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Zia S, Tehreem K, Batool S, Ishfaq M, Mirza SB, Khan S, Almashjary MN, Hazzazi MS, Qanash H, Shaikh A, Baty RS, Jafri I, Alsubhi NH, Alrefaei GI, Sami R, Shahid R. Epithelial Cell Adhesion Molecule ( EpCAM) Expression Can Be Modulated via NFκB. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10112985. [PMID: 36428553 PMCID: PMC9687693 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10112985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) is considered an essential proliferation signature in cancer. In the current research study, qPCR induced expression of EpCAM was noted in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) cases. Costunolide, a sesquiterpene lactone found in crepe ginger and lettuce, is a medicinal herb with anticancer properties. Expression of EpCAM and its downstream target genes (Myc and TERT) wasdownregulated upon treatment with costunolide in Jurkat cells. A significant change in the telomere length of Jurkat cells was not noted at 72 h of costunolide treatment. An in silico study revealed hydrophobic interactions between EpCAM extracellular domain and Myc bHLH with costunolide. Reduced expression of NFκB, a transcription factor of EpCAM, Myc, and TERT in costunolide-treated Jurkat cells, suggested that costunolide inhibits gene expression by targeting NFκB and its downstream targets. Overall, the study proposes that costunolide could be a promising therapeutic biomolecule for leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saadiya Zia
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Islamabad 45550, Pakistan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Komal Tehreem
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Islamabad 45550, Pakistan
| | - Sidra Batool
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia
| | - Mehreen Ishfaq
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Islamabad 45550, Pakistan
| | - Shaher Bano Mirza
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Islamabad 45550, Pakistan
| | - Shahrukh Khan
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Islamabad 45550, Pakistan
| | - Majed N. Almashjary
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdul Aziz University, Jeddah 22254, Saudi Arabia
- Hematology Research Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdul Aziz University, Jeddah 22254, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohannad S. Hazzazi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdul Aziz University, Jeddah 22254, Saudi Arabia
- Hematology Research Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdul Aziz University, Jeddah 22254, Saudi Arabia
| | - Husam Qanash
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Ha’il, Hail 55476, Saudi Arabia
- Molecular Diagnostics and Personalized Therapeutics Unit, University of Ha’il, Hail 55476, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad Shaikh
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 960, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia
| | - Roua S. Baty
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ibrahim Jafri
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nouf H. Alsubhi
- Biological Sciences Department, College of Science and Arts, King Abdul Aziz University, Rabigh 21911, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ghadeer I. Alrefaei
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Jeddah, P.O. Box 80327, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rokayya Sami
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Sciences, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ramla Shahid
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Islamabad 45550, Pakistan
- Correspondence:
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Understanding the versatile roles and applications of EpCAM in cancers: from bench to bedside. Exp Hematol Oncol 2022; 11:97. [PMID: 36369033 PMCID: PMC9650829 DOI: 10.1186/s40164-022-00352-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) functions not only in physiological processes but also participates in the development and progression of cancer. In recent decades, extensive efforts have been made to decipher the role of EpCAM in cancers. Great advances have been achieved in elucidating its structure, molecular functions, pathophysiological mechanisms, and clinical applications. Beyond its well-recognized role as a biomarker of cancer stem cells (CSCs) or circulating tumor cells (CTCs), EpCAM exhibits novel and promising value in targeted therapy. At the same time, the roles of EpCAM in cancer progression are found to be highly context-dependent and even contradictory in some cases. The versatile functional modules of EpCAM and its communication with other signaling pathways complicate the study of this molecule. In this review, we start from the structure of EpCAM and focus on communication with other signaling pathways. The impacts on the biology of cancers and the up-to-date clinical applications of EpCAM are also introduced and summarized, aiming to shed light on the translational prospects of EpCAM.
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Estrogen inhibits the growth of colon cancer in mice through reversing extracellular vesicle-mediated immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Cancer Lett 2021; 520:332-343. [PMID: 34391809 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2021.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Postmenopausal women taking estrogen supplements are at a lower risk of advanced colorectal cancer, but the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Thus, this study examined the role of estrogen in colorectal cancer. Estrogen receptor expression levels in in situ colorectal cancer tissue from female patients increased significantly, indicating their estrogen sensitivity. Compared with the sham-operated group, the growth of MC38 tumors was enhanced in ovariectomized mice, which was reversed in ovariectomized mice with E2 supplementation. The PD-L1+ M2-like macrophage, regulatory T (Treg) cell, and myeloid-derived suppressor cell (MDSC) populations significantly increased, and the population of cytotoxic CD8+ T cells declined in MC38 tumors in ovariectomized mice, which were all reversed in ovariectomized mice with E2 supplementation. MC38 cell-derived extracellular vesicles (MC38-EVs), but not EVs derived from MC38 cells treated with E2 (E2-MC38-EVs), were involved in the establishment of immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. E2-MC38-EVs contained lower TGF-β1 levels and were less capable of inducing Treg cells than MC38-EVs in vitro. Overall, these results show that estrogen treatment prevents MC38 tumor growth via regulating the tumor immune microenvironment through MC38-EVs.
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Functional Implications of the Dynamic Regulation of EpCAM during Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11070956. [PMID: 34209658 PMCID: PMC8301972 DOI: 10.3390/biom11070956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) is a transmembrane glycoprotein expressed in epithelial tissues. EpCAM forms intercellular, homophilic adhesions, modulates epithelial junctional protein complex formation, and promotes epithelial tissue homeostasis. EpCAM is a target of molecular therapies and plays a prominent role in tumor biology. In this review, we focus on the dynamic regulation of EpCAM expression during epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and the functional implications of EpCAM expression on the regulation of EMT. EpCAM is frequently and highly expressed in epithelial cancers, while silenced in mesenchymal cancers. During EMT, EpCAM expression is downregulated by extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK) and EMT transcription factors, as well as by regulated intramembrane proteolysis (RIP). The functional impact of EpCAM expression on tumor biology is frequently dependent on the cancer type and predominant oncogenic signaling pathways, suggesting that the role of EpCAM in tumor biology and EMT is multifunctional. Membrane EpCAM is cleaved in cancers and its intracellular domain (EpICD) is transported into the nucleus and binds β-catenin, FHL2, and LEF1. This stimulates gene transcription that promotes growth, cancer stem cell properties, and EMT. EpCAM is also regulated by epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling and the EpCAM ectoderm (EpEX) is an EGFR ligand that affects EMT. EpCAM is expressed on circulating tumor and cancer stem cells undergoing EMT and modulates metastases and cancer treatment responses. Future research exploring EpCAM’s role in EMT may reveal additional therapeutic opportunities.
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Fagotto F, Aslemarz A. EpCAM cellular functions in adhesion and migration, and potential impact on invasion: A critical review. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2020; 1874:188436. [PMID: 32976980 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2020.188436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
EpCAM has long been known as a cell surface protein highly expressed in carcinomas. It has since become one of the key cancer biomarkers. Despite its high fame, its actual role in cancer development is still controversial. Beyond a flurry of correlative studies, which point either to a positive or a negative link with tumour progression, there has been surprisingly few studies on the actual cellular mechanisms of EpCAM and on their functional consequences. Clearly, EpCAM plays multiple important roles, in cell proliferation as well as in cell adhesion and migration. The two latter functions, directly relevant for metastasis, are the focus of this review. We attempt here to bring together the available experimental data to build a global coherent view of EpCAM functions. We also include in this overview EpCAM2/Trop2, the close relative of EpCAM. At the core of EpCAM (and EpCAM2/Trop2) function stands the ability to repress contractility of the actomyosin cell cortex. This activity appears to involve direct inhibition by EpCAM of members of the novel PKC family and of a specific downstream PKD-Erk cascade. We will discuss how this activity can result in a variety of adhesive and migratory phenotypes, thus potentially explaining at least part of the apparent inconsistencies between different studies. The picture remains fragmented, and we will highlight some of the conflicting evidence and the many unsolved issues, starting with the controversy around its original description as a cell-cell adhesion molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Fagotto
- CRBM, University of Montpellier and CNRS, Montpellier 34293, France.
| | - Azam Aslemarz
- CRBM, University of Montpellier and CNRS, Montpellier 34293, France; Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A1B1, Canada
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Mohtar MA, Syafruddin SE, Nasir SN, Yew LT. Revisiting the Roles of Pro-Metastatic EpCAM in Cancer. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10020255. [PMID: 32046162 PMCID: PMC7072682 DOI: 10.3390/biom10020255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) is a cell surface protein that was discovered as a tumour marker of epithelial origins nearly four decades ago. EpCAM is expressed at basal levels in the basolateral membrane of normal epithelial cells. However, EpCAM expression is upregulated in solid epithelial cancers and stem cells. EpCAM can also be found in disseminated tumour cells and circulating tumour cells. Various OMICs studies have demonstrated that EpCAM plays roles in several key biological processes such as cell adhesion, migration, proliferation and differentiation. Additionally, EpCAM can be detected in the bodily fluid of cancer patients suggesting that EpCAM is a pathophysiologically relevant anti-tumour target as well as being utilized as a diagnostic/prognostic agent for a variety of cancers. This review will focus on the structure-features of EpCAM protein and discuss recent evidence on the pathological and physiological roles of EpCAM in modulating cell adhesion and signalling pathways in cancers as well as deliberating the clinical implication of EpCAM as a therapeutic target.
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Zhang T, Lv J, Tan Z, Wang B, Warden AR, Li Y, Jiang H, Li H, Ding X. Immunocyte Profiling Using Single-Cell Mass Cytometry Reveals EpCAM + CD4 + T Cells Abnormal in Colon Cancer. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1571. [PMID: 31354723 PMCID: PMC6629930 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Colon cancer (CC) is one of the leading causes of cancer related mortality. Research over past decades have profoundly enhanced our understanding of immunotherapy, a major clinical accomplishment, and its potential role toward treating CC. However, studies investigating the expression of these immune checkpoints, such as epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM), programmed death-1 (PD-1), and programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1), by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) is lacking. Here, high-dimensional mass cytometry (CyTOF) is used to investigate immune alterations and promising immunotherapeutic targets expression by PBMCs of CC patients. Results reveal that expression of EpCAM and PD-L1 on CD4+ T cells significantly increased in patients with CC, compared with age- and sex- matching healthy controls and patients with colonic polyps. These differences are also validated in an independent patient cohort using flow cytometry. Further analysis revealed that EpCAM+ CD4+ T cells are PD-L1+ CCR5+ CCR6+. Immunofluorescence staining results demonstrate that the increase of EpCAM+ CD4+ T cells is also observed in tumor tissues, rather than para-cancerous tissues. To ascertain the functional disorders of the identified cell subset, phosphorylated signaling protein levels are assessed using imaging mass cytometry. Increases in pp38 MAPK and pMAPKAPK2 are observable, indicating abnormal activation of pp38 MAPK-pMAPKAPK2 signaling pathway. Results in this study indicate that EpCAM+ CD4+ T cells may play a role in CC development. Detailed knowledge on the functionality of EpCAM+ CD4+ T cells is of high translational relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, School of Biomedical Engineering, Institute for Personalized Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Junwei Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, School of Biomedical Engineering, Institute for Personalized Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ziyang Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, School of Biomedical Engineering, Institute for Personalized Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Boqian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, School of Biomedical Engineering, Institute for Personalized Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Antony R Warden
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, School of Biomedical Engineering, Institute for Personalized Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiyang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, School of Biomedical Engineering, Institute for Personalized Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, School of Biomedical Engineering, Institute for Personalized Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Li
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xianting Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, School of Biomedical Engineering, Institute for Personalized Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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Day JP, Whiteley E, Freeley M, Long A, Malacrida B, Kiely P, Baillie GS. RAB40C regulates RACK1 stability via the ubiquitin-proteasome system. Future Sci OA 2018; 4:FSO317. [PMID: 30112187 PMCID: PMC6088270 DOI: 10.4155/fsoa-2018-0022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM RACK1 is a multifunctional scaffolding protein that is expressed in many cellular compartments, orchestrating a number of signaling processes. RACK1 acts as a signaling hub to localize active enzymes to discrete locations; therefore tight control of RACK1 is vital to cellular homeostasis. Our aim was to identify the mechanisms responsible for RACK1 turnover and show that degradation is directed by the ubiquitin proteasome system. RESULTS Using siRNA screening, we identified RAB40C as the ubiquitin E3 ligase responsible for ubiquitination of RACK1, and that the action of RAB40C in controlling RACK1 levels is crucial to both cancer cell growth and migration of T cells. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that manipulation of RACK1 levels in this way may provide a novel strategy to explore RACK1 function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon P Day
- Institute of Cardiovascular & Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Ellanor Whiteley
- Institute of Cardiovascular & Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Michael Freeley
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Trinity College, Dublin, D08 W9RT, Ireland
| | - Aideen Long
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Trinity College, Dublin, D08 W9RT, Ireland
| | - Beatrice Malacrida
- Materials & Surface Science Institute & Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Patrick Kiely
- Materials & Surface Science Institute & Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - George S Baillie
- Institute of Cardiovascular & Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
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Boesch M, Spizzo G, Seeber A. Concise Review: Aggressive Colorectal Cancer: Role of Epithelial Cell Adhesion Molecule in Cancer Stem Cells and Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition. Stem Cells Transl Med 2018; 7:495-501. [PMID: 29667344 PMCID: PMC5980125 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.17-0289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common malignancies worldwide. In spite of various attempts to ameliorate outcome by escalating treatment, significant improvement is lacking particularly in the adjuvant setting. It has been proposed that cancer stem cells (CSCs) and the epithelial‐to‐mesenchymal transition (EMT) are at least partially responsible for therapy resistance in CRC. The epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) was one of the first CSC antigens to be described. Furthermore, an EpCAM‐specific antibody (edrecolomab) has the merit of having launched the era of monoclonal antibody treatment in oncology in the 1990s. However, despite great initial enthusiasm, monoclonal antibody treatment has not proven successful in the adjuvant treatment of CRC patients. In the meantime, new insights into the function of EpCAM in CRC have emerged and new drugs targeting various epitopes have been developed. In this review article, we provide an update on the role of EpCAM in CSCs and EMT, and emphasize the potential predictive selection criteria for novel treatment strategies and refined clinical trial design. stemcellstranslationalmedicine2018;7:495–501
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Boesch
- Institute of Immunobiology, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland.,Internal Medicine V, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.,Tyrolean Cancer Research Institute (TKFI), Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Gilbert Spizzo
- Internal Medicine V, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.,Tyrolean Cancer Research Institute (TKFI), Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Andreas Seeber
- Internal Medicine V, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.,Tyrolean Cancer Research Institute (TKFI), Innsbruck, Austria
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Pizon M, Schott D, Pachmann U, Pachmann K. The number of tumorspheres cultured from peripheral blood is a predictor for presence of metastasis in patients with breast cancer. Oncotarget 2018; 7:48143-48154. [PMID: 27340862 PMCID: PMC5217007 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumor metastases are the major cause of cancer morbidity and mortality. A subpopulation of tumor cells with stem-like properties is assumed to be responsible for tumor invasion, metastasis, heterogeneity and therapeutic resistance. This population is termed cancer stem cells (CSCs). We have developed a simple method for identification and characterization of circulating cancer stem cells among circulating epithelial tumor cells (CETCs). METHODS CETCs were cultured under conditions favoring growth of tumorspheres from 72 patients with breast cancer, including a subpopulation of 23 patients with metastatic disease. CETCs were determined using the maintrac® method. Gene expression profiles of single CETCs and tumorspheres of the same patients were analyzed using qRT-PCR. RESULTS Sphere formation was observed in 79 % of patients. We found that the number of tumorspheres depended on stage of disease. Furthermore, the most important factor for growing of tumorspheres is obtaining chemotherapy. Patients with chemotherapy treatment had lower numbers of tumorspheres compared to patients without chemotherapy. Patients with HER2 positive primary tumor had higher number of tumorspheres. Analysis of surface marker expression profile of tumorspheres showed that cells in the spheres had typical phenotype of cancer stem cells. There was no sphere formation in a control group with 50 healthy donors. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that a small fraction of CETCs has proliferative activity. Identifying the CETC subset with cancer stem cell properties may provide more clinically useful prognostic information. Chemotherapy is the most important component in cancer therapy because it frequently reduces the number of tumorspheres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Pizon
- Transfusion Center Bayreuth, 95448, Bayreuth, Germany
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Chatterjee S, Basak P, Buchel E, Safneck J, Murphy LC, Mowat M, Kung SK, Eirew P, Eaves CJ, Raouf A. Breast Cancers Activate Stromal Fibroblast-Induced Suppression of Progenitors in Adjacent Normal Tissue. Stem Cell Reports 2017; 10:196-211. [PMID: 29233553 PMCID: PMC5768884 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2017.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human breast cancer cells are known to activate adjacent “normal-like” cells to enhance their own growth, but the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved are poorly understood. We now show by both phenotypic and functional measurements that normal human mammary progenitor cells are significantly under-represented in the mammary epithelium of patients' tumor-adjacent tissue (TAT). Interestingly, fibroblasts isolated from TAT samples showed a reduced ability to support normal EGF-stimulated mammary progenitor cell proliferation in vitro via their increased secretion of transforming growth factor β. In contrast, TAT fibroblasts promoted the proliferation of human breast cancer cells when these were co-transplanted in immunodeficient mice. The discovery of a common stromal cell-mediated mechanism that has opposing growth-suppressive and promoting effects on normal and malignant human breast cells and also extends well beyond currently examined surgical margins has important implications for disease recurrence and its prevention. Alterations to the breast tissue extend as far as 6 cm away from the primary tumors The matching contralateral non-tumor-bearing breast tissue remains unaltered Tumor-adjacent breast tissue contained significantly diminished progenitor pool Extending surgical margins may not be effective in reducing risk of tumor recurrence
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumanta Chatterjee
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T5, Canada; Research Institute of Oncology & Hematology, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada
| | - Pratima Basak
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T5, Canada; Research Institute of Oncology & Hematology, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada
| | - Edward Buchel
- Department of Surgery, Section of Plastic Surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3A 1M5, Canada
| | - Janice Safneck
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P5, Canada
| | - Leigh C Murphy
- Research Institute of Oncology & Hematology, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada; Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - Michael Mowat
- Research Institute of Oncology & Hematology, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada; Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - Sam K Kung
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T5, Canada
| | - Peter Eirew
- Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Connie J Eaves
- Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada; Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Afshin Raouf
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T5, Canada; Research Institute of Oncology & Hematology, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada.
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Grigorian-Shamagian L, Fereydooni S, Liu W, Echavez A, Marbán E. Harnessing the heart's resistance to malignant tumors: cardiac-derived extracellular vesicles decrease fibrosarcoma growth and leukemia-related mortality in rodents. Oncotarget 2017; 8:99624-99636. [PMID: 29245929 PMCID: PMC5725120 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.20454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The heart is known for its resistance to cancer. Although different conjectures have been proposed to explain this phenomenon, none has been tested. We propose that the heart microenvironment may exert anti-cancer properties. So, our objective was to test the anti-oncogenic potential of cardiac-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs). For that EVs secreted by cardiosphere-derived cells (CDCs, heart progenitor cells) were tested in vitro on fibrosarcoma HT1080. In vivo models comprised the xenograft HT1080 fibrosarcoma in athymic mice (n=35), and spontaneous acute lymphocyte leukemia in old rats (n=44). CDC-EVs were compared with two control groups: EVs secreted by bone-marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSC-EVs) and phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). Injection of CDC-EVs led to a 2.5-fold decrease of fibrosarcoma growth in mice (p<0.01 and p<0.05 for human and rat EVs, respectively) vs PBS group. The effect was associated with 2-fold decrease of tumor cells proliferation (p<0.001) and 1.5-fold increase of apoptosis (p<0.05) in CDC-EV vs PBS mice. Salutary changes in tumor gene and protein expression were observed in CDC-EV animals. CDC-EVs reduced tumor vascularization compared with PBS (p<0.05) and MSC-EVs (p<0.01). Moreover, CDC-EVs increased leukemia-free survival (p<0.05) in old rats vs PBS. MiR-146, highly enriched in CDC-EVs, may be implicated in part of the observed effects. In conclusion, this study presents the first evidence that ties together the long-recognized enigma of the "heart immunity to cancer" with an antioncogenic effect of heart-derived EVs. These findings open up cancer as a new therapeutic target for CDC-EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Soraya Fereydooni
- Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States of America
| | - Weixin Liu
- Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Antonio Echavez
- Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Eduardo Marbán
- Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
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AlShamaileh H, Wang T, Xiang D, Yin W, Tran PHL, Barrero RA, Zhang PZ, Li Y, Kong L, Liu K, Zhou SF, Hou Y, Shigdar S, Duan W. Aptamer-mediated survivin RNAi enables 5-fluorouracil to eliminate colorectal cancer stem cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5898. [PMID: 28724889 PMCID: PMC5517644 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05859-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of chemoresistance and inability in elimination of cancer stem cells are among the key limitations of cancer chemotherapy. Novel molecular therapeutic strategies able to overcome such limitations are urgently needed for future effective management of cancer. In this report, we show that EpCAM-aptamer-guided survivin RNAi effectively downregulated survivin both in colorectal cancer cells in vitro and in a mouse xenograft model for colorectal cancer. When combined with the conventional chemotherapeutic agents, the aptamer-guided survivin RNAi was able to enhance the sensitivity towards 5-FU or oxaliplatin in colorectal cancer stem cells, increase apoptosis, inhibit tumour growth and improve the overall survival of mice bearing xenograft colorectal cancer. Our results indicate that survivin is one of the key players responsible for the innate chemoresistance of colorectal cancer stem cells. Thus, aptamer-mediated targeting of survivin in cancer stem cells in combination with chemotherapeutic drugs constitutes a new avenue to improve treatment outcome in oncologic clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadi AlShamaileh
- School of Medicine and Centre for Molecular and Medical Research, Deakin University, 75 Pigdons Road, Waurn Ponds, Victoria, 3216, Australia
| | - Tao Wang
- School of Medicine and Centre for Molecular and Medical Research, Deakin University, 75 Pigdons Road, Waurn Ponds, Victoria, 3216, Australia.,School of Nursing, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, 450001, China
| | - Dongxi Xiang
- School of Medicine and Centre for Molecular and Medical Research, Deakin University, 75 Pigdons Road, Waurn Ponds, Victoria, 3216, Australia
| | - Wang Yin
- School of Medicine and Centre for Molecular and Medical Research, Deakin University, 75 Pigdons Road, Waurn Ponds, Victoria, 3216, Australia
| | - Phuong Ha-Lien Tran
- School of Medicine and Centre for Molecular and Medical Research, Deakin University, 75 Pigdons Road, Waurn Ponds, Victoria, 3216, Australia
| | - Roberto A Barrero
- Centre for Comparative Genomics, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, WA, 6150, Australia
| | - Pei-Zhuo Zhang
- Suzhou GenePharma, 199 Dongping Street, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Yong Li
- Cancer Care Centre, St George Hospital and St George and Suthland Clinical School, University of New South Wales (UNSW), High Street, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Lingxue Kong
- Deakin University, Institute for Frontier Materials, 75 Pigdons Road, Waurn Ponds, Victoria, 3216, Australia
| | - Ke Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, No.24 South Section 1, Yihuan Road, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China
| | - Shu-Feng Zhou
- Department of Bioengineering and Biotechnology, College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, 668 Jimei Avenue, Xiamen, Fujian, 361021, China
| | - Yingchun Hou
- Center for Qinba Region's Sustainable Development, Shaanxi Normal University, No.199, South Chang'an Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710062, China
| | - Sarah Shigdar
- School of Medicine and Centre for Molecular and Medical Research, Deakin University, 75 Pigdons Road, Waurn Ponds, Victoria, 3216, Australia
| | - Wei Duan
- School of Medicine and Centre for Molecular and Medical Research, Deakin University, 75 Pigdons Road, Waurn Ponds, Victoria, 3216, Australia.
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14
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Hu L, Li HL, Li WF, Chen JM, Yang JT, Gu JJ, Xin L. Clinical significance of expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen and E-cadherin in gastric carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol 2017; 23:3721-3729. [PMID: 28611525 PMCID: PMC5449429 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v23.i20.3721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM to investigate the expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and E-cadherin in gastric carcinoma and to analyze their clinical significance.
METHODS A total of 146 patients were selected for this study, including 38 patients with intestinal metaplasia, 42 with dysplasia, and 66 with primary gastric cancer. In addition, 40 patients with normal gastric tissues were selected as controls. The expression of PCNA and E-cadherin was detected by immunohistochemistry. Differences in PCNA and the E-cadherin labeling indexes among normal gastric mucosa, intestinal metaplasia, dysplasia, and gastric carcinoma were compared. Subjects with normal gastric tissues were assigned to a normal group, while gastric cancer patients were assigned to a gastric cancer group. The difference in PCNA and E-cadherin expression between these two groups was compared. The relationship between expression of PCNA and E-cadherin and clinicopathological features was also explored in gastric cancer patients. Furthermore, prognosis-related factors, as well as the expression of PCNA and E-cadherin, were analyzed in patients with gastric cancer to determine the 3-year survival of these patients.
RESULTS The difference in PCNA and the E-cadherin labeling indexes among normal gastric mucosa, intestinal metaplasia, dysplasia, and gastric carcinoma was statistically significant (P < 0.05). During the transition of normal gastric mucosa to gastric cancer, the PCNA labeling index gradually increased, while the E-cadherin labeling index gradually decreased (P < 0.05). The PCNA labeling index was significantly higher and the E-cadherin labeling index was significantly lower in gastric cancer than in dysplasia (P < 0.05). The expression of PCNA was significantly higher in the gastric cancer group than in the normal group, but E-cadherin was weaker (P < 0.05). There was a negative correlation between the expression of PCNA and E-cadherin in gastric carcinoma (r = -0.741, P = 0.000). PCNA expression differed significantly between gastric cancer patients with and without lymph node metastasis and between patients at different T stages. E-cadherin expression also differed significantly between gastric cancer patients with and without lymph node metastasis (P < 0.05). High T stage and positive PCNA expression were risk factors for the prognosis of patients with gastric cancer (RR > 1), while the positive expression of E-cadherin was a protective factor (RR < 1). The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of PCNA positivity in predicting the 3-year survival of patients with gastric cancer were 93.33%, 38.89%, and 0.64, respectively; while these values for E-cadherin negativity were 80.0%, 41.67%, and 0.59, respectively. When PCNA positivity and E-cadherin negativity were combined, the sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy were 66.67%, 66.67%, and 0.67, respectively.
CONCLUSION Combined detection of PCNA and E-cadherin can improve the accuracy of assessing the prognosis of patients with gastric cancer.
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15
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16
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Wang X, Guo Y, Wei H, Wang K, Zhang A, Zhou H. Regulatory roles of grass carp EpCAM in cell morphology, proliferation and migration. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2016; 42:423-430. [PMID: 26497717 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-015-0148-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) is a Ca(2+)-independent and relatively weak adhesion molecule, which has been extensively investigated in mammalian models. However, the functional roles of its fish homolog are largely unknown. In the present study, we explored the biological properties of grass carp EpCAM (gcEpCAM) in a fish kidney cell line (CIK) via overexpression of gcEpCAM or gcEpCAM intracellular domain (gcEpICD) deletion mutant. Results showed that gcEpCAM overexpression significantly changed the cell morphology, and the proliferation of the cells transfected with gcEpCAM was significantly decreased when compared to the control cells, which is unexpectedly opposite to the increasing effects induced by its mammalian homolog. Moreover, overexpression of gcEpICD deletion mutant had no effect on cell proliferation, indicating gcEpICD's involvement in the cell growth control that is concerted with its role in mammalian model. Additionally, gcEpCAM overexpression increased cell migration which is at least partially consistent with the findings in mammalian cells in which EpCAM expression both positively and negatively affects cell migration. It is worth noting that gcEpICD was not essential to the stimulatory effect of gcEpCAM on cell migration, but overexpression of human EpICD in tumor cells increases cell migration, suggesting the functional discrepancy of EpICD in fish and mammals. In conclusion, we elucidated the cellular functionality of EpCAM in fish cells which will be of benefit to defining the functions of fish EpCAM and also provide rewarding information on the functional evolution of EpCAM in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyan Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yafei Guo
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, People's Republic of China
| | - He Wei
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, People's Republic of China
| | - Ke Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, People's Republic of China
| | - Anying Zhang
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Zhou
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, People's Republic of China
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17
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Bryan RT. Cell adhesion and urothelial bladder cancer: the role of cadherin switching and related phenomena. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2015; 370:20140042. [PMID: 25533099 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2014.0042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cadherins are mediators of cell-cell adhesion in epithelial tissues. E-cadherin is a known tumour suppressor and plays a central role in suppressing the invasive phenotype of cancer cells. However, the abnormal expression of N- and P-cadherin ('cadherin switching', CS) has been shown to promote a more invasive and m̀alignant phenotype of cancer, with P-cadherin possibly acting as a key mediator of invasion and metastasis in bladder cancer. Cadherins are also implicated in numerous signalling events related to embryonic development, tissue morphogenesis and homeostasis. It is these wide ranging effects and the serious implications of CS that make the cadherin cell adhesion molecules and their related pathways strong candidate targets for the inhibition of cancer progression, including bladder cancer. This review focuses on CS in the context of bladder cancer and in particular the switch to P-cadherin expression, and discusses other related molecules and phenomena, including EpCAM and the development of the cancer stem cell phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard T Bryan
- School of Cancer Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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18
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Vercollone JR, Balzar M, Litvinov SV, Yang W, Cirulli V. MMTV/LTR Promoter-Driven Transgenic Expression of EpCAM Leads to the Development of Large Pancreatic Islets. J Histochem Cytochem 2015. [PMID: 26216137 DOI: 10.1369/0022155415583876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous work demonstrated an important role of EpCAM in the regulation of pancreatic cell adhesion, growth and differentiation. Here we investigated the consequences of human EpCAM (hEpCAM) overexpression under the control of the MMTV-LTR promoter, known to drive robust gene expression in a number of ductal epithelia, including the pancreas. In this animal model (MMTV-hEpCAM) we uncovered a striking pancreatic phenotype exhibiting a 12-fold increase in the islet cell mass, with normal expression patterns of insulin and the transcription factor PDX-1. Intriguingly, these large islet clusters revealed an altered architectural organization of α- and δ-cells that appeared interspersed with β-cells in the islet cores. This suggests an effect of the hEpCAM transgene on the function of other cell adhesion molecules that we have previously shown to regulate islet cell type segregation. Consistent with this finding, we show that the pancreatic epithelium in MMTV-hEpCAM transgenic mice exhibits a redistribution of β-catenin, a known regulator of E-cadherin-mediated adhesions. Collectively, these results provide an important in vivo validation of hEpCAM signaling properties in normal epithelia and offer unique opportunities to further explore the function of this glycoprotein in select pancreatic cell lineages to elicit islet cell expansion, and/or regeneration in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey R Vercollone
- Department of Medicine, Diabetes & Obesity Center of Excellence, Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (JRV, WY, VC)
| | - Maarten Balzar
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands (MB, SVL)
| | - Sergey V Litvinov
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands (MB, SVL)
| | - Wendy Yang
- Department of Medicine, Diabetes & Obesity Center of Excellence, Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (JRV, WY, VC)
| | - Vincenzo Cirulli
- Department of Medicine, Diabetes & Obesity Center of Excellence, Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (JRV, WY, VC)
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19
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Wang T, Gantier MP, Xiang D, Bean AG, Bruce M, Zhou SF, Khasraw M, Ward A, Wang L, Wei MQ, AlShamaileh H, Chen L, She X, Lin J, Kong L, Shigdar S, Duan W. EpCAM Aptamer-mediated Survivin Silencing Sensitized Cancer Stem Cells to Doxorubicin in a Breast Cancer Model. Am J Cancer Res 2015; 5:1456-72. [PMID: 26681989 PMCID: PMC4672025 DOI: 10.7150/thno.11692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the molecular basis of drug resistance and utilising this information to overcome chemoresistance remains a key challenge in oncology. Here we report that survivin, a key protein implicated in drug resistance, is overexpressed in cancer stem cell pool of doxorubicin-resistant breast cancer cells. Moreover, by utilising an active targeting system consisting of an RNA aptamer targeted against the epithelial cell adhesion molecule and a Dicer substrate survivin siRNA, we could deliver a high dose of the siRNA to cancer stem cells in xenograft tumours. Importantly, silencing of survivin with this aptamer-siRNA chimera in cancer stem cell population led to the reversal of chemoresistance, such that combined treatment with low dose of doxorubicin inhibited stemness, eliminated cancer stem cells via apoptosis, suppressed tumour growth, and prolonged survival in mice bearing chemoresistant tumours. This strategy for in vivo cancer stem cell targeting has wide application for future effective silencing of anti-death genes and in fact any dysregulated genes involved in chemoresistance and tumour relapse.
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20
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Pasqualini L, Bu H, Puhr M, Narisu N, Rainer J, Schlick B, Schäfer G, Angelova M, Trajanoski Z, Börno ST, Schweiger MR, Fuchsberger C, Klocker H. miR-22 and miR-29a Are Members of the Androgen Receptor Cistrome Modulating LAMC1 and Mcl-1 in Prostate Cancer. Mol Endocrinol 2015; 29:1037-54. [PMID: 26052614 DOI: 10.1210/me.2014-1358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The normal prostate as well as early stages and advanced prostate cancer (PCa) require a functional androgen receptor (AR) for growth and survival. The recent discovery of microRNAs (miRNAs) as novel effector molecules of AR disclosed the existence of an intricate network between AR, miRNAs and downstream target genes. In this study DUCaP cells, characterized by high content of wild-type AR and robust AR transcriptional activity, were chosen as the main experimental model. By integrative analysis of chromatin immunoprecipitation-sequencing (ChIP-seq) and microarray expression profiling data, miRNAs putatively bound and significantly regulated by AR were identified. A direct AR regulation of miR-22, miR-29a, and miR-17-92 cluster along with their host genes was confirmed. Interestingly, endogenous levels of miR-22 and miR-29a were found to be reduced in PCa cells expressing AR. In primary tumor samples, miR-22 and miR-29a were less abundant in the cancerous tissue compared with the benign counterpart. This specific expression pattern was associated with a differential DNA methylation of the genomic AR binding sites. The identification of laminin gamma 1 (LAMC1) and myeloid cell leukemia 1 (MCL1) as direct targets of miR-22 and miR-29a, respectively, suggested a tumor-suppressive role of these miRNAs. Indeed, transfection of miRNA mimics in PCa cells induced apoptosis and diminished cell migration and viability. Collectively, these data provide additional information regarding the complex regulatory machinery that guides miRNAs activity in PCa, highlighting an important contribution of miRNAs in the AR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenza Pasqualini
- Department of Urology (L.P., H.B., M.P., B.S., G.S., H.K.), Division of Experimental Urology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Research Institute for Biomedical Aging Research (H.B.), University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch (N.N.), National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; Biocenter Innsbruck (J.R.), Section for Molecular Pathophysiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Center for Biomedicine (J.R., C.F.), EURAC Bolzano, 39100 Bolzano, Italy; Oncotyrol (B.S.), Center for Personalized Cancer Medicine, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Pathology (G.S.), Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Biocenter Innsbruck (M.A., Z.T.), Division of Bioinformatics, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics (S.T.B., M.R.S.), 14195 Berlin, Germany; Cologne Center for Genomics (M.R.S.), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany; and Department of Biostatistic (C.F.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Huajie Bu
- Department of Urology (L.P., H.B., M.P., B.S., G.S., H.K.), Division of Experimental Urology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Research Institute for Biomedical Aging Research (H.B.), University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch (N.N.), National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; Biocenter Innsbruck (J.R.), Section for Molecular Pathophysiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Center for Biomedicine (J.R., C.F.), EURAC Bolzano, 39100 Bolzano, Italy; Oncotyrol (B.S.), Center for Personalized Cancer Medicine, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Pathology (G.S.), Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Biocenter Innsbruck (M.A., Z.T.), Division of Bioinformatics, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics (S.T.B., M.R.S.), 14195 Berlin, Germany; Cologne Center for Genomics (M.R.S.), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany; and Department of Biostatistic (C.F.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Martin Puhr
- Department of Urology (L.P., H.B., M.P., B.S., G.S., H.K.), Division of Experimental Urology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Research Institute for Biomedical Aging Research (H.B.), University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch (N.N.), National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; Biocenter Innsbruck (J.R.), Section for Molecular Pathophysiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Center for Biomedicine (J.R., C.F.), EURAC Bolzano, 39100 Bolzano, Italy; Oncotyrol (B.S.), Center for Personalized Cancer Medicine, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Pathology (G.S.), Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Biocenter Innsbruck (M.A., Z.T.), Division of Bioinformatics, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics (S.T.B., M.R.S.), 14195 Berlin, Germany; Cologne Center for Genomics (M.R.S.), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany; and Department of Biostatistic (C.F.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Narisu Narisu
- Department of Urology (L.P., H.B., M.P., B.S., G.S., H.K.), Division of Experimental Urology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Research Institute for Biomedical Aging Research (H.B.), University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch (N.N.), National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; Biocenter Innsbruck (J.R.), Section for Molecular Pathophysiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Center for Biomedicine (J.R., C.F.), EURAC Bolzano, 39100 Bolzano, Italy; Oncotyrol (B.S.), Center for Personalized Cancer Medicine, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Pathology (G.S.), Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Biocenter Innsbruck (M.A., Z.T.), Division of Bioinformatics, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics (S.T.B., M.R.S.), 14195 Berlin, Germany; Cologne Center for Genomics (M.R.S.), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany; and Department of Biostatistic (C.F.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Johannes Rainer
- Department of Urology (L.P., H.B., M.P., B.S., G.S., H.K.), Division of Experimental Urology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Research Institute for Biomedical Aging Research (H.B.), University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch (N.N.), National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; Biocenter Innsbruck (J.R.), Section for Molecular Pathophysiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Center for Biomedicine (J.R., C.F.), EURAC Bolzano, 39100 Bolzano, Italy; Oncotyrol (B.S.), Center for Personalized Cancer Medicine, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Pathology (G.S.), Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Biocenter Innsbruck (M.A., Z.T.), Division of Bioinformatics, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics (S.T.B., M.R.S.), 14195 Berlin, Germany; Cologne Center for Genomics (M.R.S.), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany; and Department of Biostatistic (C.F.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Bettina Schlick
- Department of Urology (L.P., H.B., M.P., B.S., G.S., H.K.), Division of Experimental Urology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Research Institute for Biomedical Aging Research (H.B.), University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch (N.N.), National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; Biocenter Innsbruck (J.R.), Section for Molecular Pathophysiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Center for Biomedicine (J.R., C.F.), EURAC Bolzano, 39100 Bolzano, Italy; Oncotyrol (B.S.), Center for Personalized Cancer Medicine, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Pathology (G.S.), Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Biocenter Innsbruck (M.A., Z.T.), Division of Bioinformatics, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics (S.T.B., M.R.S.), 14195 Berlin, Germany; Cologne Center for Genomics (M.R.S.), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany; and Department of Biostatistic (C.F.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Georg Schäfer
- Department of Urology (L.P., H.B., M.P., B.S., G.S., H.K.), Division of Experimental Urology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Research Institute for Biomedical Aging Research (H.B.), University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch (N.N.), National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; Biocenter Innsbruck (J.R.), Section for Molecular Pathophysiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Center for Biomedicine (J.R., C.F.), EURAC Bolzano, 39100 Bolzano, Italy; Oncotyrol (B.S.), Center for Personalized Cancer Medicine, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Pathology (G.S.), Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Biocenter Innsbruck (M.A., Z.T.), Division of Bioinformatics, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics (S.T.B., M.R.S.), 14195 Berlin, Germany; Cologne Center for Genomics (M.R.S.), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany; and Department of Biostatistic (C.F.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Mihaela Angelova
- Department of Urology (L.P., H.B., M.P., B.S., G.S., H.K.), Division of Experimental Urology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Research Institute for Biomedical Aging Research (H.B.), University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch (N.N.), National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; Biocenter Innsbruck (J.R.), Section for Molecular Pathophysiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Center for Biomedicine (J.R., C.F.), EURAC Bolzano, 39100 Bolzano, Italy; Oncotyrol (B.S.), Center for Personalized Cancer Medicine, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Pathology (G.S.), Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Biocenter Innsbruck (M.A., Z.T.), Division of Bioinformatics, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics (S.T.B., M.R.S.), 14195 Berlin, Germany; Cologne Center for Genomics (M.R.S.), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany; and Department of Biostatistic (C.F.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Zlatko Trajanoski
- Department of Urology (L.P., H.B., M.P., B.S., G.S., H.K.), Division of Experimental Urology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Research Institute for Biomedical Aging Research (H.B.), University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch (N.N.), National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; Biocenter Innsbruck (J.R.), Section for Molecular Pathophysiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Center for Biomedicine (J.R., C.F.), EURAC Bolzano, 39100 Bolzano, Italy; Oncotyrol (B.S.), Center for Personalized Cancer Medicine, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Pathology (G.S.), Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Biocenter Innsbruck (M.A., Z.T.), Division of Bioinformatics, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics (S.T.B., M.R.S.), 14195 Berlin, Germany; Cologne Center for Genomics (M.R.S.), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany; and Department of Biostatistic (C.F.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Stefan T Börno
- Department of Urology (L.P., H.B., M.P., B.S., G.S., H.K.), Division of Experimental Urology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Research Institute for Biomedical Aging Research (H.B.), University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch (N.N.), National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; Biocenter Innsbruck (J.R.), Section for Molecular Pathophysiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Center for Biomedicine (J.R., C.F.), EURAC Bolzano, 39100 Bolzano, Italy; Oncotyrol (B.S.), Center for Personalized Cancer Medicine, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Pathology (G.S.), Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Biocenter Innsbruck (M.A., Z.T.), Division of Bioinformatics, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics (S.T.B., M.R.S.), 14195 Berlin, Germany; Cologne Center for Genomics (M.R.S.), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany; and Department of Biostatistic (C.F.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Michal R Schweiger
- Department of Urology (L.P., H.B., M.P., B.S., G.S., H.K.), Division of Experimental Urology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Research Institute for Biomedical Aging Research (H.B.), University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch (N.N.), National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; Biocenter Innsbruck (J.R.), Section for Molecular Pathophysiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Center for Biomedicine (J.R., C.F.), EURAC Bolzano, 39100 Bolzano, Italy; Oncotyrol (B.S.), Center for Personalized Cancer Medicine, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Pathology (G.S.), Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Biocenter Innsbruck (M.A., Z.T.), Division of Bioinformatics, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics (S.T.B., M.R.S.), 14195 Berlin, Germany; Cologne Center for Genomics (M.R.S.), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany; and Department of Biostatistic (C.F.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Christian Fuchsberger
- Department of Urology (L.P., H.B., M.P., B.S., G.S., H.K.), Division of Experimental Urology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Research Institute for Biomedical Aging Research (H.B.), University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch (N.N.), National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; Biocenter Innsbruck (J.R.), Section for Molecular Pathophysiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Center for Biomedicine (J.R., C.F.), EURAC Bolzano, 39100 Bolzano, Italy; Oncotyrol (B.S.), Center for Personalized Cancer Medicine, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Pathology (G.S.), Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Biocenter Innsbruck (M.A., Z.T.), Division of Bioinformatics, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics (S.T.B., M.R.S.), 14195 Berlin, Germany; Cologne Center for Genomics (M.R.S.), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany; and Department of Biostatistic (C.F.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Helmut Klocker
- Department of Urology (L.P., H.B., M.P., B.S., G.S., H.K.), Division of Experimental Urology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Research Institute for Biomedical Aging Research (H.B.), University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch (N.N.), National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; Biocenter Innsbruck (J.R.), Section for Molecular Pathophysiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Center for Biomedicine (J.R., C.F.), EURAC Bolzano, 39100 Bolzano, Italy; Oncotyrol (B.S.), Center for Personalized Cancer Medicine, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Pathology (G.S.), Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Biocenter Innsbruck (M.A., Z.T.), Division of Bioinformatics, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics (S.T.B., M.R.S.), 14195 Berlin, Germany; Cologne Center for Genomics (M.R.S.), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany; and Department of Biostatistic (C.F.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
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Qi Y, Zhou F, Zhang L, Liu L, Xu H, Guo H. Construction of interference vector targeting Ep-CAM gene and its effects on colorectal cancer cell proliferation. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2015; 9:2647-52. [PMID: 26028961 PMCID: PMC4440878 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s82917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prior study indicates that abnormal protein expression and functional changes in the development and progression of colorectal cancer is related to gene expression. The aim of this study was to construct an interference plasmid targeting the Ep-CAM gene and to investigate its effects on the proliferation of colorectal cancer cells. METHODS In this study, HT-29 and HCT-116 colorectal cancer cell lines were selected as cell models. The double-stranded micro (mi)RNA oligo was inserted into the pcDNATM6.2-GW/EmGFPmiR vector, which is an expression of miRNA. Lipofectamine™ 2000 was used to transfer plasmid into the empty plasmid group (transfected pcDNATM6.2-GW/EmGFPmiR-neg) and the interference group (transfected pcDNATM6.2-GW/EmGFPmiR-Ep-CAM-1), respectively. Meanwhile, the nontransferred HT-29 and HCT-116 acts as the blank control group. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to detect the transfection efficiency. Western blot was used to detect Ep-CAM protein expression. The cell proliferation in each group was detected by using 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. RESULTS The results indicated that the Ep-CAM messenger (m)RNA expression in the interference group was lower significantly compared with that of the empty plasmid group and control group (P<0.01). Western blot analysis results showed that Ep-CAM protein expression was significantly lower in interference group compared with that of the empty plasmid group and the control group (P<0.01). MTT assay results demonstrated that the proliferation ability of cells in the interference group was significantly inhibited compared with the two other groups (P<0.05). CONCLUSION Silencing of Ep-CAM can significantly inhibit the proliferation of colorectal cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanmei Qi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Binzhou People's Hospital, Binzhou, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Fengqiang Zhou
- Department of General Surgery, Binzhou People's Hospital, Binzhou, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Binzhou People's Hospital, Binzhou, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Binzhou People's Hospital, Binzhou, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Xu
- Department of General Surgery, Binzhou People's Hospital, Binzhou, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Huiguang Guo
- Department of General Surgery, Binzhou People's Hospital, Binzhou, Shandong, People's Republic of China
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22
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Martowicz A, Kern J, Gunsilius E, Untergasser G. Establishment of a human multiple myeloma xenograft model in the chicken to study tumor growth, invasion and angiogenesis. J Vis Exp 2015:e52665. [PMID: 25993267 DOI: 10.3791/52665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM), a malignant plasma cell disease, remains incurable and novel drugs are required to improve the prognosis of patients. Due to the lack of the bone microenvironment and auto/paracrine growth factors human MM cells are difficult to cultivate. Therefore, there is an urgent need to establish proper in vitro and in vivo culture systems to study the action of novel therapeutics on human MM cells. Here we present a model to grow human multiple myeloma cells in a complex 3D environment in vitro and in vivo. MM cell lines OPM-2 and RPMI-8226 were transfected to express the transgene GFP and were cultivated in the presence of human mesenchymal cells and collagen type-I matrix as three-dimensional spheroids. In addition, spheroids were grafted on the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) of chicken embryos and tumor growth was monitored by stereo fluorescence microscopy. Both models allow the study of novel therapeutic drugs in a complex 3D environment and the quantification of the tumor cell mass after homogenization of grafts in a transgene-specific GFP-ELISA. Moreover, angiogenic responses of the host and invasion of tumor cells into the subjacent host tissue can be monitored daily by a stereo microscope and analyzed by immunohistochemical staining against human tumor cells (Ki-67, CD138, Vimentin) or host mural cells covering blood vessels (desmin/ASMA). In conclusion, the onplant system allows studying MM cell growth and angiogenesis in a complex 3D environment and enables screening for novel therapeutic compounds targeting survival and proliferation of MM cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Martowicz
- Department of Internal Medicine V, Innsbruck Medical University; Division of Vascular Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute
| | - Johann Kern
- Department of Internal Medicine V, Innsbruck Medical University; Oncotyrol GmbH
| | | | - Gerold Untergasser
- Department of Internal Medicine V, Innsbruck Medical University; Tyrolean Cancer Research Institute;
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23
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Ascolani G, Occhipinti A, Liò P. Modelling circulating tumour cells for personalised survival prediction in metastatic breast cancer. PLoS Comput Biol 2015; 11:e1004199. [PMID: 25978366 PMCID: PMC4433130 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1004199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ductal carcinoma is one of the most common cancers among women, and the main cause of death is the formation of metastases. The development of metastases is caused by cancer cells that migrate from the primary tumour site (the mammary duct) through the blood vessels and extravasating they initiate metastasis. Here, we propose a multi-compartment model which mimics the dynamics of tumoural cells in the mammary duct, in the circulatory system and in the bone. Through a branching process model, we describe the relation between the survival times and the four markers mainly involved in metastatic breast cancer (EPCAM, CD47, CD44 and MET). In particular, the model takes into account the gene expression profile of circulating tumour cells to predict personalised survival probability. We also include the administration of drugs as bisphosphonates, which reduce the formation of circulating tumour cells and their survival in the blood vessels, in order to analyse the dynamic changes induced by the therapy. We analyse the effects of circulating tumour cells on the progression of the disease providing a quantitative measure of the cell driver mutations needed for invading the bone tissue. Our model allows to design intervention scenarios that alter the patient-specific survival probability by modifying the populations of circulating tumour cells and it could be extended to other cancer metastasis dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Ascolani
- University of Cambridge, Computer Laboratory, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Pietro Liò
- University of Cambridge, Computer Laboratory, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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24
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Gao J, Yan Q, Wang J, Liu S, Yang X. Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition induced by TGF-β1 is mediated by AP1-dependent EpCAM expression in MCF-7 cells. J Cell Physiol 2015; 230:775-82. [PMID: 25205054 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), a process involving the breakdown of cell-cell junctions and loss of epithelial polarity, is closely related to cancer metastasis and invasion. The epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) is a type I transmembrane protein expressed in the majority of normal epithelial tissues and overexpressed in the majority of human epithelial cancers including breast cancer. EpCAM plays an important role in cancer progression. We showed that EpCAM participated in TGF-β1-induced EMT. TGF-β1 treatment of MCF-7 breast cancer cells was shown to induce EpCAM expression, which promoted the EMT and cell migration. EpCAM overexpression further enhanced TGF-β1-induced EMT and EpCAM knockdown inhibited TGF-β1-induced EMT. We further demonstrated that TGF-β1 treatment induced the phosphorylation of JNK that was in turn responsible for the increased expression of Jun and Fos. This result suggests an important role of the JNK to AP-1 signaling to EpCAM downstream of TGF-β1 for the induction of EMT in the breast cancer cells. Collectively, our study highlights a novel function for EpCAM in TGF-β1-induced EMT process and suggests that targeting of EpCAM may be an attractive strategy to treat breast cancer. This study implicates the potential value of EpCAM as a molecular marker for breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiujiao Gao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalian Medical University, Liaoning Provincial Core Lab of Glycobiology and Glycoengineering, Dalian, P. R. China
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25
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Gokce G, Ozgurtas T, Sobaci G, Kucukevcilioglu M. The effects of amphotericin B on angiogenesis in chick chorioallantoic membrane. Cutan Ocul Toxicol 2015; 35:92-6. [PMID: 25853175 DOI: 10.3109/15569527.2015.1030756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Amphotericin B (AmB) is widely used as a mainstay in the treatment of sight-threatening fungal endophthalmitis. From the time that itraconazole was discovered to have a previously unknown anti-angiogenic activity, we have suspected that AmB may have possible effects on ocular angiogenesis. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the in vivo anti-angiogenic effect of AmB in the chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) model. MATERIALS AND METHODS Atak-S type fertilized eggs obtained from the Poultry Institution were used. The eggs were kept under 37 °C at 85-90% relative humidity throughout the experiment. Amphotericin B was prepared in two different concentrations (AmB 125 μg/1 mL and 0.125 μg/1 mL). The CAMs treated with sterile distilled water was specified as controls. About 0.1 mL of each containing 12.5 and 0.0125 µg of AmB, respectively, were dropped to CAM surface. Thirteen eggs were used for each group. The results were evaluated at the 48th hour of the administration of the drugs and recorded by digital camera. RESULTS A reduction of angiogenesis in CAM area which treated with 125 μg/1 mL of AmB was appreciable macroscopically. The affected areas showed impaired radial arrangement of small vessels with the presence of avascular zone at periphery. The dose of 0.125 μg/1 mL AmB did not show any visible anti-angiogenic effect. Numerous blood vessels with a radially arranged pattern developed toward the periphery after 48 h of treatment. In the CAMs that treated with distilled water, physiological angiogenesis was observed in allantoic vessels. Vessel formation seems to be similar in CAMs treated with 0.125 μg/1 mL AmB with the presence of visibly non-malformed alive embryos. CONCLUSIONS The present study gives the impression that AmB has the capacity to serve as an anti-angiogenic treatment. As it is a preliminary CAM study only, further studies on both animals and humans are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gokcen Gokce
- a Department of Ophthalmology , Kayseri Military Hospital , Kayseri , Turkey
| | - Taner Ozgurtas
- b Department of Biochemistry , Gulhane Military Medical Academy, Faculty of Medicine , Ankara , Turkey
| | - Gungor Sobaci
- c Department of Ophthalmology , Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine , Ankara , Turkey , and
| | - Murat Kucukevcilioglu
- d Department of Ophthalmology , Gulhane Military Medical Academy, Faculty of Medicine , Ankara , Turkey
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26
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He X, Chen J, Yie SM, Ye SR, Dong DD, Li K. Using a sequence of estrogen response elements as a DNA aptamer for estrogen receptors in vitro. Nucleic Acid Ther 2015; 25:152-61. [PMID: 25734367 DOI: 10.1089/nat.2014.0521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Estrogen receptors (ERs) are overexpressed in approximately 70% of breast cancer cases, and they play an important role in tumorigenesis. ERs are strong predictive factors for measuring responses to hormonal therapies. Aptamers are short and single stranded oligonucleotides that are able to recognize target molecules with high affinity. In the present study, we selected and synthesized an oligonucleotide, which has a similar sequence to estrogen response element in the Xenopus Vitellogenin A2 gene. The synthesized oligonucleotide was evaluated by using immunostaining of paraffin-embedded breast cancer tissues and treating MCF-7 human mammary carcinoma cell line in vitro. We found that the synthesized oligonucleotide had a high binding affinity to ER similar to estradiol. Using a specific anti-ER antibody as a standard control, we showed that the synthesized oligonucleotide specifically recognized and immunostained tumor cells of breast cancer without cross-reaction with normal tissues. The overall agreement of ER detection between the anti-ER antibody and the ER aptamer was 97.1% (kappa value=0.943; 95% CI=0.879-1.006; p<0.002). Similar to tamoxifen or fulvestrant, the oligonucleotide also had an inhibitory effect on cell proliferation of MCF-7 cell line in a dose- and time-dependent fashion but had no cytotoxic effect on human normal mammary epithelial cells. Therefore, the synthesized oligonucleotide may be used as an aptamer for immunostaining of paraffin-embedded tissue sections for breast cancer diagnosis, as well as a potential ER antagonist in the treatment of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu He
- 1Core Laboratory, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jie Chen
- 1Core Laboratory, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Shang-mian Yie
- 1Core Laboratory, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,2Research and Development Center, Sichuan HeLi Bio-pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Sichuan HeBang Group, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Shang-rong Ye
- 2Research and Development Center, Sichuan HeLi Bio-pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Sichuan HeBang Group, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Dan-Dan Dong
- 3Department of Pathology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Ke Li
- 3Department of Pathology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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Song J, Xue K, She J, Ding F, Li S, Shangguan R, Dai Y, Du L, Li N. A mammary repopulating cell population characterized in mammary anlagen reveals essential mammary stroma for morphogenesis. Exp Cell Res 2014; 327:123-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2014.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Revised: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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28
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Hoefer J, Kern J, Ofer P, Eder IE, Schäfer G, Dietrich D, Kristiansen G, Geley S, Rainer J, Gunsilius E, Klocker H, Culig Z, Puhr M. SOCS2 correlates with malignancy and exerts growth-promoting effects in prostate cancer. Endocr Relat Cancer 2014; 21:175-87. [PMID: 24280133 PMCID: PMC3907181 DOI: 10.1530/erc-13-0446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Deregulation of cytokine and growth factor signaling due to an altered expression of endogenous regulators is well recognized in prostate cancer (PCa) and other cancers. Suppressor of cytokine signaling 2 (SOCS2) is a key regulator of the GH, IGF, and prolactin signaling pathways that have been implicated in carcinogenesis. In this study, we evaluated the expression patterns and functional significance of SOCS2 in PCa. Protein expression analysis employing tissue microarrays from two independent patient cohorts revealed a significantly enhanced expression in tumor tissue compared with benign tissue as well as association with Gleason score and disease progression. In vitro and in vivo assays uncovered the involvement of SOCS2 in the regulation of cell growth and apoptosis. Functionally, SOCS2 knockdown inhibited PCa cell proliferation and xenograft growth in a CAM assay. Decreased cell growth after SOCS2 downregulation was associated with cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis. In addition, we proved that SOCS2 expression is significantly elevated upon androgenic stimulation in androgen receptor (AR)-positive cell lines, providing a possible mechanistic explanation for high SOCS2 levels in PCa tissue. Consequently, SOCS2 expression correlated with AR expression in the malignant tissue of patients. On the whole, our study linked increased SOCS2 expression in PCa with a pro-proliferative role in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Hoefer
- Experimental Urology, Department of UrologyInnsbruck Medical UniversityAnichstrasse 35A-6020, InnsbruckAustria
| | - Johann Kern
- Oncotyrol Laboratory for Tumor Biology and AngiogenesisInnsbruckAustria
| | - Philipp Ofer
- Experimental Urology, Department of UrologyInnsbruck Medical UniversityAnichstrasse 35A-6020, InnsbruckAustria
| | - Iris E Eder
- Experimental Urology, Department of UrologyInnsbruck Medical UniversityAnichstrasse 35A-6020, InnsbruckAustria
| | - Georg Schäfer
- Experimental Urology, Department of UrologyInnsbruck Medical UniversityAnichstrasse 35A-6020, InnsbruckAustria
| | - Dimo Dietrich
- Institute of PathologyUniversity Hospital BonnBonnGermany
| | | | - Stephan Geley
- Division of Molecular PathophysiologyInnsbruck Biocenter Medical University InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Johannes Rainer
- Division of Molecular PathophysiologyInnsbruck Biocenter Medical University InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | | | - Helmut Klocker
- Experimental Urology, Department of UrologyInnsbruck Medical UniversityAnichstrasse 35A-6020, InnsbruckAustria
| | - Zoran Culig
- Experimental Urology, Department of UrologyInnsbruck Medical UniversityAnichstrasse 35A-6020, InnsbruckAustria
- Correspondence should be addressed to Z Culig or M Puhr Emails: or
| | - Martin Puhr
- Experimental Urology, Department of UrologyInnsbruck Medical UniversityAnichstrasse 35A-6020, InnsbruckAustria
- Correspondence should be addressed to Z Culig or M Puhr Emails: or
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