI: 10.1258/phleb.2011.011034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S A Gauw
- Centrum Oosterwal, Dermatology and Phlebology, Comeniusstraat 3, 1817 MS, Alkmaar
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Yamaguchi S, Suzuki T, Kobayashi T, Oka N, Ishikawa E, Shinomiya H, Ohashi Y. Genotypic analysis of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from ocular infection. J Infect Chemother 2014; 20:407-11. [PMID: 24746897 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiac.2014.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Revised: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the causative pathogen of keratitis, conjunctivitis, and dacryocystitis. However little is known about their clinical epidemiology in Japan. In this study we investigated the genotypic characterization and serotype of P. aeruginosa isolates from ocular infections. Thirty-four clinical P. aeruginosa isolates were characterized according to infection type, the type III secretion system (TTSS), serotype, and multilocus sequence typing (MLST). We divided the isolates into four clinical infection types as follows: Contact lens (CL)-related keratitis (CL-keratitis; 15 isolates), non CL-related keratitis (non CL-keratitis; 8 isolates), conjunctivitis (7 isolates), and dacryocystitis (4 isolates). Regarding the TTSS classification and serotyping classification, no significant differences were found among the infection types. Two clusters (I, II) and three subclusters (A, B, C) were classified according to MLST. CL-keratitis isolates with exoU positivity were clustered in II-B, and conjunctivitis was clustered in cluster I. Some linkage was found between the genetic background and CL-keratitis or conjunctivitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Yamaguchi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ehime University, Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime 791-0295, Japan; ROHTO Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-8-1 Tatsumi-nishi, Ikuno-ku, Osaka 544-8666, Japan
| | - Takashi Suzuki
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ehime University, Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime 791-0295, Japan.
| | - Takeshi Kobayashi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ehime University, Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime 791-0295, Japan
| | - Naoko Oka
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ehime University, Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime 791-0295, Japan
| | - Eri Ishikawa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ehime University, Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime 791-0295, Japan
| | - Hiroto Shinomiya
- Ehime Prefectural Institute of Public Health And Environmental Science, 8-234 Sanbancho, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-0003, Japan
| | - Yuichi Ohashi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ehime University, Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime 791-0295, Japan
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Fens N, van der Schee MP, Brinkman P, Sterk PJ. Exhaled breath analysis by electronic nose in airways disease. Established issues and key questions. Clin Exp Allergy 2014; 43:705-15. [PMID: 23786277 DOI: 10.1111/cea.12052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Exhaled air contains many volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that are the result of normal and disease-associated metabolic processes anywhere in the body. Different omics techniques can assess the pattern of these VOCs. One such omics technique suitable for breath analysis is represented by electronic noses (eNoses), providing fingerprints of the exhaled VOCs, called breathprints. Breathprints have been shown to be altered in different disease states, including in asthma and COPD. This review describes the current status on clinical validation and application of breath analysis by electronic noses in the diagnosis and monitoring of chronic airways diseases. Furthermore, important methodological issues including breath sampling, modulating factors and incompatibility between eNoses are raised and discussed. Next steps towards clinical application of electronic noses are provided, including further validation in suspected disease, assessment of the influence of different comorbidities, the value in longitudinal monitoring of patients with asthma and COPD and the possibility to predict treatment responses. Eventually, a Breath Cloud may be constructed, a large database containing disease-specific breathprints. When collaborative efforts are put into optimization of this technique, it can provide a rapid and non-invasive first line diagnostic test.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Fens
- Dept. of Respiratory Medicine, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 22700, NL-1100 DE, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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