1
|
Sengupta A, Dorn A, Jamshidi M, Schwob M, Hassan W, De Maddalena LL, Hugi A, Stucki AO, Dorn P, Marti TM, Wisser O, Stucki JD, Krebs T, Hobi N, Guenat OT. A multiplex inhalation platform to model in situ like aerosol delivery in a breathing lung-on-chip. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1114739. [PMID: 36959848 PMCID: PMC10029733 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1114739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Prolonged exposure to environmental respirable toxicants can lead to the development and worsening of severe respiratory diseases such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and fibrosis. The limited number of FDA-approved inhaled drugs for these serious lung conditions has led to a shift from in vivo towards the use of alternative in vitro human-relevant models to better predict the toxicity of inhaled particles in preclinical research. While there are several inhalation exposure models for the upper airways, the fragile and dynamic nature of the alveolar microenvironment has limited the development of reproducible exposure models for the distal lung. Here, we present a mechanistic approach using a new generation of exposure systems, the Cloud α AX12. This novel in vitro inhalation tool consists of a cloud-based exposure chamber (VITROCELL) that integrates the breathing AXLung-on-chip system (AlveoliX). The ultrathin and porous membrane of the AX12 plate was used to create a complex multicellular model that enables key physiological culture conditions: the air-liquid interface (ALI) and the three-dimensional cyclic stretch (CS). Human-relevant cellular models were established for a) the distal alveolar-capillary interface using primary cell-derived immortalized alveolar epithelial cells (AXiAECs), macrophages (THP-1) and endothelial (HLMVEC) cells, and b) the upper-airways using Calu3 cells. Primary human alveolar epithelial cells (AXhAEpCs) were used to validate the toxicity results obtained from the immortalized cell lines. To mimic in vivo relevant aerosol exposures with the Cloud α AX12, three different models were established using: a) titanium dioxide (TiO2) and zinc oxide nanoparticles b) polyhexamethylene guanidine a toxic chemical and c) an anti-inflammatory inhaled corticosteroid, fluticasone propionate (FL). Our results suggest an important synergistic effect on the air-blood barrier sensitivity, cytotoxicity and inflammation, when air-liquid interface and cyclic stretch culture conditions are combined. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that an in vitro inhalation exposure system for the distal lung has been described with a breathing lung-on-chip technology. The Cloud α AX12 model thus represents a state-of-the-art pre-clinical tool to study inhalation toxicity risks, drug safety and efficacy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arunima Sengupta
- Organs-on-Chip Technologies, ARTORG Center for Biomedical Engineering, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Aurélien Dorn
- Organs-on-Chip Technologies, ARTORG Center for Biomedical Engineering, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- AlveoliX AG, Swiss Organs-on-Chip Innovation, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Mohammad Jamshidi
- Organs-on-Chip Technologies, ARTORG Center for Biomedical Engineering, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Magali Schwob
- Organs-on-Chip Technologies, ARTORG Center for Biomedical Engineering, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Widad Hassan
- Organs-on-Chip Technologies, ARTORG Center for Biomedical Engineering, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Andreas Hugi
- AlveoliX AG, Swiss Organs-on-Chip Innovation, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Andreas O. Stucki
- Organs-on-Chip Technologies, ARTORG Center for Biomedical Engineering, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Andreas O. Stucki,
| | - Patrick Dorn
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
- Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Thomas M. Marti
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
- Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Nina Hobi
- AlveoliX AG, Swiss Organs-on-Chip Innovation, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Olivier T. Guenat
- Organs-on-Chip Technologies, ARTORG Center for Biomedical Engineering, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Building confidence in skin sensitisation potency assessment using new approach methodologies: report of the 3rd EPAA Partners Forum, Brussels, 28th October 2019. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2020; 117:104767. [PMID: 32866543 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2020.104767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Skin sensitising substances that induce contact allergy and consequently risk elicitation of allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) remain an important focus regarding the replacement of animal experimentation. Current in vivo methods, notably the local lymph node assay (LLNA) refined and reduced animal usage and led to a marked improvement in hazard identification, characterisation and risk assessment. Since validation, regulatory confidence in the LLNA approach has evolved until it became the first choice assay in most regulated sectors. Currently, hazard identification using the LLNA is being actively replaced by a toolbox of non-animal approaches. However, there remains a need to increase confidence in the use of new approach methodologies (NAMs) as replacements for LLNA sensitiser potency estimation. The EPAA Partners Forum exchanged the current state of knowledge on use of NAMs in various industry sectors and regulatory environments. They then debated current challenges in this area and noted several ongoing needs. These included a requirement for reference standards for potency, better characterisation of applicability domains/technical limitations of NAMs, development of a framework for weight of evidence assessments, and an increased confidence in the characterisation of non-sensitisers. Finally, exploration of an industry/regulator cross-sector user-forum on skin sensitisation was recommended.
Collapse
|
3
|
Liu H, Li P, Wang P, Liu D, Zhou Z. Toxicity risk assessment of pyriproxyfen and metabolites in the rat liver: A vitro study. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 389:121835. [PMID: 31843398 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 11/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Pyriproxyfen (PYR) is a type of aromatic juvenile hormone analog and a hygienic insecticide used in agriculture to control insect species. Therefore, assessing the metabolic behavior and toxic effects of PYR in mammals is the best means of evaluating its risks to human health. Previous studies have reported conflicting results regarding the toxicity risks of PYR and its metabolites in rat hepatocytes. We used ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) to perform a chiral analysis of PYR and its metabolites investigating the enantioselective metabolism of PYR in rat liver microsomes. Our results concluded that the recoveries of PYR, metabolites A and B ranged from 81.13%-111.54 %, with RSD values of 0.01 %-6.52 %. The method limits of detection (LODs) and limits of quantification (LOQs) for PYR, metabolites A and B were in accordance with the analysis requirements. Previous studies have demonstrated the enantioselective metabolism of PYR and the generation of metabolites. Measurements of cell proliferation toxicity to rat hepatocytes, apoptosis and DNA damage induced by PYR and its metabolites in rat hepatocytes indicated that the metabolites reflected higher toxicity potential than PYR in rat hepatocytes. More studies about the molecular mechanism of PYR-induced toxicity are urgently needed in future work.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Liu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road 2, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Peize Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road 2, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road 2, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Donghui Liu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road 2, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Zhiqiang Zhou
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road 2, Beijing 100193, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Corrêa APSA, Galardo AKR, Lima LA, Câmara DCP, Müller JN, Barroso JFS, Lapouble OMM, Rodovalho CM, Ribeiro KAN, Lima JBP. Efficacy of insecticides used in indoor residual spraying for malaria control: an experimental trial on various surfaces in a "test house". Malar J 2019; 18:345. [PMID: 31601226 PMCID: PMC6785876 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-019-2969-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Malaria is a public health problem in the Brazilian Amazon region. In integrated vector management for malaria (anopheline) control, indoor residual spraying (IRS) represents one of the main tools in the basic strategy applied in the Amazonian states. It is essential to understand the residual efficacy of insecticides on different surfaces to determine spray cycles, ensure their rational use, and prevent wastage. This study aimed to evaluate the residual efficacy of six insecticide formulations used in the National Malaria Control Programme on four different types of walls in a field simulation at a “test house”. Methods The tests were performed as a field-simulating evaluation at a “test house” built in the municipality of Macapá. Six insecticide formulations comprising four pyrethroids, a carbamate, and an organophosphate were used, and evaluated when applied on different wall surfaces: painted wood, unpainted wood, plastered cement, and unplastered cement. The insecticides were applied to the interior walls of the “test house” by a trained technician. Results In the bioassays performed with pyrethroids, deltamethrin water-dispersible granules (WG) performed particularly well, presenting residual bioefficacy of 8 months on both wood surfaces after the IRS, whereas alpha-cypermethrin suspension concentrate (SC) and etofenprox wettable powder (WP) demonstrated residual bioefficacy of 4 months on at least one of the wood surfaces; however, the pyrethroid lambda-cyhalothrin WP showed a low residual bioefficacy (< 3 months) on all tested surfaces, demonstrating its inefficiency for areas with a long transmission cycle of malaria. For the carbamate-bendiocarb WP, residual bioefficacy for 3 months was achieved only on wood surfaces. In general, the organophosphate pirimifos-methyl capsule suspension (CS) demonstrated the best result, with a mortality rate < 80% over a period of 6 months on all surfaces tested. Conclusion Insecticide efficiency varies among different types of surface; therefore, a “test house” is a valuable evaluation tool. This work highlights the usefulness of associating the residual efficacy of insecticides on the surfaces commonly found in houses in endemic areas, together with knowledge about the transmission cycle duration of the transmission cycle and the insecticide susceptibility of the vector. This association helps in the decision-making for the malaria control intervention regarding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula S A Corrêa
- Laboratório de Fisiologia e Controle de Artrópodes Vetores-Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. .,Laboratório de Entomologia Médica, Instituto de Pesquisas Científicas e Tecnológicas do Estado de Amapá-IEPA, Macapá, Brazil.
| | - Allan K R Galardo
- Laboratório de Entomologia Médica, Instituto de Pesquisas Científicas e Tecnológicas do Estado de Amapá-IEPA, Macapá, Brazil
| | - Luana A Lima
- Laboratório de Entomologia Médica, Instituto de Pesquisas Científicas e Tecnológicas do Estado de Amapá-IEPA, Macapá, Brazil
| | - Daniel C P Câmara
- Núcleo Operacional Sentinela de Mosquitos Vetores - Laboratório de Mosquitos Transmissores de Hematozoários, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Josiane N Müller
- Laboratório de Fisiologia e Controle de Artrópodes Vetores-Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Laboratório de Entomologia Médica, Instituto de Pesquisas Científicas e Tecnológicas do Estado de Amapá-IEPA, Macapá, Brazil
| | - Jéssica Fernanda S Barroso
- Laboratório de Entomologia Médica, Instituto de Pesquisas Científicas e Tecnológicas do Estado de Amapá-IEPA, Macapá, Brazil
| | - Oscar M M Lapouble
- Pan-American Health Organization/World Health Organization (PAHO/WHO), Paramaribo, Suriname.,Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Cynara M Rodovalho
- Laboratório de Fisiologia e Controle de Artrópodes Vetores-Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - José Bento P Lima
- Laboratório de Fisiologia e Controle de Artrópodes Vetores-Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
James T, Wyke S, Marczylo T, Collins S, Gaulton T, Foxall K, Amlôt R, Duarte-Davidson R. Chemical warfare agent simulants for human volunteer trials of emergency decontamination: A systematic review. J Appl Toxicol 2017; 38:113-121. [PMID: 28990191 PMCID: PMC5725685 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Incidents involving the release of chemical agents can pose significant risks to public health. In such an event, emergency decontamination of affected casualties may need to be undertaken to reduce injury and possible loss of life. To ensure these methods are effective, human volunteer trials (HVTs) of decontamination protocols, using simulant contaminants, have been conducted. Simulants must be used to mimic the physicochemical properties of more harmful chemicals, while remaining non-toxic at the dose applied. This review focuses on studies that employed chemical warfare agent simulants in decontamination contexts, to identify those simulants most suitable for use in HVTs of emergency decontamination. Twenty-two simulants were identified, of which 17 were determined unsuitable for use in HVTs. The remaining simulants (n = 5) were further scrutinized for potential suitability according to toxicity, physicochemical properties and similarities to their equivalent toxic counterparts. Three suitable simulants, for use in HVTs were identified; methyl salicylate (simulant for sulphur mustard), diethyl malonate (simulant for soman) and malathion (simulant for VX or toxic industrial chemicals). All have been safely used in previous HVTs, and have a range of physicochemical properties that would allow useful inference to more toxic chemicals when employed in future studies of emergency decontamination systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas James
- Chemical and Environmental Effects Department, Centre for Radiation, Chemicals and Environmental Hazards (CRCE), Public Health England, Chilton, OX11 0RQ, UK
| | - Stacey Wyke
- Chemical and Environmental Effects Department, Centre for Radiation, Chemicals and Environmental Hazards (CRCE), Public Health England, Chilton, OX11 0RQ, UK
| | - Tim Marczylo
- Toxicology Department, Centre for Radiation, Chemicals and Environmental Hazards (CRCE), Public Health England, Chilton, OX11 0RQ, UK
| | - Samuel Collins
- Chemical and Environmental Effects Department, Centre for Radiation, Chemicals and Environmental Hazards (CRCE), Public Health England, Chilton, OX11 0RQ, UK
| | - Tom Gaulton
- Chemical and Environmental Effects Department, Centre for Radiation, Chemicals and Environmental Hazards (CRCE), Public Health England, Chilton, OX11 0RQ, UK
| | - Kerry Foxall
- Toxicology Department, Centre for Radiation, Chemicals and Environmental Hazards (CRCE), Public Health England, Chilton, OX11 0RQ, UK
| | - Richard Amlôt
- Emergency Response Department, Science & Technology, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Raquel Duarte-Davidson
- Chemical and Environmental Effects Department, Centre for Radiation, Chemicals and Environmental Hazards (CRCE), Public Health England, Chilton, OX11 0RQ, UK
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ockleford C, Adriaanse P, Berny P, Brock T, Duquesne S, Grilli S, Hougaard S, Klein M, Kuhl T, Laskowski R, Machera K, Pelkonen O, Pieper S, Smith R, Stemmer M, Sundh I, Teodorovic I, Tiktak A, Topping CJ, Wolterink G, Bottai M, Halldorsson T, Hamey P, Rambourg MO, Tzoulaki I, Court Marques D, Crivellente F, Deluyker H, Hernandez-Jerez AF. Scientific Opinion of the PPR Panel on the follow-up of the findings of the External Scientific Report 'Literature review of epidemiological studies linking exposure to pesticides and health effects'. EFSA J 2017; 15:e05007. [PMID: 32625302 PMCID: PMC7009847 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2017.5007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2013, EFSA published a comprehensive systematic review of epidemiological studies published from 2006 to 2012 investigating the association between pesticide exposure and many health outcomes. Despite the considerable amount of epidemiological information available, the quality of much of this evidence was rather low and many limitations likely affect the results so firm conclusions cannot be drawn. Studies that do not meet the 'recognised standards' mentioned in the Regulation (EU) No 1107/2009 are thus not suited for risk assessment. In this Scientific Opinion, the EFSA Panel on Plant Protection Products and their residues (PPR Panel) was requested to assess the methodological limitations of pesticide epidemiology studies and found that poor exposure characterisation primarily defined the major limitation. Frequent use of case-control studies as opposed to prospective studies was considered another limitation. Inadequate definition or deficiencies in health outcomes need to be avoided and reporting of findings could be improved in some cases. The PPR Panel proposed recommendations on how to improve the quality and reliability of pesticide epidemiology studies to overcome these limitations and to facilitate an appropriate use for risk assessment. The Panel recommended the conduct of systematic reviews and meta-analysis, where appropriate, of pesticide observational studies as useful methodology to understand the potential hazards of pesticides, exposure scenarios and methods for assessing exposure, exposure-response characterisation and risk characterisation. Finally, the PPR Panel proposed a methodological approach to integrate and weight multiple lines of evidence, including epidemiological data, for pesticide risk assessment. Biological plausibility can contribute to establishing causation.
Collapse
|
7
|
In Silico Prediction for Intestinal Absorption and Brain Penetration of Chemical Pesticides in Humans. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2017; 14:ijerph14070708. [PMID: 28665355 PMCID: PMC5551146 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14070708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2017] [Revised: 06/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal absorption and brain permeation constitute key parameters of toxicokinetics for pesticides, conditioning their toxicity, including neurotoxicity. However, they remain poorly characterized in humans. The present study was therefore designed to evaluate human intestine and brain permeation for a large set of pesticides (n = 338) belonging to various chemical classes, using an in silico graphical BOILED-Egg/SwissADME online method based on lipophilicity and polarity that was initially developed for drugs. A high percentage of the pesticides (81.4%) was predicted to exhibit high intestinal absorption, with a high accuracy (96%), whereas a lower, but substantial, percentage (38.5%) displayed brain permeation. Among the pesticide classes, organochlorines (n = 30) constitute the class with the lowest percentage of intestine-permeant members (40%), whereas that of the organophosphorus compounds (n = 99) has the lowest percentage of brain-permeant chemicals (9%). The predictions of the permeations for the pesticides were additionally shown to be significantly associated with various molecular descriptors well-known to discriminate between permeant and non-permeant drugs. Overall, our in silico data suggest that human exposure to pesticides through the oral way is likely to result in an intake of these dietary contaminants for most of them and brain permeation for some of them, thus supporting the idea that they have toxic effects on human health, including neurotoxic effects.
Collapse
|
8
|
Nallani GC, ElNaggar SF, Shen L, Chandrasekaran A. In vitro metabolism of [ 14 C]-benalaxyl in hepatocytes of rats, dogs and humans. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2017; 84:26-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2016.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
9
|
|
10
|
Okumu FO, Moore J, Mbeyela E, Sherlock M, Sangusangu R, Ligamba G, Russell T, Moore SJ. A modified experimental hut design for studying responses of disease-transmitting mosquitoes to indoor interventions: the Ifakara experimental huts. PLoS One 2012; 7:e30967. [PMID: 22347415 PMCID: PMC3276535 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2011] [Accepted: 12/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Differences between individual human houses can confound results of studies aimed at evaluating indoor vector control interventions such as insecticide treated nets (ITNs) and indoor residual insecticide spraying (IRS). Specially designed and standardised experimental huts have historically provided a solution to this challenge, with an added advantage that they can be fitted with special interception traps to sample entering or exiting mosquitoes. However, many of these experimental hut designs have a number of limitations, for example: 1) inability to sample mosquitoes on all sides of huts, 2) increased likelihood of live mosquitoes flying out of the huts, leaving mainly dead ones, 3) difficulties of cleaning the huts when a new insecticide is to be tested, and 4) the generally small size of the experimental huts, which can misrepresent actual local house sizes or airflow dynamics in the local houses. Here, we describe a modified experimental hut design - The Ifakara Experimental Huts- and explain how these huts can be used to more realistically monitor behavioural and physiological responses of wild, free-flying disease-transmitting mosquitoes, including the African malaria vectors of the species complexes Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles funestus, to indoor vector control-technologies including ITNs and IRS. Important characteristics of the Ifakara experimental huts include: 1) interception traps fitted onto eave spaces and windows, 2) use of eave baffles (panels that direct mosquito movement) to control exit of live mosquitoes through the eave spaces, 3) use of replaceable wall panels and ceilings, which allow safe insecticide disposal and reuse of the huts to test different insecticides in successive periods, 4) the kit format of the huts allowing portability and 5) an improved suite of entomological procedures to maximise data quality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fredros O Okumu
- Biomedical and Environmental Sciences Thematic Group, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Republic of Tanzania.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Lindh CH, Littorin M, Johannesson G, Jönsson BA. Analysis of chlormequat in human urine as a biomarker of exposure using liquid chromatography triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2011; 879:1551-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2011.03.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2010] [Revised: 03/22/2011] [Accepted: 03/23/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|