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Gao Y, Zhang X, Chen H, Lu Y, Ma S, Yang Y, Zhang M, Xu S. Reconstructing the ancestral gene pool to uncover the origins and genetic links of Hmong-Mien speakers. BMC Biol 2024; 22:59. [PMID: 38475771 PMCID: PMC10935854 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-024-01838-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hmong-Mien (HM) speakers are linguistically related and live primarily in China, but little is known about their ancestral origins or the evolutionary mechanism shaping their genomic diversity. In particular, the lack of whole-genome sequencing data on the Yao population has prevented a full investigation of the origins and evolutionary history of HM speakers. As such, their origins are debatable. RESULTS Here, we made a deep sequencing effort of 80 Yao genomes, and our analysis together with 28 East Asian populations and 968 ancient Asian genomes suggested that there is a strong genetic basis for the formation of the HM language family. We estimated that the most recent common ancestor dates to 5800 years ago, while the genetic divergence between the HM and Tai-Kadai speakers was estimated to be 8200 years ago. We proposed that HM speakers originated from the Yangtze River Basin and spread with agricultural civilization. We identified highly differentiated variants between HM and Han Chinese, in particular, a deafness-related missense variant (rs72474224) in the GJB2 gene is in a higher frequency in HM speakers than in others. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicated complex gene flow and medically relevant variants involved in the HM speakers' evolution history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Human Phenome Institute, Zhangjiang Fudan International Innovation Center, Center for Evolutionary Biology, Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
- Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Xiaoxi Zhang
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
- Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Hao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Yan Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Human Phenome Institute, Zhangjiang Fudan International Innovation Center, Center for Evolutionary Biology, Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Sen Ma
- Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Yajun Yang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Menghan Zhang
- Institute of Modern Languages and Linguistics, and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Shuhua Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Human Phenome Institute, Zhangjiang Fudan International Innovation Center, Center for Evolutionary Biology, Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China.
- Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China.
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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2
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Xu Y, Du W, Xiao Y, Gao K, Li J, Li S. A Number of the N-terminal RASSF Family: RASSF7. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2024; 24:889-895. [PMID: 36200241 DOI: 10.2174/1871520622666220930094149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The Ras association domain family 7 (RASSF7, also named HRC1), a potential tumor-related gene, located on human chromosome 11p15, has been identified as an important member of the N-terminal RASSF family. Whereas, the molecular biological mechanisms of RASSF7 in tumorigenesis remain to be further established. We perform a systematic review of the literature and assessment from PUBMED and MEDLINE databases in this article. RASSF7 plays a significant role in mitosis, microtubule growth, apoptosis, proliferation and differentiation. Many research literature shows that the RASSF7 could promote the occurrence and advance of human tumors by regulating Aurora B, MKK4, MKK7, JNK, YAP, MEK, and ERK, whereas, it might inhibit c-Myc and thus lead to the suppression of tumorigenesis. The pregulation of RASSF7 often occurs in various malignancies such as lung cancer, neuroblastoma, thyroid neoplasm, hepatocellular cancer, breast cancer and gastric cancer. The expression stage of RASSF7 is positively correlated with the tumor TNM stage. In this review, we primarily elaborate on the acknowledged structure and progress in the various biomechanisms and research advances of RASSF7, especially the potential relevant signaling pathways. We hope that RASSF7 , a prospective therapeutic target for human malignancies, could play an available role in future anti-cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Xu
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221002, People's Republic of China
- Department of Urology, Huzhou Central Hospital, Huzhou, Zhejiang, 313000, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Du
- Department of Urology, Wanbei Coal-Electricity Group General Hospital, Suzhou 234000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongshuang Xiao
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221002, People's Republic of China
| | - Keyu Gao
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221002, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221002, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuofeng Li
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221002, People's Republic of China
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Epp S, Chuah SM, Halasz M. Epigenetic Dysregulation in MYCN-Amplified Neuroblastoma. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17085. [PMID: 38069407 PMCID: PMC10707345 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242317085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroblastoma (NB), a childhood cancer arising from the neural crest, poses significant clinical challenges, particularly in cases featuring amplification of the MYCN oncogene. Epigenetic factors play a pivotal role in normal neural crest and NB development, influencing gene expression patterns critical for tumorigenesis. This review delves into the multifaceted interplay between MYCN and known epigenetic modifications during NB genesis, shedding light on the intricate regulatory networks underlying the disease. We provide an extensive survey of known epigenetic mechanisms, encompassing DNA methylation, histone modifications, non-coding RNAs, super-enhancers (SEs), bromodomains (BET), and chromatin modifiers in MYCN-amplified (MNA) NB. These epigenetic changes collectively contribute to the dysregulated gene expression landscape observed in MNA NB. Furthermore, we review emerging therapeutic strategies targeting epigenetic regulators, including histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi), histone methyltransferase inhibitors (HMTi), and DNA methyltransferase inhibitors (DNMTi). We also discuss and summarize current drugs in preclinical and clinical trials, offering insights into their potential for improving outcomes for MNA NB patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soraya Epp
- Systems Biology Ireland, UCD School of Medicine, University College Dublin, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland; (S.E.)
| | - Shin Mei Chuah
- Systems Biology Ireland, UCD School of Medicine, University College Dublin, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland; (S.E.)
| | - Melinda Halasz
- Systems Biology Ireland, UCD School of Medicine, University College Dublin, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland; (S.E.)
- Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland
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4
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Zhang J, Zhang X, Su J, Zhang J, Liu S, Han L, Liu M, Sun D. Identification and validation of a novel HOX-related classifier signature for predicting prognosis and immune microenvironment in pediatric gliomas. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1203650. [PMID: 37547473 PMCID: PMC10401438 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1203650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Pediatric gliomas (PGs) are highly aggressive and predominantly occur in young children. In pediatric gliomas, abnormal expression of Homeobox (HOX) family genes (HFGs) has been observed and is associated with the development and progression of the disease. Studies have found that overexpression or underexpression of certain HOX genes is linked to the occurrence and prognosis of gliomas. This aberrant expression may contribute to the dysregulation of important pathological processes such as cell proliferation, differentiation, and metastasis. This study aimed to propose a novel HOX-related signature to predict patients' prognosis and immune infiltrate characteristics in PGs. Methods: The data of PGs obtained from publicly available databases were utilized to reveal the relationship among abnormal expression of HOX family genes (HFGs), prognosis, tumor immune infiltration, clinical features, and genomic features in PGs. The HFGs were utilized to identify heterogeneous subtypes using consensus clustering. Then random forest-supervised classification algorithm and nearest shrunken centroid algorithm were performed to develop a prognostic signature in the training set. Finally, the signature was validated in an internal testing set and an external independent cohort. Results: Firstly, we identified HFGs significantly differentially expressed in PGs compared to normal tissues. The individuals with PGs were then divided into two heterogeneous subtypes (HOX-SI and HOX-SII) based on HFGs expression profiles. HOX-SII showed higher total mutation counts, lower immune infiltration, and worse prognosis than HOX-SI. Then, we constructed a HOX-related gene signature (including HOXA6, HOXC4, HOXC5, HOXC6, and HOXA-AS3) based on the cluster for subtype prediction utilizing random forest supervised classification and nearest shrunken centroid algorithm. The signature was revealed to be an independent prognostic factor for patients with PGs by multivariable Cox regression analysis. Conclusion: Our study provides a novel method for the prognosis classification of PGs. The findings also suggest that the HOX-related signature is a new biomarker for the diagnosis and prognosis of patients with PGs, allowing for more accurate survival prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Capital Medical University Electric Power Teaching Hospital, State Grid Beijing Electric Power Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xueguang Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Capital Medical University Electric Power Teaching Hospital, State Grid Beijing Electric Power Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Junyan Su
- Beijing ChosenMed Clinical Laboratory Co Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Jiali Zhang
- Beijing ChosenMed Clinical Laboratory Co Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Siyao Liu
- Beijing ChosenMed Clinical Laboratory Co Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Li Han
- Beijing ChosenMed Clinical Laboratory Co Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Mengyuan Liu
- Beijing ChosenMed Clinical Laboratory Co Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Dawei Sun
- Beijing ChosenMed Clinical Laboratory Co Ltd., Beijing, China
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5
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Williams O, Hu L, Huang W, Patel P, Bartom ET, Bei L, Hjort E, Hijiya C, Eklund EA. Nore1 inhibits age-associated myeloid lineage skewing and clonal hematopoiesis but facilitates termination of emergency (stress) granulopoiesis. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:104867. [PMID: 37247756 PMCID: PMC10404618 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.104867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Age-associated bone marrow changes include myeloid skewing and mutations that lead to clonal hematopoiesis. Molecular mechanisms for these events are ill defined, but decreased expression of Irf8/Icsbp (interferon regulatory factor 8/interferon consensus sequence binding protein) in aging hematopoietic stem cells may contribute. Irf8 functions as a leukemia suppressor for chronic myeloid leukemia, and young Irf8-/- mice have neutrophilia with progression to acute myeloid leukemia (AML) with aging. Irf8 is also required to terminate emergency granulopoiesis during the innate immune response, suggesting this may be the physiologic counterpart to leukemia suppression by this transcription factor. Identifying Irf8 effectors may define mediators of both events and thus contributors to age-related bone marrow disorders. In this study, we identified RASSF5 (encoding Nore1) as an Irf8 target gene and investigated the role of Nore1 in hematopoiesis. We found Irf8 activates RASSF5 transcription and increases Nore1a expression during emergency granulopoiesis. Similar to Irf8-/- mice, we found that young Rassf5-/- mice had increased neutrophils and progressed to AML with aging. We identified enhanced DNA damage, excess clonal hematopoiesis, and a distinct mutation profile in hematopoietic stem cells from aging Rassf5-/- mice compared with wildtype. We found sustained emergency granulopoiesis in Rassf5-/- mice, with repeated episodes accelerating AML, also similar to Irf8-/- mice. Identifying Nore1a downstream from Irf8 defines a pathway involved in leukemia suppression and the innate immune response and suggests a novel molecular mechanism contributing to age-related clonal myeloid disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olatundun Williams
- Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Liping Hu
- The Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA; Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Weiqi Huang
- The Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA; Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA; Medicine Service, Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Priyam Patel
- The Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA; Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Elizabeth T Bartom
- The Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA; Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Ling Bei
- RxD Nova Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Vacaville, California, USA
| | | | - Christina Hijiya
- Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Eklund
- The Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA; Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA; Medicine Service, Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
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6
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Zhuo Z, Lin L, Miao L, Li M, He J. Advances in liquid biopsy in neuroblastoma. FUNDAMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 2:903-917. [PMID: 38933377 PMCID: PMC11197818 DOI: 10.1016/j.fmre.2022.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Even with intensive treatment of high-risk neuroblastoma (NB) patients, half of high-risk NB patients still relapse. New therapies targeting the biological characteristics of NB have important clinical value for the personalized treatment of NB. However, the current biological markers for NB are mainly analyzed by tissue biopsy. In recent years, circulating biomarkers of NB based on liquid biopsy have attracted more and more attention. This review summarizes the analytes and methods for liquid biopsy of NB. We focus on the application of liquid biopsy in the diagnosis, prognosis assessment, and monitoring of NB. Finally, we discuss the prospects and challenges of liquid biopsy in NB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenjian Zhuo
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research in Structural Birth Defect Disease, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, Guangdong, China
- Laboratory Animal Center, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Lei Lin
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research in Structural Birth Defect Disease, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, Guangdong, China
| | - Lei Miao
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research in Structural Birth Defect Disease, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, Guangdong, China
| | - Meng Li
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research in Structural Birth Defect Disease, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, Guangdong, China
| | - Jing He
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research in Structural Birth Defect Disease, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, Guangdong, China
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7
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Huang Y, Ma J, Yang C, Wei P, Yang M, Han H, Chen HD, Yue T, Xiao S, Chen X, Li Z, Tang Y, Luo J, Lin S, Huang L. METTL1 promotes neuroblastoma development through m 7G tRNA modification and selective oncogenic gene translation. Biomark Res 2022; 10:68. [PMID: 36071474 PMCID: PMC9454133 DOI: 10.1186/s40364-022-00414-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Neuroblastoma (NBL) is the most common extra-cranial solid tumour in childhood, with prognosis ranging from spontaneous remission to high risk for rapid and fatal progression. Despite existing therapy approaches, the 5-year event-free survival (EFS) for patients with advanced NBL remains below 30%, emphasizing urgent necessary for novel therapeutic strategies. Studies have shown that epigenetic disorders play an essential role in the pathogenesis of NBL. However, the function and mechanism of N7-methylguanosine (m7G) methyltransferase in NBL remains unknown. Methods The expression levels of m7G tRNA methyltransferase Methyltransferase-like 1 (METTL1) were analyzed by querying the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database and further confirmed by immunohistochemistry (IHC) assay. Kaplan-Meier, univariate and multivariate cox hazard analysis were performed to reveal the prognostic role of METTL1. Cell function assays were performed to evaluate how METTL1 works in proliferation, apoptosis and migration in cell lines and xenograft mouse models. The role of METTL1 on mRNA translation activity of NBL cells was measured using puromycin intake assay and polysome profiling assay. The m7G modified tRNAs were identified by tRNA reduction and cleavage sequencing (TRAC-seq). Ribosome nascent-chain complex-bound mRNA sequencing (RNC-seq) was utilized to identify the variation of gene translation efficiency (TE). Analyzed the codon frequency decoded by m7G tRNA to clarify the translation regulation and mechanism of m7G modification in NBL. Results This study found that METTL1 were significantly up-regulated in advanced NBL, which acted as an independent risk factor and predicted poor prognosis. Further in NBL cell lines and BALB/c-nu female mice, we found METTL1 played a crucial role in promoting NBL progression. Furthermore, m7G profiling and translation analysis revealed downregulation of METTL1 would inhibit puromycin intake efficiency of NBL cells, indicating that METTL1 did count crucially in regulation of NBL cell translation. With all tRNAs with m7G modification identified in NBL cells, knockdown of METTL1 would significantly reduce the levels of both m7G modification and m7G tRNAs expressions. Result of RNC-seq shew there were 339 overlapped genes with impaired translation in NBL cells upon METTL1 knockdown. Further analysis revealed these genes contained higher frequency of codons decoded by m7G-modified tRNAs and were enriched in oncogenic pathways. Conclusion This study revealed the critical role and mechanism of METTL1-mediated tRNA m7G modification in regulating NBL progression, providing new insights for developing therapeutic approaches for NBL patients. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40364-022-00414-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.,Center for Translational Medicine, Precision Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Jieyi Ma
- Center for Translational Medicine, Precision Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Cuiyun Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Paijia Wei
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Minghui Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Hui Han
- Center for Translational Medicine, Precision Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Hua Dong Chen
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Tianfang Yue
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Shu Xiao
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Xuanyu Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Zuoqing Li
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Yanlai Tang
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Jiesi Luo
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
| | - Shuibin Lin
- Center for Translational Medicine, Precision Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
| | - Libin Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
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8
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Ladumor Y, Seong BKA, Hallett R, Valencia-Sama I, Adderley T, Wang Y, Kee L, Gont A, Kaplan DR, Irwin MS. Vitamin D Receptor Activation Attenuates Hippo Pathway Effectors and Cell Survival in Metastatic Neuroblastoma. Mol Cancer Res 2022; 20:895-908. [PMID: 35190818 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-21-0425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Survival for high-risk neuroblastoma remains poor. Most patients who recur, present with metastatic disease, and few targetable pathways that govern spread to distant sites are currently known. We previously developed a metastatic mouse model to select cells with enhanced ability to spread to the bone and brain and identified a signature based on differentially expressed genes, which also predicted patient survival. To discover new neuroblastoma therapies, we utilized the Connectivity Map to identify compounds that can reverse this metastatic transcriptional signature and found calcipotriol, a vitamin D3 analog, to be a compound that selectively targets cell lines with enhanced metastatic potential. Calcipotriol treatment of enhanced metastatic, but not parental, cells reduces proliferation and survival via vitamin D receptor (VDR) signaling, increases the expression of RASSF2, a negative regulator of the Hippo signaling pathway, and reduces the levels of the Hippo pathway effectors YAP and TAZ. RASSF2 is required for the effects of calcipotriol and for the reduction of levels and nuclear localization of YAP/TAZ. Migration of the enhanced metastatic cells and YAP/TAZ levels are reduced after calcipotriol treatment and YAP overexpression reduces calcipotriol sensitivity. Furthermore, metastatic cells that overexpress VDR also showed lower tumor burden in vivo. IMPLICATIONS This newly identified link between VDR signaling and the Hippo pathway could inform treatment strategies for metastatic neuroblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yagnesh Ladumor
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Bo Kyung Alex Seong
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Robin Hallett
- Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada.,Neurosciences and Mental Health Programs, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | | | | | - Yingying Wang
- Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Lynn Kee
- Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Alexander Gont
- Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - David R Kaplan
- Neurosciences and Mental Health Programs, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics and University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Meredith S Irwin
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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9
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DNA damage triggers the nuclear accumulation of RASSF6 tumor suppressor protein via CDK9 and BAF53 to regulate p53-target gene transcription. Mol Cell Biol 2021; 42:e0031021. [PMID: 34898277 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00310-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
RASSF6, a member of the tumor suppressor Ras-association domain family (RASSF) proteins, regulates cell cycle arrest and apoptosis via p53 and plays a tumor suppressor role. We previously reported that RASSF6 blocks MDM2-mediated p53 degradation and enhances p53 expression. In this study, we demonstrated that RASSF6 has nuclear-localization and nuclear-export signals and that DNA damage triggers the nuclear accumulation of RASSF6. We found that RASSF6 directly binds to BAF53, the component of SWI/SNF complex. DNA damage induces CDK9-mediated phosphorylation of BAF53, which enhances the interaction with RASSF6 and increases the amount of RASSF6 in the nucleus. Subsequently, RASSF6 augments the interaction between BAF53 and BAF60a, another component of SWI/SNF complex, and further promotes the interaction of BAF53 and BAF60a with p53. BAF53 silencing or BAF60a silencing attenuates RASSF6-mediated p53-target gene transcription and apoptosis. Thus, RASSF6 is involved in the regulation of DNA damage-induced complex formation including CDK9, BAF53, BAF60a, and p53.
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10
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Hu S, Qu X, Jiao Y, Hu J, Wang B. Immune Classification and Immune Landscape Analysis of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. Front Genet 2021; 12:710534. [PMID: 34795691 PMCID: PMC8593253 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.710534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: To classify triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) immunotyping using the public database, analyze the differences between subtypes in terms of clinical characteristics and explore the role and clinical significance of immune subtypes in TNBC immunotherapy. Methods: We downloaded TNBC data from the cBioPortal and GEO databases. The immune genes were grouped to obtain immune gene modules and annotate their biological functions. Log-rank tests and Cox regression were used to evaluate the prognosis of immune subtypes (IS). Drug sensitivity analysis was also performed for the differences among immune subtypes in immunotherapy and chemotherapy. In addition, dimension reduction analysis based on graph learning was utilized to reveal the internal structure of the immune system and visualize the distribution of patients. Results: Significant differences in prognosis were observed between subtypes (IS1, IS2, and IS3), with the best in IS3 and the worst in IS1. The sensitivity of IS3 to immunotherapy and chemotherapy was better than the other two subtypes. In addition, Immune landscape analysis found the intra-class heterogeneity of immune subtypes and further classified IS3 subtypes (IS3A and IS3B). Immune-related genes were divided into seven functional modules (The turquoise module has the worst prognosis). Five hub genes (RASSF5, CD8A, ICOS, IRF8, and CD247) were screened out as the final characteristic genes related to poor prognosis by low expression. Conclusions: The immune subtypes of TNBC were significantly different in prognosis, gene mutation, immune infiltration, drug sensitivity, and heterogeneity. We validated the independent role of immune subtypes in tumor progression and immunotherapy for TNBC. This study provides a new perspective for personalized immunotherapy and the prognosis evaluation of TNBC patients in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaojun Hu
- Oncology Department, First Affiliated Hospital of Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, China
| | - Xiusheng Qu
- Chemotherapy Department, First Affiliated Hospital of Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, China
| | - Yu Jiao
- Oncology Department, First Affiliated Hospital of Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, China
| | - Jiahui Hu
- Chemotherapy Department, First Affiliated Hospital of Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, China
| | - Bo Wang
- Oncology Department, First Affiliated Hospital of Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, China
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11
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MYCN in Neuroblastoma: "Old Wine into New Wineskins". Diseases 2021; 9:diseases9040078. [PMID: 34842635 PMCID: PMC8628738 DOI: 10.3390/diseases9040078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
MYCN Proto-Oncogene, BHLH Transcription Factor (MYCN) has been one of the most studied genes in neuroblastoma. It is known for its oncogenetic mechanisms, as well as its role in the prognosis of the disease and it is considered one of the prominent targets for neuroblastoma therapy. In the present work, we attempted to review the literature, on the relation between MYCN and neuroblastoma from all possible mechanistic sites. We have searched the literature for the role of MYCN in neuroblastoma based on the following topics: the references of MYCN in the literature, the gene's anatomy, along with its transcripts, the protein's anatomy, the epigenetic mechanisms regulating MYCN expression and function, as well as MYCN amplification. MYCN plays a significant role in neuroblastoma biology. Its functions and properties range from the forming of G-quadraplexes, to the interaction with miRNAs, as well as the regulation of gene methylation and histone acetylation and deacetylation. Although MYCN is one of the most primary genes studied in neuroblastoma, there is still a lot to be learned. Our knowledge on the exact mechanisms of MYCN amplification, etiology and potential interventions is still limited. The knowledge on the molecular mechanisms of MYCN in neuroblastoma, could have potential prognostic and therapeutic advantages.
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12
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Morishita M, Arimoto-Matsuzaki K, Kitamura M, Niimura K, Iwasa H, Maruyama J, Hiraoka Y, Yamamoto K, Kitagawa M, Miyamura N, Nishina H, Hata Y. Characterization of mouse embryonic fibroblasts derived from Rassf6 knockout mice shows the implication of Rassf6 in the regulation of NF-κB signaling. Genes Cells 2021; 26:999-1013. [PMID: 34652874 DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
RASSF6 is a member of the tumor suppressor Ras association domain family (RASSF) proteins. We have reported using human cancer cell lines that RASSF6 induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest via p53 and plays tumor suppressive roles. In this study, we generated Rassf6 knockout mice by CRISPR/Cas technology. Contrary to our expectation, Rassf6 knockout mice were apparently healthy. However, Rassf6-null mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEF) were resistant against ultraviolet (UV)-induced apoptosis/cell cycle arrest and senescence. UV-induced p53-target gene expression was compromised, and DNA repair was delayed in Rassf6-null MEF. More importantly, KRAS active mutant promoted the colony formation of Rassf6-null MEF but not the wild-type MEF. RNA sequencing analysis showed that NF-κB signaling was enhanced in Rassf6-null MEF. Consistently, 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) induced skin inflammation in Rassf6 knockout mice more remarkably than in the wild-type mice. Hence, Rassf6 deficiency not only compromises p53 function but also enhances NF-κB signaling to lead to oncogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayu Morishita
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kyoko Arimoto-Matsuzaki
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masami Kitamura
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kyohei Niimura
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Iwasa
- Department of Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, International University of Health and Welfare, Chiba, Japan
| | - Junichi Maruyama
- Laboratory for Integrated Cellular Systems, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yuichi Hiraoka
- Laboratory of Genome Editing for Biomedical Research, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kohei Yamamoto
- Department of Comprehensive Pathology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masanobu Kitagawa
- Department of Comprehensive Pathology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Norio Miyamura
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nishina
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yutaka Hata
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.,Center for Brain Integration Research, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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13
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Liu X, Wu Y, Zhang Y, Bu D, Wu C, Lu S, Huang Z, Song Y, Zhao Y, Guo F, Ye P, Fu C, Shen L, Zhang J, Wang H, Duan X, Wu J. High Throughput Transcriptome Data Analysis and Computational Verification Reveal Immunotherapy Biomarkers of Compound Kushen Injection for Treating Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. Front Oncol 2021; 11:747300. [PMID: 34604090 PMCID: PMC8484800 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.747300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although notable therapeutic and prognostic benefits of compound kushen injection (CKI) have been found when it was used alone or in combination with chemotherapy or radiotherapy for triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) treatment, the effects of CKI on TNBC microenvironment remain largely unclear. This study aims to construct and validate a predictive immunotherapy signature of CKI on TNBC. Methods The UPLC-Q-TOF-MS technology was firstly used to investigate major constituents of CKI. RNA sequencing data of CKI-perturbed TNBC cells were analyzed to detect differential expression genes (DEGs), and the GSVA algorithm was applied to explore significantly changed pathways regulated by CKI. Additionally, the ssGSEA algorithm was used to quantify immune cell abundance in TNBC patients, and these patients were classified into distinct immune infiltration subgroups by unsupervised clustering. Then, prognosis-related genes were screened from DEGs among these subgroups and were further overlapped with the DEGs regulated by CKI. Finally, a predictive immunotherapy signature of CKI on TNBC was constructed based on the LASSO regression algorithm to predict mortality risks of TNBC patients, and the signature was also validated in another TNBC cohort. Results Twenty-three chemical components in CKI were identified by UPLC-Q-TOF-MS analysis. A total of 3692 DEGs were detected in CKI-treated versus control groups, and CKI significantly activated biological processes associated with activation of T, natural killer and natural killer T cells. Three immune cell infiltration subgroups with 1593 DEGs were identified in TNBC patients. Then, two genes that can be down-regulated by CKI with hazard ratio (HR) > 1 and 26 genes that can be up-regulated by CKI with HR < 1 were selected as key immune- and prognosis-related genes regulated by CKI. Lastly, a five-gene prognostic signature comprising two risky genes (MARVELD2 and DYNC2I2) that can be down-regulated by CKI and three protective genes (RASSF2, FERMT3 and RASSF5) that can be up-regulated by CKI was developed, and it showed a good performance in both training and test sets. Conclusions This study proposes a predictive immunotherapy signature of CKI on TNBC, which would provide more evidence for survival prediction and treatment guidance in TNBC as well as a paradigm for exploring immunotherapy biomarkers in compound medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinkui Liu
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Information Processing, Advanced Computer Research Center, Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yingying Zhang
- Department of Vascular Neurosurgery, New Era Stroke Care and Research Institute, The People's Liberation Army (PLA) Rocket Force Characteristic Medical Center, Beijing, China
| | - Dechao Bu
- Pervasive Computing Research Center, Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chao Wu
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Shan Lu
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Zhihong Huang
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yurong Song
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Information Processing, Advanced Computer Research Center, Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Fengying Guo
- School of Management, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Peizhi Ye
- National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Changgeng Fu
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Liangliang Shen
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jingyuan Zhang
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Haojia Wang
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xianchun Duan
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Jiarui Wu
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
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14
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Liu A, Zhou K, Martínez MA, Lopez-Torres B, Martínez M, Martínez-Larrañaga MR, Wang X, Anadón A, Ares I. A "Janus" face of the RASSF4 signal in cell fate. J Cell Physiol 2021; 237:466-479. [PMID: 34553373 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
RASSF4 (Ras-association domain family 4) is a protein-coding gene, regarded as a tumor suppressor regulated by DNA methylation. However, RASSF4 acts as a "Janus" in cell fate: death and survival. This review article focuses on the regulatory mechanisms of RASSF4 on cell death and cell survival and puts forward a comprehensive analysis of the relevant signaling pathways. The participation of RASSF4 in the regulation of intracellular store-operated Ca2+ entry also affects cell survival. Moreover, the mechanism of inducing abnormal expression of RASSF4 was summarized. We highlight recent advances in our knowledge of RASSF4 function in the development of cancer and other clinical diseases, which may provide insight into the controversial functions of RASSF4 and its potential application in disease therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimei Liu
- Department of National Reference, Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MOA Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,Department of MOA, Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Kaixiang Zhou
- Department of National Reference, Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MOA Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,Department of MOA, Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - María Aránzazu Martínez
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid(UCM), and Research Institute Hospital 12 de October (i+12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Bernardo Lopez-Torres
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid(UCM), and Research Institute Hospital 12 de October (i+12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Martínez
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid(UCM), and Research Institute Hospital 12 de October (i+12), Madrid, Spain
| | - María-Rosa Martínez-Larrañaga
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid(UCM), and Research Institute Hospital 12 de October (i+12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Xu Wang
- Department of National Reference, Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MOA Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,Department of MOA, Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Arturo Anadón
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid(UCM), and Research Institute Hospital 12 de October (i+12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Irma Ares
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid(UCM), and Research Institute Hospital 12 de October (i+12), Madrid, Spain
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15
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RAS GTPase signalling to alternative effector pathways. Biochem Soc Trans 2021; 48:2241-2252. [PMID: 33125484 DOI: 10.1042/bst20200506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
RAS GTPases are fundamental regulators of development and drivers of an extraordinary number of human cancers. RAS oncoproteins constitutively signal through downstream effector proteins, triggering cancer initiation, progression and metastasis. In the absence of targeted therapeutics to mutant RAS itself, inhibitors of downstream pathways controlled by the effector kinases RAF and PI3K have become tools in the treatment of RAS-driven tumours. Unfortunately, the efficacy of this approach has been greatly minimized by the prevalence of acquired drug resistance. Decades of research have established that RAS signalling is highly complex, and in addition to RAF and PI3K these small GTPase proteins can interact with an array of alternative effectors that feature RAS binding domains. The consequence of RAS binding to these effectors remains relatively unexplored, but these pathways may provide targets for combinatorial therapeutics. We discuss here three candidate alternative effectors: RALGEFs, RASSF5 and AFDN, detailing their interaction with RAS GTPases and their biological significance. The metastatic nature of RAS-driven cancers suggests more attention should be granted to these alternate pathways, as they are highly implicated in the regulation of cell adhesion, polarity, cell size and cytoskeletal architecture.
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16
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Dhanaraman T, Singh S, Killoran RC, Singh A, Xu X, Shifman JM, Smith MJ. RASSF effectors couple diverse RAS subfamily GTPases to the Hippo pathway. Sci Signal 2020; 13:13/653/eabb4778. [PMID: 33051258 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.abb4778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Small guanosine triphosphatases (GTPases) of the RAS superfamily signal by directly binding to multiple downstream effector proteins. Effectors are defined by a folded RAS-association (RA) domain that binds exclusively to GTP-loaded (activated) RAS, but the binding specificities of most RA domains toward more than 160 RAS superfamily GTPases have not been characterized. Ten RA domain family (RASSF) proteins comprise the largest group of related effectors and are proposed to couple RAS to the proapoptotic Hippo pathway. Here, we showed that RASSF1-6 formed complexes with the Hippo kinase ortholog MST1, whereas RASSF7-10 formed oligomers with the p53-regulating effectors ASPP1 and ASPP2. Moreover, only RASSF5 bound directly to activated HRAS and KRAS, and RASSFs did not augment apoptotic induction downstream of RAS oncoproteins. Structural modeling revealed that expansion of the RASSF effector family in vertebrates included amino acid substitutions to key residues that direct GTPase-binding specificity. We demonstrated that the tumor suppressor RASSF1A formed complexes with the RAS-related GTPases GEM, REM1, REM2, and the enigmatic RASL12. Furthermore, interactions between RASSFs and RAS GTPases blocked YAP1 nuclear localization. Thus, these simple scaffolds link the activation of diverse RAS family small G proteins to Hippo or p53 regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thillaivillalan Dhanaraman
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Swati Singh
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Ryan C Killoran
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Anamika Singh
- Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Department of Biological Chemistry, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - Xingjian Xu
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Julia M Shifman
- Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Department of Biological Chemistry, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - Matthew J Smith
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3T 1J4, Canada. .,Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3T 1J4, Canada
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17
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Mohammadi S, Arefnezhad R, Danaii S, Yousefi M. New insights into the core Hippo signaling and biological macromolecules interactions in the biology of solid tumors. Biofactors 2020; 46:514-530. [PMID: 32445262 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
As an evolutionarily conserved pathway, Hippo signaling pathway impacts different pathology and physiology processes such as wound healing, tissue repair/size and regeneration. When some components of Hippo signaling dysregulated, it affects cancer cells proliferation. Moreover, the relation Hippo pathway with other signaling including Wnt, TGFβ, Notch, and EGFR signaling leaves effect on the proliferation of cancer cells. Utilizing a number of therapeutic approaches, such as siRNAs and long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) to prevent cancer cells through the targeting of Hippo pathways, can provide new insights into cancer target therapy. The purpose of present review, first of all, is to demonstrate the importance of Hippo signaling and its relation with other signaling pathways in cancer. It also tries to demonstrate targeting Hippo signaling progress in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solmaz Mohammadi
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Shahla Danaii
- Gynecology Department, Eastern Azerbaijan ACECR ART Center, Eastern Azerbaijan Branch of ACECR, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mehdi Yousefi
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Depatment of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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18
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Tan S, Bian X, Wu B, Chen X. RASSF6 Is Downregulated In Human Bladder Cancers And Regulates Doxorubicin Sensitivity And Mitochondrial Membrane Potential Via The Hippo Signaling Pathway. Onco Targets Ther 2019; 12:9189-9200. [PMID: 31807003 PMCID: PMC6842287 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s217041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The present study aimed to investigate the clinicopathological significance and biological roles of RASSF6 in human bladder cancers. Materials and methods Immunohistochemistry and Western blots were used to examine the protein expression of RASSF6 in bladder cancer tissues. Biological roles of RASSF6 were examined using MTT, colony formation assay, Matrigel invasion assay, cell cycle analysis, AnnexinV/PI staining and JC-1 staining. Western blot analysis was used to examine the potential mechanism. Results We found that RASSF6 was downregulated in 73 of 138 bladder cancer specimens, which correlated with advanced stages. RASSF6 overexpression decreased the cell growth rate and inhibited invasion ability in T24 cell line. Downregulation of RASSF6 using siRNA increased the cell proliferation rate and promoted invasion in 5637 cell line. Cell cycle studies showed that RASSF6 overexpression suppressed the process of cell cycle progression. RASSF6 overexpression also increased the cellular response to doxorubicin (DOX) treatment. AnnexinV/PI staining showed that RASSF6 overexpression promoted DOX-induced apoptosis with increased cytochrome c and cleavage of caspase-3 and caspase-9. We also showed that RASSF6 overexpression downregulated the mitochondrial membrane potential, while RASSF6 depletion showed the opposite effect. Western blot analysis demonstrated that RASSF6 overexpression repressed p-Rb and Bcl-xL while upregulating p21 expression. In addition, we found that RASSF6 overexpression affected the Hippo signaling pathway by downregulating YAP. Depletion of YAP downregulated Bcl-xL expression and abolished the effect of RASSF6 on Bcl-xL. Depletion of YAP also upregulated the level of apoptosis and downregulated mitochondrial membrane potential. YAP siRNA abolished the effects of RASSF6 on DOX-induced apoptosis and loss of mitochondrial membrane potential. Conclusion Taken together, our results showed that RASSF6 was downregulated in bladder cancers. RASSF6 inhibited cell proliferation and invasion, as well as the progression of cancer, by regulating DOX sensitivity and mitochondrial membrane potential, possibly via the Hippo signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shutao Tan
- Department of Urology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaobo Bian
- Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Wu
- Department of Urology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaonan Chen
- Department of Urology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, People's Republic of China
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19
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Wang H, Yan B, Zhang P, Liu S, Li Q, Yang J, Yang F, Chen E. MiR-496 promotes migration and epithelial-mesenchymal transition by targeting RASSF6 in colorectal cancer. J Cell Physiol 2019; 235:1469-1479. [PMID: 31273789 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Aberrant loss of tumor-suppressor genes plays a crucial role in tumorigenesis and development of colorectal cancer (CRC). Extensive studies have reported tha hypermethylation of Ras association domain family member 6 (RASSF6) is common in various solid tumors. Another important mode of epigenetic regulation, microRNA (miRNA) regulation of RASSF6, is far from clear. The aim of the present work was to screen out novel miRNA regulating RASSF6, and to explore its underlying mechanism in CRC. With the use of bioinformatics, clinical sample data, and luciferase binding assay, we determined that microRNA-496 (miR-496) could be a novel oncomiR that directly binds to RASSF6. Next, a series of miR-496 mimics or inhibitor, or RASSF6 small interfering RNA (siRNA) introduced into CRC cells were applied to examine the effect of miR-496 on CRC cell viability, migration, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). The results demonstrated that miR-496/RASSF6 could promote cell migration and EMT via Wnt signaling activation, but had no effect on cell viability. Our results confirmed that the miR-496/RASSF6 axis is involved in Wnt pathway-mediated tumor metastasis, highlighting its potential as a therapeutic target for CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Wang
- Institute of Preventive Genomic Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China.,Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Bianbian Yan
- Institute of Preventive Genomic Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China.,Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Pan Zhang
- Institute of Preventive Genomic Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China.,Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Shuzhen Liu
- Institute of Preventive Genomic Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China.,Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Qiqi Li
- Institute of Preventive Genomic Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China.,Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jin Yang
- Institute of Preventive Genomic Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China.,Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Fangfang Yang
- Institute of Preventive Genomic Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China.,Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Erfei Chen
- Institute of Preventive Genomic Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China.,Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
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20
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Analysis of the Methylation Status of CpG Sites Within Cancer-Related Genes in Equine Sarcoids. ANNALS OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.2478/aoas-2018-0033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
In the recent years, particular attention was given to the research aimed at optimizing the use of tumour epigenetic markers. One of the best known epigenetic changes associated with the process of carcinogenesis is aberrant DNA methylation. The aim of the present research was to evaluate the methylation profile of genes potentially important in the diagnosis and/or prognosis of equine sarcoids, the most commonly detected skin tumours in Equidae. The methylation status of potential promoter sequences of nine genes: APC, CCND2, CDKN2B, DCC, RARβ, RASSF1, RASSF5, THBS1 and TRPM1, was determined using bisulfite sequencing polymerase chain reaction (BSP-CR). The results of this study did not reveal any changes in the level of DNA methylation in the analysed group of candidate genes between the tumour and healthy tissues. Despite numerous reports describing the aberrant methylation of the promoters of the analysed genes in human cancers, the data obtained did not confirm the existence of such relationships in the examined tumour tissues, which excludes the possibility of using these genes for the diagnosis of the equine sarcoid.
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21
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He Z, Zhao TT, Jin F, Li JG, Xu YY, Dong HT, Liu Q, Xing P, Zhu GL, Xu H, Miao ZF. Downregulation of RASSF6 promotes breast cancer growth and chemoresistance through regulation of Hippo signaling. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 503:2340-2347. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.06.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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22
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Kumaraswamy A, Mamidi A, Desai P, Sivagnanam A, Perumalsamy LR, Ramakrishnan C, Gromiha M, Rajalingam K, Mahalingam S. The non-enzymatic RAS effector RASSF7 inhibits oncogenic c-Myc function. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:15691-15705. [PMID: 30139745 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.004452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 08/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
c-Myc is a proto-oncogene controlling expression of multiple genes involved in cell growth and differentiation. Although the functional role of c-Myc as a transcriptional regulator has been intensively studied, targeting this protein in cancer remains a challenge. Here, we report a trimodal regulation of c-Myc function by the Ras effector, Ras-association domain family member 7 (RASSF7), a nonenzymatic protein modulating protein-protein interactions to regulate cell proliferation. Using HEK293T and HeLa cell lines, we provide evidence that RASSF7 destabilizes the c-Myc protein by promoting Cullin4B-mediated polyubiquitination and degradation. Furthermore, RASSF7 competed with MYC-associated factor X (MAX) in the formation of a heterodimeric complex with c-Myc and attenuated its occupancy on target gene promoters to regulate transcription. Consequently, RASSF7 inhibited c-Myc-mediated oncogenic transformation, and an inverse correlation between the expression levels of the RASSF7 and c-Myc genes was evident in human cancers. Furthermore, we found that RASSF7 interacts with c-Myc via its RA and leucine zipper (LZ) domains and LZ domain peptide is sufficient to inhibit c-Myc function, suggesting that this peptide might be used to target oncogenic c-Myc. These results unveil that RASSF7 and c-Myc are functionally linked in the control of tumorigenesis and open up potential therapeutic avenues for targeting the "undruggable" c-Myc protein in a subset of human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anbarasu Kumaraswamy
- From the National Cancer Tissue Biobank, Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology and
| | - Anitha Mamidi
- From the National Cancer Tissue Biobank, Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology and
| | - Pavitra Desai
- From the National Cancer Tissue Biobank, Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology and
| | - Ananthi Sivagnanam
- From the National Cancer Tissue Biobank, Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology and
| | | | - Chandrasekaran Ramakrishnan
- Protein Bioinformatics Laboratory, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology-Madras, Chennai 600036, India and
| | - Michael Gromiha
- Protein Bioinformatics Laboratory, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology-Madras, Chennai 600036, India and
| | - Krishnaraj Rajalingam
- the MSU-FZI, Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Mainz, JGU, 55131 Mainz, Germany
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23
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The RASSF6 Tumor Suppressor Protein Regulates Apoptosis and Cell Cycle Progression via Retinoblastoma Protein. Mol Cell Biol 2018; 38:MCB.00046-18. [PMID: 29891515 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00046-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
RASSF6 is a member of the tumor suppressor Ras association domain family (RASSF) proteins. RASSF6 is frequently suppressed in human cancers, and its low expression level is associated with poor prognosis. RASSF6 regulates cell cycle arrest and apoptosis and plays a tumor suppressor role. Mechanistically, RASSF6 blocks MDM2-mediated p53 degradation and enhances p53 expression. However, RASSF6 also induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in a p53-negative background, which implies that the tumor suppressor function of RASSF6 does not depend solely on p53. In this study, we revealed that RASSF6 mediates cell cycle arrest and apoptosis via pRb. RASSF6 enhances the interaction between pRb and protein phosphatase. RASSF6 also enhances P16INK4A and P14ARF expression by suppressing BMI1. In this way, RASSF6 increases unphosphorylated pRb and augments the interaction between pRb and E2F1. Moreover, RASSF6 induces TP73 target genes via pRb and E2F1 in a p53-negative background. Finally, we confirmed that RASSF6 depletion induces polyploid cells in p53-negative HCT116 cells. In conclusion, RASSF6 behaves as a tumor suppressor in cancers with loss of function of p53, and pRb is implicated in this function of RASSF6.
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24
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Jessen WJ, Borgerding MF, Prasad GL. Global methylation profiles in buccal cells of long-term smokers and moist snuff consumers. Biomarkers 2018; 23:625-639. [DOI: 10.1080/1354750x.2018.1466367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Walter J. Jessen
- Laboratory Corporation of America Holdings (LabCorp), Burlington, NC, USA
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25
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Ram Kumar RM, Schor NF. Methylation of DNA and chromatin as a mechanism of oncogenesis and therapeutic target in neuroblastoma. Oncotarget 2018; 9:22184-22193. [PMID: 29774131 PMCID: PMC5955135 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroblastoma (NB), a developmental cancer, is often fatal, emphasizing the need to understand its pathogenesis and identify new therapeutic targets. The heterogeneous pathological and clinical phenotype of NB underscores the cryptic biological and genetic features of this tumor that result in outcomes ranging from rapid progression to spontaneous regression. Despite recent genome-wide mutation analyses, most primary NBs do not harbor driver mutations, implicating epigenetically-mediated gene regulatory mechanisms in the initiation and maintenance of NB. Aberrant epigenomic mechanisms, as demonstrated by global changes in DNA methylation signatures, acetylation, re-distribution of histone marks, and change in the chromatin architecture, are hypothesized to play a role in NB oncogenesis. This paper reviews the evidence for, putative mechanisms underlying, and prospects for therapeutic targeting of NB oncogenesis related to DNA methylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ram Mohan Ram Kumar
- Department of Pediatrics and Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Nina Felice Schor
- Department of Pediatrics and Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
- Current affiliation: National Institute of Neurological Disorders & Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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26
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Sun H, Wang Y, Chen Y, Li Y, Wang S. pETM: a penalized Exponential Tilt Model for analysis of correlated high-dimensional DNA methylation data. Bioinformatics 2018; 33:1765-1772. [PMID: 28165116 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btx064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Motivation DNA methylation plays an important role in many biological processes and cancer progression. Recent studies have found that there are also differences in methylation variations in different groups other than differences in methylation means. Several methods have been developed that consider both mean and variance signals in order to improve statistical power of detecting differentially methylated loci. Moreover, as methylation levels of neighboring CpG sites are known to be strongly correlated, methods that incorporate correlations have also been developed. We previously developed a network-based penalized logistic regression for correlated methylation data, but only focusing on mean signals. We have also developed a generalized exponential tilt model that captures both mean and variance signals but only examining one CpG site at a time. Results In this article, we proposed a penalized Exponential Tilt Model (pETM) using network-based regularization that captures both mean and variance signals in DNA methylation data and takes into account the correlations among nearby CpG sites. By combining the strength of the two models we previously developed, we demonstrated the superior power and better performance of the pETM method through simulations and the applications to the 450K DNA methylation array data of the four breast invasive carcinoma cancer subtypes from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) project. The developed pETM method identifies many cancer-related methylation loci that were missed by our previously developed method that considers correlations among nearby methylation loci but not variance signals. Availability and Implementation The R package 'pETM' is publicly available through CRAN: http://cran.r-project.org . Contact sw2206@columbia.edu. Supplementary information Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hokeun Sun
- Department of Statistics, Pusan National University, Busan, Korea
| | - Ya Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yong Chen
- Division of Biostatistics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Yun Li
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Department of Computer Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Shuang Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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27
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Wang S, Huang Y, Mu X, Qi T, Qiao S, Lu Z, Li H. DNA methylation is related to the occurrence of breast cancer and is not affected by culture conditions. Mol Med Rep 2018; 17:7365-7371. [PMID: 29568926 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.8735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to explore the relationship between DNA methylation and breast cancer under different cell culture conditions. MCF‑7 breast cancer cells were cultured in two‑dimensional (2D), three‑dimensional (3D) and orthotopic transplantation (Ti) adhesion substrates. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used for global visualization of these three samples. The methylation status of CpG sites was examined by unsupervised clustering analysis. Scatter plots and histograms were constructed from the mean β‑values from 3D vs. 2D, 3D vs. Ti and Ti vs. 2D analysis. In addition, analyses of Gene Ontology (GO) terms and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways were conducted to explore the putative biological functions in which mutL homolog (MLH), phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), runt‑related transcription factor (RUNX), Ras association domain family (RASSF), cadherin 1 (CDH1), O‑6‑methylguanine‑DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) and P16 may serve a role. Quantitative methylation‑specific polymerase chain reaction (QMSP) was performed to determine the influence of culturing conditions on important gene expression. Results from PCA analysis indicated that the three samples were closely connected with each other. Venn diagrams revealed that certain differential methylation positions were common among the three sample groups, and 116 CpG positions were identified that appeared to be hypermethylated. The methylation patterns were more similar between 3D vs. 2D cultures compared with those between 3D vs. Ti or between Ti vs. 2D. Results of GO term and KEGG pathway analyses indicated that genes were enriched in four pathways, including transporter activity and G‑protein coupled receptor activity. In addition, QMSP analysis identified no notable differences in the methylation status of MLH, PTEN, RUNX, RASSF, CDH1, MGMT and P16 under 2D, 3D and Ti culture conditions. In conclusion, abnormal DNA methylation is related with breast cancer, and the methylation status did not change in breast cancer cells cultured in different conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shibao Wang
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, China‑Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, P.R. China
| | - Yinghui Huang
- Science Research Center, China‑Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, P.R. China
| | - Xupeng Mu
- Science Research Center, China‑Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, P.R. China
| | - Tianyang Qi
- Science Research Center, China‑Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, P.R. China
| | - Sha Qiao
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, China‑Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, P.R. China
| | - Zhenxia Lu
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, China‑Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, P.R. China
| | - Hongjun Li
- Physical Examination Center, China‑Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, P.R. China
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28
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Karthik IP, Desai P, Sukumar S, Dimitrijevic A, Rajalingam K, Mahalingam S. E4BP4/NFIL3 modulates the epigenetically repressed RAS effector RASSF8 function through histone methyltransferases. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:5624-5635. [PMID: 29467226 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra117.000623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
RAS proteins are major human oncogenes, and most of the studies are focused on enzymatic RAS effectors. Recently, nonenzymatic RAS effectors (RASSF, RAS association domain family) have garnered special attention because of their tumor-suppressive properties in contrast to the oncogenic potential of the classical enzymatic RAS effectors. Whereas most members of RASSF family are deregulated by promoter hypermethylation, RASSF8 promoter remains unmethylated in many cancers but the mechanism(s) of its down-regulation remains unknown. Here, we unveil E4BP4 as a critical transcriptional modulator repressing RASSF8 expression through histone methyltransferases, G9a and SUV39H1. In line with these observations, we noticed a negative correlation of RASSF8 and E4BP4 expression in primary breast tumor samples. In addition, our data provide evidence that E4BP4 attenuates RASSF8-mediated anti-proliferation and apoptosis, shedding mechanistic insights into RASSF8 down-regulation in breast cancers. Collectively, our study provides a better understanding on the epigenetic regulation of RASSF8 function and implicates the development of better treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isai Pratha Karthik
- From the Laboratory of Molecular Virology, National Cancer Tissue Biobank, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology-Madras, Chennai 600 036, India and
| | - Pavitra Desai
- From the Laboratory of Molecular Virology, National Cancer Tissue Biobank, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology-Madras, Chennai 600 036, India and
| | - Sudarkodi Sukumar
- From the Laboratory of Molecular Virology, National Cancer Tissue Biobank, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology-Madras, Chennai 600 036, India and
| | - Aleksandra Dimitrijevic
- Molecular Signaling Unit-Forschungszentrum für Immuntherapie, Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Krishnaraj Rajalingam
- Molecular Signaling Unit-Forschungszentrum für Immuntherapie, Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Sundarasamy Mahalingam
- From the Laboratory of Molecular Virology, National Cancer Tissue Biobank, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology-Madras, Chennai 600 036, India and
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29
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Wang S, Huang Y, Mu X, Qi T, Qiao S, Lu Z, Li H. DNA methylation is a common molecular alteration in colorectal cancer cells and culture method has no influence on DNA methylation. Exp Ther Med 2018; 15:3173-3180. [PMID: 29545832 PMCID: PMC5841015 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2018.5809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to explore whether culture method had an influence on DNA methylation in colorectal cancer (CRC). In the present study, CRC cells were cultured in two-dimensional (2D), three-dimensional (3D) and mouse orthotopic transplantation (Tis) cultures. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used for global visualization of the three samples. A Venn diagram was applied for intersection and union analysis for different comparisons. The methylation condition of 5′-C-phosphate-G-3′ (CpG) location was determined using unsupervised clustering analysis. Scatter plots and histograms of the mean β values between 3D vs. 2D, 3D vs. Tis and Tis vs. 2D were constructed. In order to explore the biological function of the genes, gene ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Gene and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analyses were utilized. To explore the influence of culture condition on genes, quantitative methylation specific polymerase chain reaction (QMSP) was performed. The three samples connected with each other closely, as demonstrated by PCA. Venn diagram analysis indicated that some differential methylation positions were commonly shared in the three groups of samples and 16 CpG positions appeared hypermethylated in the three samples. The methylation patterns between the 3D and 2D cultures were more similar than those of 3D and Tis, and Tis and 2D. Results of gene ontology demonstrated that differentially expressed genes were involved in molecular function, cellular components and biological function. KEGG analysis indicated that genes were enriched in 13 pathways, of which four pathways were the most evident. These pathways were pathways in cancer, mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling, axon guidance and insulin signaling. Furthermore, QMSP demonstrated that methylation of mutL homolog, phosphatase and tensin homolog, runt-related transcription factor, Ras association family member, cadherin-1, O-6-methylguanine-DNA-methyltransferase and P16 genes had no obvious difference in 2D, 3D and Tis culture conditions. In conclusion, the culture method had no influence on DNA methylation in CRC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shibao Wang
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, P.R. China
| | - Yinghui Huang
- Science Research Center, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, P.R. China
| | - Xupeng Mu
- Science Research Center, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, P.R. China
| | - Tianyang Qi
- Science Research Center, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, P.R. China
| | - Sha Qiao
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, P.R. China
| | - Zhenxia Lu
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, P.R. China
| | - Hongjun Li
- Physical Examination Center, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, P.R. China
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30
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Xu X, Iwasa H, Hossain S, Sarkar A, Maruyama J, Arimoto-Matsuzaki K, Hata Y. BCL-XL binds and antagonizes RASSF6 tumor suppressor to suppress p53 expression. Genes Cells 2017; 22:993-1003. [PMID: 29193479 DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
RASSF6, a member of the tumor suppressor Ras-association domain family proteins, induces apoptosis in the caspase-dependent and caspase-independent manners. RASSF6 interacts with MDM2 and stabilizes p53. BCL-XL is a prosurvival member of BCL-2 family proteins. BCL-XL directly inhibits proapoptotic BAX and BAK. BCL-XL also traps tBID, a proapoptotic activator BH3-only protein, and sequesters p53. In addition, BCL-XL regulates the mitochondrial membrane permeability via voltage-dependent anion channel. In these manners, BCL-XL plays an antiapoptotic role. We report the interaction of BCL-XL with RASSF6. BCL-XL inhibits the interaction between RASSF6 and MDM2 and suppresses p53 expression. Consequently, BCL-XL antagonizes RASSF6-mediated apoptosis. Thus, the inhibition of RASSF6-mediated apoptosis also underlies the prosurvival role of BCL-XL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyin Xu
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Breast Oncology Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Hiroaki Iwasa
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shakhawoat Hossain
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
| | - Aradhan Sarkar
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Junichi Maruyama
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kyoko Arimoto-Matsuzaki
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yutaka Hata
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.,Center for Brain Integration Research, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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31
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Decreased level of RASSF6 in sporadic colorectal cancer and its anti-tumor effects both in vitro and in vivo. Oncotarget 2017; 7:19813-23. [PMID: 27009808 PMCID: PMC4991420 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Ras-association domain family protein 6 (RASSF6) is a member of tumor suppressor RASSFs family with a wide range of function from RAS interaction, Hippo signaling involvement to cell cycle and apoptosis regulation. RASSF6 is reported inactivated in various types of cancer. However, whether RASSF6 is associated with colorectal cancer and the underlying mechanisms have yet to be investigated. In our previous exome sequencing study, we found a somatic loss-of-function (LoF) mutation in RASSF6 in one sporadic colorectal cancer (sCRC) patient, and two missense mutations in deep sequencing group of sCRC samples, implying the possibility that RASSF6 may be involved in the pathogenesis of sCRC. In this study, we demonstrate that RASSF6 acts as a tumor suppressor in colon cancer cells. Decreased level of RASSF6 was observed in adenocarcinoma compared to normal tissues, especially in advanced tumor cases. Further experiments showed exogenous introduction of RASSF6 into LoVo cells suppressed cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and induced apoptosis in vitro as well as tumor growth in vivo. In contrast, knockdown of RASSF6 in HT-29 cells showed the opposite effects. Taken together, our results suggest, in addition to epigenetics changes, functional somatic mutations may also contribute to the downregulation of RASSF6 and further participate in the pathogenesis of sCRC. RASSF6 may serve as a novel candidate against tumor growth for sCRC.
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32
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Younesian S, Shahkarami S, Ghaffari P, Alizadeh S, Mehrasa R, Ghavamzadeh A, Ghaffari SH. DNA hypermethylation of tumor suppressor genes RASSF6 and RASSF10 as independent prognostic factors in adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Leuk Res 2017; 61:33-38. [PMID: 28869817 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2017.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2017] [Revised: 08/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Hypermethylation of Ras association domain family (RASSF) often plays a key role in malignant progression of solid tumors; however, their impact on the prognosis and survival of adult ALL patients remain elusive. METHODS The frequency of the promoter methylation pattern of RASSF6 and RASSF10 were analyzed in the peripheral blood (PB) samples taken at the time of diagnosis of 45 ALL patients. The methylation-specific PCR (MSP) assay was used to detect the DNA methylation patterns. RESULTS RASSF6 was frequently hypermethylated in patients diagnosed with pre-B-ALL (90.9%) and B-ALL (87.5%), followed by T-ALL (66.7%); whereas, RASSF10 methylation was more confined to T-ALL (80%) as compared to B-ALL (25%) and pre-B ALL (9.1%) patients. Moreover, hypermethylation of RASSF6 was significantly associated with a poor prognosis and shorter overall survival (OS) in patients with pre-B-ALL (log-rank test; P=0.041). CONCLUSION RASSF6 and RASSF10 were frequently hypermethylated in the samples at the time of diagnosis of adult ALL patients. Our study represents the first report of methylation of RASSF6 at a high frequency in patients with pre-B ALL. Furthermore, hypermethylation of RASSF6 was significantly associated with inferior overall survival in pre-B ALL patients. It may suggest that the frequent epigenetic inactivation of RASSF6 plays an important role in the pathogenesis and progression of pre-B-ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samareh Younesian
- Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Hematology, School of Allied Medical Sciences, International Campus, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sepideh Shahkarami
- Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parisa Ghaffari
- Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shaban Alizadeh
- Department of Hematology, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Roya Mehrasa
- Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ardeshir Ghavamzadeh
- Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed H Ghaffari
- Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Sarkar A, Iwasa H, Hossain S, Xu X, Sawada T, Shimizu T, Maruyama J, Arimoto-Matsuzaki K, Hata Y. Domain analysis of Ras-association domain family member 6 upon interaction with MDM2. FEBS Lett 2017; 591:260-272. [DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2016] [Revised: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Aradhan Sarkar
- Department of Medical Biochemistry; Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences; Tokyo Medical and Dental University; Japan
| | - Hiroaki Iwasa
- Department of Medical Biochemistry; Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences; Tokyo Medical and Dental University; Japan
| | - Shakhawoat Hossain
- Department of Medical Biochemistry; Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences; Tokyo Medical and Dental University; Japan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; University of Rajshahi; Bangladesh
| | - Xiaoyin Xu
- Department of Medical Biochemistry; Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences; Tokyo Medical and Dental University; Japan
- Department of Breast Oncology Surgery; The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University; China
| | - Takeru Sawada
- Department of Medical Biochemistry; Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences; Tokyo Medical and Dental University; Japan
| | - Takanobu Shimizu
- Department of Medical Biochemistry; Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences; Tokyo Medical and Dental University; Japan
| | - Junichi Maruyama
- Department of Medical Biochemistry; Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences; Tokyo Medical and Dental University; Japan
| | - Kyoko Arimoto-Matsuzaki
- Department of Medical Biochemistry; Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences; Tokyo Medical and Dental University; Japan
| | - Yutaka Hata
- Department of Medical Biochemistry; Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences; Tokyo Medical and Dental University; Japan
- Center for Brain Integration Research; Tokyo Medical and Dental University; Japan
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34
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Zhu N, Si M, Yang N, Jing Y, Fu Y, Zhao X, Lin Z, Yang G. Overexpression of RAS-Association Domain Family 6 (RASSF6) Inhibits Proliferation and Tumorigenesis in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells. Oncol Res 2016; 25:1001-1008. [PMID: 27983932 PMCID: PMC7841125 DOI: 10.3727/096504016x14796039599926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ras-association domain family 6 (RASSF6), a member of the RASSF family, is frequently downregulated in various types of cancer. However, the roles of RASSF6 in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are still unclear. In this study, we investigated the biological functions and related molecular mechanisms in HCC. Our results found that RASSF6 is expressed in low amounts in HCC tissues and cell lines. Overexpression of RASSF6 obviously inhibited the proliferation, invasion, and EMT process in HCC cells. Furthermore, overexpression of RASFF6 greatly downregulated the protein levels of phosphorylated focal adhesion kinase (FAK), MMP-2, and MMP-9 in HepG2 cells. Last, overexpression of RASFF6 significantly attenuated tumor growth in Balb/c nude mice. In conclusion, the present study revealed that RASFF6 can inhibit the proliferation, invasion, and migration of HCC cells both in vivo and in vitro. These inhibitory effects are through suppressing FAK phosphorylation, leading to decreased MMP-2/9 expression. RASFF6 is therefore a potential therapeutic target for treating HCC.
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Duffy DJ, Krstic A, Halasz M, Schwarzl T, Fey D, Iljin K, Mehta JP, Killick K, Whilde J, Turriziani B, Haapa-Paananen S, Fey V, Fischer M, Westermann F, Henrich KO, Bannert S, Higgins DG, Kolch W. Integrative omics reveals MYCN as a global suppressor of cellular signalling and enables network-based therapeutic target discovery in neuroblastoma. Oncotarget 2016; 6:43182-201. [PMID: 26673823 PMCID: PMC4791225 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite intensive study, many mysteries remain about the MYCN oncogene's functions. Here we focus on MYCN's role in neuroblastoma, the most common extracranial childhood cancer. MYCN gene amplification occurs in 20% of cases, but other recurrent somatic mutations are rare. This scarcity of tractable targets has hampered efforts to develop new therapeutic options. We employed a multi-level omics approach to examine MYCN functioning and identify novel therapeutic targets for this largely un-druggable oncogene. We used systems medicine based computational network reconstruction and analysis to integrate a range of omic techniques: sequencing-based transcriptomics, genome-wide chromatin immunoprecipitation, siRNA screening and interaction proteomics, revealing that MYCN controls highly connected networks, with MYCN primarily supressing the activity of network components. MYCN's oncogenic functions are likely independent of its classical heterodimerisation partner, MAX. In particular, MYCN controls its own protein interaction network by transcriptionally regulating its binding partners. Our network-based approach identified vulnerable therapeutically targetable nodes that function as critical regulators or effectors of MYCN in neuroblastoma. These were validated by siRNA knockdown screens, functional studies and patient data. We identified β-estradiol and MAPK/ERK as having functional cross-talk with MYCN and being novel targetable vulnerabilities of MYCN-amplified neuroblastoma. These results reveal surprising differences between the functioning of endogenous, overexpressed and amplified MYCN, and rationalise how different MYCN dosages can orchestrate cell fate decisions and cancerous outcomes. Importantly, this work describes a systems-level approach to systematically uncovering network based vulnerabilities and therapeutic targets for multifactorial diseases by integrating disparate omic data types.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Duffy
- Systems Biology Ireland, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland.,The Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, University of Florida, St. Augustine, Florida, USA
| | - Aleksandar Krstic
- Systems Biology Ireland, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Melinda Halasz
- Systems Biology Ireland, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Thomas Schwarzl
- Systems Biology Ireland, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland.,European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Meyerhofstraße, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dirk Fey
- Systems Biology Ireland, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Jai Prakash Mehta
- Systems Biology Ireland, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Kate Killick
- Systems Biology Ireland, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jenny Whilde
- Systems Biology Ireland, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | | | - Vidal Fey
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Espoo, Finland
| | - Matthias Fischer
- Department of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Frank Westermann
- Division of NB Genomics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kai-Oliver Henrich
- Division of NB Genomics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Steffen Bannert
- Division of NB Genomics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Desmond G Higgins
- Systems Biology Ireland, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland.,Conway Institute of Biomolecular & Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland.,School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Walter Kolch
- Systems Biology Ireland, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland.,Conway Institute of Biomolecular & Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland.,School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
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36
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Transcriptome sequencing reveals a profile that corresponds to genomic variants in Waldenström macroglobulinemia. Blood 2016; 128:827-38. [PMID: 27301862 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2016-03-708263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Whole-genome sequencing has identified highly prevalent somatic mutations including MYD88, CXCR4, and ARID1A in Waldenström macroglobulinemia (WM). The impact of these and other somatic mutations on transcriptional regulation in WM remains to be clarified. We performed next-generation transcriptional profiling in 57 WM patients and compared findings to healthy donor B cells. Compared with healthy donors, WM patient samples showed greatly enhanced expression of the VDJ recombination genes DNTT, RAG1, and RAG2, but not AICDA Genes related to CXCR4 signaling were also upregulated and included CXCR4, CXCL12, and VCAM1 regardless of CXCR4 mutation status, indicating a potential role for CXCR4 signaling in all WM patients. The WM transcriptional profile was equally dissimilar to healthy memory B cells and circulating B cells likely due increased differentiation rather than cellular origin. The profile for CXCR4 mutations corresponded to diminished B-cell differentiation and suppression of tumor suppressors upregulated by MYD88 mutations in a manner associated with the suppression of TLR4 signaling relative to those mutated for MYD88 alone. Promoter methylation studies of top findings failed to explain this suppressive effect but identified aberrant methylation patterns in MYD88 wild-type patients. CXCR4 and MYD88 transcription were negatively correlated, demonstrated allele-specific transcription bias, and, along with CXCL13, were associated with bone marrow disease involvement. Distinct gene expression profiles for patients with wild-type MYD88, mutated ARID1A, familial predisposition to WM, chr6q deletions, chr3q amplifications, and trisomy 4 are also described. The findings provide novel insights into the molecular pathogenesis and opportunities for targeted therapeutic strategies for WM.
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Donninger H, Schmidt ML, Mezzanotte J, Barnoud T, Clark GJ. Ras signaling through RASSF proteins. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2016; 58:86-95. [PMID: 27288568 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
There are six core RASSF family proteins that contain conserved Ras Association domains and may serve as Ras effectors. They lack intrinsic enzymatic activity and appear to function as scaffolding and localization molecules. While initially being associated with pro-apoptotic signaling pathways such as Bax and Hippo, it is now clear that they can also connect Ras to a surprisingly broad range of signaling pathways that control senescence, inflammation, autophagy, DNA repair, ubiquitination and protein acetylation. Moreover, they may be able to impact the activation status of pro-mitogenic Ras effector pathways, such as the Raf pathway. The frequent epigenetic inactivation of RASSF genes in human tumors disconnects Ras from pro-death signaling systems, enhancing Ras driven transformation and metastasis. The best characterized members are RASSF1A and RASSF5 (NORE1A).
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard Donninger
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - M Lee Schmidt
- Department of Pharmacoloxy and Toxicology, University of Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Jessica Mezzanotte
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Molecular Targets Program, J.G Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Thibaut Barnoud
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Molecular Targets Program, J.G Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Geoffrey J Clark
- Department of Pharmacoloxy and Toxicology, University of Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.
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Guo J, Yang Y, Yang Y, Linghu E, Zhan Q, Brock MV, Herman JG, Zhang B, Guo M. RASSF10 suppresses colorectal cancer growth by activating P53 signaling and sensitizes colorectal cancer cell to docetaxel. Oncotarget 2016; 6:4202-13. [PMID: 25638156 PMCID: PMC4414183 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
RASSF10 has previously been reported to be frequently methylated in a number of malignancies. To understand the importance of RASSF10 inactivation in colorectal carcinogenesis, eight colorectal cancer cell lines, 89 cases of primary colorectal cancer and 5 cases of normal colorectal mucosa were examined. Methylation specific PCR, western blot, siRNA, gene expression array and xenograft mice were employed. The expression of RASSF10 was regulated by promoter regional methylation in colorectal cancer cells. RASSF10 was methylated in 60.7% (54/89) of primary colorectal cancers and was positively associated with tumor stage (p < 0.05) and metastasis (p < 0.05). Restoration of RASSF10 led to inhibition of colorectal cancer cell proliferation in vitro and in vivo and increased apoptosis. Gene expression arrays discovered RASSF10 inhibition of MDM2 expression as a mediator of these effects, which was confirmed with RT-PCR and western blot. RASSF10 was shown to activate P53 signaling in RKO and HCT116 cells after UV exposure, and sensitized these cells to docetaxel. In conclusion, our study demonstrates RASSF10 is frequently methylated in human colorectal cancer leading to loss of expression. RASSF10 normally suppresses human colorectal cancer growth by activating P53 signaling in colorectal cancer, and restored expression sensitizes colorectal cancer to docetaxel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Guo
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, P.R.China
| | - Yage Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, P.R.China.,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450003, P.R.China
| | - Yunsheng Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, P.R.China
| | - Enqiang Linghu
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, P.R.China
| | - Qimin Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Institute and Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, P.R.China
| | - Malcolm V Brock
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, U.S.A
| | - James G Herman
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, U.S.A
| | - Bingyong Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan 450003, P.R.China
| | - Mingzhou Guo
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, P.R.China
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39
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Olsson M, Beck S, Kogner P, Martinsson T, Carén H. Genome-wide methylation profiling identifies novel methylated genes in neuroblastoma tumors. Epigenetics 2016; 11:74-84. [PMID: 26786290 PMCID: PMC4846113 DOI: 10.1080/15592294.2016.1138195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroblastoma is a very heterogeneous tumor of childhood. The clinical spectra range from very aggressive metastatic disease to spontaneous regression, even without therapy. Aberrant DNA methylation pattern is a common feature of most cancers. For neuroblastoma, it has been demonstrated both for single genes as well as genome-wide, where a so-called methylator phenotype has been described. Here, we present a study using Illumina 450K methylation arrays on 60 neuroblastoma tumors. We show that aggressive tumors, characterized by International Neuroblastoma Risk Group (INRG) as stage M, are hypermethylated compared to low-grade tumors. On the contrary, INRG stage L tumors display more non-CpG methylation. The genes with the highest number of hypermethylated CpG sites in INRG M tumors are TERT, PCDHGA4, DLX5, and DLX6-AS1. Gene ontology analysis showed a representation of neuronal tumor relevant gene functions among the differentially methylated genes. For validation, we used a set of independent tumors previously analyzed with the Illumina 27K methylation arrays, which confirmed the differentially methylated sites. Top candidate genes with aberrant methylation were analyzed for altered gene expression through the R2 platform (http://r2.amc.nl), and for correlations between methylation and gene expression in a public dataset. Altered expression in nonsurvivors was found for the genes B3GALT4 and KIAA1949, CLIC5, DLX6-AS, TERT, and PIRT, and strongest correlations were found for TRIM36, KIAA0513, and PIRT. Our data indicate that methylation profiling can be used for patient stratification and informs on epigenetically deregulated genes with the potential of increasing our knowledge about the underlying mechanisms of tumor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Olsson
- a Sahlgrenska Cancer Center , Department of Pathology , Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg , Sweden
| | - Stephan Beck
- b Department of Cancer Biology , UCL Cancer Institute, University College London , UK
| | - Per Kogner
- c Childhood Cancer Research Unit , Department of Woman and Child Health , Karolinska Institute, Karolinska Hospital , Sweden
| | - Tommy Martinsson
- d Department of Clinical Genetics , Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg , Sweden
| | - Helena Carén
- a Sahlgrenska Cancer Center , Department of Pathology , Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg , Sweden
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40
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Iwasa H, Jiang X, Hata Y. RASSF6; the Putative Tumor Suppressor of the RASSF Family. Cancers (Basel) 2015; 7:2415-26. [PMID: 26690221 PMCID: PMC4695899 DOI: 10.3390/cancers7040899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Revised: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans have 10 genes that belong to the Ras association (RA) domain family (RASSF). Among them, RASSF7 to RASSF10 have the RA domain in the N-terminal region and are called the N-RASSF proteins. In contradistinction to them, RASSF1 to RASSF6 are referred to as the C-RASSF proteins. The C-RASSF proteins have the RA domain in the middle region and the Salvador/RASSF/Hippo domain in the C-terminal region. RASSF6 additionally harbors the PSD-95/Discs large/ZO-1 (PDZ)-binding motif. Expression of RASSF6 is epigenetically suppressed in human cancers and is generally regarded as a tumor suppressor. RASSF6 induces caspase-dependent and -independent apoptosis. RASSF6 interacts with mammalian Ste20-like kinases (homologs of Drosophila Hippo) and cross-talks with the Hippo pathway. RASSF6 binds MDM2 and regulates p53 expression. The interactions with Ras and Modulator of apoptosis 1 (MOAP1) are also suggested by heterologous protein-protein interaction experiments. RASSF6 regulates apoptosis and cell cycle through these protein-protein interactions, and is implicated in the NF-κB and JNK signaling pathways. We summarize our current knowledge about RASSF6 and discuss what common and different properties RASSF6 and the other C-RASSF proteins have.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Iwasa
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan.
| | - Xinliang Jiang
- Center for Brain Integration Research, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan.
| | - Yutaka Hata
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan.
- Center for Brain Integration Research, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan.
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41
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Nussinov R, Tsai CJ, Muratcioglu S, Jang H, Gursoy A, Keskin O. Principles of K-Ras effector organization and the role of oncogenic K-Ras in cancer initiation through G1 cell cycle deregulation. Expert Rev Proteomics 2015; 12:669-82. [DOI: 10.1586/14789450.2015.1100079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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42
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Guo W, Dong Z, Guo Y, Shen S, Guo X, Kuang G, Yang Z. Decreased expression and frequent promoter hypermethylation of RASSF2 and RASSF6 correlate with malignant progression and poor prognosis of gastric cardia adenocarcinoma. Mol Carcinog 2015; 55:1655-1666. [PMID: 26456015 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Revised: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The RAS-association domain family (RASSF) consists of 10 members, and several members act as tumor suppressor genes and epigenetically inactivated in different tumor types. The present study investigated the role and methylation status of RASSF2, RASSF3, RASSF4, and RASSF6 in the pathogenesis and prognosis of GCA. Quantitative real-time RT-PCR, Western blot, and immunohistochemistry (IHC) methods were used respectively to detect the expression of RASSF2, RASSF3, RASSF4, and RASSF6 in 135 GCA cases and BS-MSP method was used to clarify the methylation status of these four genes. Decreased mRNA and protein expression of RASSF2, RASSF3, RASSF4, and RASSF6 were detected in GCA tumor tissues. Aberrant CpG island methylation of RASSF2, RASSF4, and RASSF6 were detected in GCA tumor tissues and were inversely correlated with the expression levels of these genes. Both of RASSF2 and RASSF6 expression and methylation were associated with TNM stage, depth of invasion, LN metastasis, distant metastasis or recurrence, and UGIC family history. GCA patients with simultaneous negative protein expression of RASSF2 and RASSF6 or with simultaneous methylation of both genes demonstrated poor patient survival. These results suggest that down-regulation of RASSF2, RASSF3, RASSF4, and RASSF6 is a tumor-specific phenomenon and the inactivation of RASSF2 and RASSF6 may be associated with tumor progression. Inactivation of RASSF2, RASSF4, and RASSF6 through CpG island methylation may play important roles in GCA carcinogenesis. A combination of RASSF2 and RASSF6 expression or hypermethylation may serve as useful prognostic biomarker for GCA. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Guo
- Laboratory of Pathology, Hebei Cancer Institute, the Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Zhiming Dong
- Laboratory of Pathology, Hebei Cancer Institute, the Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China.
| | - Yanli Guo
- Laboratory of Pathology, Hebei Cancer Institute, the Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Supeng Shen
- Laboratory of Pathology, Hebei Cancer Institute, the Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Xin Guo
- Laboratory of Pathology, Hebei Cancer Institute, the Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Gang Kuang
- Laboratory of Pathology, Hebei Cancer Institute, the Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Zhibin Yang
- Laboratory of Pathology, Hebei Cancer Institute, the Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
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43
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Mezzanotte JJ, Hill V, Schmidt ML, Shinawi T, Tommasi S, Krex D, Schackert G, Pfeifer GP, Latif F, Clark GJ. RASSF6 exhibits promoter hypermethylation in metastatic melanoma and inhibits invasion in melanoma cells. Epigenetics 2015; 9:1496-503. [PMID: 25482183 DOI: 10.4161/15592294.2014.983361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain metastasis is a major contributor to cancer mortality, yet, the genetic changes underlying the development of this capacity remain poorly understood. RASSF proteins are a family of tumor suppressors that often suffer epigenetic inactivation during tumorigenesis. However, their epigenetic status in brain metastases has not been well characterized. We have examined the promoter methylation of the classical RASSF members (RASSF1A-RASSF6) in a panel of metastatic brain tumor samples. RASSF1A and RASSF2 have been shown to undergo promoter methylation at high frequency in primary lung and breast tumors and in brain metastases. Other members exhibited little or no methylation in these tumors. In examining melanoma metastases, however, we found that RASSF6 exhibits the highest frequency of inactivation in melanoma and in melanoma brain metastases. Most melanomas are driven by an activating mutation in B-Raf. Introduction of RASSF6 into a B-Raf(V600E)-containing metastatic melanoma cell line inhibited its ability to invade through collagen and suppressed MAPK pathway activation and AKT. RASSF6 also appears to increase the association of mutant B-Raf and MST1, providing a potential mechanism by which RASSF6 is able to suppress MAPK activation. Thus, we have identified a novel potential role for RASSF6 in melanoma development. Promoter methylation leading to reduced expression of RASSF6 may play an important role in melanoma development and may contribute to brain metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica J Mezzanotte
- a Departments of Biochemistry/Pharmacology Toxicology ; University of Louisville ; Louisville, KY USA
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Jin Y, Cao B, Zhang M, Zhan Q, Herman JG, Yu M, Guo M. RASSF10 suppresses hepatocellular carcinoma growth by activating P53 signaling and methylation of RASSF10 is a docetaxel resistant marker. Genes Cancer 2015; 6:231-40. [PMID: 26124922 PMCID: PMC4482244 DOI: 10.18632/genesandcancer.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common malignances and the second leading cause of cancer related death worldwide. RASSF10 is located on chromosome 11p15.2, a region that shows frequent loss of heterozygosity (LOH) in several cancer types. Our previous study found that RASSF10 suppresses colorectal cancer growth by activating P53 signaling. To explore the epigenetic changes and the mechanism of RASSF10 in human HCC, 69 cases of primary HCC, twenty cases of normal liver tissue samples and 17 HCC cell lines were involved in this study. We found that RASSF10 was methylated in 82.6% (57/69) of human primary HCC and methylation of RASSF10 was significantly associated with tumor size (P < 0.05) and TNM stage (P < 0.05). The expression of RASSF10 was regulated by promoter region methylation. Restoration of RASSF10 expression suppressed cell proliferation, induced apoptosis and G2/M phase arrest, as well as sensitized cells to docetaxel and activated P53 signaling in HepG2 and QGY7703 cells. In conclusion, we demonstrated that RASSF10 is frequently methylated in human HCC and its methylation is a potential docetaxel resistant marker. Our data also indicate that RASSF10 suppresses human HCC growth by activating P53 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongshuai Jin
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China ; Department of Interventional Radiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Baoping Cao
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China ; Medical College of NanKai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Meiying Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China ; Medical College of NanKai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Qimin Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Institute and Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - James G Herman
- The Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Miao Yu
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Mingzhou Guo
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
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Ye HL, Li DD, Lin Q, Zhou Y, Zhou QB, Zeng B, Fu ZQ, Gao WC, Liu YM, Chen RW, Li ZH, Chen RF. Low RASSF6 expression in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma is associated with poor survival. World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21:6621-6630. [PMID: 26074700 PMCID: PMC4458772 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i21.6621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2014] [Revised: 01/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To analyze RASSF6 expression in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) and to determine whether RASSF6 has an independent prognostic value in PDAC.
METHODS: We studied RASSF6 expression in 96 histologically confirmed PDAC samples and 20 chronic pancreatitis specimens using immunohistochemistry and real-time quantitative reverse transcription-PCR. PDAC issues were then classified as RASSF6 strongly positive, weakly positive or negative. RASSF6 mRNA and protein expression in PDAC samples with strong positive staining was further evaluated using real-time PCR and Western blot analysis. Lastly, correlations between RASSF6 staining and patients’ clinicopathological variables and outcomes were assessed.
RESULTS: RASSF6 was negatively expressed in 51 (53.1%) PDAC samples, weakly positively expressed in 29 (30.2%) and strongly positively expressed in 16 (16.7%), while its expression was much higher in para-tumor tissues and chronic pancreatitis tissues. Positive relationships between RASSF6 expression and T-stage (P = 0.047) and perineural invasion (P = 0.026) were observed. The median survival time of strongly and weakly positive and negative RASSF6 staining groups was 33 mo, 15 mo and 11 mo, respectively. Cox multivariate analysis indicated that RASSF6 was an independent prognostic indicator of overall survival in patients with PDAC. A survival curve analysis revealed that increased RASSF6 expression was correlated with better overall survival (P = 0.009).
CONCLUSION: RASSF6 expression is an independent biomarker of an unfavorable prognosis in patients with PDAC.
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46
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Guo W, Wang C, Guo Y, Shen S, Guo X, Kuang G, Dong Z. RASSF5A, a candidate tumor suppressor, is epigenetically inactivated in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Clin Exp Metastasis 2015; 32:83-98. [PMID: 25579665 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-015-9693-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 01/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
As a result of alternative splicing and differential promoter usage, RASSF5 exists in at least three isoforms (RASSF5A-RASSF5C), which may play different roles in tumorigenesis. The present study was to detect the role of RASSF5A, B and C in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) and clarify the critical CpG sites of RASSF5A, in order to clarify more information on the role of RASSF5 with regard to the pathogenesis of ESCC. Frequent silencing of RASSF5A but not RASSF5B and RASSF5C were found in esophageal cancer cell lines and the silencing of RASSF5A may be reversed by 5-Aza-dC or TSA treatment. The aberrant CpG island 1 methylation of RASSF5A induces silencing of its expression in TE13 cell line. Decreased mRNA and protein expression of RASSF5A was observed in ESCC tumor tissues and was associated with RASSF5A CpG island 1 methylation status. Unlike RASSF5A, expression variation of RASSF5B and RASSF5C was not found in ESCC tissues. Aberrant promoter methylation of RASSF5C was also not found in ESCC. RASSF5A methylation and protein expression were independently associated with ESCC patients' survival. These data indicated that the inactivation of RASSF5A through CpG island 1 methylation may play an important role in ESCC carcinogenesis, RASSF5A may be a functional tumor suppressor and may serve as a prognostic biomarker for ESCC.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing
- Adult
- Aged
- Alternative Splicing/genetics
- Apoptosis/genetics
- Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins
- Azacitidine/analogs & derivatives
- Azacitidine/pharmacology
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/genetics
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/mortality
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/pathology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation/genetics
- Cytidine Triphosphate/analogs & derivatives
- Cytidine Triphosphate/pharmacology
- DNA Methylation
- Esophageal Neoplasms/genetics
- Esophageal Neoplasms/mortality
- Esophageal Neoplasms/pathology
- Esophagus/metabolism
- Female
- Genes, Tumor Suppressor
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Humans
- Hydroxamic Acids/pharmacology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Monomeric GTP-Binding Proteins/genetics
- Monomeric GTP-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Neoplasm Invasiveness/genetics
- Prognosis
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/genetics
- Protein Isoforms/genetics
- Protein Isoforms/metabolism
- Protein Synthesis Inhibitors/pharmacology
- RNA, Messenger, Stored/biosynthesis
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Guo
- Laboratory of Pathology, Hebei Cancer Institute, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Jiankang Road 12, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
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Richter AM, Zimmermann T, Haag T, Walesch SK, Dammann RH. Promoter methylation status of Ras-association domain family members in pheochromocytoma. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2015; 6:21. [PMID: 25750636 PMCID: PMC4333862 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2015.00021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Pheochromocytomas (PCCs) are rare neuroendocrine tumors that arise from the medulla of the adrenal gland or the sympathetic ganglia and are characterized by the secretion of catecholamines. In 30-40% of patients, PCCs are genetically determined by susceptibility genes as various as RET, VHL, and NF1. We have analyzed the Ras-association domain family members (RASSFs) in PCCs regarding their inactivating promoter hypermethylation status. Previously, we reported a promoter methylation in PCC for the first family member RASSF1A. Promoter hypermethylation of CpG islands leads to the silencing of the according transcript and is a common mechanism for inactivation of tumor suppressors. In this study, we observed inactivating DNA modifications for the RASSF members RASSF2, RASSF5A, RASSF9, and RASSF10, but not for the members RASSF3, RASSF4, RASSF5C, RASSF6, RASSF7, and RASSF8. The degree of promoter methylation was 19% for RASSF2, 67% for RASSF5A, 18% for RASSF9, and 74% for RASSF10. Interestingly, the degree of hypermethylation for RASSF10 in hereditary PCCs was 89 vs. 60% in sporadic PCCs. A similar but less dramatic effect was observed in RASSF5A and RASSF9. Including all RASSF members, we found that of 25 PCCs, 92% show promoter methylation in at least in one RASSF member. In 75% of the hereditary PCC samples, we found two or more methylated RASSF promoters, whereas in sporadic PCCs only 46% were observed. In summary, we could show that in PCC several RASSF members are strongly hypermethylated in their promoter regions and methylation of more than one RASSF member occurs in the majority of PCCs. This adds the inactivation of genes of the RASSF tumor suppressor family to the already known deregulated genes of PCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antje M. Richter
- Institute for Genetics, University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
- *Correspondence: Antje M. Richter, Heinrich-Buff Ring 58, Giessen, Hessen, Germany e-mail:
| | | | - Tanja Haag
- Institute for Genetics, University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Sara K. Walesch
- Institute for Genetics, University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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Han L, Dong Z, Wang C, Guo Y, Shen S, Kuang G, Guo W. Decreased expression and aberrant methylation of RASSF5A correlates with malignant progression of gastric cardia adenocarcinoma. Mol Carcinog 2014; 54:1722-33. [PMID: 25420558 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2014] [Revised: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Due to alternative splicing and differential promoter usage, RASSF5 exists in at least three isoforms, RASSF5A, RASSF5B, and RASSF5C. Expression and epigenetic inactivation of different transcripts of RASSF5 in gastric cardia adenocarcinoma (GCA) progression have not been evaluated. Quantitative real-time RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry (IHC) methods were used respectively to detect the role of RASSF5A, RASSF5B, and RASSF5C in 132 GCA cases and BS-MSP method was used to clarify the critical CpG sites of RASSF5A. Expression of RASSF5A and RASSF5C transcripts were easily detectable in all normal gastric cardia epithelial tissues; however, expression of RASSF5B was rare detected in normal gastric cardia epithelial tissues and tumor tissues. Both RASSF5A and RASSF5C expression were frequently downregulated in GCA tumor tissues and RASSF5A was more commonly down-regulated compared to RASSF5C. Abnormal reduction of RASSF5A was more commonly observed in advanced stage and poor differentiated tumors. The methylation frequency of CpG island 1 region of RASSF5A in GCA tumor tissues was significantly higher than that in corresponding normal tissues and was inversely correlated with RASSF5A expression. Aberrant promoter methylation of RASSF5C was not found in GCA. RASSF5A methylation and protein expression were independently associated with GCA patients' survival. These results indicate that down-regulation of RASSF5A and RASSF5C expression is a tumor-specific phenomenon and RASSF5A may be a more common target for inactivation in GCA. Inactivation of RASSF5A through CpG island 1 methylation may play an important role in GCA carcinogenesis and may serve as a prognostic biomarker for GCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijie Han
- Laboratory of Pathology, Hebei Cancer Institute, Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China.,Radiation Oncology Department, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Cangzhou, Hebei, China
| | - Zhiming Dong
- Laboratory of Pathology, Hebei Cancer Institute, Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Cong Wang
- Laboratory of Pathology, Hebei Cancer Institute, Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Yanli Guo
- Laboratory of Pathology, Hebei Cancer Institute, Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Supeng Shen
- Laboratory of Pathology, Hebei Cancer Institute, Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Gang Kuang
- Laboratory of Pathology, Hebei Cancer Institute, Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Wei Guo
- Laboratory of Pathology, Hebei Cancer Institute, Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
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49
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Differential expression profiling of microRNAs in para-carcinoma, carcinoma and relapse human pancreatic cancer. Clin Transl Oncol 2014; 17:398-408. [PMID: 25387567 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-014-1249-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To explore the altered different expression of miRNAs and the mechanisms underlying the relapse and metastasis of pancreatic cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS The most differentially expressed miRNAs were analyzed by gene ontology (GO) term analysis, Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis and protein interaction analysis. The potentially regulated target genes of the most differentially expressed miRNAs were also analyzed further by GO term analysis and KEGG pathway analysis, and quantitated by qRT-PCR. RESULTS In total, we found 12 miRNAs displayed at least a 30-fold increase or decrease in expression of carcinoma and relapse vs. para-carcinoma human pancreatic cancer (C/R vs. P). In addition, our study found that pancreatic cancer was related to pathways in cancer, including Jak-STAT signaling pathway, MAPK signaling pathway and PPAR signaling pathway. CONCLUSIONS The differential expressed miRNAs and their predicted target genes that involved in Jak-STAT signaling pathway, MAPK signaling pathway and PPAR signaling pathway indicating their potential roles in pancreatic carcinogenesis and progress.
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Zhou XH, Yang CQ, Zhang CL, Gao Y, Yuan HB, Wang C. RASSF5 inhibits growth and invasion and induces apoptosis in osteosarcoma cells through activation of MST1/LATS1 signaling. Oncol Rep 2014; 32:1505-12. [PMID: 25109282 DOI: 10.3892/or.2014.3387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Ras association (RalGDS/AF-6) domain family member RASSF5 has been implicated in a variety of key biological processes, including cell proliferation, cell cycle regulation and apoptosis. It is believed to play an important role in tumorigenesis as a tumor suppressor in a number of malignancies. Yet, little is known concerning the function and underlying mechanisms of RASSF5 in human osteosarcoma (OS). The expression of RASSF5 was examined by immunohistochemical assay using a tissue microarray in 45 cases of OS tissues. A gain-of-function approach was used to observe the effects of lentiviral vector-mediated overexpression of RASSF5 (Lv-RASSF5) on cell growth, invasion and apoptosis, respectively, as indicated by MTT, Transwell and flow cytometry assays, and the expression levels of mammalian sterile 20-like (MST1) kinase, large tumor suppressor 1 (LATS1), proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), matrix metallopeptidase-9 (MMP-9) and p53 were detected by real-time PCR and western blot assays in OS cells (MG-63 and U-2 OS). The results indicated that the expression of RASSF5 protein was significantly downregulated in OS tissues compared to that in adjacent non-cancerous tissues (ANCT) (40.0 vs. 73.3%, P=0.002), and had a negative correlation with distant metastasis of the tumor (P=0.01). Overexpression of RASSF5 markedly suppressed cell proliferation and invasion, and induced cell apoptosis in the OS cell lines with increased expression of MST1, LATS1 and p53 and decreased expression of PCNA and MMP-9. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that RASSF5 expression is negatively correlated with distant metastasis of OS, and RASSF5 may function as a tumor suppressor in OS cells through activation of the MST1/LATS1 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu-Hui Zhou
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, P.R. China
| | - Chao-Qun Yang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, P.R. China
| | - Cheng-Lin Zhang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, P.R. China
| | - Yang Gao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, P.R. China
| | - Hong-Bin Yuan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, P.R. China
| | - Ce Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, P.R. China
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