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Amadou A, Coudon T, Praud D, Salizzoni P, Leffondre K, Lévêque E, Boutron-Ruault MC, Danjou AMN, Morelli X, Le Cornet C, Perrier L, Couvidat F, Bessagnet B, Caudeville J, Faure E, Mancini FR, Gulliver J, Severi G, Fervers B. Chronic Low-Dose Exposure to Xenoestrogen Ambient Air Pollutants and Breast Cancer Risk: XENAIR Protocol for a Case-Control Study Nested Within the French E3N Cohort. JMIR Res Protoc 2020; 9:e15167. [PMID: 32930673 PMCID: PMC7525465 DOI: 10.2196/15167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Breast cancer is the most frequent cancer in women in industrialized countries. Lifestyle and environmental factors, particularly endocrine-disrupting pollutants, have been suggested to play a role in breast cancer risk. Current epidemiological studies, although not fully consistent, suggest a positive association of breast cancer risk with exposure to several International Agency for Research on Cancer Group 1 air-pollutant carcinogens, such as particulate matter, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), dioxins, Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), and cadmium. However, epidemiological studies remain scarce and inconsistent. It has been proposed that the menopausal status could modify the relationship between pollutants and breast cancer and that the association varies with hormone receptor status. Objective The XENAIR project will investigate the association of breast cancer risk (overall and by hormone receptor status) with chronic exposure to selected air pollutants, including particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide (NO2), ozone (O3), BaP, dioxins, PCB-153, and cadmium. Methods Our research is based on a case-control study nested within the French national E3N cohort of 5222 invasive breast cancer cases identified during follow-up from 1990 to 2011, and 5222 matched controls. A questionnaire was sent to all participants to collect their lifetime residential addresses and information on indoor pollution. We will assess these exposures using complementary models of land-use regression, atmospheric dispersion, and regional chemistry-transport (CHIMERE) models, via a Geographic Information System. Associations with breast cancer risk will be modeled using conditional logistic regression models. We will also study the impact of exposure on DNA methylation and interactions with genetic polymorphisms. Appropriate statistical methods, including Bayesian modeling, principal component analysis, and cluster analysis, will be used to assess the impact of multipollutant exposure. The fraction of breast cancer cases attributable to air pollution will be estimated. Results The XENAIR project will contribute to current knowledge on the health effects of air pollution and identify and understand environmental modifiable risk factors related to breast cancer risk. Conclusions The results will provide relevant evidence to governments and policy-makers to improve effective public health prevention strategies on air pollution. The XENAIR dataset can be used in future efforts to study the effects of exposure to air pollution associated with other chronic conditions. International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID) DERR1-10.2196/15167
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Affiliation(s)
- Amina Amadou
- Department of Prevention Cancer Environment, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France.,Inserm UA 08 Radiations: Défense, Santé, Environnement, Lyon, France
| | - Thomas Coudon
- Department of Prevention Cancer Environment, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France.,Ecole Centrale de Lyon, INSA, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Ecully, France
| | - Delphine Praud
- Department of Prevention Cancer Environment, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France.,Inserm UA 08 Radiations: Défense, Santé, Environnement, Lyon, France
| | - Pietro Salizzoni
- Ecole Centrale de Lyon, INSA, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Ecully, France
| | - Karen Leffondre
- ISPED, Inserm U1219, Bordeaux Population Health Center, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Emilie Lévêque
- ISPED, Inserm U1219, Bordeaux Population Health Center, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Marie-Christine Boutron-Ruault
- Centre de Recherche en Epidémiologie et Santé des Populations (CESP, Inserm U1018), Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Aurélie M N Danjou
- Department of Prevention Cancer Environment, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - Xavier Morelli
- Department of Prevention Cancer Environment, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - Charlotte Le Cornet
- Department of Prevention Cancer Environment, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France.,Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lionel Perrier
- Univ Lyon, Centre Léon Bérard, GATE L-SE UMR 5824, Lyon, France
| | - Florian Couvidat
- National Institute for industrial Environment and Risks (INERIS), Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - Bertrand Bessagnet
- National Institute for industrial Environment and Risks (INERIS), Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - Julien Caudeville
- National Institute for industrial Environment and Risks (INERIS), Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - Elodie Faure
- Department of Prevention Cancer Environment, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - Francesca Romana Mancini
- Centre de Recherche en Epidémiologie et Santé des Populations (CESP, Inserm U1018), Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - John Gulliver
- Centre for Environmental Health and Sustainability, School of Geography, Geology and the Environment, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Gianluca Severi
- Centre de Recherche en Epidémiologie et Santé des Populations (CESP, Inserm U1018), Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Béatrice Fervers
- Department of Prevention Cancer Environment, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France.,Inserm UA 08 Radiations: Défense, Santé, Environnement, Lyon, France
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2
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Cheng I, Tseng C, Wu J, Yang J, Conroy SM, Shariff-Marco S, Li L, Hertz A, Gomez SL, Le Marchand L, Whittemore AS, Stram DO, Ritz B, Wu AH. Association between ambient air pollution and breast cancer risk: The multiethnic cohort study. Int J Cancer 2019; 146:699-711. [PMID: 30924138 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.32308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies using different exposure methods to assess air pollution and breast cancer risk among primarily whites have been inconclusive. Air pollutant exposures of particulate matter and oxides of nitrogen were estimated by kriging (NOx , NO2 , PM10 , PM2.5 ), land use regression (LUR, NOx , NO2 ) and California Line Source Dispersion model (CALINE4, NOx , PM2.5 ) for 57,589 females from the Multiethnic Cohort, residing largely in Los Angeles County from recruitment (1993-1996) through 2010. Cox proportional hazards models were used to examine the associations between time-varying air pollution and breast cancer incidence adjusting for confounding factors. Stratified analyses were conducted by race/ethnicity and distance to major roads. Among all women, breast cancer risk was positively but not significantly associated with NOx (per 50 parts per billion [ppb]) and NO2 (per 20 ppb) determined by kriging and LUR and with PM2.5 and PM10 (per 10 μg/m3 ) determined by kriging. However, among women who lived within 500 m of major roads, significantly increased risks were observed with NOx (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.35, 95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 1.02-1.79), NO2 (HR = 1.44, 95% CI: 1.04-1.99), PM10 (HR = 1.29, 95% CI: 1.07-1.55) and PM2.5 (HR = 1.85, 95% CI: 1.15-2.99) determined by kriging and NOx (HR = 1.21, 95% CI:1.01-1.45) and NO2 (HR = 1.26, 95% CI: 1.00-1.59) determined by LUR. No overall associations were observed with exposures assessed by CALINE4. Subgroup analyses suggested stronger associations of NOx and NO2 among African Americans and Japanese Americans. Further studies of multiethnic populations to confirm the effects of air pollution, particularly near-roadway exposures, on the risk of breast cancer is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iona Cheng
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Chiuchen Tseng
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jun Wu
- Program in Public Health, Susan and Henry Samueli College of Health Sciences, University of Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Juan Yang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Shannon M Conroy
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Salma Shariff-Marco
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Lianfa Li
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Andrew Hertz
- Cancer Prevention Institute of California, Fremont, CA, USA
| | - Scarlett Lin Gomez
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Cancer Prevention Institute of California, Fremont, CA, USA
| | - Loïc Le Marchand
- Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | | | - Daniel O Stram
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Beate Ritz
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Anna H Wu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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3
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Dzhambov AM, Dimitrova DD. Exposures to road traffic, noise, and air pollution as risk factors for type 2 diabetes: A feasibility study in Bulgaria. Noise Health 2016; 18:133-42. [PMID: 27157686 PMCID: PMC4918667 DOI: 10.4103/1463-1741.181996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a growing public health problem in Bulgaria. While individual and lifestyle determinants have been researched; till date there has been no study on environmental risks such as road traffic, noise, and air pollution. As a first step toward designing a large-scale population-based survey, we aimed at exploring the overall associations of prevalent T2DM with exposures to road traffic, noise, and air pollution. A total of 513 residents of Plovdiv city, Bulgaria were recruited. Individual data on self-reported doctor-diagnosed T2DM and confounding factors were linked to objective and self-rated exposure indicators. Logistic and log-link Poisson regressions were conducted. In the fully adjusted logistic models, T2DM was positively associated with exposures to L(den) 71-80 dB (odds ratio (OR) = 4.49, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.38, 14.68), fine particulate matter (PM) 2.5 25.0-66.8 μg/m 3 (OR = 1.32, 95% CI: 0.28, 6.24), benzo alpha pyrene 6.0-14.02 ng/m 3 (OR = 1.76, 95% CI: 0.52, 5.98) and high road traffic (OR = 1.40, 95% CI: 0.48, 4.07). L(den) remained a significant risk factor in the: Poisson regression model. Other covariates with consistently high multivariate effects were age, gender, body mass index, family history of T2DM, subjective sleep disturbance, and especially bedroom location. We concluded that residential noise exposure might be associated with elevated risk of prevalent T2DM. The inferences made by this research and the lessons learned from its limitations could guide the designing of a longitudinal epidemiological survey in Bulgaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel M Dzhambov
- Department of Hygiene and Ecomedicine, Health Economics and general Medicine, Medical University of Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Donka D Dimitrova
- Department of Health Management, Health Economics and general Medicine, Medical University of Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
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4
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Mordukhovich I, Beyea J, Herring AH, Hatch M, Stellman SD, Teitelbaum SL, Richardson DB, Millikan RC, Engel LS, Shantakumar S, Steck SE, Neugut AI, Rossner P, Santella RM, Gammon MD. Polymorphisms in DNA repair genes, traffic-related polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon exposure and breast cancer incidence. Int J Cancer 2016; 139:310-21. [PMID: 26946191 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.30079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Revised: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Vehicular traffic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have been associated with breast cancer incidence in epidemiologic studies, including our own. Because PAHs damage DNA by forming adducts and oxidative lesions, genetic polymorphisms that alter DNA repair capacity may modify associations between PAH-related exposures and breast cancer risk. Our goal was to examine the association between vehicular traffic exposure and breast cancer incidence within strata of a panel of nine biologically plausible nucleotide excision repair (NER) and base excision repair (BER) genotypes. Residential histories of 1,508 cases and 1,556 controls were assessed in the Long Island Breast Cancer Study Project between 1996 and 1997 and used to reconstruct residential traffic exposures to benzo[a]pyrene, as a proxy for traffic-related PAHs. Likelihood ratio tests from adjusted unconditional logistic regression models were used to assess multiplicative interactions. A gene-traffic interaction was evident (p = 0.04) for ERCC2 (Lys751); when comparing the upper and lower tertiles of 1995 traffic exposure estimates, the odds ratio (95% confidence interval) was 2.09 (1.13, 3.90) among women with homozygous variant alleles. Corresponding odds ratios for 1960-1990 traffic were also elevated nearly 2-3-fold for XRCC1(Arg194Trp), XRCC1(Arg399Gln) and OGG1(Ser326Cys), but formal multiplicative interaction was not evident. When DNA repair variants for ERCC2, XRCC1 and OGG1 were combined, among women with 4-6 variants, the odds ratios were 2.32 (1.22, 4.49) for 1995 traffic and 2.96 (1.06, 8.21) for 1960-1990 traffic. Our study is first to report positive associations between traffic-related PAH exposure and breast cancer incidence among women with select biologically plausible DNA repair genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jan Beyea
- Consulting in the Public Interest, Lambertville, NJ
| | - Amy H Herring
- Biostatistics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC.,Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Maureen Hatch
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | | | - Susan L Teitelbaum
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | | | | | | | | | - Susan E Steck
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, South Carolina, CA
| | - Alfred I Neugut
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University, New York, NY.,Departments of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Pavel Rossner
- Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY.,Laboratory of Genetic Ecotoxicology, Institute of Experimental Medicine as CR, Prague, Czech Republic
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5
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White AJ, Bradshaw PT, Herring AH, Teitelbaum SL, Beyea J, Stellman SD, Steck SE, Mordukhovich I, Eng SM, Engel LS, Conway K, Hatch M, Neugut AI, Santella RM, Gammon MD. Exposure to multiple sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and breast cancer incidence. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2016; 89-90:185-92. [PMID: 26878284 PMCID: PMC4818720 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2016.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Revised: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite studies having consistently linked exposure to single-source polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) to breast cancer, it is unclear whether single sources or specific groups of PAH sources should be targeted for breast cancer risk reduction. OBJECTIVES This study considers the impact on breast cancer incidence from multiple PAH exposure sources in a single model, which better reflects exposure to these complex mixtures. METHODS In a population-based case-control study conducted on Long Island, New York (N=1508 breast cancer cases/1556 controls), a Bayesian hierarchical regression approach was used to estimate adjusted posterior means and credible intervals (CrI) for the adjusted odds ratios (ORs) for PAH exposure sources, considered singly and as groups: active smoking; residential environmental tobacco smoke (ETS); indoor and outdoor air pollution; and grilled/smoked meat intake. RESULTS Most women were exposed to PAHs from multiple sources, and the most common included active/passive smoking and grilled/smoked food intake. In multiple-PAH source models, breast cancer incidence was associated with residential ETS from a spouse (OR=1.20, 95%CrI=1.03, 1.40) and synthetic firelog burning (OR=1.29, 95%CrI=1.06, 1.57); these estimates are similar, but slightly attenuated, to those from single-source models. Additionally when we considered PAH exposure groups, the most pronounced significant associations included total indoor sources (active smoking, ETS from spouse, grilled/smoked meat intake, stove/fireplace use, OR=1.45, 95%CrI=1.02, 2.04). CONCLUSIONS Groups of PAH sources, particularly indoor sources, were associated with a 30-50% increase in breast cancer incidence. PAH exposure is ubiquitous and a potentially modifiable breast cancer risk factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra J White
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - Patrick T Bradshaw
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Amy H Herring
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Susan L Teitelbaum
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Ichan School of Medicine at Mt. Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jan Beyea
- Consulting in the Public Interest (CIPI), Lambertville, NJ, USA
| | | | - Susan E Steck
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Irina Mordukhovich
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Sybil M Eng
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University, USA
| | - Lawrence S Engel
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Kathleen Conway
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Maureen Hatch
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Radiation Epidemiology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alfred I Neugut
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University, USA; Department of Medicine, Columbia University, USA
| | - Regina M Santella
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University, USA
| | - Marilie D Gammon
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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6
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Mordukhovich I, Beyea J, Herring AH, Hatch M, Stellman SD, Teitelbaum SL, Richardson DB, Millikan RC, Engel LS, Shantakumar S, Steck SE, Neugut AI, Rossner P, Santella RM, Gammon MD. Vehicular Traffic-Related Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Exposure and Breast Cancer Incidence: The Long Island Breast Cancer Study Project (LIBCSP). ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2016; 124:30-8. [PMID: 26008800 PMCID: PMC4710589 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1307736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are widespread environmental pollutants, known human lung carcinogens, and potent mammary carcinogens in laboratory animals. However, the association between PAHs and breast cancer in women is unclear. Vehicular traffic is a major ambient source of PAH exposure. OBJECTIVES Our study aim was to evaluate the association between residential exposure to vehicular traffic and breast cancer incidence. METHODS Residential histories of 1,508 participants with breast cancer (case participants) and 1,556 particpants with no breast cancer (control participants) were assessed in a population-based investigation conducted in 1996-1997. Traffic exposure estimates of benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P), as a proxy for traffic-related PAHs, for the years 1960-1995 were reconstructed using a model previously shown to generate estimates consistent with measured soil PAHs, PAH-DNA adducts, and CO readings. Associations between vehicular traffic exposure estimates and breast cancer incidence were evaluated using unconditional logistic regression. RESULTS The odds ratio (95% CI) was modestly elevated by 1.44 (0.78, 2.68) for the association between breast cancer and long-term 1960-1990 vehicular traffic estimates in the top 5%, compared with below the median. The association with recent 1995 traffic exposure was elevated by 1.14 (0.80, 1.64) for the top 5%, compared with below the median, which was stronger among women with low fruit/vegetable intake [1.46 (0.89, 2.40)], but not among those with high fruit/vegetable intake [0.92 (0.53, 1.60)]. Among the subset of women with information regarding traffic exposure and tumor hormone receptor subtype, the traffic-breast cancer association was higher for those with estrogen/progesterone-negative tumors [1.67 (0.91, 3.05) relative to control participants], but lower among all other tumor subtypes [0.80 (0.50, 1.27) compared with control participants]. CONCLUSIONS In our population-based study, we observed positive associations between vehicular traffic-related B[a]P exposure and breast cancer incidence among women with comparatively high long-term traffic B[a]P exposures, although effect estimates were imprecise. CITATION Mordukhovich I, Beyea J, Herring AH, Hatch M, Stellman SD, Teitelbaum SL, Richardson DB, Millikan RC, Engel LS, Shantakumar S, Steck SE, Neugut AI, Rossner P Jr., Santella RM, Gammon MD. 2016. Vehicular traffic-related polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon exposure and breast cancer incidence: the Long Island Breast Cancer Study Project (LIBCSP). Environ Health Perspect 124:30-38; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1307736.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Mordukhovich
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Address correspondence to I. Mordukhovich, Exposure, Epidemiology and Risk Program, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Landmark Center, 401 Park Dr., Boston, MA 02215 USA. Telephone: (617) 384-8754. E-mail:
| | - Jan Beyea
- Consulting in the Public Interest, Lambertville, New Jersey, USA
| | - Amy H. Herring
- Department of Biostatistics, and
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Maureen Hatch
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Steven D. Stellman
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Susan L. Teitelbaum
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - David B. Richardson
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Robert C. Millikan
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Lawrence S. Engel
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Susan E. Steck
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - Alfred I. Neugut
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Medicine, and
| | - Pavel Rossner
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
- Laboratory of Genetic Ecotoxicology, Institute of Experimental Medicine AS CR, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Regina M. Santella
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Marilie D. Gammon
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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