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Unterweger C, Koch M, Winkler S, Hammer S, Oppeneder A, Ladinig A. Chlamydia suis survival in dust: First insights. Res Vet Sci 2024; 166:105109. [PMID: 38103533 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2023.105109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Chlamydia (C.) suis, a zoonotic intracellular bacterium, is described as a causative agent for conjunctivitis, particularly in nursery and fattening pigs. Chlamydiaceae are claimed to survive drying and to persist in dust. The objective of this study was to evaluate the viability of Chlamydia in dust sampled in a fattening pig farm with a high appearance of chlamydial-induced conjunctivitis. Dust was collected and stored at room temperature. To evaluate bacterial load and survival over time, quantitative PCR (Chlamydiaceae, C. suis) and isolation in cell culture were performed every week for up to 16 weeks. While qPCR results remained highly positive with consistent bacterial loads between 103 and 104 copy numbers/100 μL eluate over a period of 16 weeks and even after 40 weeks, it was not possible to isolate Chlamydia except for the initial sample. These results show only short-term viability of C. suis in dust. This is an important information regarding reduction of chlamydial loads in pig farms and risk for pigs and people to get infected via dust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Unterweger
- University Clinic for Swine, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Michaela Koch
- University Clinic for Swine, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Simona Winkler
- University Clinic for Swine, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Sabine Hammer
- Institute of Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Alexander Oppeneder
- Traunkreis Vet Clinic GmbH, Grossendorf 3, 4551 Ried im Traunkreis, Austria.
| | - Andrea Ladinig
- University Clinic for Swine, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
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Tsui E, Sella R, Tham V, Kong AW, McClean E, Goren L, Bahar I, Cherian N, Ramirez J, Hughes RE, Privratsky JK, Onclinx T, Feit-Leichman R, Cheng A, Molina I, Kim P, Yu C, Ruder K, Tan A, Chen C, Liu Y, Abraham T, Hinterwirth A, Zhong L, Porco TC, Lietman TM, Seitzman GD, Doan T. Pathogen Surveillance for Acute Infectious Conjunctivitis. JAMA Ophthalmol 2023; 141:1140-1144. [PMID: 37917077 PMCID: PMC10623299 DOI: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2023.4785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Importance Acute infectious conjunctivitis is a common ocular condition with major public health consequences. Objective To assess regional variations and microbial etiologies of acute infectious conjunctivitis to guide treatment. Design, Setting, and Participants In this cross-sectional study, patients with presumed acute infectious conjunctivitis were enrolled in the study at 5 sites (Honolulu, Hawaii; Los Angeles, San Francisco, and San Diego, California; and Petah-Tikva, Israel) from March 2021 to March 2023. Patients with allergic or toxic conjunctivitis were excluded. Main Outcomes and Measures Pathogens were identified by unbiased RNA deep sequencing. Results In all, 52 patients (mean [range] age, 48 [7-80] years; 31 females [60%]) were enrolled at 5 sites (6 patients from Honolulu, 9 from San Diego, 11 from Los Angeles, 13 from San Francisco, and 13 from Petah-Tikva). RNA deep sequencing detected human adenovirus species D in one-quarter of patients (13 of 52). A wide range of pathogens, including human coronavirus 229E, SARS-CoV-2, and herpes simplex virus type 1, was also identified, as well as several bacteria and fungi. Moreover, 62% (32 of 52) of patients presented with purulent discharge, while only 8% (4 of 52) of patients had confirmed bacterial pathogens. Conclusion and Relevance In this cross-sectional study, pathogens associated with acute infectious conjunctivitis varied between all 5 sites in the US and Israel. Purulent discharge was a common presenting sign in this study, with a low specificity for bacteria-associated conjunctivitis, suggesting that further diagnostic workup may be necessary to inform antibiotic stewardship. Additional research on cost-effectiveness of using RNA deep sequencing is needed to ascertain whether it is better to monitor patients clinically until resolution of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edmund Tsui
- Ocular Inflammatory Disease Center, UCLA Stein Eye Institute, Los Angeles, California
- Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Ruti Sella
- Department of Ophthalmology, Rabin Medical Center, Petah-Tikva, Israel
- Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Vivien Tham
- Pacific Vision Institute of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Hawaii John A. Burns School of Medicine, Honolulu
| | - Alan W. Kong
- Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Esmeralda McClean
- Shiley Eye Institute, University of California, San Diego, San Diego
| | - Lee Goren
- Department of Ophthalmology, Rabin Medical Center, Petah-Tikva, Israel
| | - Irit Bahar
- Department of Ophthalmology, Rabin Medical Center, Petah-Tikva, Israel
- Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Nina Cherian
- Ocular Inflammatory Disease Center, UCLA Stein Eye Institute, Los Angeles, California
- Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Joana Ramirez
- Ocular Inflammatory Disease Center, UCLA Stein Eye Institute, Los Angeles, California
- Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Reginald E. Hughes
- Ocular Inflammatory Disease Center, UCLA Stein Eye Institute, Los Angeles, California
- Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Joseph K. Privratsky
- Ocular Inflammatory Disease Center, UCLA Stein Eye Institute, Los Angeles, California
- Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Tania Onclinx
- Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Rachel Feit-Leichman
- Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Angel Cheng
- Pacific Vision Institute of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii
| | - Iliana Molina
- Shiley Eye Institute, University of California, San Diego, San Diego
| | - Phillip Kim
- Shiley Eye Institute, University of California, San Diego, San Diego
| | - Carol Yu
- Shiley Eye Institute, University of California, San Diego, San Diego
| | - Kevin Ruder
- F.I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco
| | - Alexander Tan
- Pacific Vision Institute of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii
| | - Cindi Chen
- F.I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco
| | - YuHeng Liu
- F.I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco
| | - Thomas Abraham
- F.I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco
| | - Armin Hinterwirth
- F.I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco
| | - Lina Zhong
- F.I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco
| | - Travis C. Porco
- F.I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco
| | - Thomas M. Lietman
- F.I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco
| | - Gerami D. Seitzman
- F.I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco
| | - Thuy Doan
- F.I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco
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3
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Gherardi G, Surico PL, Coassin M, Di Zazzo A, D'Arezzo S, Angeletti S, Fontana C, Petrosillo N. Meningococcal Conjunctivitis in a 54-Year-Old Man: Case Report and Review of the Literature. Chemotherapy 2023; 68:228-232. [PMID: 37231886 DOI: 10.1159/000530894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Neisseria meningitidis represents an uncommon pathogen of acute bacterial conjunctivitis. In this brief report, we describe a case of meningococcal conjunctivitis in an immunocompetent adult male, with a review of the literature. The patient went to the outpatient ophthalmology clinic complaining of severe ocular discomfort, burning, and redness for more than 2 weeks and, at slit lamp examination, he was diagnosed with a mild conjunctivitis. Microbiology cultures of ocular swabs revealed the growth of colonies, as pure culture, identified as N. meningitidis of serogroup B. A diagnosis of primary meningococcal conjunctivitis was made and treatment of patient with intramuscular injections of ceftriaxone in addition to topical moxifloxacin eye drops for 2 weeks led to clinical improvement and, finally, to a complete recovery, in accordance with microbiological findings. Ophthalmologists must be aware of the possibility of primary meningococcal conjunctivitis cases, even uncommon, and the need to treat with systemic antibiotics and their close contacts with adequate antibiotic chemoprophylaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Gherardi
- Clinical Laboratory Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy
- Applied Microbiological Science Unit, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Pier Luigi Surico
- Ophthalmology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Coassin
- Ophthalmology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Di Zazzo
- Ophthalmology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia D'Arezzo
- Laboratorio di Microbiologia Banca Biologica e Cell Factory, National Institute for Infectious Diseases (INMI) L. Spallanzani, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Angeletti
- Clinical Laboratory Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy
- Clinical Laboratory Science Unit, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Carla Fontana
- Laboratorio di Microbiologia Banca Biologica e Cell Factory, National Institute for Infectious Diseases (INMI) L. Spallanzani, Rome, Italy
| | - Nicola Petrosillo
- Infection Prevention and Control Service, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy
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4
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Sultan T, Marcinski PA. [Not Available]. Ugeskr Laeger 2023; 185:V71157. [PMID: 36760191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tamo Sultan
- Pædiatrisk afdeling, Dronning Ingrids Hospital, Nuuk, Grønland
- Afdeling for Børn og Unge, Københavns Universitetshospital - Rigshospitalet
| | - Pawel Andrej Marcinski
- Pædiatrisk afdeling, Dronning Ingrids Hospital, Nuuk, Grønland
- Afdeling for Børn og Unge, Regionshospitalet Nordjylland
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Abstract
IMPORTANCE Acute infectious conjunctivitis is characterized by ocular redness and discharge, and is a common clinical entity. Evidence-based tools to aid the clinical diagnosis of viral vs bacterial conjunctivitis are lacking and may contribute to overprescribing of topical antibiotics. OBJECTIVE To determine the relative prevalence of viral vs bacterial conjunctivitis in adults and children, and to determine which symptoms or signs are suggestive of a viral vs bacterial etiology. DATA SOURCES A MEDLINE search (January 1946-March 2022) yielded 1891 articles. Included articles were rated using a quality score based on a modified Rational Clinical Examination grading system. Methodological quality levels 1 through 4 required a microbiological reference standard for diagnosis, whereas quality level 5 (the lowest quality) used a clinical reference standard for diagnosis. STUDY SELECTION Consecutive series of patients presenting with acute infectious conjunctivitis and case series of viral or bacterial conjunctivitis alone. Thirty-two studies were included in a meta-analysis to determine prevalence and diagnostic accuracy measures; 27 used a microbiological reference standard for diagnosis and 5 used a clinical reference standard for diagnosis. RESULTS In studies involving children (5 studies; 881 patients; mean age, 4.7 years [age range, 1 month-18 years]), the prevalence of bacterial conjunctivitis was higher than viral conjunctivitis (71% vs 16%, respectively, P = .01). In the only study of adults (n = 207 patients; mean age, 25.7 years), the prevalence of viral conjunctivitis was higher than bacterial conjunctivitis (78% vs 16%, respectively, P < .001). For the primary analysis of level 1 (n = 6) and level 2 (n = 5) studies (1725 patients total), the clinical findings that best distinguished a viral etiology for conjunctivitis from a bacterial etiology included pharyngitis (sensitivity range, 0.55-0.58; specificity range, 0.89-0.94; positive likelihood ratio [LR] range, 5.4-9.9), preauricular lymphadenopathy (sensitivity range, 0.17-0.31; specificity range, 0.93-0.94; positive LR range, 2.5-5.6), and contact with another person with red eye (sensitivity, 0.18 [95% CI, 0.14-0.22]; specificity, 0.93 [95% CI, 0.90-0.95]; positive LR, 2.5 [95% CI, 1.6-3.7]). Mucopurulent ocular discharge (sensitivity, 0.76 [95% CI, 0.60-0.87); specificity, 0.66 [95% CI, 0.58-0.73]; positive LR, 2.1 [95% CI, 1.7-2.6]) and otitis media (sensitivity, 0.24 [95% CI, 0.20-0.29]; specificity, 0.91 [95% CI, 0.85-0.94]; positive LR, 2.5 [95% CI, 1.5-4.4]) were associated with the presence of bacterial conjunctivitis. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In this review, bacterial conjunctivitis was more common than viral conjunctivitis in children and viral conjunctivitis was more common than bacterial conjunctivitis in adults, although the prevalence estimates were based on limited evidence. Symptoms and signs associated with a higher likelihood of viral conjunctivitis in adults and children included concomitant pharyngitis, an enlarged preauricular node, and contact with another person with red eye, and signs associated with a higher likelihood of bacterial conjunctivitis included the presence of mucopurulent discharge and otitis media, but no single symptom or sign differentiated the 2 conditions with high certainty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davin Johnson
- Department of Ophthalmology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Daisy Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - David Simel
- Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
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Kakita T, Okano S, Kyan H, Miyahira M, Taira K, Kitashoji E, Koizumi N. Laboratory diagnostic, epidemiological, and clinical characteristics of human leptospirosis in Okinawa Prefecture, Japan, 2003-2020. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009993. [PMID: 34905535 PMCID: PMC8670671 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leptospirosis is considered an endemic disease among agricultural workers in Okinawa Prefecture, which is the southernmost part of Japan and has a subtropical climate, but data on the current status and trend of this disease are scarce. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We conducted a retrospective study of clinically suspected leptospirosis patients whose sample and information were sent to the Okinawa Prefectural Institute of Health and Environment from November 2003 to December 2020. Laboratory diagnosis was established using culture, nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and/or microscopic agglutination test (MAT) with blood, cerebrospinal fluid, and/or urine samples. Statistical analyses were performed to compare the epidemiological information, clinical features, and sensitivities of diagnostic methods among laboratory-confirmed cases. Serogroups and the species of Leptospira isolates were determined by MAT using 13 antisera and flaB sequencing. A total of 531 clinically suspected patients were recruited, among whom 246 (46.3%) were laboratory confirmed to have leptospirosis. Among the confirmed cases, patients aged 20-29 years (22.4%) and male patients (85.7%) were the most common. The most common estimated sources of infection were recreation (44.5%) and labor (27.8%) in rivers. Approximately half of the isolates were of the L. interrogans serogroup Hebdomadis. The main clinical symptoms were fever (97.1%), myalgia (56.3%), and conjunctival hyperemia (52.2%). Headache occurred significantly more often in patients with Hebdomadis serogroup infections than those with other serogroup infections. The sensitivities of culture and PCR exceeded 65% during the first 6 days, while the sensitivity of MAT surpassed that of culture and PCR in the second week after onset. PCR using blood samples was a preferable method for the early diagnosis of leptospirosis. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The results of this study will support clinicians in the diagnosis and treatment of undifferentiated febrile patients in Okinawa Prefecture as well as patients returning from Okinawa Prefecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Kakita
- Department of Biological Sciences, Okinawa Prefectural Institute of Health and Environment, Uruma, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Sho Okano
- Department of Biological Sciences, Okinawa Prefectural Institute of Health and Environment, Uruma, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Hisako Kyan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Okinawa Prefectural Institute of Health and Environment, Uruma, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Masato Miyahira
- Department of Biological Sciences, Okinawa Prefectural Institute of Health and Environment, Uruma, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Katsuya Taira
- Department of Biological Sciences, Okinawa Prefectural Institute of Health and Environment, Uruma, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Emi Kitashoji
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Nobuo Koizumi
- Department of Bacteriology I, National Institute of Infectious Disease, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
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Lalitha P, Seitzman GD, Kotecha R, Hinterwirth A, Chen C, Zhong L, Cummings ME, Lebas E, Sahoo MK, Pinsky BA, Lietman TM, Doan T. Unbiased Pathogen Detection and Host Gene Profiling for Conjunctivitis. Ophthalmology 2019; 126:1090-1094. [PMID: 30953744 PMCID: PMC6646074 DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2019.03.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The etiology of conjunctivitis is often misdiagnosed. An ideal diagnostic test would identify all possible infectious causes. In this study, we apply unbiased metagenomic RNA deep sequencing (MDS) to identify pathogens causing conjunctivitis. DESIGN Molecular study of prospectively collected conjunctival swabs from patients with presumed infectious conjunctivitis. PARTICIPANTS Patients with presumed acute infectious conjunctivitis. METHODS Conjunctival swabs were collected from patients presenting with acute conjunctivitis. Swabs were processed for MDS. Pathogens were identified using a rapid computational pipeline to analyze the nonhost sequences obtained from MDS. Differential gene expression analysis was performed to evaluate for host transcriptome signatures for infectious types. Clinical samples were deidentified, and laboratory personnel handling the samples and interpreting the data were masked. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Pathogens and differential transcripts identified by MDS. RESULTS Metagenomic RNA deep sequencing detected pathogens in 86% (12/14) of the patients tested. Swabs from 10 of 14 patients were positive for human adenovirus (HAdV) while swabs from 2 of 14 patients were positive for Vittaforma corneae (a parasitic fungal species of the microsporidia group). Samples positive for HAdV by RNA-seq were independently verified in a CLIA-certified laboratory. Pathogen-directed polymerase chain reaction confirmed the presence of V. corneae genome in the samples positive by RNA-seq. Local host transcriptome analysis identified 12 differentially expressed genes that provided distinct expression signatures for patients infected with HAdV compared with V. corneae. CONCLUSIONS Metagenomic RNA deep sequencing can reliably detect and quantify common and rare pathogens causing conjunctivitis, and identify strains. The unbiased nature of metagenomic RNA deep sequencing allowed an expanded scope of pathogen detection, including fungal species not commonly associated with acute conjunctivitis. In addition, the identification of infection type-specific local host transcriptome signatures may allow for pathogen detection even when the pathogen load is too low for direct identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prajna Lalitha
- Department of Ocular Microbiology, Aravind Eye Hospital, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Gerami D Seitzman
- Francis I. Proctor Foundation, San Francisco, California; Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Ritesh Kotecha
- Department of Ocular Microbiology, Aravind Eye Hospital, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Cindi Chen
- Francis I. Proctor Foundation, San Francisco, California
| | - Lina Zhong
- Francis I. Proctor Foundation, San Francisco, California
| | - M E Cummings
- Francis I. Proctor Foundation, San Francisco, California
| | - Elodie Lebas
- Francis I. Proctor Foundation, San Francisco, California
| | - Malaya K Sahoo
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Benjamin A Pinsky
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California; Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Thomas M Lietman
- Francis I. Proctor Foundation, San Francisco, California; Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Thuy Doan
- Francis I. Proctor Foundation, San Francisco, California; Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, California.
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8
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Kretz CB, Bergeron G, Aldrich M, Bloch D, Del Rosso PE, Halse TA, Ostrowsky B, Liu Q, Gonzalez E, Omoregie E, Chicaiza L, Zayas G, Tha B, Liang A, Wang JC, Levi M, Hughes S, Musser KA, Weiss D, Rakeman JL. Neonatal Conjunctivitis Caused by Neisseria meningitidis US Urethritis Clade, New York, USA, August 2017. Emerg Infect Dis 2019; 25:972-975. [PMID: 31002061 PMCID: PMC6478211 DOI: 10.3201/eid2505.181631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We characterized a case of neonatal conjunctivitis in New York, USA, caused by Neisseria meningitidis by using whole-genome sequencing. The case was a rare occurrence, and the isolate obtained belonged to an emerging clade (N. meningitidis US nongroupable urethritis) associated with an increase in cases of urethritis since 2015.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Margaret Aldrich
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA (C.B. Kretz, G. Bergeron)
- New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene
- Queens, New York, USA (C.B. Kretz, G. Bergeron, M. Aldrich, D. Bloch, P.E. Del Rosso, Q. Liu, E. Gonzalez, E. Omoregie, L. Chicaiza, G. Zayas, B. Tha, A. Liang, J.C. Wang, S. Hughes, D. Weiss, J.L. Rakeman)
- Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA (M. Aldrich, B. Ostrowsky, M. Levi)
- New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, USA (T.A. Halse, K.A. Musser)
| | - Danielle Bloch
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA (C.B. Kretz, G. Bergeron)
- New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene
- Queens, New York, USA (C.B. Kretz, G. Bergeron, M. Aldrich, D. Bloch, P.E. Del Rosso, Q. Liu, E. Gonzalez, E. Omoregie, L. Chicaiza, G. Zayas, B. Tha, A. Liang, J.C. Wang, S. Hughes, D. Weiss, J.L. Rakeman)
- Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA (M. Aldrich, B. Ostrowsky, M. Levi)
- New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, USA (T.A. Halse, K.A. Musser)
| | - Paula E. Del Rosso
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA (C.B. Kretz, G. Bergeron)
- New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene
- Queens, New York, USA (C.B. Kretz, G. Bergeron, M. Aldrich, D. Bloch, P.E. Del Rosso, Q. Liu, E. Gonzalez, E. Omoregie, L. Chicaiza, G. Zayas, B. Tha, A. Liang, J.C. Wang, S. Hughes, D. Weiss, J.L. Rakeman)
- Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA (M. Aldrich, B. Ostrowsky, M. Levi)
- New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, USA (T.A. Halse, K.A. Musser)
| | - Tanya A. Halse
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA (C.B. Kretz, G. Bergeron)
- New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene
- Queens, New York, USA (C.B. Kretz, G. Bergeron, M. Aldrich, D. Bloch, P.E. Del Rosso, Q. Liu, E. Gonzalez, E. Omoregie, L. Chicaiza, G. Zayas, B. Tha, A. Liang, J.C. Wang, S. Hughes, D. Weiss, J.L. Rakeman)
- Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA (M. Aldrich, B. Ostrowsky, M. Levi)
- New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, USA (T.A. Halse, K.A. Musser)
| | - Belinda Ostrowsky
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA (C.B. Kretz, G. Bergeron)
- New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene
- Queens, New York, USA (C.B. Kretz, G. Bergeron, M. Aldrich, D. Bloch, P.E. Del Rosso, Q. Liu, E. Gonzalez, E. Omoregie, L. Chicaiza, G. Zayas, B. Tha, A. Liang, J.C. Wang, S. Hughes, D. Weiss, J.L. Rakeman)
- Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA (M. Aldrich, B. Ostrowsky, M. Levi)
- New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, USA (T.A. Halse, K.A. Musser)
| | - Qinghuan Liu
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA (C.B. Kretz, G. Bergeron)
- New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene
- Queens, New York, USA (C.B. Kretz, G. Bergeron, M. Aldrich, D. Bloch, P.E. Del Rosso, Q. Liu, E. Gonzalez, E. Omoregie, L. Chicaiza, G. Zayas, B. Tha, A. Liang, J.C. Wang, S. Hughes, D. Weiss, J.L. Rakeman)
- Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA (M. Aldrich, B. Ostrowsky, M. Levi)
- New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, USA (T.A. Halse, K.A. Musser)
| | - Edimarlyn Gonzalez
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA (C.B. Kretz, G. Bergeron)
- New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene
- Queens, New York, USA (C.B. Kretz, G. Bergeron, M. Aldrich, D. Bloch, P.E. Del Rosso, Q. Liu, E. Gonzalez, E. Omoregie, L. Chicaiza, G. Zayas, B. Tha, A. Liang, J.C. Wang, S. Hughes, D. Weiss, J.L. Rakeman)
- Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA (M. Aldrich, B. Ostrowsky, M. Levi)
- New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, USA (T.A. Halse, K.A. Musser)
| | - Enoma Omoregie
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA (C.B. Kretz, G. Bergeron)
- New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene
- Queens, New York, USA (C.B. Kretz, G. Bergeron, M. Aldrich, D. Bloch, P.E. Del Rosso, Q. Liu, E. Gonzalez, E. Omoregie, L. Chicaiza, G. Zayas, B. Tha, A. Liang, J.C. Wang, S. Hughes, D. Weiss, J.L. Rakeman)
- Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA (M. Aldrich, B. Ostrowsky, M. Levi)
- New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, USA (T.A. Halse, K.A. Musser)
| | - Ludwin Chicaiza
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA (C.B. Kretz, G. Bergeron)
- New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene
- Queens, New York, USA (C.B. Kretz, G. Bergeron, M. Aldrich, D. Bloch, P.E. Del Rosso, Q. Liu, E. Gonzalez, E. Omoregie, L. Chicaiza, G. Zayas, B. Tha, A. Liang, J.C. Wang, S. Hughes, D. Weiss, J.L. Rakeman)
- Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA (M. Aldrich, B. Ostrowsky, M. Levi)
- New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, USA (T.A. Halse, K.A. Musser)
| | - Greicy Zayas
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA (C.B. Kretz, G. Bergeron)
- New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene
- Queens, New York, USA (C.B. Kretz, G. Bergeron, M. Aldrich, D. Bloch, P.E. Del Rosso, Q. Liu, E. Gonzalez, E. Omoregie, L. Chicaiza, G. Zayas, B. Tha, A. Liang, J.C. Wang, S. Hughes, D. Weiss, J.L. Rakeman)
- Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA (M. Aldrich, B. Ostrowsky, M. Levi)
- New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, USA (T.A. Halse, K.A. Musser)
| | - Bun Tha
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA (C.B. Kretz, G. Bergeron)
- New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene
- Queens, New York, USA (C.B. Kretz, G. Bergeron, M. Aldrich, D. Bloch, P.E. Del Rosso, Q. Liu, E. Gonzalez, E. Omoregie, L. Chicaiza, G. Zayas, B. Tha, A. Liang, J.C. Wang, S. Hughes, D. Weiss, J.L. Rakeman)
- Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA (M. Aldrich, B. Ostrowsky, M. Levi)
- New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, USA (T.A. Halse, K.A. Musser)
| | - Angela Liang
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA (C.B. Kretz, G. Bergeron)
- New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene
- Queens, New York, USA (C.B. Kretz, G. Bergeron, M. Aldrich, D. Bloch, P.E. Del Rosso, Q. Liu, E. Gonzalez, E. Omoregie, L. Chicaiza, G. Zayas, B. Tha, A. Liang, J.C. Wang, S. Hughes, D. Weiss, J.L. Rakeman)
- Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA (M. Aldrich, B. Ostrowsky, M. Levi)
- New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, USA (T.A. Halse, K.A. Musser)
| | - Jade C. Wang
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA (C.B. Kretz, G. Bergeron)
- New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene
- Queens, New York, USA (C.B. Kretz, G. Bergeron, M. Aldrich, D. Bloch, P.E. Del Rosso, Q. Liu, E. Gonzalez, E. Omoregie, L. Chicaiza, G. Zayas, B. Tha, A. Liang, J.C. Wang, S. Hughes, D. Weiss, J.L. Rakeman)
- Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA (M. Aldrich, B. Ostrowsky, M. Levi)
- New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, USA (T.A. Halse, K.A. Musser)
| | - Michael Levi
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA (C.B. Kretz, G. Bergeron)
- New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene
- Queens, New York, USA (C.B. Kretz, G. Bergeron, M. Aldrich, D. Bloch, P.E. Del Rosso, Q. Liu, E. Gonzalez, E. Omoregie, L. Chicaiza, G. Zayas, B. Tha, A. Liang, J.C. Wang, S. Hughes, D. Weiss, J.L. Rakeman)
- Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA (M. Aldrich, B. Ostrowsky, M. Levi)
- New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, USA (T.A. Halse, K.A. Musser)
| | - Scott Hughes
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA (C.B. Kretz, G. Bergeron)
- New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene
- Queens, New York, USA (C.B. Kretz, G. Bergeron, M. Aldrich, D. Bloch, P.E. Del Rosso, Q. Liu, E. Gonzalez, E. Omoregie, L. Chicaiza, G. Zayas, B. Tha, A. Liang, J.C. Wang, S. Hughes, D. Weiss, J.L. Rakeman)
- Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA (M. Aldrich, B. Ostrowsky, M. Levi)
- New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, USA (T.A. Halse, K.A. Musser)
| | - Kimberlee A. Musser
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA (C.B. Kretz, G. Bergeron)
- New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene
- Queens, New York, USA (C.B. Kretz, G. Bergeron, M. Aldrich, D. Bloch, P.E. Del Rosso, Q. Liu, E. Gonzalez, E. Omoregie, L. Chicaiza, G. Zayas, B. Tha, A. Liang, J.C. Wang, S. Hughes, D. Weiss, J.L. Rakeman)
- Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA (M. Aldrich, B. Ostrowsky, M. Levi)
- New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, USA (T.A. Halse, K.A. Musser)
| | - Don Weiss
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA (C.B. Kretz, G. Bergeron)
- New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene
- Queens, New York, USA (C.B. Kretz, G. Bergeron, M. Aldrich, D. Bloch, P.E. Del Rosso, Q. Liu, E. Gonzalez, E. Omoregie, L. Chicaiza, G. Zayas, B. Tha, A. Liang, J.C. Wang, S. Hughes, D. Weiss, J.L. Rakeman)
- Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA (M. Aldrich, B. Ostrowsky, M. Levi)
- New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, USA (T.A. Halse, K.A. Musser)
| | - Jennifer L. Rakeman
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA (C.B. Kretz, G. Bergeron)
- New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene
- Queens, New York, USA (C.B. Kretz, G. Bergeron, M. Aldrich, D. Bloch, P.E. Del Rosso, Q. Liu, E. Gonzalez, E. Omoregie, L. Chicaiza, G. Zayas, B. Tha, A. Liang, J.C. Wang, S. Hughes, D. Weiss, J.L. Rakeman)
- Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA (M. Aldrich, B. Ostrowsky, M. Levi)
- New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, USA (T.A. Halse, K.A. Musser)
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Babar ZUD, Khan MS, Murtaza B, Khattak RA, Shah S, Shahzad K. Various Manifestations Of Trachoma In Internally Displaced Rural Population - A Free Eye Camp Based Survey. J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad 2019; 31:32-35. [PMID: 30868779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objective of the study is to observe frequency of various clinical manifestations of trachoma in rural population. This observational study was conducted at Khalifa Gul Nawaz Teaching Hospital (KGNTH), Bannu, Pakistan from April 2016 to Jan 2017. METHODS Patients visiting for ocular complaints underwent initial screening that included demographic details and documentation of unaided as well as best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) which was followed by detailed slit lamp examination of anterior segment including eversion of upper lid for assessment of changes in upper tarsal conjunctivas by consultant ophthalmologist. A total of 648 patients who had clinical presentation of trachoma were included in the study. Patients who had other forms of conjunctivitis, trichiasis, entropion, corneal opacification and vascularization due to causes other than trachoma were excluded. Patients were categorized according to age in three groups (Group 1-3) and according to stages of trachoma in five groups (TF, TI, TS, TT and TO). RESULTS Six hundred and forty-eight (648) were examined in this cross-sectional survey with a mean age of 14.3+14.2 years. Mean unaided visual acuity and BCVA of the patients was 0.12+.24 and 0.07+0.18 respectively. Groups-1 comprised of 86.7% of the patients and stage TF of trachoma was the most prevalent stage accounting for 70.06% of the patients. CONCLUSIONS Trachoma is a serious community health problem with various clinical manifestations in different age groups. Awareness and educational programs are required to be conducted in schools and vocational training centres regarding its mode of transmission and control..
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahir Ud Din Babar
- Army Field Hospital - Khaleefa Gulnawaz Teaching Hospital Bannu, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Saim Khan
- Army Field Hospital - Khaleefa Gulnawaz Teaching Hospital Bannu, Pakistan
| | - Bilal Murtaza
- Army Field Hospital - Khaleefa Gulnawaz Teaching Hospital Bannu, Pakistan
| | | | - Shahrukh Shah
- Army Field Hospital - Khaleefa Gulnawaz Teaching Hospital Bannu, Pakistan
| | - Khurram Shahzad
- Army Field Hospital - Khaleefa Gulnawaz Teaching Hospital Bannu, Pakistan
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10
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Abstract
A 20-year-old man presented with bilateral ocular discharge and conjunctival injection. An ocular culture revealed Neisseria gonorrhoeae with decreased susceptibility to multiple drugs, including ceftriaxone. The patient was successfully treated with doxycycline (100 mg), which was administered orally, twice a day, for 7 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Iwata
- Department of Infectious Disease, Rakuwakai Otowa Hospital, Japan
| | - Ken Shimuta
- Department of Bacteriology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Japan
| | - Makoto Ohnishi
- Department of Bacteriology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Japan
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11
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Dey AC, Hossain MI, Dey SK, Mannan MA, Shahidullah M. Neonatal Conjunctivitis Leading to Neonatal Sepsis--A Case Report. Mymensingh Med J 2016; 25:161-162. [PMID: 26931268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Neonatal conjunctivitis is the most common occular disease in neonates. Most infections are acquired during vaginal delivery. In spite most of these cases are benign; some of them may progress to systemic complications like loss of vision if left untreated. The authors present a case of a newborn who developed late onset neonatal sepsis from E. coli positive conjunctivitis. The baby was treated with Injection Meropenem and Injection Amikacin for 10 days. The course was uneventful, after that baby responded well and discharged home on 24th day.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Dey
- Dr Arjun Chandra Dey, Assistant Professor, Department of Neonatology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), Dhaka, Bangladesh
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12
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Yamaguchi S, Suzuki T, Kobayashi T, Oka N, Ishikawa E, Shinomiya H, Ohashi Y. Genotypic analysis of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from ocular infection. J Infect Chemother 2014; 20:407-11. [PMID: 24746897 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiac.2014.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Revised: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the causative pathogen of keratitis, conjunctivitis, and dacryocystitis. However little is known about their clinical epidemiology in Japan. In this study we investigated the genotypic characterization and serotype of P. aeruginosa isolates from ocular infections. Thirty-four clinical P. aeruginosa isolates were characterized according to infection type, the type III secretion system (TTSS), serotype, and multilocus sequence typing (MLST). We divided the isolates into four clinical infection types as follows: Contact lens (CL)-related keratitis (CL-keratitis; 15 isolates), non CL-related keratitis (non CL-keratitis; 8 isolates), conjunctivitis (7 isolates), and dacryocystitis (4 isolates). Regarding the TTSS classification and serotyping classification, no significant differences were found among the infection types. Two clusters (I, II) and three subclusters (A, B, C) were classified according to MLST. CL-keratitis isolates with exoU positivity were clustered in II-B, and conjunctivitis was clustered in cluster I. Some linkage was found between the genetic background and CL-keratitis or conjunctivitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Yamaguchi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ehime University, Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime 791-0295, Japan; ROHTO Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-8-1 Tatsumi-nishi, Ikuno-ku, Osaka 544-8666, Japan
| | - Takashi Suzuki
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ehime University, Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime 791-0295, Japan.
| | - Takeshi Kobayashi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ehime University, Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime 791-0295, Japan
| | - Naoko Oka
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ehime University, Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime 791-0295, Japan
| | - Eri Ishikawa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ehime University, Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime 791-0295, Japan
| | - Hiroto Shinomiya
- Ehime Prefectural Institute of Public Health And Environmental Science, 8-234 Sanbancho, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-0003, Japan
| | - Yuichi Ohashi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ehime University, Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime 791-0295, Japan
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13
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Welch JF, Dickie AK. Red Alert: diagnosis and management of the acute red eye. J R Nav Med Serv 2014; 100:42-46. [PMID: 24881426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The acute red eye represents a broad spectrum of disease encompassing benign self-limiting conditions to potentially vision-threatening ophthalmic or system disease. This article will review clinical principles essential for the diagnosis and treatment of red eye relevant to all Armed Forces primary care and emergency medicine practitioners.
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14
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Matejcek A, Goldman RD. Treatment and prevention of ophthalmia neonatorum. Can Fam Physician 2013; 59:1187-1190. [PMID: 24235191 PMCID: PMC3828094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
QUESTION In my office I occasionally see neonates with conjunctivitis. What are the current recommendations for ocular prophylaxis at birth? Do topical antibiotics alone provide adequate treatment of neonatal conjunctivitis? When is systemic therapy indicated? ANSWER All infants should receive ocular prophylaxis at birth to prevent gonococcal ophthalmia. Neonates presenting with signs of conjunctivitis should have a conjunctival swab sent for Gram stain and culture. If Gram-negative diplococci are present on the Gram stain results, the infants and their parents should be treated immediately for presumed gonorrhea. Infants with chlamydial infection should be treated with oral antibiotics. Most of all other forms of bacterial conjunctivitis can be treated with topical antibiotics, with the exception of Pseudomonas infection. Infants should be followed during their treatment and upon completion of therapy to ensure resolution of symptoms. For cases in which sexually transmitted bacteria are implicated, the mothers and their sexual partners should be treated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adela Matejcek
- BC Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Room K4-226, Ambulatory Care Bldg, 4480 Oak St, Vancouver, BC V6H 3V4.
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15
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Abstract
The authors studied the bactericidal action and therapeutic effectiveness of ciprofloxacin in treating external ocular infections (bacterial conjunctivitis and bacterial blepharoconjunctivitis). 108 ambulatory patients with clinical signs of conjunctivitis and blepharoconjunctivitis were enrolled in the study. All subjects underwent a conjunctival swab before starting therapy and at 10 days, to identify the causative bacteria and their susceptibility to ciprofloxacin, following routine microbiological methods. The reported therapeutic success rate (95%) and bacteriological analysis confirmed the effectiveness of ciprofloxacin in subjects with bacterial conjunctivitis and bacterial blepharoconjunctivitis. In vitro tests conducted 10 days after treatment confirmed the in vivo therapeutic effectiveness, even for those infections characterized by a difficult etiological identification which interferes with specific antibiotic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Chisari
- Center of Ocular Microbiology-University of Catania, Catania, Italy.
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16
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Kubota T, Hayashi S, Niimi H, Kitajima I. [Trend survey of ocular infections with bacteria at Toyama University Hospital over the past six years--from the standpoint of laboratory examination]. Rinsho Byori 2012; 60:605-611. [PMID: 22973718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Specimens of bacterial ocular infections are frequently received in the clinical laboratory. However, a comprehensive trend survey of ocular infections with bacteria is very rare. Our objective is to understand the current tendency of ocular infections with bacteria in patients at Toyama University Hospital from the standpoint of laboratory examination. We studied 263 cases of ocular infection with bacteria diagnosed at Toyama University Hospital from January 2006 to December 2011. 123 were male and 140 were female, with a mean age of 61.2(0-98) years. Specimens were subjected to direct microscopy and culture. Cultures were positive in 174(66.2%) patients. The most common bacterial isolate was Staphylococcus (28.1%), followed by Corynebacterium (19.3%), Streptococcus (9.3%), and Propionibacterium (8.6%). MRSA accounted for 18.8% of all S. aureus isolates, and has increased in recent years. The number of bacteria detected was larger in March, June, July, August, and October. Age distribution indicated that around 70% of bacterial isolates were detected from patients over 60 years old. The most common specimen of ocular infections with bacteria was eye discharge (detection rate; 87.8%), followed by corneal scraping(41%), aqueous humor (19%), and vitreous body (27%). Nearly 80% of bacterial isolates were detected from patients with keratitis, endophthalmitis, dacryocystitis, and conjunctivitis. As for the disease specific detection rate, endophthalmitis was very low (38.3%). The detection rate by years indicated that the way doctors pick up the specimens greatly affects the detection rate. Based on this survey, we need close cooperation with medical doctors concerning laboratory examination in ocular infection with bacteria, and we must improve the detection sensitivity of specimens from patients with endophthalmitis.
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Oladigbolu KK, Abah ER, Chinda D, Anyebe EE. Pattern of eye diseases in a university health service clinic in northern Nigeria. Niger J Med 2012; 21:334-337. [PMID: 23304932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Eye diseases constitute one of the common health problems presenting to the general practice clinic and could have significant socioeconomic consequences. OBJECTIVES To determine the pattern of eye diseases presenting to the eye clinic of Ahmadu Bello University Sick Bay, Samaru, Zaria. METHODS A prospective study of both new and old consecutive patients presenting to the eye clinic of Ahmadu Bello University Sick Bay between March 2009 and May 2010 was conducted. A screening format designed by the authors was used to extract information on biodata, presenting complaint, visual acuity, anterior and posterior segment examination, investigations and diagnosis. The data was analysed using Analyse-it V2.22(2010) statistical software. RESULTS There were 1448 patients comprising 856 males and 592 females who were aged 24.3 years +/- 11.7SD with an age range of 0 to 60 years. The majority (63.5%) were students. The common eye diseases seen were infective conjunctivitis (40.3%), allergic conjunctivitis (32.7%), refractive errors (17.3%), glaucoma (1.9%) and cataract (1.8%). CONCLUSION Eye diseases were found to be common within the community of Ahmadu Bello University which is made up of students predominantly. This implies that avoidable (preventable and treatable) ocular disorders are still common among Nigerian students. Early detection (through periodic eye screening) and prompt treatment will significantly reduce visual impairment and needless blindness from these avoidable causes.
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Affiliation(s)
- K K Oladigbolu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Shika-Zaria.
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18
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[Moxifloxacin (Kanavig), ophthalmic administration]. J Pharm Belg 2012;:41-2. [PMID: 22978015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
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19
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Chepur SV, Boĭko ÉV, Pozniak AL, Nuralova IV, Mal'tsev DS, Suetov AA. [Role of Chlamydia trachomatis and Chlamydophila pneumoniae in damage of eye posterior segment structures]. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 2012:79-82. [PMID: 22830280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
AIM Study the ability of Chlamydia trachomatis and Chlamydophila pneumoniae to damage structures of eye posterior segment, features of development of such infectious process, its morphological and clinical characteristics. MATERIALS AND METHODS 6 rabbits with confirmed absence of C. trachomatis, C. pneumoniae were used in the study. 3 animals were infected with C. trachomatis culture and 3 animals--with C. pneumoniae culture. Subconjunctival and intravitreal mode of infectious agent introduction were used, as well as instillation of its culture into conjunctival sac. Microbiological diagnostics included microscopy with direct immunofluorescence, culture method and determination of antibody titers. Infectious process was studied by using ophthalmologic methods and histological examination. Observation period was 4 months. RESULTS In all the animals a development of infectious process at early stages after the infection was confirmed. Conjunctivitis symptoms, inflammatory exudation into vitreous humor, chorioretinal inflammation loci, disorders in transparency of optical media and detachment of retina were clinical manifestations. In 2 animals infected with C. trachomatis severe panuveitis was noted. In 4 animals infectious process assumed subclinical characteristics (infection with both C. trachomatis or C. pneumoniae). In pathomorphologic studies data on the ability of C. trachomatis and C. pneumoniae to cause damage to cells of retina, pigment epithelium and choroid were obtained. CONCLUSION C. trachomatis and C. pneumoniae may play a significant role in pathology of vitreous humor, retina, pigment epithelium and choroid.
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20
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Chaurasia S, Ramappa M, Sangwan V, Vemuganti GK, Nalmada S. Chronic unilateral conjunctivitis. Lancet Infect Dis 2012; 12:354. [PMID: 22459089 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(12)70057-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sunita Chaurasia
- Cornea and Anterior Segment Services, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India.
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21
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Durmaz E, Dursun E, Iriz A, Mumcuoglu I, Eryilmaz A. Changes in the ocular and nasal cultures in patients who had undergone septoplasty. J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2011; 40:493-498. [PMID: 22420438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to evaluate the microbiologic changes that occurred in the nasal and ocular mucosa before and after surgery in patients who had undergone septoplasty. DESIGN SETTING Fifty-five patients who applied to our clinic with septal deviation were included in the study. METHODS Before and after the operation, samples were taken from the ocular and inner nasal mucosa for cultures and direct microscopic evaluation and the microbiologic changes were compared. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The results of ocular preoperative cultures were different from the results of postoperative cultures. RESULTS The most frequent microorganisms in all pre- and postoperative ocular and nasal cultures were similar; coagulase-negative Staphylococcus, Staphylococcus aureus, and Diphtheroid spp were dominant. Following septoplasty, the rate of determining microorganisms in the eye in both microscopic evaluation and cultures had increased. In the postoperative period, the rate of growing S. aureus increased in ocular cultures (p < .01) while remaining the same in nasal cultures. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that ocular flora can indeed change following septoplasty; however, the risk of ocular infection is not increased. This is the first study to investigate the risk of ocular infection in addition to local nasal infection after septoplasty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evrim Durmaz
- Department of Otolaryngology, Numune Education and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
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22
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Espínola M, Somodevilla A, Domingo D, Alarcón T, López-Brea M. [Antibiotic susceptibility of Corynebacterium macginleyi strains causing conjunctivitis]. Rev Esp Quimioter 2010; 23:196-200. [PMID: 21191558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Lipophilic corynebacteria are part of the saprophytic skin flora and they rarely cause infection. C. macginleyi is an exception since it has been involved in conjunctivitis and other ocular surface affections. MATERIAL AND METHODS Thirty three C. macginleyi strains were obtained from conjunctival swabs from patients with conjunctivitis symptoms. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for 7 antibiotics (penicillin, gentamycin, ciprofloxacin, tetracycline, vancomycin, rifampicin and linezolid) was tested by broth microdilution method. RESULTS One strain was resistant to ciprofloxacin (MIC=16 mg/L) and two were resistant to tetracycline (MIC= 64 y 16 mg/L). The rest of the strains were susceptible to all the antibiotics tested. CONCLUSIONS At the moment, C. macginleyi does not present a major problem due to the low resistance rates shown in the present and other studies. However, epidemiological surveillance of its susceptibility pattern is needed as well as an appropriate use of topical antibiotics in order to achieve a good infection control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Espínola
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, C/ Diego de León 62, 28006, Madrid, Spain.
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Alsuwaidi AR, Wiebe D, Burdz T, Ng B, Reimer A, Singh C, Bernard K. Corynebacterium macginleyi conjunctivitis in Canada. J Clin Microbiol 2010; 48:3788-90. [PMID: 20702661 PMCID: PMC2953085 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01289-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2010] [Revised: 06/29/2010] [Accepted: 07/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This report describes for the first time Corynebacterium macginleyi as a cause of conjunctivitis in Canada, where menaquinone analysis was done as part of the strain characterization. This species is typically isolated from ocular surfaces of patients from Europe and Japan. The isolate was resistant to erythromycin and clindamycin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed R Alsuwaidi
- United Arab Emirates University, Department of Paediatrics, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
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Murugan K, Usha M, Malathi P, Al-Sohaibani AS, Chandrasekaran M. Biofilm forming multi drug resistant Staphylococcus spp. among patients with conjunctivitis. Pol J Microbiol 2010; 59:233-239. [PMID: 21466040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Biofilm forming multidrug resistant Staphylococcus spp. are major reservoirs for transmission of ophthalmic infections. They were isolated from ocular patients suffering from conjunctivitis. In this study we analyzed biofilm forming ability, antibiotic resistance profile of the Staphylococcus spp. isolated from clinical ocular patients, and their phylogenetic relationship with other community MRSA. Sixty Staphylococcus spp. strains isolated from clinical subjects were evaluated for their ability to form biofilm and express biofilm encoding ica gene. Among them 93% were slime producers and 87% were slime positive. Staphylococcus aureus and S. epidermidis were dominant strains among the isolates obtained from ocular patients. The strains also exhibited a differential biofilm formation quantitatively. Antibiotic susceptibility of the strains tested with Penicillin G, Ciprofloxacin, Ofloxacin, Methicillin, Amikacin, and Gentamicin indicated that they were resistant to more than one antibiotic. The amplicon of ica gene of strong biofilm producing S. aureus strains, obtained by polymerase chain reaction, was sequenced and their close genetic relationship with community acquired MRSA was analyzed based on phylogenetic tree. Our results indicate that they are genetically close to other community acquired MRSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Murugan
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia.
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Wieliczko AK, Płoneczka-Janeczko K. Feline herpesvirus 1 and Chlamydophila felis prevalence in cats with chronic conjunctivitis. Pol J Vet Sci 2010; 13:381-383. [PMID: 20731196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of Chlamydophila felis and Feline Herpesvirus type 1 was investigated in 30 cats with chronic conjunctivitis, with use of conjunctival swabs and conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR). In cats with chronic conjunctivitis the DNA of C. felis and FHV-1 was detected in 2 of 30 cats (6.7%) and in 10 of 30 animals (33.3%), respectively. One case of FHV-1 DNA, and none of C. felis was found in control group. There was no case of co-infection with both pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Wieliczko
- Department of Microbiology, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, C.K. Norwida 31, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland.
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Smith AF, Waycaster C. Estimate of the direct and indirect annual cost of bacterial conjunctivitis in the United States. BMC Ophthalmol 2009; 9:13. [PMID: 19939250 PMCID: PMC2791746 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2415-9-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2009] [Accepted: 11/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to estimate both the direct and indirect annual costs of treating bacterial conjunctivitis (BC) in the United States. This was a cost of illness study performed from a U.S. healthcare payer perspective. METHODS A comprehensive review of the medical literature was supplemented by data on the annual incidence of BC which was obtained from an analysis of the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NAMCS) database for the year 2005. Cost estimates for medical visits and laboratory or diagnostic tests were derived from published Medicare CPT fee codes. The cost of prescription drugs was obtained from standard reference sources. Indirect costs were calculated as those due to lost productivity. Due to the acute nature of BC, no cost discounting was performed. All costs are expressed in 2007 U.S. dollars. RESULTS The number of BC cases in the U.S. for 2005 was estimated at approximately 4 million yielding an estimated annual incidence rate of 135 per 10,000. Base-case analysis estimated the total direct and indirect cost of treating patients with BC in the United States at $ 589 million. One- way sensitivity analysis, assuming either a 20% variation in the annual incidence of BC or treatment costs, generated a cost range of $ 469 million to $ 705 million. Two-way sensitivity analysis, assuming a 20% variation in both the annual incidence of BC and treatment costs occurring simultaneously, resulted in an estimated cost range of $ 377 million to $ 857 million. CONCLUSION The economic burden posed by BC is significant. The findings may prove useful to decision makers regarding the allocation of healthcare resources necessary to address the economic burden of BC in the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew F Smith
- Medmetrics Inc, 30 Charles Street, Ottawa, Ontario, K1 M 1R2, Canada
- Adjunct Professor (Health Economics), McGill University, Suite 102, 3550 University Street, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 2A7, Canada
| | - Curtis Waycaster
- Health Economics, Alcon Laboratories, TC-41, 6201 South Freeway, Fort-Worth, Texas, 76143-2099, USA
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Alcolea A, Suarez MJ, Lizasoain M, Tejada P, Chaves F, Palenque E. Conjunctivitis with regional lymphadenopathy in a trainee microbiologist. J Clin Microbiol 2009; 47:3043-4. [PMID: 19641061 PMCID: PMC2738103 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.02253-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2008] [Revised: 06/29/2009] [Accepted: 07/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a case of conjunctival tuberculosis in a trainee microbiologist caused by direct inoculation. The resident strain was analyzed by DNA fingerprinting, and an identical pattern was found in an isolate from sputum handled by the resident. After 6 months of treatment, the patient was cured.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adela Alcolea
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Unit, University Hospital 12 de Octubre, Av. Córdoba s/n 28041, Madrid, Spain
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Pedersen KB, Froholm LO, Bovre K. Fimbriation and colony type of Moraxella bovis in relation to conjunctival colonization and development of keratoconjunctivitis in cattle. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand B Microbiol Immunol 2009; 80:911-8. [PMID: 4509397 DOI: 10.1111/j.0365-5563.1973.tb00019.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Wilson DP, Bowlin AK, Bavoil PM, Rank RG. Ocular pathologic response elicited by Chlamydia organisms and the predictive value of quantitative modeling. J Infect Dis 2009; 199:1780-9. [PMID: 19419335 DOI: 10.1086/599093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chlamydia organisms are a significant cause of ocular and genital tract disease worldwide. Acute inflammatory responses are largely responsible for pathologic changes. METHODS Guinea pigs were inoculated in the conjunctiva with various infectious doses of Chlamydia caviae. We developed a predictive model and thresholds of the ocular pathologic response, on the basis of measurements of the pathologic response and chlamydial inclusion-forming unit (ifu) loads, using statistical and mathematical techniques. We validated the predictions by modifying the pathologic response with the use of a lytic chlamydiaphage. RESULTS If the area under the inclusion-forming unit curve reaches approximately 4x10(5) "ifu-days," then it is likely that an ocular pathologic response will develop and that a serious pathologic finding can develop quickly. The earlier that a pathologic response arises, the longer it will remain. A 2-log10 reduction in the peak inclusion-forming unit load reduces the chance of any pathologic finding emerging from 81% to 32%, and it reduces the chance of a serious pathologic finding emerging from 33% to 2%. A reduction in the peak chlamydial load also substantially reduces the duration of the pathologic response. CONCLUSIONS Our predictive model can be used to evaluate the likely effect of interventions that modify the course of chlamydial infection. It suggests that, to be effective in preventing or mitigating pathologic responses, an intervention is required to change the chlamydial time course before the peak inclusion-forming unit load is reached.
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Affiliation(s)
- David P Wilson
- National Centre in HIV Epidemiology and Clinical Research, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
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Abstract
Mycoplasma pneumoniae-associated mucositis is a rarely described complication of M. pneumoniae infection presenting with ocular, oral, and genital involvement but without the typical skin lesions seen in Stevens-Johnson syndrome. A 27-year-old man with a past history of asthma presented at the emergency room with a 1-week history of cough (initially non-productive but subsequently associated with non-bloody mucopurulent sputum), fever, myalgias, headache, and progressive dyspnea. Two days before admission he had commenced amoxicillin/clavulanic acid with no improvement. The patient reported bilateral conjunctival injection and hemorrhagic ulcers on the lips commencing the day prior to admission. Physical examination revealed fever (39 degrees C), bilateral exudative conjunctivitis, painful hemorrhagic ulcers on the lips, tongue, and oral mucosa, small scrotal erosions, erythema of the penile meatus, and small erythematous bullae on the dorsum of each hand; subsequently, the patient developed bullae at the venipuncture site on his right arm. Laboratory tests revealed positive IgM serology for M. pneumoniae, with titer elevation. The patient was successfully treated with levofloxacin and prednisolone. Our case appears to be the first adult patient described with M. pneumoniae-associated mucositis, which has previously been reported only in pediatric patients. This is also the first reported instance of a case of M. pneumoniae-associated mucositis treated with levofloxacin and prednisolone. M. pneumoniae infection should be considered in all cases of mucositis, and treatment of this condition with levofloxacin and prednisolone seems to be effective.
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Betanzos-Cabrera G, Juárez-Verdayes MA, González-González G, Cancino-Díaz ME, Cancino-Díaz JC. Gatifloxacin, Moxifloxacin, and Balofloxacin Resistance due to Mutations in the gyrA and parC Genes of Staphylococcus epidermidis Strains Isolated from Patients with Endophthalmitis, Corneal Ulcers and Conjunctivitis. Ophthalmic Res 2009; 42:43-8. [PMID: 19478540 DOI: 10.1159/000219684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2008] [Accepted: 08/25/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Betanzos-Cabrera
- Area Académica de Nutrición, Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Pachuca, México
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Boĭko EV, Chernysh VF, Pozniak AL, Ageev VS. [To the role of Chlamydia infection in the development of dry eye]. Vestn Oftalmol 2008; 124:16-19. [PMID: 18756793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The study deals with the possible etiological role of Chlamydia, Mycoplasma, Ureaplasma, and bacteroid infections in the development of chronic conjunctivitis and dry eye (DE). A hundred and fifty patients with DE and chronic conjunctivitis were examined. Conjunctival scrapes were examined by direct immunofluorescence for evidence of Chlamydia, Mycoplasma, Ureaplasma, and bacteroid infections. DE was verified by the Schirmer test and the Norn test. Ninety-five (63.3%) persons were found to be infected. GE was diagnosed in 84 (56%) of the 150 patients. Analysis of infection rates revealed Chlamydia, Mycoplasma, Ureaplasma as mono- and mixed infection in 63.3, 50.6, and 35.3, respectively, and bacteroids as mixed infection in 32.6%. Chlamydia was detected in the conjunctiva in the vast majority of patients with DE (90.5%). Chlamydia infection of the conjunctiva is one of the causes of artificial DE. Conjunctival Chlamydia affliction is manifested by the clinical picture of chronic slowly progressive inflammation with the progression of DE after a latent period of about 2-3 years.
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Lacoste MG, Cargnelutti DE, Tamashiro H, Di Genaro MS. Reactive arthritis with conjunctivitis, urethritis and diarrhea in a child: immunological study of potential bacterial trigger. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2008; 26:381-382. [PMID: 18565268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
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35
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Woźniakowska-Gesicka T, Wiśniewska-Ligier M, Kiciński P, Gesicki T. [Underestimated problem of Chlamydia infections]. Przegl Epidemiol 2008; 62 Suppl 1:133-141. [PMID: 22320048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Microorganisms which belong to Chlamydophila sp and Chlamydia sp genus are intracellular pathogens with characteristic life cycle. In humans the most common infections are caused by Chlamydophila pneumoniae i Chlamydia trachomatis.These pathogens are mainly responsible for infections of upper respiratory tract, infections of urinary tract and conjunctivitis. They are also considered to take part in patophysiology of Atherosclerosis, nervous system diseases and exacerbation of chronic respiratory tract diseases.
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Low HC, Powell CC, Veir JK, Hawley JR, Lappin MR. Prevalence of feline herpesvirus 1, Chlamydophila felis, and Mycoplasma spp DNA in conjunctival cells collected from cats with and without conjunctivitis. Am J Vet Res 2007; 68:643-8. [PMID: 17542698 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.68.6.643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To use PCR assays to determine the prevalence of feline herpesvirus 1 (FHV-1), Chlamydophila felis, and Mycoplasma spp DNA in conjunctival cells collected from cats with and without conjunctivitis; to compare results of conventional and real-time fluorogenic PCR assays for amplification of FHV-1 DNA; and to determine whether copy numbers of FHV-1 DNA are correlated with conjunctivitis. ANIMALS 55 cats with active conjunctivitis, 39 healthy cats that never had conjunctivitis, and 32 cats with a history of conjunctivitis that had been resolved for at least 3 months. PROCEDURES Samples were obtained by rolling cotton-tipped applicators on the ventral conjunctiva of awake cats treated topically with proparacaine. The DNA was extracted from the swab specimens and assessed in PCR assays to detect DNA of FHV-1 (fluorogenic PCR assay and conventional PCR assay), Mycoplasma spp (conventional PCR assay), and C felis (conventional PCR assay). RESULTS Overall prevalence rates of FHV-1, C felis, and Mycoplasma spp as assessed by the conventional PCR assays were 6.7%, 3.2%, and 9.6%, respectively. Percentage concordance between conventional PCR and fluorogenic PCR assays for FHV-1 was 92.5%. There were no significant differences among the 3 groups of cats for the mean copy number of FHV-1 divided by the copy number of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Mycoplasma spp were the most prevalent organism detected and was associated with conjunctivitis. This study could not confirm that there are increased copy numbers of FHV-1 DNA in cats with conjunctivitis, compared with the copy numbers for cats without conjunctivitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather C Low
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
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Freidlin J, Acharya N, Lietman TM, Cevallos V, Whitcher JP, Margolis TP. Spectrum of eye disease caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Am J Ophthalmol 2007; 144:313-5. [PMID: 17659970 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2007.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2007] [Revised: 03/15/2007] [Accepted: 03/21/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare the clinical features and antibiotic susceptibility of ocular methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA). DESIGN Cross-sectional study. METHODS The Proctor clinical laboratory database was reviewed to identify all ocular isolates of S. aureus collected between July 1, 1998 and July 31, 2006. RESULTS Of 915 S. aureus isolates, there were 88 MRSA isolates in 41 different patients. The proportion MRSA increased from 4.1% in 1998 to 1999 to 16.7% in 2005 to 2006. A total of 78.0% of patients with MRSA had blepharoconjunctivitis, 2.4% had cellulitis, 2.4% had dacryocystitis, 14.6% had keratitis, and 2.4% had endophthalmitis. The diagnoses associated with MSSA were not statistically different. A total of 63.6% of MRSA isolates were sensitive to bacitracin, 100% to vancomycin, 14.8% to ciprofloxacin, 14.8% to erythromycin, 97.7% to sulfisoxazole, and 93.2% to tetracycline. CONCLUSIONS MRSA has become a more common ocular pathogen but, as with MSSA, causes mild disease. MRSA should be treated with vancomycin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Freidlin
- F I Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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Gargantilla P, Pintor E, Martín BM. Reacción exantemática y conjuntivitis en inmigrante joven. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2007; 25:413-4. [PMID: 17583656 DOI: 10.1016/s0213-005x(07)74316-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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40
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Affiliation(s)
- Cağri Ergin
- Department of Microbiology and Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey.
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Wang TJ, Hsiao CH, Hu FR, Wang IJ, Hou YC. Acute bilateral diffuse corneal opacity in a child. Cornea 2007; 26:375-8. [PMID: 17413971 DOI: 10.1097/ico.0b013e31802eaf7a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To report a case of acute bilateral corneal opacity related to bacterial blepharoconjunctivitis. METHODS Interventional case report. An 18-month-old boy had bilateral red eyes with discharge and periorbital eczema. Bilateral corneal opacity suddenly developed 1 week later. RESULTS All clinical assessments and laboratory evaluations of viral infection and autoimmune profiles were negative except for growth of coagulase-negative staphylococcus and propionibacterium acnes from conjunctival discharge. After systemic and topical antibiotic treatment, the opacity and inflammation of both eyes decreased. The left cornea became clear, but the right eye had a sequela of corneal opacity with stromal neovascularization and conjunctival scarring. Penetrating keratoplasty was performed in the right eye 6 months later. Histology at that time showed neovascularization in the deep stroma with perivascular mononuclear cell infiltration and decreased endothelial cells. CONCLUSIONS Acute bilateral corneal opacity is rare but may occur in children with bacterial blepharokeratoconjunctivitis. Ocular surface inflammation may be induced by bacterial toxin reaction. Combined use of antibiotics and steroids may save the vision in such patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsung-Jen Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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Maurer PP, Zbinden R, Kaufmann C, Thiel MA. Antibiotic Susceptibilities of Bacteria Isolated from Ophthalmic Specimens between 1984 and 2005 in Zurich, Switzerland. Klin Monbl Augenheilkd 2007; 224:240-3. [PMID: 17458783 DOI: 10.1055/s-2007-962836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasing resistance of bacteria cultured from ophthalmic specimens to antibiotic therapy has been documented worldwide. Inappropriate prescribing practices are thought to represent a major risk factor for antibiotic resistance. This study investigates the pattern of bacterial antibiotic susceptibility in Zurich, Switzerland over a period of twenty years. METHODS Antibiotic susceptibilities of bacterial isolates from all ophthalmic specimens cultured at the Institute of Medical Microbiology in Zurich between 1984 and 2005 were analysed retrospectively. RESULTS A total of 7,862 ocular surface samples have been collected. 3,010 specimens (38.3 %) were positive for aerobic bacteria. The strains isolated most frequently were Staphylococcus aureus (23.9 %), coagulase-negative staphylococci (16.1 %), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (10.0 %), Haemophilus influenzae (6.3 %), Escherichia coli (5.1 %), Serratia marcescens (4.7 %), and Streptococcus pneumoniae (3.9 %). Various bacteria accounted for the remaining 30.0 %. Susceptibility of these strains to the aminoglycosides, quinolones, and cephalosporins tested did not change over this period of time. CONCLUSION The data suggest that bacteria cultured from ophthalmic specimens in Zurich, Switzerland have not changed their pattern of antibiotic susceptibility over the past 20 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- P P Maurer
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Abstract
PURPOSE The NIDEK ConfoScan4 (CS4) is a digital scanning slit confocal microscope. The corneal structure and tear film can be viewed, magnified, measured, and photographed at magnifications up to 500x, in vivo, in a noninvasive manner. The objective of this study was to evaluate and illustrate various conditions related to dry eye using the CS4 confocal microscope with the 20x noncontact lens. METHODS The CS4 was used to evaluate the natural tear film in 58 eyes of 29 patients with normal examinations, allergic conjunctivitis, nonspecific conjunctivitis, and dry eyes. In a subset of this patient population, subjective and objective findings were used to classify mild, moderate, and severe dry eye disease states. The usefulness of confocal microscopy as an objective tool to diagnose and manage different tear film-related ocular disease was also evaluated. RESULTS The differences in tear film composition were visible using confocal microscopy. Photographs demonstrate confocal noncontact 20x microscopy as a diagnostic tool. CONCLUSIONS Noncontact confocal microscopy is a valuable tool in the diagnosis and treatment of dry eye syndrome and other ocular states such as allergic and nonspecific conjunctivitis. It provides a simple and effective way to observe, classify, and treat the tear film. As investigators visualize and learn more, understanding of this structure will continue to improve.
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Abstract
Chlamydia conjuctivitis results from infection by chlamydia trachomatis, the commonest treatable sexually transmitted infection in Europe. Its clinical manifestations involve the conjunctiva and the cornea. The inflammation under the upper eyelid may be sufficient to present as ptosis, however previously it has not been documented to cause a preseptal cellulitis. We present such a case. A 15-year-old girl was diagnosed with a left viral conjunctivitis. Five days later, she returned with marked oedema of the left upper and lower lids accompanied by erythema. The tarsal conjunctiva revealed follicles and large papillae and extra ocular movements revealed discomfort on elevation. A secondary diagnosis of bacterial pre septal cellulitis was made and the treatment was changed a broad spectrum oral antibiotic. On review at two days, the patient now complained of a large amount of purulent discharge in association with the marked pre septal swelling. As previous bacteriology and virology had been negative, the patient was re swabbed for chlamydia. This proved positive and her symptoms completely resolved following administration of Azithromycin. In this particular case recognition of the pathogen is important to alert the patient to the likelihood of unknown genital infestation. In all cases of positive culture, the patient should be counselled to attend a genitourinary clinic and to alert any sexual partners to the need to do likewise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzannah R Drummond
- Department of Ophthalmology, Southern General Hospital, Glasgow, Scotland. UK
| | - Charles JM Diaper
- Department of Ophthalmology, Southern General Hospital, Glasgow, Scotland. UK
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward H Hughes
- Department of ophthalmology, Princess Royal University Hospital, Farnborough, Kent, UK.
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Abstract
Actinomycotic conjunctivitis is usually unilateral and secondary to canaliculitis. We report an unusual case of bilateral actinomycotic blepharokeratoconjunctivitis in the absence of canaliculitis. Keratitis occurred without any preceding ocular trauma. Both eyes had remissions and relapses in response to the antibiotic-steroid drops. Diagnosis of A. israelii infection was made on the basis of Gram staining, culture and biochemical characteristics. Complete excision of the conjunctival ulcer along with penicillin therapy resulted in cure. This case highlights that microorganisms of the order Actinomycetales should be considered in the differential diagnosis if conjunctivitis or keratitis shows a waxing and waning course.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruchi Goel
- Department of Ophthalmology, Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, India.
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Hoffman K, Videan EN, Fritz J, Murphy J. Diagnosis and treatment of ocular coccidioidomycosis in a female captive chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes): a case study. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2007; 1111:404-10. [PMID: 17303834 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1406.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
We report here the first documented case of ocular coccidioidomycosis in a chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes). In 1996, a 12-year-old female chimpanzee was undergoing treatment with an experimental triazole, BayR3783, for coccidioidomycosis when she was diagnosed with severe conjunctivitis in the right eye. Subsequent development of a coccidioidal granuloma of the ventral conjunctiva and anterior uvea was noted over the next several months, distorting the lens, iris, pupil, and sclera and progressing to uveitis. Treatment with BayR3783 and subconjunctival injections of triamcinolone were successful in reducing the ocular mass, but extensive damage was done to the lens and cornea. This case study provides an interesting comparison to ocular coccidioidomycosis cases observed in both humans and canines.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Hoffman
- Primate Foundation of Arizona, P.O. Box 20027, Mesa, AZ 85277-0027, USA
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49
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Abstract
The spectrum of fungal infections of the eye and of its adnexa is presented with respect to their clinical pictures as well as to their laboratory diagnostic monitoring. The various types of localisation are different in their symptomatologies, in their risk factors and in their aetiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Behrens-Baumann
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Augenheilkunde, Otto-von-Guericke-Universität, Magdeburg, Germany.
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Tarabishy AB, Hall GS, Procop GW, Jeng BH. Bacterial culture isolates from hospitalized pediatric patients with conjunctivitis. Am J Ophthalmol 2006; 142:678-80. [PMID: 17011866 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2006.04.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2006] [Revised: 04/27/2006] [Accepted: 04/28/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the spectrum of organisms causing acute bacterial conjunctivitis in hospitalized children at a tertiary care referral center. DESIGN Retrospective chart review. METHODS Charts of hospitalized children with positive conjunctival cultures were reviewed, and patients with clinical description of conjunctivitis were studied. RESULTS One hundred and seven isolates from 59 patients were included in the study. The most common organisms cultured were coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (59.3% of patients), viridans Streptococcus (47.5%), and Staphylococcus aureus (20.3%). The type of organisms differed based on age, with S. aureus and Haemophilus influenzae being more common in nonneonates. Gram-negative bacilli and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus species were more common in patients hospitalized longer than two days. CONCLUSIONS The distribution of bacterial organisms causing acute bacterial conjunctivitis in our hospitalized children differs from that of previous reports in the outpatient setting. Conjunctival swabbing for culture and sensitivities before instituting empiric broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy may be useful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad B Tarabishy
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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